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JND Based Spatial Parameters Quantization of Multichannel Audio

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JND Based Spatial Parameters Quantization of Multichannel Audio Gao et al. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing (2016) 2016:13 DOI 10.1186/s13636-016-0091-z RESEARCH Open Access JND-based spatial parameter quantization of multichannel audio signals Li Gao1,2,3, Ruimin Hu1,2,3*, Xiaochen Wang1,2,3,GangLi1,2,3, Yuhong Yang1,2,3 and Weiping Tu1,2,3 Abstract In multichannel spatial audio coding (SAC), the accurate representations of virtual sounds and the efficient compressions of spatial parameters are the key to perfect reproduction of spatial sound effects in 3D space. Just noticeable difference (JND) characteristics of human auditory system can be used to efficiently remove spatial perceptual redundancy in the quantization of spatial parameters. However, the quantization step sizes of spatial parameters in current SAC methods are not well correlated with the JND characteristics. It results in either spatial perceptual distortion or inefficient compression. A JND-based spatial parameter quantization (JSPQ) method is proposed in this paper. The quantization step sizes of spatial parameters are assigned according to JND values of azimuths in a full circle. The quantization codebook size of JSPQ was 56.7 % lower than one of the quantization codebooks of MPEG surround. Average bit rate reduction on spatial parameters for standard 5.1-channel signals reached up to approximately 13 % compared with MPEG surround, while preserving comparable subjective spatial quality. Keywords: Spatial audio coding, Multichannel signals, Spatial parameters, Just noticeable difference 1 Introduction data rate 128 kbps used to compress all the channel data, Along with the trend towards high-quality audio, audio the data amounts will still reach up to 10 G bits for an systems have evolved through mono, stereo, to multi- hour’s 22.2-channel signals, which are often not afford- channel audio systems. The multichannel audio systems able for the storage device and transmission bandwidth developed from 5.1 to 22.2 (NHK) [1], 64 (Dolby Atmos in real application. So high-efficient compression schemes [2]) channels loudspeaker systems and other multichan- for multichannel audio signals play an important role on nel audio systems with even more loudspeakers (e.g., popularization of current 3D multichannel audio systems. loudspeaker systems with Ambisonics [3] or WFS [4]). Spatial audio coding (SAC) [5] has been an ongoing With more loudspeakers configured in three-dimensional research topic in recent years for the high-efficient com- (3D) space, current multichannel audio systems can freely pression performance. SAC represents two or more chan- reproduce virtual sound image in 3D space. However, with nel signals as one or two downmix signals, accompanied the increasing number of loudspeakers, it will bring chal- with spatial parameters extracted from channels to model lenges to the efficient storage and transmission of large spatial attributes of the auditory scene generated by origi- amounts of channel data in current multichannel audio nal channel signals. With the increasing channel number, systems. Take the 22.2-channel audio system for example, the total amount of coded information does not notably the data rate will reach 28 Mbps before data compression. increase in SAC compared with conventional stereo or Even with general efficient audio codec such as MP3 with multichannel audio coding schemes. In multichannel audio systems, the virtual sounds are *Correspondence: [email protected] widely distributed in space and a large amount of complex 1State Key Laboratory of Software Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, spatial information is contained. It is not that easy to find a China few finite spatial parameters to comprehensively represent 2National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software, the Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Network Communication Engineering, all spatial attributes of the auditory scene in multichan- Computer School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China nel system. Many aspects might be very important, such Full list of author information is available at the end of the article as the basic audio quality, auditory spatial image, auditory © 2016 Gao et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Gao et al. EURASIP Journal on Audio, Speech, and Music Processing (2016) 2016:13 Page 2 of 18 object location/width, ambience, listener envelopment, sound direction in horizontal plane [12]. Binaural cues are etc. [6]. Many processes in multichannel system might mainly due to the comprehensive filter action of reflec- add artifacts to these aspects and need to be optimized, tion, absorption, and attenuation in the transmission pro- such as multichannel downmixing, quantization of the cess of sound; thus, the sounds that arrive at humans’ two downmix, and 3D reproduction. For example, the down- ears are different