The Camerons at Burnside by Kenneth Mcfarland, Stagville Center, Durham, North Carolina

Landscape Gardening in Antebellum Hillsborough, North Carolina: The Camerons at Burnside by Kenneth McFarland, Stagville Center, Durham, North Carolina

T he Cameron family of Hillsborough and Raleigh owned one of North Carolina's largest plantation holdings, consisting of approximately thirty thousand acres in 1860 . They controlled this agricultural empire chiefly from their home at Fairntosh Plantation in eastern Orange County . The Camerons gardened at Fairntosh as well, but it was at Burnside, the Hillsborough home of Paul and Anne Ruffin Cameron, that the family's gardening interests were most fully realized. Located on the eastern edge of Hillsborough and bordered on the south by the Eno River, the large Burnside tract was ground well situated for such activities . In addition, Moses Ashley Curtis, rector at neighboring St. Matthew's Episcopal Church and one of the region's leading botanists, surely provided both inspiration and advice for his parishioners Paul and Anne Cameron . Their neighbor to the east, Governor William A. Graham, was doubtlessly a source of inspiration as well, the grounds of his home Montrose showing the skilled hand of English landscape gardener Thomas Paxton . Moreover, Anne's father, Thomas Ruffin, North Carolina's chief justice and a respected horticulturist, lived but a short distance away and was in frequent contact with the Camerons . Settling in to full-time residence at Burnside on the eve of the Civil War, Paul and Anne courtesy of Miss Isabelle Webb . Cameron thus had every encouragement as they began

Page 11 Nancy Goodwin Recognized Page 12 The Plant Reporter Page 14 Book Review 44450. (216) 685-4410. ` June 23rd-25th, 1995. The Dublin Seminar Calendar for New England Folklife and The New England May 19th 20th, 1995 . "Places of Garden History Society announce the twentieth- Commemoration. The Search for Identity and annual conference topic: "Plants and People." Landscape Design," Dumbarton Oaks Landscape Lectures will address early ornamental and medicinal Architecture Symposium will discuss the role of landscape horticulture, landscape gardening, and garden cultivation architecture in the design of commemorative places that in New England and contiguous areas of the American are intended to help shape and construct people's memory northeast before 1850. For information, contact: Peter and identity . The presentations will focus on the nine - Benes, Director, The Dublin Seminar for New England teenth and twentieth centuries . For information, call (202) Folklife, 249 Harrington Ave., Concord, MA 01742 342-3280 or write to 1703 32nd St ., NW, Washington, DC October 5th-7th, 1995. The tenth-biennial 20007. conference on "Restoring Southern Gardens and June 1st-4th, 1995 . The Friends of Hilltop Arbore- Landscapes," held at Old Salem in Winston-Salem, North tum will host a symposium : "Turning on the Public to Carolina. The conference theme is "The Influence of Turning off Exotics." Field trips include visits to the Curt Women on the Southern Landscape ." (see next issue of Sorrels Natural Area and an Atchafalaya Basin canoe trip. Magnolia for preview of this conference .) For registration information, call (504) 767-6916 or October 21st, 1995 . Perennials Conference co-spon- 892-5424, or write to P. O. Box 82608, Baton Rouge, LA sored by the Perennial Plant Society and Cheekwood 70884. Botanical Gardens and Museum of Art . Featured speakers June 16th, 1995 . "Artful Arrangements: Historic are J. C. Raulston of Raleigh, North Carolina and John Gardens as Inspiration." Garden seminar at Gunston Hall Greenlee, author of the Encyclopedia of Ornamental Plantation in Mason Neck, Virginia . Contact Denise L. Grassesfrom Pomona, California. For further information, McHugh, Education Coordinator at (703) 550-9220 for contact the Education Department, 1200 Forest Park more information. Drive, Nashville, TN 37205-4242 or call (615)353-2146. June 17th-21st, 1995 . "History: Something We Do!" May 9th-12th, 1996. The fourteenth-annual The twenty-fourth annual meeting and conference of the meeting of the Southern Garden History Society will be Association for Living Historical Farms and Agricultural held at the Eastern Shore of Maryland. The meeting will Museums will be held at Hiram College in Hiram, Ohio. be sponsored by the Talbot County Historical Society and Host institutions include Century Village, Hale Farm and headquartered at the Tidewater Inn in Easton. SGHS Village, and Lake Farmpark . Contact Judith M. Sheridan, board member Ed Shull is conference chair + Brownfield Farm, 8774 Rt. 45 N.W., North Bloomfield, OH

The Camerons at Burnside Continued from page one a gardening project of major proportions. For plants they turned mainly to the well- known firm of Parsons and Company of Flushing, New York. In 1858, 1859, and 1860 Parsons filled orders from the Camerons covering an impressive and costly array of flowers, shrubs, and trees. One shipment alone, for example, totalled a sub- stantial $594 .48, a large sum indeed for the period. In addition, Parsons assisted the Camerons to engage an English gardener, Thomas Adams, who began his work at Burnside late in 1858. Interesting vestiges of the Camerons ' gardening activities, including specimen trees, survive at Burnside, in the St . Matthew's churchyard (where The Cameron Family home, Burnside, in Hills- borough, NC. Photo courtesy of Ken McFarland.

Paul and Anne are buried), and at Perhaps an even better sense of the neighboring Cameron Park School Nearby magnitude of the Burnside gardens can be Montrose, formerly the Graham residence gained, however, from the actual plant and now the home of Nancy and Craufurd orders and other documents included in the Goodwin, continues on as a major center of Cameron Papers located in the Southern horticultural activity, the Montrose gardens having Historical Collection at the University of North achieved national recognition . See related article .) Carolina at Chapel Hill . Portions of these documents are thus included herein, courtesy of the Southern Historical Collection . They demonstrate not only what the Camerons and Thomas Adams undertook in Hillsborough but also something of the range of plants available to them and their fellow citizens of mid-nineteenth century America.

Paul and Anne Cameron's grave markers, Hillsborough, NC. Photo courtesy of Ken McFarland.

[Plant list annotations within brackets by Peggy C. st 44 2 Madeleine Newcomb. Cameron Family Papers #133 are from the dwf 45 3 Beurre D'Anjou Southern Historical Society Collection Library, do 46 4 Duchesse D'Angoulense University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill .] st 47 4 Flemish Beauty st 48 3 Napoleon Trees and Plants bought by Paul C. Cameron for dwf 49 2 Louise Bonne de jersey Burnside Exhibit 43 . C . P. #133: 20 Oct. 1858 st 50 2 Urbaniste Flushing, near New York, 10 Mo ., 20 1858 dwf 51 2 Easter Beurre Paul C Cameron Hillsboro[ugh] Orange Co ., N.C. dwf 52 2 Vicar of Winhfield Bought of Parsons & Co. dwf 53 2 Winter Nelis Cherries Department of Hardy Trees and Plants 54 2 Am[erica]n Amber No. 55 2 Asden's White Heart ornaml . 29 6 Am[erica]n Mt. Ash 56 2 Belle de Choisy [Sorbus americana] 57 2 Black Eagle Trees 30 6 Eurpn do do 58 2 do Heart aucuparia] [S. 59 2 do Tartarian 32 6 Silver leaved Maple 60 2 Napoleon Bigarreau [Acer saccharinum] 61 2 Govr Wood 33 6 Sycamore do 62 2 Ox Heart [A. pseudoplatanus] 63 2 Elkhorn 34 6 Norway do 64 2 Werder's Early Black [A. platanoides] Plums 65 4 Coe's Golden Drop 36 3 White flow'g Horsechesnut 66 4 Bavay's Green Gage [Aesculus hippocastanum cv . Alba' ] 67 4 Imperial Gage 37 3 Yellow do do 68 4 Yellow do [A . hippocastanum] 69 4 Royale de Yours Pears 70 2 Cruger's Plum std. 39 15 Bartlett 71 4 Smith's Orleans dwf. 39 1/2 10 do 72 4 Washington std. 40 25 Seckel 73 4 Yellow Egg dwf. 41 5 White Doyenne Apricot dwf 42 2 Dearborns Seedling 94 4 Breda dwf 43 2 Beurre Giffard 95 4 Dubois Golden

