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Masaryk University MASARYK UNIVERSITY Faculty of Arts Department of English and American Studies Programme: Philology Field of Study: English Language A Lexical Analysis of Reading Materials Presented in Advanced Secondary School Textbooks Dissertation PaedDr. Zuzana Hrdličková Supervisor: Doc. PhDr. Magdaléna Bilá, PhD. Brno 2015 I hereby declare that I have worked on this dissertation independently using only the sources listed in the bibliography. Brno 2015 …………….……………………………… ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank prof. PhDr. Ludmila Urbanová, CSc. who provided me with information, advice, criticism, and encouragement in the initial stages of my doctoral study. I am very grateful for her inspiring lectures in stylistics which provided me with new insights into linguistics, stylistics and semantics. I feel obliged with many thanks to doc. PhDr. Magdaléna Bilá, PhD. for her intellectual ideas about language studies and sheer inspiration for linguistics. I would like to thank for generous sharing of literature in lexicology and phraseology necessary for writing a dissertation. Her critical comments and sound advice guided my revisions of the dissertation and helped me clarify my vision of the final shape that the dissertation was to take. Last but not least, my thanks go to my family as this dissertation would never have been completed without their understanding, infinite patience and immense support. ABSTRACT HDRLIČKOVÁ, Zuzana: A Lexical Analysis of Reading Materials Presented in Advanced Secondary School Textbooks – Masaryk University in Brno. Faculty of Arts; Department of English and American Studies. – Supervisor: doc. PhDr. Magdaléna Bilá, PhD. – Brno: KAA FF MU, 2015, 332 p. The present dissertation aims to measure text readability, to analyse reading texts for idiomatic language, and to test the significance of difference between two textbooks on the basis of the occurrence of idiomatic expressions. The rationale for conducting quantitative research is to measure text readability in order to identify the most difficult parts, and the rationale for undertaking qualitative research is to establish the frequency of occurrence of collocations and idioms in the given texts. The selected idioms are further analysed in more detail. In addition, the involvement of L2 users in the present study has been decided so as to find what type of collocations can cause problems for them. The material for the research is extracted from the two course book series, namely the Success and the New Opportunities. The genre of textbook was chosen as the source of data since it contributes to the development of reading literacy, and, what is more, the textbooks are recommended for use in secondary schools by the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic. The approach adopted in the dissertation is interdisciplinary as it ranges from the lexical level of language to the realm of idiomatics, semantics and pragmatics. Idiomatic expressions are investigated from the linguistic and pragmatic points of view. The formal linguistic analysis of reading texts and their selected items is thus connected with the study of meaning. The present dissertation is organized in ten chronologically arranged chapters. Chapter One explains the significance of reading literacy and its impact on the individual as well as the society, analyses unsatisfactory results achieved by Slovak readers in the PISA research and explains the reasons which have led to carrying out the quantitative and qualitative research. Chapter Two outlines the importance of the genre of textbook in the realm of written discourse. It takes into consideration the communicative aspect of reading texts, provides a list of traditional linguistic variables influencing text difficulty and presents the tool for measuring text readability. Chapter Three is devoted to the scholars who investigated modern phraseology in the twentieth century. Chapter Four illustrates the conception of a continuum which embraces free combinations, collocations and idioms proper. In addition, it provides classifications of idiomatic expressions based on semantic and lexico-grammatical criteria. Chapter Five explains the notions of lexical unit and lexical collocation. Chapter Six shows how the three language functions identified by Halliday can conveniently be applied to a component of a language, in this case a component of the vocabulary, namely idioms. Thus the chapter presents ideational, interpersonal and relational idioms. Chapter Seven provides a brief description of research methodology, that is, the corpus along with the criteria for selecting the material for the present analysis, and the methods of investigation and analysis. Chapter Eight presents the research findings of individual