WILLTA\I Z. FOSTER I1l On the Release of the Natiorral Cornrnittee \fernbers

JOHN SWrFr Ill Some Thoughts on Indeperrdent Political Action (A DiscLrs- sion of the "Ni,rtional Guar.- diaris" Cnll for n Third Partr, )

WILLIAN{ Z. FOSTER ll el Eisenl-rorver ancl Ktvnesisrl

HERBERT APTHEKER [28] The hfotmer Svstenr and I)err-rr-.cracv

D. SHEPTLOV t34l The Gelelnl Line of the CPSLI irrtd Yrrlgarizels of Nlarrisrr

AL RICHN,TOND [11] i\nita Whitner,-Comrrunist

LUIS CARLOS PRESTES LDD ] Or tltr Progrlnr of the C--ornrurr- rist Paltv of Rrazil '

[<- IN MEMORIAM YOL. XXXIV, No. 4 APR L es5 politieal affairs

Editor: V. J. Jerome

0n the Release of the Natiortffi$

CIoslxpmlttee Mmrmhel,s Ey William Z. Fosfer

Trlr RBr,EasE from Federal prison of Act, constitutes a dangerous assault Eugene Dennis, General Secretary upon the people's liberties, supposedly of the Communist Party, and ]ack guaranteed by the tsill of Rights. It Stachel, John Williamson, John Gates is the grossest violation of this ele- and Carl Winter, members of the mentary charter of civil rights, to National Committee of the C.P, imprison men and women for daring marks an important stage in the life to spcak out against the reactionary of the Communist Party. During programs of the imperialist govern- the 44 months oI their imprisonrlent, ment of this country. It is one of the Party found many severe diffi- the most dangerous expressions of culties under the government perse- the growing fascist trend in the cutions and it needed gravely their United States. skilled and devoted leadership. Great On a par with the outra.qeous numbers of workers will join with imprisonment oF these Communists their families in welcoming the re- is the manner in which this has been, lease of these outstanding fighters and is being brought about. In of the working class. this respect the worst methods of The long imprisonment of Den- the traditional American labor- frame- nis and the many other comrades up have been employed. The trials convicted under- the infamous Smith of the rr national committee leaders,

the Post Office at Ncu yorft, N. y., is published monthly by New Century ANI].A WHI,I-J\trEY to whom substiptions, lttyments nntl a yeu; $r.25 tor six months: lorcigtr july 7, I867-February 4, 1955 PRTNTED rN u.s.A. @-.200 POLITICAL AFFAIRS ON RELEASE OF N. C. MEMBERS and those that have followed it, en a long time in jail for all Commu- struggle for freedom before Miss basic liberties of the people, to the were a foul mess of government- nists who refuse to register them- Liberty can regain her one-time vivid very existence of the labor move- perjured witnesses, of corrupt prose- selves with the Government as "sub- meaning as the great symbol of ment. The release of Dennis and the cutors willing to swim in the filthiest yslsiyg"-4nother flagrant violation freedom. other Communist leaders should gutters in order to get convictions, of the U.S. Constitution. serve as a stimulus to the demo- They are foolish who believe that of reactionary judges who spit upon Varying the line of persecution, cratic forces everywhere to demand the present government persecution the most elementary questions of the Government is proceeding also the release of all Smith Act and can destroy the Communist Party. law and justice, and of juries so in- to deport those convicted Commu- other political prisoners, to prevent What is happening is that the Com- timidated by the prevailing war and nists who are not citizens of the the deportation of trade union fight- munist Party is being steeled by fascistlike hysteria that they would United States (for no fault of their ers, such as Potash, Stachel, william- these hardships, as the most power- hardly dare to bring in an acquittal own). At present Jack Stachel and son and others, and to wipe from ful Communist Parties many verdict no matter how decisive the John Williamson, who have spent of the statute books the whole dirty countries, in their time of persecu- evidence showing the innocence of their entire lives, from early child- collection of Taft-Hartley, Smith, tion, have been hardened. those on trial. hood, in this country, are being men- McCarran, Communist Control and It was an outrage to railroad the aced with such deportation. Irving The real danger of the disease of "right-to-work" acts, as well as all Communist leaders to jail on syn- Potash, National Committee member fascism in this country is to the other such pro-fascist legislation. thetic, unconstitutional charges. But and resident of the United States for to continue and to intensify the per- 40 years, has already been deported, secution, the Government is confront- and several other men and women ing the released Communists with a leaders now face similar persecution. second indictment under the Smith This barbarous deportation policy, Act. The first convictions, on the separating the deportees from their allegations of conspiring to teach and families, friends, and accustomed en- advocate the violent overthrow of vironment, also violates every Amer- the