96 4 Early Peach 26 6 purple Berberry 97 4 Royale [Berberis vulgaris cv `Atropurpurea'] 98 4 Moorpark 27 12 Vulgaris do Currant [B. vulgaris] 99 2 Cherry 29 1 Buddleya Lindleyana 100 2 Red Dutch [Buddleia lindleyana — Butterfly Bush] 30 9 Deutzia scabra Exhibit 43, C . P. #133: 20 Nov . 1858 31 2 do gracilis 1 16 Sycamore Maple 32 6 Forsythia [Acer pseudoplatanus] [Forsythia suspensa or F. viridissiina] 2 16 Sugar do 33 6 Hydrangea hortensis [A. saccharum] [Hydragea macrophylla subsp. macrophylla] 3 20 White Horse Chesnuts 34 9 Mahonia [Aesculus hippocastanum cv . Alba' ] [Mahonia bealii] 4 10 Yellow do do 35 6 Ribes sanguinea [A. hippocastanum] [Ribes sanguineum] 5 16 Am[erica]n Hornbeam 36 4 Spirea grandiflora [Carpinus caroliniana] [Exochorda racemosa] 7 12 Dble White Hawthorn 37 4 do Reevesii [Crataeguslaevigata] [Spiraea cantoniensis] 8 12 do. Scarlet do 38 2 do do fl pl [C. laevigata cv . `Paulii'] [S. cantoniensis cv . `Lanceata'] 9 12 Laburnum 39 4 do Prunifolia [Laburnum anagyroides] [Bridal—wreath] 10 12 Europn Beech 40 6 Weigelia rosea [Fagus sylvatica] [Weigeliaflorida] 11 6 do. Larch 41 30 English Cork Maple [Larix decidua] [Acer campestre?] 12 2 Ash leaved Maple 42 40 Silver leaved do [Acer negundo] [A. saccharinum] 13 12 Paulownia Imperialis 43 20 Norway do [Paulonia tomentosa] [A. platanoides] 14 24 European Mt Ash 44 6 Prickly Ash [Sorbus aucuparia] [Aralia spinosa] 15 20 American do. do. 46 7 Large Dble Floring Cherry [S. americana] [Prunus avium cv .?] 16 4 Balsam Poplar 3 Chinese do do do [Populus balsamifera] [P. serrulata cv .?] 17 12 Weeping Willow 49 10 American Beech [Salix babylonica] [Fagus grandiflora] 18 6 Taxodium Distichum 50 6 Cut leaved do [Bald Cypress] [F. sylvatica cv . `Laciniata'] 19 6 Europn Linden 51 12 Purple do [Tilia cordata] [F. sylvatica cv . `Atropunicea'] 20 2 Red twig do 52 4 Chinese White Magnolia [T. x europaea] [Magnolia sinensis] 21 6 American Elm 53 4 Soulangiana do [Ulm us americana] [M. x soulangiana] 22 2 Campestris do 54 6 Glauca do [U. carpinifolia] [M. virginiana] 23 6 Montana do 56 4 Weeping Ash [U. glabra] [Fraxinus excelsior cv . `Pendula'] 24 10 Azalia viscosa 57 4 do Beech [Rhododendron viscosum] [Fagus sylvatica cv. `Pendula'] 25 10 do. pontica 60 1 do Cypress [R. luteum] [Platycaldus orientalis cv. `Flagelliformis']

61 4 Montana pendula Elm 95 12 Pinus Excelsa [ Ulmus glabra cv. [Pinus wallichiana] `Horizontalis'] 96 9 do Pinaster [Cluster Pine] 62 1 Weeping Larch 97 30 do Strobus [White Pine] [Larix decidua cv . `Pendula'] 98 12 do Cembra [Swiss Stone Pine] 63 2 do Linden 99 9 do Mughus [Tilia petiolaris] [P. mugo] 65 10 Andromeda arborea 100 2 Taxus hibernica [Oxydendrum arboreum] [Taxus baccata cv. 'Stricta'] 66 2 Cephalanthus orientalis 101 6 do baccata [English Yew] [Buttonbush] 105 12 do Stricta 67 1 Chimonanthus fragrans [T. baccata cv. 'Stricta] [Chimonanthus praecox] 107 2 Thuja aurea Aurea'] 68 4 Cytisus capitatus [Thuja occidentalis cv . ' [Cytisus purpureus?] 108 30 do occidentalis 69 4 Cotoneaster rotundifolia [American Arborvitae] 70 6 Daphne mezerium alba 109 12 do orientalis 71 4 Euomymus Americanus [Platycladus orientalis] [Strawberry Bush] 112 12 Buxus arborescens 72 6 Hibiscus dble Pheasant Eye [Buxus sempervirens cv. 'Arborescens'] [Hibiscus syriacus cv .] 113 6 do latifolia 73 6 do rubra pleno [B. sempervirens cv. `Latifolia] [H. syriacus cv .] 116 6 Euonymus Japonica 74variegata4 do albo [Japanese Spindle-tree] [H. syriacus cv .] 117 10 Kalmia latifolia 76 do. Ribes uvacrispafolia [Mountain Laurel] [Ribes uva-crispa] 119 30 Rhodo[den]d[ro]n Ponticum 77 3 Robinia hispida [Rhododendron luteuin] [Moss Locust, Rose Acacia] 120 12 do maximum 79 14 White Spruce [Rosebay Rhododendron] [Picea glauca] 121 40 do Catawbiense 80 12 Hemlock do [Catawba Rhododendron] [Tsuga sieboldii] 1 do Nivaticum worRed [?] 81 60 Norway do [Rhododendron niveum cv .?] Picea abies] 1 do Perspicum do 82 12 Meorinda do [Rhododendron cv.?] [P. smithiana —Himalayan Spruce] 1 do Azureum do 83 2 Araucaria Imbricata [Rhododendron cv.?] [Araucaria araucana — Monkey-puzzle] 1 do Everstiavum 84 2 Cedar of Lebanon [Rhododendron cv. `Everestianum'] [Cedrus libani] 1 do Gloriosum 85 4 Cryptomeria Japonica [Rhododendron cv .?] [Japanese Cedar] 122 2 Rhododn Roseum pictum 86 4 Cunninghamia sinensis [R. prinophyllum cv .] [Cunninghamia lanceolata — China Fir] 1 do Speciosum 87 12 juniperus cracovica [R. flammeum] [Juniperus communis cv . `Cracovia'] 2 do Album elegans 88 5 do hibernica [Rhododendron cv. `Album Elegans'] [J. communis cv. `Hibernica] 2 do Lee's dark purple 89 4 do pyramidalis [Rhododendron cv.?] [J. communis cv. 'Erecta Glauca'] 2 do Roseum elegans 90 4 do prostrata [R. prinophyllum cv.] [j. communis depressa] 2 do Catawbiense Splendens 91 6 Picea Balsamea [R. catawbiense cv .] [A hies balsamea] 2 do do rubrum superbum 93 4 do Pectinata [R. catawbiense cv .?] [A . alba - Silver Fir]

123 50 Roses 27 1 do do longifolia 75 1 Prunus sinensis fl p] alba [M. x thompsoniana] [Prunus glandulosa cv. 28 2 do gracilis `Sinensis'] [M. kobus] 78 3 Spanish Broom 29 2 Ash leaved Maple [Spartium junceum] [Acer negundo] 115 6 Crataegus pyracantha 30 1 Violet do do `Purpureum'] [Pyracantha coccinea] [A. pseudoplatanus cv . 114 6 Cotoneaster microphylla 31 1 Ornus [?] Europeas [?] 32 2 Silver leaf Poplar Trees and Plants Ordered by Paul C. Cameron for [Populus alba] Burnside Exhibit 45, C.Y. #133: 16 Nov. 1859 33 6 Balsam do 1 6 Silver Maple [P. balsamifera ] [Acer saccharinum] 34 4 Lombardy do 2 4 Eagle's Claw do [P. nigra cv . 'Italica ] [A . platanoides cv. `Laciniatum'] 35 1 Pyrus sinensis 3 2 Purple do [Pyrus ussuriensis] [A . platanoides?] 38 1 Pyrus communis sinensis 4 2 Scarlet do [P. communis] [A . rubrum] 39 2 Turkey Oak 5 2 Striped Bark do [Quercus cerris] [A . pensylvanicum] 41 1 Rhus Cotinus 6 1 Ohio Buckeye [Cotinus coggygria or C. obovatus] [Aesculus glabra] 42 1 Golden Willow 7 1 Persian Dble flow'g Almond [Salix alba vitellina] [Prunus triloba?] 43 1 English Basket Willow 8 1 Dble flow'g Peach [S. purpurea] [Prunus persica cv.] 44 6 Taxodium Distichum 11 4 Spanish Chesnut [Bald Cypress] [Castanea sativa] 45 1 Silver leaf Linden 12 1 Cytisus Intermedeus new [Tilia petiolaris] [Cytisus sp. ?] 48 2 Huntington Elm [Ulmus vegeta] 13 4 Scotch Laburnum [Laburnum alpinum] 49 2 Canadian do 14 4 Cut leaved Beech [ Ulmus sp.] [Fagus sylvatica cv. `Laciniata'] 50 1 Virgilia lutea 15 2 Copper do [Cladrastis lutea] [F. sylvatica cv . `Atropunicea'] 51 1 Weeping Birch 16 4 Purple do [Betula pendula] [F. sylvatica cv. `Atropunicea'] 52 2 do Beech 17 4 Europ'n Larch [Fagus sylvatica cv . `Pendula'] [Larix decidua] 53 2 do Elm 19 2 Tulip Trees [Ulmus glabra cv, `Horizontalis'] [Liriodendron tulipifera] 55 2 do Larch 20 2 Magnolia conspicua [Larix decidua cv . `Pendula'] [Magnolia heptapeta] 56 1 do Mt. Ash 21 1 do Alexandrina [Sorbus aucuparia cv . `Pendula'] [M. x soulangeana cv . 'Alexandrina'] 57 1 do Fountain Willow 22 2 do norbertiana [Salix babylonica cv . `Pendula'] [M. x soulangeana cv . `Norbertii'] 58 1 do Kilmarnock [?] do 23 1 do Thompsoniana [Salix sp.] [M. x thompsoniana] 59 1 Amorpha fruticosa 24 1 do Striata [?] [Bastard Indigo] 26 4 do glauca 60 2 Andromeda arborea [M. virginiana] [Oxydendron arboreum]