analyses and discusses overall results. Chapter Nine presents the conclusions drawn from the results of the analyses, discusses the asset of the research and also includes a brief outline of the implications and perspectives for further research. The references and sources in Chapter Ten, and the glossary and appendices are inseparable part of the dissertation. Key words: reading literacy, text readability, Fog Index, lexical unit, lexical collocation, multiword unit, idiomatic expression, idiom, politeness, cooperativeness ABSTRAKT HDRLIČKOVÁ, Zuzana: Lexikálna analýza textov na čítanie s porozumením v stredoškolských učebniciach pre pokročilých – Masarykova univerzita v Brne. Filozofická fakulta; Katedra anglistiky a amerikanistiky. – Školiteľ: doc. PhDr. Magdaléna Bilá, PhD. – Brno: KAA FF MU, 2015, 332 s. Predkladaná dizertačná práca si kladie za cieľ merať čitateľnosť textov, analyzovať texty na rozvoj čítania z hľadiska idiomatického jazyka a testovať významnosť rozdielu medzi učebnicami na základe výskytu idiomatických výrazov. Dôvodom realizácie kvantitatívneho výskumu je meranie čitateľnosti textu s cieľom určiť najobtiažnejšie úseky textu a dôvodom realizácie kvalitatívneho výskumu je stanoviť frekvenciu výskytu kolokácií a idiómov v daných textoch. Vybrané idiómy sa ďalej podrobnejšie analyzujú. Do štúdie sú zapojení aj používatelia cudzieho jazyka, aby sa zistilo, aký typ slovných spojení im môže robiť problém. Vyskumný materiál je extrahovaný z učebníc dvoch knižných sérií, konkrétne Success a New Opportunities. Dôvodom výberu žánru ‘učebnica’ ako zdroj dát je fakt, že používanie učebnice prispieva k rozvoju čitateľskej gramotnosti. Ministerstvo školstva, vedy, výskumu a športu Slovenskej republiky odporúča používať dané učebnice v stredných školách. Prístup zvolený v dizertačnej práci je interdisciplinárny, pretože práca sa pohybuje v rozmedzí od lexikálnej roviny jazyka do troch jazykových rovín – idiomatiky, sématiky a pragmatiky. Idiómy sa skúmajú z lingvistického a pragmatického hľadiska. Formálna lingvistická analýza textov na rozvoj čítania a ich vybraných úsekov sa spája aj so štúdiom významu. Predkladaná dizertačná práca je rozdelená do desiatich chronologicky usporiadaných kapitol. Prvá kapitola poukazuje na dôležitosť čitateľskej gramotnosti a jej vyplyv na jednotlivca i spoločnosť, analyzuje neuspokojivé výsledky dosiahnuté slovenským čitateľom publikované vo výskume PISA, a vysvetľuje dôvod, ktorý viedol k realizácii kvantitatívneho a kvalitatívneho výskumu. Druhá kapitola opisuje dôležitosť žánru ‘učebnica’ v oblasti písaného diskurzu. Zohľadňuje komunikatívny aspekt textov na rozvoj čítania, predkladá zoznam tradičných lingvistických premenných, ktoré ovplyvňujú obtiažnosť textu a predstavuje nástroj na meranie čitateľnosti textu. Tretia kapitola prezentuje vedcov, ktorí skúmali modernú frazeológiu v dvadsiatom storočí. Štvrtá kapitola vysvetľuje pojem kontinuum, ktorý zahŕňa voľné kombinácie, kolokácie a úplné idiómy. Ďalej sa zaoberá klasifikáciou idiómov na základe sémantických a lexikálno-gramatických kritérií. Piata kapitola rozlišuje pojmy lexikálna jednotka a lexikálna kolokácia. Šiesta kapitola vysvetľuje, ako sa dajú tri Hallidayove funkcie jazyka vhodne aplikovať na súčasť jazyka, v tomto prípade na slovnú zásobu, konkrétne idiómy. Daná kapitola opisuje ideačné, interpersonálne a relačné idiómy. Siedma kapitola poskytuje stručný opis metodiky výskumu, t.j. korpus spolu s kritériami pre výber materiálu predkladanej analýzy a metód výskumu a analýzy. Ȏsma kapitola prezentuje výsledky výskumu jednotlivých analýz a diskutuje o výsledkoch. Deviata kapitola vyvodzuje závery z výsledkov analýz a hodnotí prínos výskumu. Obshauje stručný opis implikácií a perspektív pre ďalší výskum. Bibliografické odkazy a zdroje v desiatej kapitole, a glosár a prílohy sú neoddeliteľnou súčasťou dizertačnej práce. Kľúčové slová: čitateľská gramotnosť, čitateľnosť textu, Fog index, lexikálna jednotka, lexikálna kolokácia, viacslovná lexikálna jednotka, idiomatický výraz, idióm, zdvorilosť, kooperatívnosť List of abbreviations A Adjunct adj adjective adv adverb AmE American English ASFS Anglicko-slovenský frazeologický slovník (Kvetko 1991) AustrE Australian English BrE British English CID Cambridge Idioms Dictionary (2006) coll colloquial; this indicates that the expression is suitable for use in speech rather than in writing (the written language is generally more formal) Conj Conjunct CPVD Cambridge Phrasal Verbs Dictionary (2006) Disj Disjunct e.g. for example esp especially etc and the rest of these fig figurative(ly) FIIB First Insights into Business (2000) fml formal; the speaker or writer has a formal relationship with the person he is speaking or writing to; used in official letters, public speeches,
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