United States Government ican tradition of popular liberties. (which is a brazen lie) are being When Irving Potash sailed down supplemented by new charges on the New York Bay on the steamer Sax- basis of membership in the Commu- onia, bound for Poland, Miss Lih. nist Party, with a penaltY of ro erty, holding aloft her torch in the years imprisonment' This is clearly harbor, might well have blushed in a case of double jeopardy, of being shame. She is an anachronism in tried twice for the same alleged these days of advances toward fas- offense. cism in this country. Instead of wel- Never in the whole historY of the coming "Europe's huddled millions" United States has there been a more of oppressed, the United States to- he Bill of day with the most reacrionary gov- indictments ernment of the major capitalist coun- tims of the tries, has irs doors open only to the persecution worst parasites and reactionaries of is supplemented bY the Provisions the u,orld. The American working of thi McCarran Act, which threat- class will have to make a resoluti ON INDiIPENDENT POLITICAL ACTION

cists can function eflectively as "non- "only the imagination seems to be ballot groups" working within the lacking. Can we stir this imagina- Some Thoughts 0n lndependent FolitEua! Actlon two-party system "has fallen flat in tion again, as we only began to stir the four years since this strategem it in 19481" A Discussion of the "National Guardian's" Call for a Third Party has been employed." These are a summary of the Guard- 3) There is no mass peace move- ian's views on the next steps toward ment in this country "despite all independent political action. By John Swiff efiorts at regrouping and new forms Since we shall take issue with which have decimated the Progres- some of Brother McManus' evalua- IN trr, January roth issue of the . . . friendly to world socialism and sive Parry of 1948." tions and conclusions, it is important National Guardian, there appeared itself prepared to consider socialist 4) Thc support of "liberals" for to make plain at the outset our ap- "A Call For Independent Political solutions for our own country's wel- "their apparent'anti-McCarthy' at- proach toward the Guardian and its Action." The "Call" appeared under fare." lts Formation "calrnot rvait or titudes" has not won a single com- editors. The Guardiaa is a non-Com- the signature of John T. McManus, expect mass break-aways from pres- mitment in Congress against the munist progressive weekly. It was the Guardian's Managing Editor and ently organized groups such as the Sn-rith and McCarran Acts. Of the born in r94B during the upsurge of the American Labor Party's a954 labor movement or the Democratic "c'-czcns of Congressmen and several the newly formed Progressive Party candidate for Governor in the State Party. It must be undertaken Senators and governors" who owe and as an independent voice of that of New York. The placement of the now" so as to be able to participate their election victory in part to the movement. In r95o, when Henry "Call" on the entire front page, "at every level of political argument anti-Republican swing of progres- Wallace betrayed the cause of peace, its publication under the banner- in the 1956 campaign." Toward this sive voters not one has raised his the Guardian, to its everlasting credit, head, "A Statement For Discussion end it proposes the convening of an voice against the rearmament of Ger- stood its ground and refused to be by Progressives," the subsequent "open caucus" of all like-minded peo- many. browbeaten or panicked into sup opening of the columns of the ple to take place no later than La- 5) Even the way in which the port of the Korean War. Its record Guardian to such a discussion, all bor Day rveek, 1955. question of "peaceful coexistence" has been that of a staunch fighter leave no doubt that this statement These are the concrete proposals has been placed for discussion before for peace, civil liberties, Negro and expresses not alone the personal views of the Guardian's "Call." the American people in recent weeks labor rights. It bravely came to the of McManus, but the official view- What are the arguments in favor is false and will lead nowhere, for defense of the Rosenbergs, has reso- point of the Guardian. of such a new party now I The it does not rest on the enlightened lutely stood for friendship with the The issues raised in this policy Statement makes five of them: view that "more acceptable ideas Soviet Union, and even when in dis- statement are so vitally important r) \Arithout candidates on all lev- than capitalism are sweeping the agreement with the Communist Par- to the progressive movement that els the progressive forces will be world and in time coming our way." ty has fought for its rights and rec- we propose to devote this article to blocked from the use of radio, TV, Thus there is nothing to be gained ognized in it a progressive force their discussion. We shall briefly and other means of mass communi from this current discussion. Thus it has lived up to the best tra- summarize