Ceratonova Shasta Infection and Disease in Feather and Sacramento River Juvenile Chinook

Ceratonova shasta infection and disease in Feather and Sacramento River juvenile Chinook

J.Scott Foott, Jennifer Jacobs, Kim True, Ron Stone, Ken Nichols, Scott Fruend, Ann Voss, Scott Voss and Alana Imrie (DWR)

Ceratonova (Ceratomyxa) shasta (Cs) Multicellular trophozoite • Myxozoan parasite of PNW salmonids • Endemic to Central Valley and Klamath drainages • Enteronecrosis with hemorrhage and anemia • Progressive disease a function of: o challenge “dose”, o ITS1 Host specific Genotype, & o temperature

Parvicapsula minibicornis (Pm)

• Myxozoan parasite of PNW salmonids Trophozoite in glomerulus o Endemic to Central Valley and Klamath drainages • Co-infection with C.shasta (higher POI) o Glomerulonephritis –plasma imbalance o Grossly swollen kidney o Not as virulent as C.shasta

Life cycle

• Alternate host (Cs & Pm)= Manayunkia speciosa o (1-5mm) • Tube building filter feeder in velocity protected habitats

Gill - blood -tissue

Myxospore Released after death

Polychaete tubes Klamath River J. Alexander, OSU

Actinospore released from polychaete

M. speciosa

Diagram Bartholomew lab • Actinospore concentration and exposure duration = “challenge dose” o influences disease response “5-10 spore/Lx 3day” • Common detection in Sacramento Chinook Adults WCS – LFS – FCS (1995 – present) >50% CS& Pm Actinospores present most of the year in Sacramento river

Survey Techniques o Wild fish (histology and QPCR) o Sentinel fish (infect “white mice” with standard challenge) o eDNA filter water (spore/liter) o Adult carcass survey for intestinal myxospores

Feather R. Low • 2013-present flow • high& low flow 12 RM • Infectious Zone o Top of High flow ~12mi

24 RM Feather R. High flow Natural FCS Cs POI (Jan-May)

• Cs Histology POI 10 – 100% (2013-2017) • Cs QPCR POI 48 – 80% (2014-2017) • Actinospores detected beginning in January (~11C) o Earlier than Klamath R.

100%

90% Pm POI 26 – 100%

80%

70%

76% 60%

50% 48% 35% 40% 37%

30%

20%

24% 23% 25% 23% 10% 1% 8% 0% 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 CS1 CS2 Feather R. Infectious Zone 2016

100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

90%

80%

70%

60% 8% 90% 50% 50% 82% 0% 40% 40% 67%

30% 50% 46% 20%

10% 10% 0% 8% 8% 9% 10% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%

CS1 CS2 QPCR CS%

By mid March majority salmon with clinical infections Infectious Zone

• Infectious zone = Start of High flow past Gridley (>12rm) o Cs POI in low flow = 0-13% all asymptomatic infections • CsPOI 24rm below infectious zone (below Yuba R.) o Variable CsPOI week to week o CS2 POI less than Herringer (drop out) o Unknown contribution of Yuba R. salmon • Further downriver = less exposure history Few fish diseased at time of capture 100%

80% 0% 60% 8% 8% 0% 40% 75% 58% 20% 0% 50% 50% 25% 0%

CS1 CS2 QPCR CS% IMPACT?? 2016 fry passage from Infect. Zone (rm45)

1400000 survival of migrant segments??? older fry affected by disease 1200000

1000000

8% 58% 75% 91%

800000

600000 fry fry passageestimate

400000 5.6% of passage

200000

10-… 17-… 24-… 31-…

7-Jan

4-Feb

3-Dec

7-Apr

3-Mar

14-Jan 21-Jan 28-Jan

11-Feb 18-Feb 25-Feb

10-Dec 17-Dec 24-Dec 31-Dec 14-Apr Cs eDNA March 23 2015 Extremely high concentrations

350.0 High flow 5-10 spore/L 3d 300.0 Low flow (KR) threshold

250.0

200.0 Below Yuba R.

150.0 actinospore/L

100.0

50.0 Infectious ZONE ……………………………..

0.0 Palm Developing Above Yuba Below Yuba Riverbend Steep Big Hole East Big Hole West Upstream E. Gridley Herringer Boyds Beer Can Verona Riffle YC Launch Shanghai Side 18-Mar 0.5 4.9 280.3 294.3 175.2 109.2 10.9 11.3 0.3 0.4 23-Mar 92.9 217.8 2.4 26-Mar 0.2 226.8 244.0 124.0