from each other and also different with mix signals in SAC are closely related to both basic and the original sound. The major binaural cues include inter- spatial audio quality and often encoded by an outstand- aural level difference (ILD), and iInteraural time difference ing perceptual encoder such as AAC [7] to ensure basic (ITD). In the case of playback with headphones, the sig- quality. nals played out of the headphones are almost the same Although there may be many complex spatial parame- with the signals that arrive at the human ears. Thus, the ters associated with spatial quality, and the exact spatial inter-channel cues (also called spatial parameters, such location of perceived sound may be not the most impor- as ICLD) are almost the same with inter-aural cues (also tant aspect in a multichannel system, the accurate repre- called binaural cues). sentation and efficient compression of spatial information As for the auditory scene reproduced by stereo loud- of virtual sound is still very important to the perfect and speaker system, without considering the transmitting pro- vivid reconstruction of spatial sound effects in SAC. In the cedures of sound from loudspeakers to ears, inter-channel general SAC methods, spatial parameters mainly include cues can be regarded as approximations of binaural cues. spatial parameters between two channel signals such as For example, one of the most important spatial parame- inter-channel level difference (ICLD) and inter-channel ters ICLD can be regarded as an approximation of interau- time difference (ICTD) [5], as well as spatial parameters ral level difference (ILD) [11]. Then the spatial perceptual among more than two channel signals such as azimuths features of binaural cues (such as JND of ILD) can be used of virtual sound images, which are closely related to the as a reference in the quantization of spatial parameters spatial location of virtual sound. (such as ICLD) to remove perceptual redundancy. These In recent years, lots of research achievements in spatial spatial hearing characteristics of human auditory system psychological acoustics model have contributed a lot to were used in the first SAC framework Binaural Cue Cod- the development of SAC. The spatial perceptual features ing (BCC) to reconstruct spatial effect in stereo signal with of human auditory system, for example, the perceptual a bit rate of only 2 kbps for spatial parameters [13, 14]. sensitivity limits of human auditory system, have played However, the spatial parameters are uniformly quan- important roles in the perceptual redundancy removal tized in BCC, which means that the quantization step sizes of spatial parameter quantization in SAC. The change of between different quantization codewords are the same. sound property (for instance, the direction or location of But in fact, the perceptual sensitivities for different cues sound) has to reach a certain amount to be detectable in human auditory system are not the same. For example, for the human auditory system, and such required mini- the JNDs of ILDs with different values are not the same mum detectable change is often referred to as just notice- [15]. When ILD is 0 dB, this ILD has the smallest JND that able difference (JND) [8–11]. Although not all the spatial is about 0.5 dB. As absolute ILD increases, JND increases perceptual aspects of the human auditory system have too. For ILD of 15 dB, the JND amounts to about 2 dB. the JND characteristics, and for most spatial perceptual So as not to introduce audible spatial distortion, the quan- aspects the JND characteristics are still not very clear at tization errors of spatial parameters should be controlled present, many researches have been done on the direc- below JNDs. Different spatial parameters with different tional perceptual JND characteristics of the human audi- JNDs should be assigned with different quantization step tory system. And the relevant research results have been sizes. used in the perceptual redundancy removal of spatial Ignoring the transmitting procedures from sound parameter quantization in general SAC methods. Thus, source to ears with earphone or stereo audio system, ICLD with the perceptual characteristics of JND, if the spatial can be regarded as an approximation of ILD. In this case, distortion caused by quantization errors of spatial param- the JND characteristic of ILD can be referred in the quan- eters can be limited below the JND thresholds, then the tization codebook design of ICLD. Thus, in parametric quantization is almost perceptual lossless. stereo (PS), the uniform quantization of spatial parame- ters are replaced by nonuniform quantization according 2 Related work to the perceptual sensitivity attributes of interaural cues. The spatial perceptual features of human auditory system Different quantization step sizes are set between quanti- have played important roles in the perceptual redun- zation codewords. For example, small quantization steps dancy removal of spatial parameters in SAC. Early in are assigned to ICLDs with small JNDs.
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