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Feeding People in Their Homes: Opportunities to Bolster Home Food Delivery for Vulnerable Communities March 23, 2020

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Feeding People in Their Homes: Opportunities to Bolster Home Food Delivery for Vulnerable Communities March 23, 2020 COVID-19 Response Issue Brief Feeding People in their Homes: Opportunities to Bolster Home Food Delivery for Vulnerable Communities March 23, 2020 Emily Broad Leib, Erika Dunyak, Ariel Ardura, Anna Dimitrijevic, Suzanne Donahue, and Jesse Lazarus Across the United States, individuals are being could facilitate food delivery during the COVID- told to implement social distancing protocols to 19 pandemic. It will describe where slow the spread of novel coronavirus (COVID- modifications are needed to allow for food 19). Increasingly, cities and states are issuing delivery, where existing programs could be shelter in place orders to keep individuals in their bolstered, and where there are opportunities for homes. Recognizing that food is essential, these new programs. orders generally allow for individuals to leave their homes to gather food and other household Supporting Home Delivery supplies. However, seniors, individuals with compromised immune systems, and individuals within Existing Food Assistance experiencing symptoms of COVID-19 are being Programs advised to stay at home. These individuals need access to food delivery. Further, areas hardest hit by COVID-19 have a vested interest in making Supplemental Nutrition Assistance it easy for people to stay at home and avoid Program (SNAP) crowded grocery stores. SNAP is the largest food assistance program in the United States and in 2020, prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, it was supporting Many restaurants and grocery stores are still approximately 36 million people per month.1 engaging in home delivery. While purchasing This number will increase significantly in the these products does not pose a problem for current COVID-19 crisis as the economic fallout those with stable incomes, vulnerable leads to loss of jobs for many. Congress has individuals and families are in need of free or already implemented changes to SNAP to low-cost home food deliveries. This issue brief respond to some of the new challenges details opportunities in non-crisis food associated with the pandemic; namely, by assistance programs, disaster programs, and eliminating the work requirements that typically food donation programs through which the apply for able-bodied adults without dependents federal government and state governments (ABAWDs) and providing temporary benefit Association of Farmers Market Nutrition increases.2 However, there are additional steps Programs collaborates with USDA to provide Congress and USDA can take to eliminate access to app-based SNAP redemption at barriers to home food delivery using SNAP farmers’ markets,9 though the law would allow benefits. for this technology at any food retailer. Prior to 2014, SNAP benefits were not able to be Further, either state agencies or USDA used for online purchases. The 2014 Farm Bill reimbursement rates should cover delivery fees authorized a pilot program for online SNAP during this crisis. This payment could go to the redemption, and the pilot launched in early beneficiary or directly to the online retailer, who 2020.3 Although USDA was not able to could then offer free delivery on SNAP implement the program prior to passage of the purchases. Paying for delivery fees will facilitate 2018 Farm Bill, Congress authorized a full roll- people staying in their homes and slowing the out of SNAP for online retailers in the 2018 Farm spread of COVID-19 by ensuring SNAP recipients Bill.4 In the current pilot program, online SNAP have equal spending power whether ordering redemption is currently available in five states online or going into a store. (Alabama, Iowa, New York, Oregon, and Washington) and only with limited retailers in The Special Supplemental Nutrition each state.5 To respond to the current crisis, Program for Women, Infants, and Children USDA should implement online purchasing with (WIC) SNAP as authorized in the 2018 Farm Bill in all WIC provides federal block grants to states to jurisdictions as quickly as possible. provide certain nutritious foods, nutrition education, and referrals to welfare and social Many brick-and-mortar grocery retailers are services to low-income women and their young offering local delivery in light of the current children.10 It is the third largest direct nutrition crisis. However, “[f]ood retailers may not accept assistance program and has wide reach across [SNAP benefits] before delivering food.”6 the country: it served about 6.9 million Typically, if a grocery retailer delivers, retailers participants per month in 2018, including almost take payment before delivery. Congress should half of all infants born in the United States.11 WIC remove the SNAP