18-Mar 23-Mar 26-Mar Carcass myxospores in Low flow • 2014 47% and 60% o 875 – 4.7million/scraping o 22% >500k o Intact myxospores 86 and 52% • 2015 Falls = 84%, Spring= 78% o 52% of all >500k spores o 1000 – 49million/scraping • Billions of myxospore seeding HF each year

Myxospore from carcasses move into IZ

eDNA (myxospore) signal 30+d after spawning Similar data in 2015

Low infectivity in 2017 not likely due to low myxospore input but associated with high winter flows keswick WCS

RBDD

L.Sac Tisdale& Knight’sRST Sacramento R. Natural Fall-run Chinook Juveniles

• April 2013 RB-KL. n=53 o CS1=27%, Pm=61% Early stage infections • “Drought” March – April 2014 Tisdale n = 110 from 4 groups o Held at wetlab 9 – 14d for prognosis of infection o 18 – 69% cum. mortality, 91% associated with Cs infection o 63-77% Cs-POI in 2 week survivors o No samples in 2015 due to low catches o El Nino “Normal winter” Feb -March2016, n= 51 • CS1 = 33% all early infection (Pm1=54%) similar to 2013

• Ceratomyxosis is a progressive disease o 2-4wks– “unseen effect in wild juvenile populations” o Drought conditions associated with lethal infections (similar to FR) • higher polychaete numbers and greater actinospore concentrations in river? o = population impact in some years Sept – Nov 2015 (2nd yr drought) • Sentinel CNFH LFS exposed 5d Sep21-25 at Balls Ferry (rm275) and RBDD (rm243) – held for 22dpe o Balls Ferry Cs 94% Pm 69% o RBDD Cs 86% Pm 50% o enteronecrosis by 22 dpe, mortality likely if held longer o WCS fry RBDD Oct15- Nov29, n=80 (RBFWO- Jsmith/B Poytress • 34-80 mm - many had reared for a period of time CS 15% early state , Pm 81% Ich infections late Oct movement through infectious zone - reduced challenge?

Not likely cause of low egg – fry observations Can still effect migrants due to progressive nature Prompted 2016 survey

Ceratonova shasta and Parvicapsula minibicornis (Phylum Cnidaria: Myxosporea ) infectivity for juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Upper Sacramento River: July – November 2016

J. Scott Foott1*, Ron Stone1, Scott Voss 2, and Ken Nichols1

• Five sentinel exposures at 4 locations between July25 and Oct11 , 5d exposures/21d rear • Water eDNA 8 locations July13-Nov16 (OSU Bartholomew lab) • Naturally-produced WCS fry (n=80) Sep9 – Nov3 Cs eDNA 7/13-11/16

• Actinospore concentration trends : max temp=15C o Low level in study period most < 10 sp/L o Increases in downstream fashion “ IZ ~ ARP downriver” 60 55

50 All CS1 @26dpe Downstream –summer trend 45 Similar to spore/L data

40 35 32 30

30 28 Cs POI% Cs 20 15 11 11 11 10 10 5 6 0 0 0 0 Posse ARP Bend RBDD

e1 e2 e3 e4 e5

100 95 100 100 95 95 100

90 85 83 80 80 72 70 65 58 60

10 5 0 0 0 0 Posse ARP Bend RBDD

e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 Pm POI Naturally produced WCS fry (RBDD capture)

70 • POI o CS1 = 5/79 (6%) 60 o CS2 = 1/79 (1%) o

PM1 = 6/62 (10%) 50

40 • All 3 methods indicate low Cshasta infectivity & Fork Fork Length(mm) 30 “impact” to WCS fry during 2016 study period within 20 the upper Sacramento R.

10 reach

0 28-Aug 7-Sep 17-Sep 27-Sep 7-Oct 17-Oct 27-Oct 6-Nov Sample date Summary • Ceratomyxosis is a progress disease o clinical disease in 2-3 weeks post exposure o Difficult to monitor in a large complex system (CV) • Myxospores from adults likely source for annual infectivity cycle • Survey benefit from using 3 sources of data o eDNA, wild fish, and sentinel exposures o Polychaete monitoring difficult (dive surveys) • Water year affects both in-season and future infectivity o Low flow, warmer temperatures favor polychaete population stability, parasite infectivity and rapid development in host o Disease may assert population impacts in drought years Acknowledgements • CDFW CDWR fishery biologists • USFWS Red Bluff FWO – Lodi FWO • OSU S Hallett, S Atkinson