the "Call." In the first cation in the 1956 campaign. Hence Do the forces exist to fulfill this ditions of American radical-progres- journalism. place it proposes the formation of a the danger exists that no progressive taskl This question is answered in sive For these reasons new "national independent political opposition voice will be heard and the afrrmative. The forces which rhe Guardian has well earned the party" to be "on the ballot in the that the "left of center will have made up the "great Progressive mo- hatred of reaction. For the same 1948" can be rallied reasons the Communists ry56 Presidential elections." This been efiectively and perhaps finally bilization of wish the again and with them many addi- Guardian well, recognizing as a party "must be a party of Peace, silenced in the fight against fascism it jobs and rights." The Guardian and war." tional ones. "All the elements for progressive ally in the fight. ik ,t )k adds: "It must be anti-imperialist z) The proposition that anti-fas- this are at hand," writes McManus, POLITICAL AFFAIRS ON INDEPENDENT POLITICAL ACTION

It is necessary to point out that our opinion, why nothing was said McManus and the other editors of the lacking deep roots in the ranks of the while the Guardian's statement is en- about how to further the indepen- Guardinn are thinking of more fun- workers. Even when the La Follette titled, "A Call for Independent Po' dent political action of organized damental socialist solutions to the movement of. ry24 did get the back- litical Action," the platform for labor. problems of our country. This is an- ing of organized labor, this was not such action stands on only one leg: For the sake of argument, let us other proof that despite all the hys- a long range decision to pursue the formation of a new party by concede the need for such a party terical attempts of the ruling class to a new path of political independence. 1956. This is the be-all and end-all even without labor's support. Would exorcise socialist ideas from the mass- Thus, these movements, from the of the Guardian's views on what this preclude the need for special at- es, these are bound to grow, for they Populists on, flashed like meteors needs to be done to further the cause tention to organized libor I Would represent the truth and are being across the political skies, and then of independent political action. we not also have the task of work- attested to by all the myriad currents Nothing is said about the crucial ing with and within the ranks of of life. And if the Gua:rdian's e&i- immediate battles to infuence the organized labor to promote the tors are thinking along these lines, course of events before the ry56 cause of political independence? The this is a further tribute to both their election. Nothing is said about the Guardian does not deal with this wisdom and courage. monopoly is the organized working urgent need for intensified indepen- problem at all. How important it is But we are still puzzled over the class. Every third party movement dent political action notu,it the form we shall have occasion to empha- character of the party proposed. It which is not so based is doomed to of organized mass pressure upon the size later. cannot be for "socialist solutions" failure. present Administration and Con- What kind of party is McManus and still be a "people's coalition" in gnashing gress. This is not accidental. It fows proposing? He leaves us a bit con- party. At least, not in the present rage at the logically from the reasoning of the fused on this score. Does he favor stage of struggle in this country. A abor official- "Call" itself. McManus and the a broad people's coalition parry based "people's coalition," if that phrase dom which plays no small part in Gu:ardian apparently see no possi- on a common united front program has any meaning at all for today, keeping labor tied to Big Eiusiness bility of influencing the immediate for "peace, jobs and rights" and di- must be a combination of diverse politics. It is necessary to devise the course of, events and nothing to be rected against the economic and po- class and social groupings, which, practical steps and actions by which gained from political pressure upon litical dominance of monopoh,, or irrespective of differing ideologies, to propel labor forward toward ever Washington. Thus, independent does he favor a still more program- unite to advance a common, agreed- greater political independence. While political action today is made wholly matically advanced, more Left, social- upon program. Any "people's coali- complete political independence re- synonymous with but one act-the ist-type party? Apparently he him- tion" which is not that is a mis- qulres a new party, greater political immediate organizational crystalliza- self has not made up his mind. In nomer. independence can be attained short tion of a new party. And this new the very first paragraph of the "Call" But can a troad coalition party of that goal and on the way to it. party is to spring, not out of the he says that the