restriction on payment prior participants use their program benefits to obtain to delivery. certain WIC-eligible foods, such as milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables, and breakfast cereal.12 As Even with the current rules, there are some part of the Families First Act, Congress just ways to avoid the advance payment restriction. authorized an increased $500M for WIC through First, the restriction does not apply to September 2021.13 Federal regulations grant cooperative retailers who are selling to WIC state agencies the ability to deliver nutrition cooperative members.7 Cooperative retailers assistance to program participants via retail could begin accepting online SNAP payments distribution, direct distribution from WIC immediately. Additionally, all retailers can avoid centers, and home delivery,14 although all states the restriction on advance payment by accepting currently rely almost exclusively on retail payment upon or after delivery. USDA could distribution.15 facilitate accepting benefits upon delivery by making it possible for all retailers or delivery Since home delivery is already authorized under drivers to process EBT at the time of drop-off on federal law, state agencies should utilize their a mobile-based app. The 2018 Farm Bill existing authority to initiate home delivery authorized demonstration projects in app-based programs. Home food delivery systems are SNAP redemption.8 Currently, the National systems in which state agencies procure WIC their implementation of WIC EBT to make foods in bulk and deliver those foods to WIC online and phone sales possible. participants’ homes.16 Implementing this system of government bulk orders would be especially National School Lunch Program (NSLP) useful for WIC participants during the pandemic, Schools are closed in almost all states either as it would ensure that they receive the WIC- statewide or at the district level to prevent the eligible staple items that may be scarce at retail spread of COVID-19. To address the food access stores. To manage delivery, states can contract needs of students that rely on schools for up to with “home food delivery contractors,” defined two meals per day, USDA has provided a blanket under WIC regulations broadly as business waiver to allow all school districts to operate entities that contract with state agencies to their summer meals programs: Summer Food 17 deliver authorized supplemental foods. States Service Program (SFSP) and the Seamless can contract with community organizations or Summer Option (SSO).22 SFSP is able to be tech businesses with robust delivery systems to implemented by school districts, government deliver directly to WIC participants. To help state agencies, and nonprofit and community agencies organize these programs quickly and organizations; SSO is only able to be effectively, the USDA should publish guidance implemented by schools.23 Through these on how to establish home food delivery programs, meals can be distributed at schools or systems. Vermont, which used WIC home food at various community sites. However, under delivery in some areas of the state until 2016, current law, these Summer programs are only can provide a model for these systems. The available in areas where at least 50% of students Vermont WIC agency employed a private qualify for free and reduced price (FRP) school company to provide biweekly deliveries and meals.24 To expand access to meals during this utilized “proof of delivery” forms to keep records crisis, Congress should eliminate the 50% FRP 18 of what deliveries were made and to whom. threshold requirement for SFSP and SSO to ensure all districts that provide meals to their Similar to SNAP, WIC participants should be able FRP students will be reimbursed. to use their benefits online and over the phone to facilitate home delivery. WIC benefits are not During the COVID-19 crisis, USDA has authorized currently redeemable online. Congress should school food authorities that have state amend WIC’s authorizing statute, the Child authorization to provide meal delivery to Nutrition Act of 1966, to allow online students’ homes, beyond the grab-and-go model redemption. Additionally, to assist WIC that many sites are offering.25 If a district has participants who have limited technological state authorization, school staff, volunteers, literacy or access to the internet, Congress other organizations, or meal and delivery should allow phone orders using WIC EBT card services can deliver food to individual homes. 19 numbers. WIC participants can then use their USDA maintains very clear guidance on its WIC dollars directly with vendors for home website about opportunities for delivery of delivery. school meals: fns.usda.gov/sfsp/covid-19-meal- delivery. This option is only available to school Federal laws require states to transition to WIC districts due to privacy concerns of protected 20 EBT this year. Over half of WIC state
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