61 2 do catesbii 92 2 do Bella [Spiraea bella] [Leucothoe axillaris or L. 93 1 do sinensis pendula fontanesiana] [S. prunifolia cv .?] 62 1 do ramembracea 94 1 do ariaefolia [L. recemosa?] [golden-leaved form of several possible species] 63 16 Berberis atropurpea 95 1 Syringa alba [Berberis sp.] [Syringa vulgaris cv. 'Alba'] 64 1 do dubeis 96 1 do laciniata [B. buxifolia] [Cut-leaf Lilac] 65 1 Caragana grandiflora 97 1 do Emodii [Caragana arborescens) [Himalayan Lilac] 66 1 Ceanothus intermedius 98 4 Weigelia rosea [Ceanothus americanus] [Weigelia florida] 67 2 Chimonanthus fragrans 99 5 Abies Alba [Chimonanthus praecox] [Silver Fir] 68 1 Clethra acuminata 100 4 do canadensis 69 1 Colutea arborescens [Tsuga canadensis] [Bladder Senna] 101 1 do Douglasii 70 4 Red twig Linden [Pseudotsuga menziesii] [Tilia x europaea] 102 12 do Excelsa [Picea abies] 71 1 Cytisus sessilifolius 103 1 do Brunoniana [?] 72 2 Daphne mesereum 104 1 do Spectabilis [February Daphne] [Himalayan Fir] 73 2 Deutzia gracilis 105 4 do Meubiesii 74 1 Euonymus americanus mariesii] [Abies [Strawberry Bush] 107 1 do Orientalis 75 1 Hibiscus Dble White [Picea orientalis] [Hibiscus syriacus cv .] 109 4 Cedrus Deodara robusta 76 2 do Bicolor plena [Cedrus deodara cv. `Robusta'] 77 2 do Rubra pleno 110 4 do Libani 78 1 do anoemonaeflora [Cedar of Lebanon] 79 2 Hydrangea glauca 111 1 do do argentia [Hydrangea macrophylla subsp.] [Cedrus atlantica cv. Àrgentea'] 80 2 do hortensis 112 1 Cephalotaxus fortunii [H. macrophylla ssp . macrophylla] [Chinese Plum Yew] 81 2 do quercifolia 113 1 Chamaecyparis nana [Oakleaf Hydrangea] [Chamaecyparis lawsoniana cv. `Nana] 82 6 Laurel leaved St John's Wort 114 1 do ericoides [Hypericum sp.] [C. thyoides cv. Èricoides'] 83 1 Sea Buckthorn 115 5 Cryptomeria Japonica [Hippophae rhamnoides] (Japanese Cedar] 84 2 Ligustrum vulgare 116 1 Cunninghamia sinensis [Common Privet] [Cunninghamia lanceolata] 85 1 Upright Honeysuckle speciosa 117 4 Juniperus com[muni]s pendula [Diervilla lonicera?] [Juniperus communis cv . `Pendula'] 86 2 Mahonia fascicularis 118 2 do oblonga pendula [Mahonia aquifolium] J. communis Òblonga Pendula'] 87 6 do aquifolia 119hibernica2 Juniperus [M. aquifolium] J. communis `Hibernica'] 88 1 Philadelphus coronarius 120 2 do pyramidalis [Mock Orange] J. communis ` Pyramidalis'] 89 1 Pyrus rubra pleno [?] 121 1 do reevesiana [?] 90 1 Rhamnus catharticus 122 2 do squamata [Common Buckthorn] [Tibetan juniper] 91 1 Spiraea grandiflora 123 1 do virginiana [Exochorda racemosa] [Red Cedar]

124 4 Picea Balsamea 162 1 do floribunda [Abies balsamea] [Pieris floribunda] 126 4 do Pectinata 164 1 Buxus argentia variegata [A . alba] [Buxus sempervirens cv . 'Argentea'] 128 1 do Pickta 165 1 do aurea do [A . sibirica] [B. sempervirens Àureo-variegata 1 129 1 do Pindrow 166latifolia6 do [A. pindrow] [B. sempervirens cv . `Latifolia'] 130 2 do Pinsapo [A . pinsapo] 167 2 Cotoneaster microphylla 131 1 do Webbiaun [A . spectabilis] [Cotoneaster rnicrophyllus] 132 1 do Spectabilis [A . spectabilis] 168 1 do simmondsii 133 2 Pinus austriaca [C. simmonsii [Pinus nigra subsp . nigra] 169 1 Crataegus pyracantha 134 2 do excelsa [Pyracantha coccinea] [P. wallichiana] 170 4 Euonymus japonica 135 4 do Pinnster [P. pinaster?] [Japanese Spindle Tree] 136 6 do Strobus [White Pine] 171 1 do argentia 137 1 do Lambertiana [Sugar Pine] [E. japonica cv. Àrgenteo-variegata'] 138 4 do Cembra [Swiss Stone Pine] 173 1 Hedera helix arborescens [adult stage of Hedera helix] 139 1 do Sylvestris [Scot's Pine] 175 4 Ilex aquifolium 140 4 do Mughus [P. mugo] [English Holly] 141 1 do Pumilis [P. pumila] 176 8 Laurus cerassus 142 1 Podocarpus Japonica [Prunus laurocerasus] [Podocarpus macrophyllus] 179 1 Ligustrum japonicum 143 1 do coriacea [Wax-leaf or Japanese Privet] [P. coriaceus] 181 4 Retinospora ericoides 144 2 Taxus baccata [English Yew] [Chamaecyparis sp. ?] 145 4 do Stricata 182 12 Rhodod[endro]n Catawbiense [Taxus baccata cv. `Stricta'] 183 6 do named varieties 146 1 do elegantissima 185 1 Wellingtonia Gigantea [T. baccata cv.'Elegantissima'] [Sequoiadendron giganteum] 147 4 do hibernica 186 1 Bignonia grandiflora IT. baccata cv . `Stricta'] [Campsis grandiflora] 148 2 do Dovestoniana 187 1 Clematis flammula [T. baccata cv . `Dovestonii Aurea'] [Mediterranean Clematis] 149 1 do ericoides 188 1 do virginica [T. baccata cv . Èricoides'] [Clematis virginiana] 151 2 Thuja aurea 189 1 do lanuginosa [Thuja occidentalis cv . Àurea'] [Chinese Clematis] 152 2 do Californica 190 1 Jasminum officinale [T. occidentalis cv. `Douglasii' ?] [Poet's Jessamine] 153 24 do occidentalis 191 12 Paeonia humeii [American Arborvitae] [Paeonia lactiflora cv . `Humei'] 154 2 do tartarica rose- 192 6 do odorata [Platycladus orientalis cv. `Pyramidalis'] [P. lactiflora cv .] 155 5 do nepalensis scented [P. orientalis cv .] 193 2 do Whitlijii 156 3 do siberica [P. orientalis cv. ?] [P. lactiflora cv .] 157 1 do compacta 194 1 do mouton Incarnata [P. orientalis cv . `Compactus'] [P. suffruticosa cv.] 158 1 do glauca 195 1 do do rosea [P. orientalis cv . `Glaucus'] [P. suffruticosa cv. Pink] Exhibit 43, C. P . #133 : 17 Nov . 1859 Apples 1 2 E[arl]y Harvest 160 1 Andromeda meurbracea [?] 2 2 Red Astrachan 161 2 do serrata [?] 3 2 R J Greening

4 2 Fall Pippin Trees for Cameron Park at Burnside Exhibit 5 2 Fameuse 47, C. P. #133: 30 Oct . 1860 6 2 Baldwin 50 Hemlock Spruce [Tsuga sieboldiil Cherry 7 1 English Morello 50 White Pine [Pinus strobus] 8 1 E[arl]y Richmond 50 Balsam Fir [Abies balsamea] 9 1 May Duke 50 Norway Spruce [Picea abies] 10 1 Plumstone Morello 3 Cedar of Lebanon [Cedrus libanil 11 1 Belle de Choisy 6 Weeping Willow [Salix babylonica] 12 1 Thamson [?] Morello 12 Mt Ash Peach 13 1 Morris White [Sorbaria americana or S. aucuparia] 14 2 George 4th 12 Sugar Maples [Acer saccharum] 15 2 Late Admirable 2 Ohio Buckeye [Aesculus glabra] 16 2 Morris Red Rareripe 1 Kilmarnock Weeping Willow 17 2 Grosse Mignonne [Salix babylonica c.v.] 18 1 E[arl]y Violet Nectarine 2 Rhododn Catawbiense Apricot 19 1 Royal [Catawba Rhododendron] Dwf 20 1 Schuyler's Large Plum 4 Coe's Golden Drop 21 4 Moorpark 4 Imp'! Gage 22 2 DuboisGolden 4 Bavay's Green Gage 23 2 E[arl]y Peach Cherry 1 Black Heart Cherry 24 1 Reine Hortense 1 Arden's White Heart 25 1 Napoleon Bigarreau 2 Napoleon Bigarreau [New Large Black Bigarreau] Apricot 3 Early Peach 26 2 Black Tartarian Nectarine 27 1 Ox Heart 1 Stanwich 28 1 Gov[erno]r Wood 1 Early Violet Plum 29 1 Smith's Orleans Std Pears 30 1 Imp[eria]l Grape 4 Bartlett 31 1 Bovay's Green do [?] 5 Seckel 32 2 Coe's Golden Drop Dwf Pears Std 33 7 Bartlett 50 Bartlett Pears 34 1 Napoleon 50 Seckel 35 4 Seckel Apple 2 Newtown Pippin 36 3 Beurre Easter 2 Versailles Currant 37 4 Urbaniste 38 3 Lawrence Department of Greenhouse Plants Exhibit 43, C .P. 39 2 Vicar of Winkfield #133: 20 Oct . 1858 40 2 Winter nelis Fuchsia Rosa Avis 1 Little Bo peep 41 2 Glout Morceau Venus d Medici[s] [tube white, sepals [Glou—morceau) blush white, corolla 42 2 Suzette de Bevay deep blue — esr 1864] 43 2 Buffum [Buffam] Joan of Arc 44 2 Louise Bonne de Jersey Englands Glory [fine white, scarlet Currant 45 6 Black Naples corolla — esr 1864] Goosebry 46 6 Houghton's Seedling [?] Evening Star [tube white, recurved 47 6 English Gooseberry sepal, carmine corolla Raspbry48 6 Fillbasket — bn 1870] [Northumberland Fillbasket] Acacia intermedia 49 6 Red Antwerp Drummondii 50 6 Catawissa cultriformis [Knife Acacia] 59 6 Lawton Blackberry vestita [Weeping Boree] 60 3 Giant Rhubarb speciosa 61 3 Myatt's [?] Victoria enocarpa 62 3 Linnaeus [?] Grevillea Lellermanii [Grevillea sp.] Indica alba Pittosporum lobira var [?]