new party "must be formed without the backing of Not to see the small embrvonic be- natural fertility of increased mass ac- be anti-imperialist, friendly to world at least an important section of the ginnings of such independence in tivity and struggle around immedi- socialism and itself prepared to con- organized labor movement ? Since the political action movement of or- ate issues, but full grown, like Mi- sider socialist solutions for our own the rise of the monopolies and even gaoized labor today is to fail to see nerva from the brow of ]upiter. country's welfare." Thus he is advo- prior to the turn of the century, tomorrow's man in todav's child. It McManus places single-minded cating the formation of an anti-capi- there have been repeated third-party also fails to grasp the conditions emphasis upon the need to form a talist, pro-socialist party. But else- efforts to topple the Big Business under which the ruling class was where in the statement he refers to dominated two-party system. These able to placate the workers with eco- the new party as "an independent have invariably failed to accomplish nomic bribes. It does not see the people's coalition." this end. They were essentially rural new period ahead in which the in- It is no small matter that fohn and urban middle-class movements, tense market crisis of American POLITICAL AFFAIRS ON INDEPENDENT POLITICAL ACTION aapitalism will make this less and the new party advocatedl A real dates in the field would undoubt- ariue not only for candidates through less possible. To try to build a great people's party, a labor-farmer party, edly make it easier to obtain the use l,r'hom the progressive voice can be new coalition party without labor must base itself upon the mass of srrch mediums as radio and TV heard. It is to argue for a secrarian and against its will is like trying to movement of the people and in the and thereby to reach the people with go-it-alone policy. This, in efiect, build a modern skyscraper without first place upon organized labor. But the real issues. Candiclates in and says that it does not matter a farth- steel and concrete girders. such a party is not emerging at this by themselves, however, do not ing which candidates of the old par- It is of course possible that Broth- time. The masses are still express- necessarily mean reaching the ears ties get elected, that candidates must er McManus is not thinking of a ing themselves through the medium of the masses. The Socialist-Labor be placed in the field against as many "people's i:oalition" party at all. He of the two old parties. McManus Party sect, for example, lras had a of them as possible. may be thinking of a more restricted is convinced, however, that without presidential candidate on the ballor The next argument of McManus socialist electoral combination. This a national third party nothing can be for many years, but it does not redch makes this go-it-alone position even he may believe is necessary to make accomplished to prevent fascism and the ears of the people. Its political clearer. It declares thal and-fascists up for the abandonment of that war. He fears that to wait until pitch is inaudible to them. cannot influence the struggle within Furthermore, even when there the parties field by the Socialist Party and the in- labor is prepared to take this path -old and that ih. ,tt"-pt ability of the Communist Party, due may be too late. Thus, out of a feel- was a Progressivr Party presidential to do so "has fallen flat in the four to reactionary laws and practices, to ing of desperation, the Guardian ticket in the ficltl in :,952, this did years since this strategem has been get on the ballot in most states. If seeks to build this "people's coali- not result in reaching the ears of the employed." sq this rvould be a brand new pro- tion" party, single-handed, even if it millions. As McManus knows from As to whether it is possible ro in- posal and should be considered on is doomed at the outset to be a nar- his own experience in the recent New fluence the masses who support these its merits. But this should not be row grouping without a mass follow- York campaign, the mere running of parties and therefore the struggle confusecl with a "people's coali[ion" 1ng. a candidate does not guarantee full within them, we shall touch on a party. The contradiction in the McManus access to the political debate, even bit later. At this point we are curi- It is clear that a great maiority position, is, therefore, the contradic- if his candidacy did make a notable of people are not at this time pre- tion between the belief that nothing contribution in helping clarify the consider socialist solutions can be accomplished without a ncw lssues. pared "to 'We for our own country's welfare." A party and the inability to achieve can appreciate the Guardian's program of independent political ac- such. It is the contradiction be- concern as to whether the progres- tion cannot be limited, therefore, to tween what is deemed necessary and sive voice will be heard in 1956. rlunlsts, pursued a narrow, rigid, those who believe in such solutions. what is deemed possible. This still does not explain its total third-party line. This brought thlm It must have as its aim the rallying emphasis upon the early formation of into head-on collision with the or- of a new progressive majority of the At the root of the Guardian's W a new party. After all, American ganized labor and Negro people's American people to influence the sition lies the deeply held view that experience gives many instances of immediote course of events to Pre- the present situation in the country intervention in political life by inde- vent war and fascism. Hence the cannot be altered for the better with- pendently organized groupings short placing of a socialist ticket in the out the emergence of a new party. of full-fledged political parties. The field, if that is what is intended, can- This underlies all McManus' argu- Citizens' P.A.C., the A.D.A., the not be seen as the over-all answer to ments, variouts non-partisan leagues, are ex- the problern of building a PeoPle's His first argument is that indepen- arnples of this. coalition. dent candidates are needed if the To place so e stress upon a new What explains McManus' lack of progressives are to have access to the party and upon the need for candi- clarity regarding the eharacter of public forum ot ry56. Having candi- dates "on all possible levels," is to was interpreted widely as a victory IO POLITICAL AFFAIRS ON INDEPEN]-DENT POLITICAL ACTION II for McCarthyism and a mandate for how to work with them, to help the Smith and McCarran Acts. Fur- extreme Right. This cannot be said the country to go even further to the make them more articulate and to thermore, he says, even where Con- of the 1954 election results. While Right. raise their level of understanding. gressmen were elected with the aid these cannot be interpreted as a man- apparently has missed McManus It is necessary to seek out constantly of progressive Yoters, neither the date for a swing to the Left, it cannot lessons of the r95z campaign. If the the best possible forms through cause of peace nor democracy was be denied that McCarthyism received there is any ground to his charge which this peace sentiment can find strengthened thereby. If anything, its first major electoral rebufi. This that the tactics since then have "fallen expression. This may not result in things seem to be getting worse. was an unmistakable expression of flat," this must be doubled in sPades a single unified and organized mass Brownell is pressing for even harsh- the nation's growing disgust with the for the sectarian go-it-alone tactics movement, but in multiple mass ef- er repressive measures, and Dulles sickening anri-Communist hysteria of ry5zl forts, around specific peace issues, for the same suicidal war course. of the post-war years. It is, there- The third argument even further all of which play their part in press- How much truth is there in these fore, a new fact and one of consider- reveals the same thinking. McManus ing for a change in foreign policY. assertionsl It is probably true that ab,le importance. cites the lack of a mass Peace move- The breadth of the peace sentiment not a single commitment has been Thus, the results of the 1954 ment in. the country as additional in- elec- obtained for the repeal of the Smith tion did have dication that nothing can be done in the country was eloquently shown somerhing to do with and McCarran Acts. It is also true the stand the without a new party. But if there is in the recent election camPaign, of CIO Convention. Eisenhower dema- that there is a grave danger of even Had the resulrs of the election been no organized mass Peace movement, when President more repressive legislation passing in otherwise, this could be adduced to Prove the gogically made his main pitch on had the open McCarthy- time is not riPe this issue. To see the attemPts at this session of Congress. Nor has ites swept the field as in 1952, the opposite-that^form the to a third Party. But Brother building a broader and more elTec- any Congressman or Senator as yet chances are that the CIO leadership McManus does not see it that waY' tive peace movement as in oPPosi- spoken out against the rearmament woud have pulled in its horns eveir He argues that the very attemPts tion to that of laying the foundations of Germany. further instead of calling for a to form at organized Peace move- for a third party, or to see the issue But is this all that needs to be saidl "counter-attack." meni "have decimated the Progres- of peace iyttony-ous with that of If so, how can one explain the post- Whether such a counter-attack "t sive Party of 1948." support for the Progressive PartY, election CIO Convention declaration really takes place, whether it begins There can be onlY one exPlanation is strange thinhing indeed' The that, "Now is the time for a counter- to check the destrucrion of the Bill real reasons for the decline of the attack on the civil liberties front?" of Rights remains to be seen. Much, Progressive Party since 