Gloxinia wilsonii Gent Pellissier Lillium lauci album Lady Smyth [?] — rubrum Prnce of Orange Verbena Giant of Battles [velvety scarlet Golden Chain [variegated green and crimson - bn 1868] gold. scarlet fls . - bn 18701 Unique Imp[eratrice] Elisabeth [striped variety. finely Conspicuum cut foliage. creeping.- esr] Brilliant A J. Degreua Boule de Niege [white flowers - esr 1864] Etoile d Venus [light pink shading to Prince of Nassau dark eye, large - esr 1864] Princess Alice [pink flowers - esr 1864] Jerry Dean sufeseur Countesse of Burlington White Perfection Evening Star Mrs Holford [pure white - bn 1868] Petunia Red cross Banner dble fl Mad[am] Lemenoin [fine scarlet - bn 1868] rau[?]routtii Gen[era]l Simpson [scarlet crimson, very Belle de Lyons large - esr 1864] King 2 Little Nell St[andar]d Bearer [rich plum with white Herzton von Offort [?] eye - esr 1864] Imperialis Mrs Clive [rich carmine shading Blushing Bride to dark eye - esr 1864 Green Edge Dr Macleau stratw [?] formosissima Phlox criterion [Phlox paniculata cvs .] Flowers for the Burnside Gardens Exhibit 44, C. P. macrantha [Phlox maculata ?] # 133: 20 July 1859 le Claudia Cyrtanthera [Justicia magnificaaurea] Br mulaflora [?] Lantana alba [Lantana camara cv. Madam] Fentune [?] `Alba'] Beppo [purple or crimson, Cuphea emineus [Cuphea micropetalal summer flowering - Veronica devoniana [Veronica sp.] esr 1864] Hendersonii [Veronica cv.?] Lambert Jarvis Gaillardia splendens [Gaillardia pulchella] Roi Leopold [white striped with Pentas rosea [Pentas lanceolata] purple - esr 1864] Salvia Lambinonii Dr Aubry [light purplish red - Involucrata [Salvia involucrata — bn 1868] Rosy-leaf Salvia] Laurent de St Cyr [rosy lilac, light center leucantha [Mexican Bush Salvia] - bn 1868] patens [Gentian Salvia] Catherine d St Amauls [?] gesnerifolia Catherine Saxo do alba Souv[enir] de Passy [delicate lilac, crimson Plumbago Larpentia [Ceratostigma center - bn 1868] plumbaginoides] Rene d'Amour rosea [Plumbago indica] Charles Eschaupe Geranium Tom Thumb [Pelargonium x hortorum cv., President Descaine dwarf, very free, scarlet - bn] Mad[am] Resculome virginianum Nancy Lady Downs Madam] H[oullet] [rosy purple, late Flower of the Day [silver-edged flowering - esr 1864] variegation - bn 18701 Spectabilis D[?] du Comptesse d' Mane Aurora [rosy scarlet, zonale - L'able Bellanger bn 1870] Purpurea [?] Lady Turner Verbenas ass[orted] Countesse of Bectine [?] Bouvardia longiflora alba [Bouvardia longiflora cv.] Nutmeg [P. x fragrans] Rosalinda [B. longiflora cv .] Silver Queen [silvery-edged leiantha [B. leiantha] variegation - bn 1870] Lemon [P. crispum]

Flowers for the Burnside Gardens Exhibit 46, Inicans [?] Bruquettii C .P . #133 : 16 Nov 1859 [?] excelsa Dielytra spectabilis [Dicentra Phlox cathesc[?] spectabilis — Bleeding Heart] L'able Belanges [?] Ch[r]y[santhemum] Pompon Velida Mad[am] H[oulet] [rosy purple . late [orange brown - bn 1868] flowering - esr 1864] Bernetianum [?] Purpurea nova La Jongleur Catherine d Sr arnault Mad[am] Schmidt Souvenir] d Passy [rosy lilac, crimson Lalia center - bn 1870] Hen Chauvere [?] Charles Eschaupe Etoile d' Ilatin M Claudin Cameleon Phlox Mad[am] Bassuett Avocat tandiff D Audry Mignonette Laurent de St Cyr [rosy lilac, light center Justin Jessies - bn 1870] Manitoujel [?] Macrantha Large flowered] Marshall [?] [?] Durel du Comptesse d Marie Souv[venier] de Ragencourt Reeve d Amour Elegantissima Admiral Lenoir La Bruice Minerva La Reine D'Or Mad[am] Pescallon [?] Horatius Besdent[?] descaine W[illia)m Penn Reine de Beiges Francoise [Editor's Note. Annotations for the Cameron Papers lists Madam] Hee Jaquin are based on botanical nomenclature established in: Gladiolus gandavensis [Gladiolus x gandavensis] Hortus Third, Staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Tigridia assorted] Hortorium, editors . MacMillan Publishing Company, Lilium lancilfolium] rubrum [white Tiger Lily with New York. 1976. crimson spots] Cross-references for period nomenclature were made roseum [rose spotted] with: Johnson's Gardeners' Dictionary and Cultural album [pure white, fragrant] Instructor. J Fraser and A . Hemsley, editors. A. T. De La Carnations [Dianthus Mare Printing & Publishing Co ., Ltd., New York . 1917. caryophyllus] Period descriptions for flowers are cited from: Platycodon grandiflorum [Platycodongrandiflorus— Balloon Flower] Bloomington Nursery Catalogue (bn), Bloomington, Illinois. no. 1, 1868 and no . 4, 1870. Flowersfor the Liatris spicata [Blazing Star] Parlor & Garden, Edward Sprague Rand, Jr . (esr) . J . E. Hemmerocallis [Daylily] Tilton & Co ., publisher. Boston, 1864 —pcn] + Napolitum [?] violet white Delphinium Hendersonii

structures . .." Nancy was so honored for her work at Nancy Goodwin Recognized the Montrose gardens and nursery where she gave by Historic Preservation new life and vitality to a landscape shaped in the antebellum years by Governor William A . Graham Foundation of North Carolina and his English gardener Thomas Paxton . (See related article on Cameron family gardens at w ell known to many Southern Garden Burnside .) Even SGHS members who have not History Society members, Nancy Goodwin of visited Montrose will be familiar with Nancy and the Hillsborough has won Preservation North Carolina's Montrose gardens through various articles in the New Minnette C . Duffey Award. This award, named for York Times, Southern Accents, and other one of New Bern's preservation leaders, is publications, as well as through an appearance on considered "North Carolina's highest award for the the "Victory Garden ." The editors of Magnolia are preservation or maintenance of landscapes, gardens, indeed pleased to congratulate Nancy Goodwin on streetscapes, or grounds related to historic this achievement +

11 (1629) . Parkinson describes two forms of The Plant Reporter: the flower as : "Pseudonarcissus Hispanicus White Pipes and Silver Bells fore albo medius & minor. The two lesser — Ring in the Spring white Spanish bastard Daffodils . . . . the by Flora Ann Bynum, Winston—Salem, North leaves of both are of a whitish greene : the Carolina colour, one a little broader then the other flowers of both are pure white, and bending downe the heads, that they almost touch the "What are White Pipes?" asked my friend, stalke againe . . . ." Hortus Third lists this species as Kitty Felts, several years ago . She explained that Narcissus moschatus and adds that °most garden her cousin, who lived on an old family home site material known as N. cernuus is this species." Elizabeth Lawrence had given near Winston–Salem, spoke of a flower called Back in 1975 "White Pipes" that bloomed in her yard each me the name of one of her market–bulletin ladies, spring. I made some inquiries and looked in Mrs. Bailey Anderson, in Gilbert, South Carolina. several references, but never found the answer. "She has for sale the Weeping March Flowers and Finally, Kitty obtained a few bulbs and planted the Old White Iris," Elizabeth told me, "and you ." In due time, the them in a pot. When they bloomed the following must get them for your garden . Anderson, spring, she brought them to me, pot and all. bulbs and rhizomes arrived from Mrs . The They turned out to be what I knew as encased in bread wrappers and newspapers Weeping March Flowers (Narcissus pseudo- Weeping March Flowers did well for me for many narcissus moschatus), a small white trumpet years, but sadly, one year I noticed they were gone. daffodil that goes by many other names, including I started searching to replace them and, in Silver Bells, Little Swan's Neck Daffodils, and, 1991, found some in the yards of two older homes simply The March Flowers . The name White Pipes in Winston–Salem . Each owner generously shared . My was new to me, and Kitty wondered if they were their bulbs and I reestablished my planting so called because they "piped" the coming of two clumps have multiplied well, and early in bulbs . Kitty's spring. "Weeping" and "Swan's Neck" are obvious March this year they bloomed thickly descriptions of the blossoms, which dip or nod have not multiplied as vigorously as mine, only downwards. producing four blossoms this year, and seem more This daffodil has a long history and is noted delicate in size. both in John Gerard's Herbal (1633) and in John According to Brent Heath of the Daffodil Mart Parkinson's Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris in Gloucester, Virginia, there are two forms of this daffodil . William Hunt of Chapel Hill, North Carolina believes to have both types — one with the crooked or swan's neck and the other that "looks up ." At "blossom time" this March I asked Bill to mark bulbs of this upward facing flower to dig for me later. In The Little Bulbs (1957), Elizabeth Lawrence writes of obtaining two forms of the Little White Trumpet from Mr . Heath (Brent's father) and that "both were the daffodils that I had already collected in old gardens . . . . They have a definite and individual fragrance, but whether it is of musk or not I cannot say, for I am not sure what sort of scent musk is ." Other bulb collectors in the South are aware of this lovely narcissus . Celia Jones White Pipes, Narcissus pseudonarcissus moschatus. Photo courtesy of flora Ann Bynum . Continued on page 15 . . .

12 of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univer- In Print sity. This valuable booklet can be ordered directly from the Arnold Arboretum for $10. A paperback version of Elizabeth A subscription for the quarterly publication Lawrence's Through the Garden Gate is now is $20 .00 per calendar year. For more infor- available. This collection of Lawrence's popular mation, contact : Circulation Manager, Arnoldia, weekly articles in The Charlotte Observer from The Arnold Arboretum, 125 Arborway, Jamaica 1957 to 1971 was published in hardcover in 1990. Plain, MA 02130-3519 . Telephone is (617)524-1718 + Elizabeth Lawrence (1904-1985) was the first woman to receive a degree in landscape architecture from the North Carolina State College School of Design. Her own legendary gardens in Books: In Brief Raleigh and Charlotte provided the background Nature's Melody: A Guide to Georgia Wildflowers, for her books and columns . Edited by Bill Neal. by Betty L. Benson is available from The Garden University of North Carolina Press, publishers . 270 Club of Georgia, Inc ., 325 South Lumpkin Street, pages. Athens, Georgia 30602 . The price, including postage, is $30 .00. MONEY, MANURE & MAINTENANCE ingredients for successful gardens of MARIAN COFFIN Pioneer Landscape Architect 1876-1957, I n recent years, as environmental con- by Nancy Fleming . A history of the life and work cerns have risen to the forefront of public policy of Marian Cruger Coffin, illustrated with photo- debate, there has been a revival of interest in the graphsincluding and plans of her major designs, native plants of the South . The wildflower plant- the gardens of Winterthur, Mount Cuba, and the ings along roadways in North Carolina, Virginia, University of Delaware . Paperback. 128 pages. and other parts of the South have greatly enliven- Country Place Books, publishers. ed the passage of motorists along interstate highways and other public thoroughfares . These The Southern Heirloom Garden, by SGHS efforts, along with a growing concern for the loss members Dr. William Welch and Greg Grant. of native habitats, have led many southern gar- Includes over two-hundred color photographs and deners to cultivate wildflowers at home and in many rare engravings . Taylor Publishing commercial nurseries . It was this concern, coupled Company. with a motor trip to the West and childhood memories of family gardens, which encouraged Gardens of Historic Charleston, by SGHS Bettywildflower L . Benson to undertake her own member and landscape architect James R . Cothran. garden in Georgia. Now, under the auspices of the Described as "a tour through Charleston's most Garden Club of Georgia, Inc ., she has produced enchanting, secluded outdoor rooms," and Nature's Melody: A Guide to Georgia Wildflowers. published by the University of South Carolina Handsomely printed with color photographs by Press . 170 pages (including 140 color Benson, illustrations by Alisa Moore, and edited photographs), hardcover . (to be reviewed in an by Thomas S . Patrick, this book has appeal for upcoming issue of Magnolia.) SGHS members across the South . The wildflowers of Georgia are not limited to that state . The plants "A Sourcebook of Cultivar Names" by Arthur Betty Benson describes are native to many regions O . Tucker, Scott G . Kunst, Freek Vrugtman, and of the South and are the ornaments of our larger Laurence C . Hatch. Volume 54, Number 4, southern landscape + 1994-1995 of Arnoldia, the quarterly publication - Davyd Foard Hood

13 early twentieth century, and particularly in Book Review the inter—war years, is an area that has Beatrix: The Gardening Life of Beatrix begged for the attention of scholars . In Jones Farrand, 1872—1959 . by Jane 1991, Mac Griswold and Eleanor Weller Brown. (New York : Viking, 1995) $50 .00 evocatively introduced the subject in The Golden Age of American Gardens: Proud Owners. Pt-irate Estates . 1890-1940 . Two years earlier, in Although Although Farrand was not a 1989, James J . Yoch's Landscaping the American Southern landscape architect, and any influence Dream portrayed the gardens and film sets she might have had on Southern gardening of the designed by his cousin, Florence Yoch early twentieth century is virtually nil, the publi- (1890-1972) . Her designs included the gardens cation of Beatrix: The Gardening Life of Beatrix and grounds of "Tara," "Twelve Oaks" and other Jones Farrand. 1872—1959 is an event of note for landscapes for Gone With the Wind . On the east members of the Southern Garden History Society. coast, the work of Farrand, Ellen Biddle Shipman, Many will recognize that Farrand created at Marian Cruger Coffin, and Annette Hoyt Flanders, Dumbarton Oaks (in Georgetown) one of the among others, has long deserved fuller recog- most important landscapes within the purview of nition, study, and publication. the Society. That work, for Robert and Mildred Jane Brown's Beatrix is one of a series of Woods Bliss, comprises gardens and grounds works needed to bring balance and perspective to developed and refined over nearly two decades, the craft and practice of garden and landscape beginning with her first visit to "The Oaks" in June design during this period. Coming ten years after 1922 and ending with her production of the Diana Balmori, Diane Kostial McGuire, and Dumbarton Oaks Plant Book in 1941 . In Novem- Eleanor M . McPeck's inaugural work, Beatrix ber 1940, the Blisses had deeded their Washington Farrand's American Landscapes : Her Gardens and estate to Harvard University, and it remains in its Campuses, Jane Brown's Beatrix further refines stewardship. our understanding of Farrand's life and career. It Another reason to appreciate and acquire this should encourage a fuller and more analytical new book is Beatrix Farrand's role and position in look at her landscapes and a more focused the development of landscape architecture and examinationarchitectural of the critical use of gardening as professions in the opening years of features in Farrand's creation of place . It should this century. In 1899, when the American Society also prompt other garden and landscape historians of Landscape Architects was organized, she was to advance their research into the lives and among its eleven charter members . Within that careers of that long impressive roster of women original group, she was the only woman . Al- and men, including garden writers and though her role in the evolving organization of photographers, who shaped the making of the professional society was small, and she was gardens in the early twentieth century. little engaged in its general affairs, her status was At the outset, Jane Brown makes the case that useful to an organization seeking to gain both through birth, wealth, and social position, Beatrix recognition and credibility . Likewise, her visible Jones was in a most enviable position by which stature in the profession no doubt encouraged clients and success came to her with relative ease. other women to take up landscape architecture as The niece of novelist Edith Wharton, Beatrix Jones their life's work . Disliking the term "landscape was born into a socially and financially elite architecture," she styled herself as a "landscape family that resided in New York and Philadelphia, gardener" throughout her career, which began in and summered in Maine, Newport, and Saratoga. the 1890s. She counted Henry James and President Theodore The role of women in the extraordinary Roosevelt as friends, and she would later design renaissance of gardening in America during the the monuments that mark the graves of the

14 President, his wife, and their son Quentin. The Plant Reporter Thus it is not surprising that she quickly developed an important clientele among the Continued from page 12 wealthiest members of New York and of Sisters' Bulb Farm in Gibsland. Louisiana American society. Neither is it surprising, still has them from her great—grandmother who given Brown's discussion of her work, that the brought them from Virginia, and called them gardens Beatrix Jones Farrand designed for John "Nellie." (Celia does not know the origin of this D. Rockefeller, Jr. (at Seal Harbor, Maine), Willard intriguing name .) Cleo Barnwell of Shreveport, and Dorothy Straight, Otto Kahn, Edward S. Mississippi, notes that she scarcely sees the Harkness, Clement B . Newbold and others, are Weeping March Flowers today . She regarded them places of remarkable beauty and lasting import- as rare even years ago. Greg Grant of Center, ance in the history of American landscape Texas, who searches for old bulbs constantly in architecture . They were always more than the his travels, reports that he seldom sees the March Flowers. His most recent sighting was at an old mere settings of the lives of the rich . When called home place near Shreveport. upon, however, she could also provide just that This March I located Mrs . Anderson's grandson and did so for the great beauty and socialite Mrs. in Gilbert who related that his grandmother had died Harrison Williams at "Oakpoint," her estate in in 1979 . His wife, Shelby, offered to visit the Bayville, Long Island. Anderson home site to see if any March Flowers still Beatrix Jones Farrand's practice as a landscape survived . Unfortunately, however, an uncle had gardener extended throughout the Northeast, with mowed them down and they had all disappeared. special projects in California and commissions These delightful white trumpet daffodils — abroad, (most notably her work for Dorothy true heralds of spring in the South — deserve our [Straight] and Leonard Elmhirst at Darlington Hall efforts to document and preserve them . Like Roman Hyacinths, Oxblood Lilies, and countless in Devon) . Brown includes a list of nearly others, they are part of the heritage that still two—hundred commissions and, of these, almost a survives in our aging southern gardens. We would third (sixty—three) were for gardens and work in appreciate any information regarding this flower Maine where Farrand summered nearly every year from our membership + of her life . Surely mindful of the Blisses' gift of Dumbarton Oaks to Harvard, Farrand set about in the 1940s to develop the gardens and property at Reef Point, her summer place in Maine, as a study The 1995 Alston center and public garden . This project, however, was to prove unsuccessful and the gardens were Lecture Series dismantled in the 1950s . Her papers, documenting The Atlantic Botanical Garden is spon- a career confined largely to the Northeast, were soring a notable garden lecture series that deposited at the University of California, Berkeley, highlighted Frank Cabot, founder of the in 1955, along with her collection of Gertrude Garden Conservancy, in early April. Mr. Cabot, Jekyll's papers . These final actions made for a a supportive member of SGHS, was featured In 1991 his bittersweet end to a life and career that not only in the American Man's Garden. private garden Stonecrop in Cold Spring, New produced great American gardens, but also York became public . Upcoming lectures in the preserved a record of that achievement for series include noted perennial authority and posterity 4' photographer Pamela Harper on June 15th. For more information about the series, call Davyd Foard Hood, Book Review Editor, Isinglass, (404) 876-5859 ext. 226, or write to the Vale, North Carolina . Botanical Garden at : Piedmont Park at the Prado. P.O. Box 77246, Atlanta, GA 30357 4'