1948 will have The CIO likewise demanded that very much, depends on what is done to be sought elsewhere. "all federal legislation limiting what now, after the elections, to mount Argument number four is in manY people can think and say be removed the greatest degree of mass pressure. respects McManus' strongest. Here from the statute books." Is this call The 84th Congress is also a reac- broader seParate Peace movement he marshal's evidence to "Prove" for a "counter-attack" accidentalI tionary, Big Business dominated one. of the could only be at the exP€nse his contention that the tactics pursued By no means! To see this fact alone is to draw Proeressive PartY. in the rg54 elections have "fallen Something new did occur in the the negative conclusion that nothing things on their D"oesn't this stand flat," and that the issue before us 1954 elections which makes its re- can be done until a new and differ- of is bY n9 head? The issue Peace party, now----or else! He sults somewhat difierent from those ent type of Congress is elected. It that of a third is: a third means identical with support given to ol As we have already said, is necessary to see that the 84th which trans- shows that despite ry5z Con- party. for their "appar- the 1952 election was interpreted gress can be made more responsive ments' Peace "liberal" candidates ...rdr as a for McCarthyism to the will of the people. ias' It is the ent 'anti-McCarthy' attitudes," not a widely victory This de- forces mandate to go to the pends upon strengthened, orces to learn single commitment was won against and a popular a more iob of t2 POLITICAL AEFAIRS ON INDEPEIOENT POLITICAL ACTION t3 oonscious and more united mass nation. And we make this criticism these candidates mitments before election day, the sruggle. After all, the B3rd Con- not alone of some of the followers that even in defeat showed tremendous strength. Con- same kind of pressure was not con- gress started out as one completely of the Guardian, but in seff-criticism don came very close to election de- tinued after November zndl But the dominated by McCarthy. It ended of many Communists as wdl. spite everything thrown at him. As McCarthy - Knowland "war-now" by convening a special session to Another development which could up for Taylor, the mere fact that he crowd never relents its pressure! The imPor- have been interpreted as a popular reprimand McCarthy! was able to win the state Democratic Only when pre-election work is should not be exagger- swing to the Left would have been tance of this Party primary is indicative o[ a carried over into even more intensive Democratic sweep. ated. Neither should it be mini- an overwhelming changing atmosphere within the post-election activity can we help precluded by the mized. It only proves that some new Such a sweep was country. After all, only six years ago transform promises into deeds. This winds are blowing and that where very nature of the Democratic Party he was the Progressive Party's Vice- is a lesson that must be learned and mass pressure can be mounted its campaign. This blurred and con- Presidential Candidate! before the new congress gets much eflects can be felt even uPon a re- fused the issues before the nation Thus, it is false to assume that be- older. The struggle that developed actionary Congress and Administra- and even enabled Eisenhower to once cause no third party is in the field, in the Senate over the President's tron. again demagogically don a Peace election results have no significance. Formosa declaration is an indication We have said that the election re- mantle. They have significance. In fact, with- that the time is becoming ripe for sult did not represent a swing to the Flowever, even within this over- out winning victories within the breaking the solid congressional a Left. Was such a develoPment Pos- all state of afiairs a mandate for primaries of the old parties, without front on foreign policy. It is for this sible in 19541 To a certain extent, new course in foreign and domestic the election of more pronounced reason regrettable that the Guar- yes. It was possible for examPle, to policies could have made itself felt progressive-minded candidates, it dian's call for independent political compel more candidates to take a more. This would have occurred v,.ill be impossible to prepare the action had nothing to say about what more basic political re- must be done to influence the actions stand on the issues of Peace, civil had those few candidates who were way for a Congress liLrerties and Negro rights. If this identified in the public mind with grouprng. of this year. asPect of In speaking of candidates who were did not take place on a large enough more progressive domestic and for- l,et us touch on another problem. What about those can- elected "without Left opposition," scale, one of the main reasons is elgnign pb[clespolrcles been elected. We refer this i didates who promised to pursue a McManus writes that this occurred that the rueigltt of the conscious in particular to Condon in Califor- full progressive