program. George, a lifelong gardener, has been an Members in the News active member in several other plant societies including the Birmingham Rose Society . He is The Southern Garden History Society is currently writing A Guide to Restoring Historic profiled in an article by Sallie McCauley for the . The plant question line he mans March/April issue of Carolina Gardener. Notable members Alabama Gardens mentioned in the piece include Hugh and Mary Palmer is 1-800-644-4458. Dargan, Flora Ann Bynum, Florence Griffin, and Translation of Nouveau Jardinier Underway honorary president William Lanier Hunt. Dr. William C . Welch, publications chair of SGHS, Louisiana's Celia Jones and Jan Jones Grigsby, . William D . (Sally Kittredge Evans) owners of Sisters Bulb Farm, are featured in an article by announces that Mts Reeves has agreed to translate Nouveau Jardinier de la Tovah Martin in the April issue of Victoria magazine. Louisiane, an important early nineteenth-century text on Sisters heirloom bulbs are available through Scott Kunst's gardening in Louisiana . First published in 1838, the work Old House Gardens, which is also noted in this issue . To includes a major listing of plants of great value for garden receive his mailing list, write to : 536 Third St ., Ann Arbor, historians in this region . A translation of this document will MI 48103-4957. Scott's antique tulip varieties are also contribute greatly to the body of primary source material featured in the April/May issue of Garden Design. now available. Mrs . Reeves is archivist for the Notarial The Alabama Cooperative Extension System at Auburn . SGHS members will remember University has begun a pilot program in cooperation with Archives of New Orleans her presentation on this fascinating collection during the the Birmingham Botanical Gardens to answer home 1991 Annual Meeting in Saint Francisville, Louisiana . This horticultural questions through an 800 telephone number. translation is under consideration by the publications SGHS member and former county agent George Stritikus committee as a possible future Magnolia Essay + is in charge of handling the horticultural hot line for this

Deadline for submission of articles for the Summer Issue of Magnolia is Lune 1st .

Ben G . Page, Jr ., President Editor. Associate Editor: Dr. William C . Welch, Vice-President Peggy C . Newcomb Kenneth M . McFarland Flora Ann Bynum, Secretary-Treasurer Monticello, P .O.B. 316 Stagville Center, P.O .B. 71217 William Lanier Hunt, Honorary President Charlottesville, VA 22902 Durham, NC 27722-1217 Magnolia grandiflora reproduced by courtesy of Rare Book (804) 984-9816 (919) 620-0120 Division, Special Collections Department, University of Fax (804) 977-6140 Fax (919) 620-0422 Virginia Library . The Landscapes of Southern Alabama's Gulf Coast

by Mary Annenn e Pickens, Columbus, Texas

" , 1 he thirteenth—annual meeting of the Southern Garden History Society, held in Mobile April 21st — 23rd, focused on "The Gulf Coast Influence: Landscapes and Gardens of Mobile ." Dr. Edgar Givhan, with his able assistant Holle Briskman, put together a program to enlighten and entertain us on Mobile's colorful history. We experienced the Gulf influence immediately. In fact, the meeting's theme song surely could have been "Singing in the Rain ." I felt a bit like Gene Kelley as we danced our way through the Oakleigh Garden District between sprinkles. By Sunday, as I toured the lovely old Magnolia Cemetery in still more April rains, I began to more fully understand Mobile's lush vegetation . None of the showers dampened our enthusiasm, however, knowing April showers truly bring the flowers that bloom not only in May, but apparently through most of the year in "tropical" Mobile. Mark McDonald, director A 1920s or 30s photograph showing a front—yard garden on Church of Mobile's Historic Develop- Street . Among the elaborate walkways, a few azaleas are discernable, ment Commission, set the tone but hydrangeas dominate the scene . Iris, ginger lilies, and agapanthus are scattered throughout the garden . All photos in this of the meeting in his opening article courtesy of the University of South Alabama Archives. Continued on page 2 . . . Inside Page 5 African American Landscape Symposium Page 6 A Post Civil War Georgia Garden this Page 10 More on White Pipes Issue Page 11 Book Review Raulston, Richard Hartlage, Robert Calendar McCartney, and Rick Berry . Twenty private gardens will be on tour. For more Through September 19th, 1995. information or ticket reservations call "Shaping an American Landscape: The Art (803) 722—7526 or write to: 19 Saint and Architecture of Charles A. Platt," an Margaret St., Charleston, SC 29403. exhibition at the Octagon Museum in October 13th -14th, 1995. Southern Washington, D .C. A man of the American Garden Symposium & Workshops - Exploring Renaissance, Platt's career as artist, architect, and Southern Gardens . This year's symposium landscape designer is examined through his features SGHS board member Catherine Howett many public and private works. speaking on "History, Myth, and Memory in September 27th & 28th, 1995 . "The Southern Gardens ." She will be joined by a host Southern Garden: A Retrospective." This event, of "internationally acclaimed lecturers" including held at Discovery Place and the New Charlotte Mark Plotkin, former head of the plant program Convention center features noted garden writer at World Wildlife Fund and author of Tales of a Penelope Hobhouse and Dr. James Reveal, Shaman's Apprentice. For registration information author of Gentle Conquest, a Library of Congress call (504) 635—4220 or write to: P. O. Box 2075, publication on early North American plant St. Francisville, LA 70775. exploration. For more information, write c/o November 4th, 1995. "Our Gardening Jeanne Martin, 2001 Radcliffe Ave., Charlotte, NC Heritage ." Symposium focuses on heirloom plants 28207, or call Sue Pannvill at (704) 331—0969. and their use in today's garden . Speakers include October 5th — 7th, 1995. "The Influence of SGHS members Dr. Arthur O . Tucker, Florence P. Women on the Southern Landscape." The tenth- Griffin, Peggy C . Newcomb, and Felder Rushing. biennial conference on Restoring Southern Contact Cindy Reittinger, Education Manager, Gardens and Landscapes focuses on the role of Atlanta Botanical Garden, Piedmont Park at The southern women in America's gardening history, Prado, Box 77246, Atlanta, GA 30357, or call from plantation mistress to garden club grande (404) 876-5859, ext. 213. dame. Among the roster of speakers are SGHS May 9th -12th, 1996 . The fourteenth- members Susan Haltom, Christy Snipes, Ken annual meeting of the Southern Garden History McFarland, Greg Grant, Davyd Foard Hood, and Society will be held at the Eastern Shore of others. Valencia Libby serves as conference Maryland . The Talbot County Historical Society moderator. SGHS is a sponsoring organization. will sponsor the meeting, which will be head- Contact Kay Bergey, Registrar, Old Salem Inc ., quartered at the Tidewater Inn in Easton . For Box F, Salem Station, Winston-Salem, NC 27108, further information contact SGHS board member or call (910) 721—7313. Ed Shull at (410) 744-2681 or write: 1302 October 6th-8th, 1995 . The third-annual Edmondson Ave ., Catonsville, MD 21228 + "Charleston Garden Festival." Speakers include Ryan Gainey, Dr. William C . Welch, J. C.

Landscapes of the Gulf Coast continuedone from page address on "Architectural History of Mobile ." Jay exemplify both the extremes and the eclectic Higginbotham enlarged upon this theme in blend of past and present . Continuing on "Colonial History of Mobile ." The city's distinctive architectural topics, James I . Bargainier presented French and Spanish heritage, along with its British, his "Restoration of a Southern Urban Property," gives Mobile the unique flavor that it proudly showing the many challenges, as well as preserves as it moves into the twenty—first century. satisfactions, of his restoration work . The Most The restored Fort Conde and the newly Reverend Oscar Lipscomb, Archbishop of the constructed, ultra—contemporary Federal Building Diocese of Mobile and former president of the

2 Alabama Historical Association, spoke on and those he remembers from his "The Diaries of Bishop Michael Portier," the grandmother's garden (Lena Givhan, first bishop to reside in Mobile . Bishop 1886—1949). His restoration work shows how Portier made many observations of the flora he happily incorporates heritage plants in his around Mobile during the early nineteenth fast—paced gardening. century. He also described and documented the Colonial Williamsburg's landscape foreman, plants in the gardens at Spring Hill College, Terry Yemm, returned to his Mobile roots to give Visitation Monastery, and the Cathedral of the a provocative and delightful program . [Terry was a Immaculate Conception. speaker for the twelfth—annual meeting held at Continuing on a botanical note, Nicholas Colonial Williamsburg's in 1994 . See Vol . X No. 4 Braswell's presentation introduced us to "The "In Search of the Colonial Landscape" and Vol . XI French Vine and Olive Colony ." As history has No. 2 "The Great Plant Hunters of Colonial shown, high hopes and dedication were not Virginia" I His lecture, "St. Elmo: A Southern enough to override the harsh realities of climate, Expression of the Downingesque," showed us and neither colony prospered . Ed Givhan, our once again that he is a master at sleuthing the conference coordinator, spoke on the "Restoration history of southern gardening . This time, Terry of a Southern Rural Property," showing slides of explored the work of a popular southern novelist his work at Lime Ridge Farm . Ed uses plants from of the nineteenth century, Augusta Jane Evans. By `"Miss Betty 's plant list" (Betty Givhan, 1885—1962) citing certain passages from her 1866 novel, St. Elmo, Terry illustrated her use of landscape descriptions derived from the work of noted American landscape gardener, Andrew Jackson Downing (1815—1852). Ron Jackson, Urban Forester for the City of Mobile, elabor- ated on the city's beautiful and historic trees in his talk, "The Oaks of Mobile." Having lived many years in Houston, I have seen how un- checked suburban development can devour large chunks of native vegetation . I retired to rural Columbus, Texas only to witness the fall of a majestic oak to make way for a new tire store. I was grateful, therefore, to learn that in Mobile, trees cannot be cut down without city permission. 1895 photograph at the Henry Fonde house, with a giant century plant (Agave Mobile is to be saluted americana) sprawling like an octopus across one corner of the yard. In the background, for not only protecting a shrub rose peeks over the century plant .