colrrse when running for "in most cases with uncritical Left peace and progressive forces rvas not nia and Taylor in Idaho. A victorY election but who now convenientlY support." It is our judgment that this ih.o*.r on to the election scales. for Condon would have been a Pow- forget their promises ? This has hap- is too sweeping a charge. In most There was still too much passive sit- erful blow at the witch-hunt. A vic- pened in a number of instances with cases the support was critical and in the side lines, too much tory for Taylor would have aroused ting on men elected last November' During some cases highly so. But it is not too many Leftist the nation to a realization that a basic shoulder-shrugging, the campaign these were compelled our intention to condone errors made "it makes no difference change in foreign policY was being excuses that to speak out in behalf of civil liber- in this direction any more than those be done rlemanded. The reactionary forces who wins," "nothing can ties, for a peaceful negotiation of in the opposite. We are ready to join "the old parties understood this until a third party emerges," in both world difierences, for Negro rights, with Brother McManus in the sharp- is why they joined Communist Control Act means that very well. That etc. Yet these same congressmen est condemnation of all tendencies theY did fascism is already here," etc. Thus, hands to defeat them, as either shamefully voted in support of torvard merely "tagging along" with not every oPPortunitY was seized Franklin Roosevelt, |r., in New York. the President's war-like declaration the labor movement in its uncritical for working with other progressive The question to be asked is: Did all on Formosa, or abstained. support of the Democratic Party and forces and for generating mass pres- proqressives understand it as well? If this occurred we must ask our- its candidate. slrre on the vital issues before the It is important to note, however, selves: Is it not true that even where We go even further. We declare organized pressure compelled com- that this tendency is an exceedingly r4 POLITICAL AFFAIRS ON INDEPENDENT POLITICAL ACTION r5 dangerous one. In the name of a fought for by them in the ranks of these differences and their signifi- McManus desires to build a strong all progressives. It is a Program cance. There is always the danger of progressive moyement that would around which the broadest unity is wishful tt-rinking which tends to see reverse the reactionary trend in the possible both for today and tomor- a wide chasm in every narrow crack. country. But this, in our opinion, row. But even a tiny crack is of some im- can never be done by viewing the with the political action aims of or- It is one thing to oppose uncritical portance and must be utilized in or- Left-progressives as the ship and all ganized labor and the people's move- support and to favor independent der to drive a wedge between the else as the sea. The launching of a ment, but to help instill into these candidates where necessary, as we most extreme pro-war and pro-fas- third-party ship at this time, no mat- netu forms a neru political content- do. It is something else entirely to cist forces and the rest of America. ter how ably manned, cannot bring This requires bringing greater clar- oppose all major party candidates as The difference between Brother the American people to their imme- the main issues, particularly a matter of principle, as does Mc- own diate haven. If victory in the present ity on ('Call" McManus' approach and our those of peace, and of exerting a con- Manus. The Gumdian's can be seen by his fifth argument fight depends upon that prospect, stant, unremitting pressure on labor- makes no distinction between Mc- about "peaceful coexistence." We then there is indeed little hope of endorsed candidates, office holders, Carthyism and its opponents. But a certainly agree with him that Eisen- gaining it. But it is our view that and on It re- distinction must be made, even for hower does not really want such co- victory can be won and it is our deter- quires work those "liberals" whose abject coward- existence. But this is not the same mination to win it. For this reason to win stand- ice has strengthened McCarthyism. as seeing no significance in the fact we refuse to go along with "last ing that real independent political Let us excoriate these as they deserve, that Eisenhower was forced to open stands" which consciously or un- action necessitates more than a sepa- but let us not throw them all into a national debate on this issue. Nor consciously are predicated on the rate electoral apparatus. It necessi- the same 0"r1.,. can we agree with McManus when perspective of defeat. tates the fight for a more advanced * * he makes the acceptance of peaceful If our policy as pursued in the re- program, for greater labor, Negro, coexistence identical with the ac- cent election has "fallen flat," let us ind working farmer rePresentation, We believe that Brother McManus ceptance of the "enlightened views" ask what would have