3 its urban forest, but also increasing it by quietly told us the cemetery's history and of planting additional trees every year. There is the foundation that preserved and protected a lesson here for us all. it. He pointed out tombstones of interest Touring the Oakleigh Garden District and acquainted us with the families buried gave us a sense of history while showing us in the cemetery. Several plots had immense modern Mobile's preservation efforts . The owners central stones toped with firefighters' hats, giving of six private, turn–of–the–century homes evidence to the many firefighters buried there. An graciously opened both their houses and their anchor rested on the sites of some of Mobile's gardens to SGHS members . The enclosed gardens, early seamen. Large stone dogs reposed each a little hidden treasure, showed Mobile's peacefully on some family plots. John pointed out historic European influence . Shade from the several tall stones carved as if they were massive live oaks, a commanding element completely draped with cloth, indicating that the throughout the neighborhood, was counterpointed one resting beneath was the last of a family line. by dots of sunshine that allowed flowering shrubs The ornamental iron work throughout Mobile is and perennials to brighten the gardens . Although one of its signature features, and that in Magnolia the azaleas had bloomed early this year due to the Cemetery is undoubtedly noteworthy . Much of it unseasonably warm weather, the striking oak–leaf was in a sad state of neglect, overgrown and hydrangeas were luminous . SGHS members broken, before the preservation of the cemetery enjoyed cocktails at Twelve Oaks, a Greek Revival began. When we toured, many of the enclosure mansion, built in 1868. fences had been repaired and restored; others Our umbrellas were used for shade Saturday were in progress. afternoon as we toured the well–known A bonus on the Magnolia Cemetery tour was Bellingrath Gardens with chief horticulturist, Pat the company of Bill Finch, Mobile Press and Ryan. Sunday, while some members toured the Register garden writer. He and SGHS member Liz Eastern Shore and were enchanted with the rain Druitt gave us running commentaries on the roses porches of the homes, others visited Mobile's in the cemetery. As a novice rosarian, it was more historic sites . A small group of us toured Magnolia than I could digest, even with notes from Greg Cemetery with historian John Sledge . The Grant that I had already. While Liz and Bill cemetery was still strewn with spring wildflowers, debated about the white multiflora ramblers that giving us a bit of Alabama's native flora . As we were possibly coming up from below the graft, I rode through the cemetery in the light rain, John just enjoyed the profusion of blossoms . As they

An 1885 photograph of an elaborate front–yard rose garden with immense wooden trellises . Note the hard-packed sand paths leading to the Dunlop home, once near Lyon Park on Spring Hill Avenue in Mobile.

4 pointed out the crimson Chinas `Louis African–American grandmother — emerged Philippe' and `Cramoisi Superieur', I to greet us . She had been raised nearby and marveled at the intensity of the reds and had lived in this house for many years, prayed that my two small bushes back in collecting and enjoying her plants. We Texas would prove as hardy as these in pressed her as to the name of her beautiful Magnolia. `Old Blush' and `Cecil' Brunner' white rose . She simply nodded and smiled, were likewise present, two friends one would showing just a sparkle of gold, and said, "White expect to find in any aged cemetery. Rose ." We all smiled and nodded in return, saying, As we completed our tour, Bill invited our "Hmmm! White Rose ." It was a memorable close group to explore a nearby neighborhood where to a memorable tour of a southern garden. severalled small gardens had interesting flora . He I hope to return to Mobile. It has a proud us directly to a little house with a real show– heritage and I think there remains much to see . As stopper in the front yard: a majestic white rose with all SGHS annual meetings, the gardens where interwoven with a bright orange Lantana horrida. we linger keep drawing us hack + As we gazed in amazement at this absolutely smashing combination, Bill and Liz were already Illustrations for this article are from an exhibit out of the vehicles and visiting with the gentleman of Mobile's gardening history, coordinated expressly from the house next door who came over to for the annual meeting by Bill Finch, assistant inspect us . Soon we were invited into the Living Editor of the Mobile Press Register. Captions backyard where we saw everything from mustard by Bill Finch . Photos courtesy of University of greens to native mock orange, Philadelphus South Alabama Archives. inodorus. By the time we returned to the front yard, the gardener herself — a lovely, petite

North Carolina A & T State University Presents African American Landscape Symposium by Kenneth M. McFarland

Apri l 6th – 7th saw the Landscape State University (and other schools), a subject Architecture Program at North Carolina discussed by Morgan State professor Mark Agricultural and Technical State University offer Cameron . A second historically black institution the second in an ongoing series of symposia dedicated to a thorough examination of the many ways African Americans have shaped their landscape surroundings, both under enslavement and after the Civil War. Landscape professionals, historians, students, and others journeyed to Greensboro for a program that began with the always-stirring words of poet Dr. Maya Angelou. A wide range of topics and settings were then examined by speakers such as Alice Eley Jones of Durham's Historic Stagville. Ms. Jones looked at the infusion of African spiritual elements into the landscape as part of the way slaves and their descendants assigned meaning to their surroundings. At least some African influence can be seen also in the practice of brick laying by black sorority and fraternity members at Morgan

5 was scrutinized by Ian Grandison, of the Architecture of Plantation Slavery . Former University of Michigan, who has studied the slaves and their descendants have also self-protective location of Tuskegee shaped much of the landscape of Bertie University in connection with harassment County, North Carolina, a topic discussed by and violence directed against the Tuskegee Armin Smallwood, a Ph .D. candidate at community. Ohio State University. Through slides and While Tuskegee was founded on the site of a commentary, Mr. Smallwood painted a complete cotton plantation, the plantation era itself was the picture of an ever-evolving rural community of focus of Dell Upton of the University of California, churches, homes, stores, and even ballparks. Berkeley, who like Alice Jones, is intrigued by This year's symposium concluded with a panel overlapping meanings of landscapes and by discussion that both summarized the massive questions of who at different times and in amount of material previously presented, and different settings, "controlled" those landscapes. offered an extended period to field many Dr. Upton's sometime collaborator, John Michael questions from the audience . All agreed a rich Vlach of Georgetown University, examined similar vein of subject matter had only been scratched, subject matter as he discussed the form, function, giving North Carolina A & T's Landscape and placement of dwelling places for enslaved Architecture Program a volume of subject material African Americans, drawing material from his for countless future symposia on the African- recently-published Back of the Big House: the American landscape +

Joys Derived: A Georgia Garden of the Civil War Reconstruction Era

by Florence P. Griffin, Atlanta, Georgia

n 1867, Levi Ballard, who had served Palmetto, Georgia, some twenty miles southwest in the Confederate army throughout the Civil War, of the railroad terminus, Atlanta . There, he built purchased two hundred acres of land near an imposing Greek Revival house facing an old stagecoach road for his wife and their three young children. Two years later, in 1869, he hired an English landscape gardener to design and build a patterned garden in front of the mansion. Levi had married Sarah Harrison on December 19, 1861. During the war years and until

Picture postcard view of the Ballard house and garden, circa 1907. The bed in the center of the front walk was characterized by the English gardener who laid it out as "an African spider." The spider appears to have been executed by the clipped shape of the boxwood. The bed itself, outlined in brick, is elliptical. Courtesy of Dr. and Mrs . Daniel Byrd.

6 their new home was completed in 1867, the A Historical Sketch of the Ballard young couple lived with Sarah's father, Garden by Cora Ballard Arnold Nathaniel Harrison, in Campbell County at Pumpkintown on the Chattahoochee River. "In Campbell County, Georgia . on the The house Levi built in Palmetto, some eight outskirts of the little town of Palmetto nestling miles away, is said to have been modeled after his between the intersection of two highways there father—in—law's antebellum home. flourishes a garden of unusual beauty and quaint- This grand house and garden remained in the ness typical of the English garden of long ago. Ballard family until purchased in 1976 by Dr . and "This garden was the dream fulfilled of the late Levi Ballard and his wife just after the completion of a stately colonial home built in 1867. That the home might have a setting in harmony with its dignity in the fall of 1 869 a landscape gardener was engaged who had practiced his trade in England. He immediately began to lay his plans and for six months toiled steadily on this job. "The plot covers an area of one—half acre or more . 'Tis surrounded by an euonymous hedge and laid off in beds of different shapes and sizes, each margined with dwarf boxwood. Wide sanded walks wind in and out amongst these beds . In the center of the main walk leading to the home is an elongated bed Layout of the Ballard garden . The area within the present fence is of unusual lines and character- approximately 150 feet wide and 100 feet deep . ized by the gardener as an African spider. In this bed Mrs. Daniel Byrd of Atlanta . At that time, the throughout the summer geraniums and heliotrope original draperies and carpet were still in place in reigned supreme, and as the fall came on the great the parlor, and the garden, though neglected, had heads of heliotrope would almost cover up other endured unaltered . The Byrds have respected the plants presenting a mass of purple beautiful to integrity of the house and garden . They have not behold and filling the air with their rich fragrance. attempted to restore the garden, striving instead to "Throughout the other beds every conceivable preserve what remains of its pattern and plants. The following account of the garden was kind of shrubbery was planted : arborvitaes of written circa 1919 by Cora Ballard (Mrs . Thomas) various varieties, junipers, yews (English and Irish), Arnold, a daughter of Levi and Sarah Harrison deodar cedars, spruce pines, magnolias, laurels, Ballard. A Ballard family member sent this account gardenias, etc ., interspersed with flowering plants of to Dr. and Mrs . Byrd after their purchase of the many kinds and roses of various varieties . As time house, noting: " . . . since you own the remnants passed on, many of these shrubs have died but have of the garden, I thought you might like to have been replaced by other growth. my grandmother's written recollection ." "Quite a number of the flowering plants were taken from the old garden that flourished on this

7 same spot fifty years before the Civil War and planted, and on every vacant spot — not too during its time was one of the show places of close to disturb the shrubbery — could be this section of Georgia . `Twas established by found all kinds of perennials and annuals such the Randles followed by the Wattses and had as petunias, phlox, larkspur, candytuft, sweet been carefully tended by the slaves . These alyssum, mignonette, portulaca, hollyhocks, four o'clocks, nasturtiums, sweet williams, May pinks (pink and white), verbenas, poppies and many others. Here also were found many clumps of tritoma or red hot poker, a plant of rare beauty and dignity rearing up many heads of scarlet and gold and attracting the attention of all passersby. "The original cost of the planning, planting and furnishing of this garden amounted to almost $2,000 .00 which at that time was considered an extravagant expenditure in flowers . Yet today, fifty years after its conception, it stands preeminent in the county in its style and expanse, a living memorial to the builders."

What sort of people were Levi (1833—1921) and Sarah (1835—1906), the builders of this garden? Levi was descended from William Ballard, who arrived in Virginia from Greenwich, England in 1627. William's progeny were prominent in the early history of Virginia. His son Thomas served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses, and Thomas's son was vestryman of Bruton Parish Church in Williamsburg . Levi's grandfather, Benjamin Ballard, Cast iron marker on the grave of triplets in the Levi moved to Wilkes County in eastern Georgia in Ballard family plot at Ramah Baptist Church, Palmetto, Georgia. Small figures in cast iron of three babies adorn 1783 . Joshua, Levi's father, moved to Morgan the grave. The inscription on the marker is missing. County, about fifty miles west of Wilkes, and later Photo by William W. Griffin. another fifty miles west to Anniestown on the Yellow River in Gwinnett County, Georgia, where shrubs — the althea, lilac, English dogwood, crepe Levi was born in 1833 . In 1835, Joshua and his myrtle, Spanish bayonet — together with peonies family moved still farther westward to Campbell and many monthly and spring roses continue to County, Georgia, on the Chattahoochee River. thrive and bloom and in a silent and beautiful way Though engaged in the hard work of farming, Joshua was opposed to slavery and refused a bespeak a history of long ago . Iris are still found in portion of his father's estate consisting of slaves. the background taken from the original garden and Levi, of the eighth generation of Ballards in thousands of bulbs — jonquils, daffodils, narcissus this country, farmed with his father for a time, of several varieties, Butter and Eggs, white and blue then taught school for several years, first in hyacinths of the Roman variety — continue in the Palmetto, Georgia, and later in Arkansas . With the springtime to flaunt their colors of yellow, white, and outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Levi joined the blue, seemingly unmindful of their antiquity and Sixth Regiment of Arkansas . In December of that history but beautiful and gay in their changed year, he returned to Georgia and married Sarah surroundings. Harrison . Shortly thereafter, he enlisted in the "The mistress of the garden truly possessed the Fifty—Sixth Georgia Infantry and was appointed 'flower touch' and every plant that came under her sergeant . He served in Georgia, Kentucky, and love and care grew and flourished . How carefully did Mississippi, surrendering with his regiment on she guard the tiny seedlings that her hands had April 26, 1865, in Greensboro, North Carolina.

8 After the war, Levi returned to farming, Alba' ). Earlier, on March 25, 1995, we first with his father—in—law, then on his own. visited the garden with Robert Bryant, Sue In addition to the two hundred acres Vrooman, and Peter Kotowski from the purchased near Palmetto in 1867, he horticulture staff of the Atlanta History eventuallycontinued to acquire land, Center, along with Jim Cothran and Betty becoming the largest landowner in Campbell Byrd. Vanhoutte spirea (Spiraea vanhouttei) was County . He also became a land dealer, a in bloom, but baby's breath spirea (S. thunbergii) merchant, a banker, and a state senator. and bridal wreath spirea (S. prunifolia) had Sarah was born in Asheville, North Carolina, bloomed earlier. A few flowers were left on a where she received her early education . Her particularly handsome flowering quince mother died young, and she was reared in the (Chaenomeles speciosa) . The large, single flowers home of a well—to—do uncle in Asheville . Her were white brushed with pink at the throat and father moved to Campbell County after her red filaments. The elliptical, glossy, dark green mother's death . As a young lady, Sarah came to leaves seemed unusually large and were thick in Campbell County to live with her father and texture . We were late for spring—flowering bulbs attended college in Newnan, Georgia. — only a few grape hyacinths (Muscari Following their marriage in 1861, Sarah and botryoides) lingered — and too early for iris . I Levi had twelve children . In later years, a son, have seen Parkinson's Starre— flower of Naples Nathaniel, wrote of his mother: "Like her father, (Ornithogalum nutans) blooming there in past she was of a morose temperament and always years. According to Elizabeth Lawrence, this was took life seriously . She inherited her father's sense grown in southern gardens as the satin hyacinth. of saving and economy . It was her help in this There was one bulbous plant that we could not direction that aided her husband to accumulate a identify with fresh, dark green, strap—like foliage competency. She soon became a slave to her about ten inches in length and one—and—a—half home and children, quit visiting neighbors, and inches wide . It showed no sign of bud or bloom remained always at home." at the time . By June 12 the plant had disappeared, But Sarah's life was not without pleasure . She presumably into dormancy . [Editor's note: this had her garden. Again, Cora Ballard Arnold Lychorisbulb might possibly be Naked Ladies, remembers: "Although at this time of her life help squamigera.] was scarce and money at a premium, through her Among the woody plants in the garden are judicious management she reared seven children boxwood (Buxus sempervirens `Suffruticosa' ), to maturity, planned and served three good winter honeysuckle (Lonicera fragrantissima), wholesome meals a day to this family of nine, winter jasmine (Jasminum nudiflorum), crape kept in order a comfortable, happy home and in myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica), Chinafir or monkey what spare time she could find gave attention to pod (Cunninghamia lanceolata), nandina the growth and culture of flowers . She possessed (Nandina domestica), arborvitae (Thuja orien- a `flower hand' and everything that came under talis), deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara), eastern red her care thrived and bloomed luxuriantly. cedar (Juniperus virginiana), Scotch broom Amongst the happy recollections of my childhood, (Cytisus scoparius), forsythia (Forsythia sp .), mock this is one of the outstanding features, and I orange or English dogwood (Philadelphus delight to recall and revel again in the joys we all coronarius), and cutleaf lilac (Syringa laciniata). derived from her flower garden . I can see her now There are other woody plants that we have been as she worked so untiringly and lovingly in that unable to identify . Spanish bayonet (Yucca garden plot . Here, when worried, she found peace filamentosa) persists outside the fence and rest, and what a harvest of bloom did we reap surrounding the garden. from her efforts ." Visiting the remains of the garden today and Numerous shrubs and flowers survive in the remembering Cora Ballard Arnold's description of garden today . Blooming there on June 12, 1995 the garden as it was, we can catch a glimpse of an were southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), era when flowers were not only cherished for cape jasmine (Gardenia jasminoides), single their beauty but were also thought to provide white, red—throated althaea (Hibiscus syriacus), strength and moral enrichment to those who perennial sweet pea (Lathyrus latifolius), and the admired and tended them . As Sarah Ballard reared white form of rose campion (Lychnis coronaria seven of her twelve children to maturity here in

9 the South during the difficult years following dissolved in 1932 through merger into Fulton the Civil War, she and her family were County, whose county seat is Atlanta. sustained, as Cora Arnold tells us, by joys 2. Information about Levi Ballard, Sarah derived from her garden. Harrison Ballard, and their family not Is there a parallel phenomenon today? otherwise noted, is from Ballard family With Americans spending fifty billion dollars a manuscripts and documents in possession of Dr. year on gardening, perhaps we, too, are finding and Mrs . Daniel Byrd. strength, sustenance, and renewal in joys derived 3. William F. Northern, ex-governor of Georgia, from the garden. ed. Men of Mark in Georgia Covering the Period from 1733 to 1911 (Atlanta: A.B . Caldwell, Notes: Publisher, 1912), Vol . VI, 41-43. 1 . Campbell County was organized in 1828 from 4. Thomas Jaffe and Damon Darlin, "Ah the sweet lands of several surrounding counties and smell of manure" Forbes, 22 May 1995, 84 +