been the out- and for labor emancipation from de- has not thought through how and that capitalism is on the way out. To come had a go-it-alone, run-candi- pendence upon the Big Business- by what means the present drive to- put this stress is to destroy the very dates-all-along-the-line, policy been conuolled old PartY machines. ward fascism and war is to blocked meaning of the concept of peaceful pursuedl In the first place, it would In our opinion both the tendencY and then defeated. He apparently coexistence. have meant lumping all major party of sectarian self-isolation as well as fails to recognize that the very This concept means nothing more candidates together, regardless of the opportunist "tag along" tendency nature of the crises confronting the or less than the possibility of dif- whether they were labor backed, arise from a certain loss of perspec- American people-a crisis of their ferent social systems existing side by whether they were Negroes, whether tive in face of the acutelY difrcult democratic system, a crisis in for- side without entering into armed they were open McCarthyites, or and complicated obiective condi- eign policy, and an approaching eco- conflict. The great majority of Amer- men with "anti-McCarthy attitudes." tions. Where these tendencies ex- nomic crisis, must inevitably, and are icans can accept this even if they Second, it would have meant that oress themselves in the ranks of already, creating rifts and cleavages still believe in American capitalism where the Left-progressives could born-rnirtr, it is because theY have in what has, up to now, appeared and that it is not on the way out. help determine the election outcome as one solid reactionary front. To Thus something positive can emerge the most reactionary candidates fail to see tlese differences, to fail from the current mass discussion would have won. to take advantage of them in the over this question. That is why the This would have strengrhened the fight for peace and democracy is McCarthys and Knowlands so fear rnost extreme pro-fascist "war-now" shortsighted. Of course, there is al- this debate. forces in C,ongress and the nation. ways the danger of exaggerating On top of this it would have widened ON INDEPE}IDENT POLITICAL ACTIOII t6 POLITICAL AFFAIRS ry movement of that day-the labor in order to steal the show-and the the breach between the Left-progres- ward 6e main issues, strengthen to movement, the Negro people's move- \rotes-from Wallace. sive forces and organized labor, the the unity of labor its allies, the with ment, tie Farmers lJnion, the Citi- Without passing judgment at this Negro people and the low-income Negro people, the working farmers, zens' PAC, the Committee on the time as to whether the r94B third- groups generally. These fear extreme and the city middle classes. Through Arts, Sciences and Professions, etc. venture was premature or not, reaction and whether we like it or these means sought Party we to lay the The leader o[ the fight wirhin the one thing is as clear as daylight- not, do distinguish between most basis for defeating the drive toward Democratic Party and before the there have been no visible signs of a R.epublican and Democratic Party war and fascism, for electing a new masses was Flenry Wallace, former break-away since then. We cannot candidates. Administration r956,-and the in for Vice President under Roosevelt and here go into the various reasons for Nor would the result for the third emergence of a new progressive head of the Department of Com- this. Suffice it to say that the rnain party have been a happy one. The coalition leading toward the eventual merce in Truman's Cabinet. explanation for the constant decline vote would have been exceedingly formation of a great new party of McManus casts covetous glances in the Progressive Party vote is to small, because it would have run labor and its allies. backward at the year 1948 as the be found in this fact and not in a counter to the main mass current McManus believes that there is one year of the millenium to which he "lack of imagination." And yet, Mc- and the fear of R.epublican Mc- simple explanation for the decline in wants to return. Let him, however, Manus writes that "All the elements Carthyite reaction. Furthermore, it the Progressive Party vote since 1948 give consideration to these objective for this party] are at hand; would have dug arr even deeper lack of will to build it. Were [new -the and subjective factors which made only the imagination seems to be lno siDrrlting the conscious Dro- he referring to the will of tl-re masses 'i possible the Progressive Party up- lacking." If only were so! gressives mass of it from the great rve could agree with him. But his surge of that year. If he does, he will rvorkers and farmers who must be reference rF ,f )t is elser.vhere. It is to those soon realize that it es possible to in- won by them. Lastly, would have it in the conscious progressive camp fluence the course of the struggle It therefore follows that while we hurt and discredited the very cause who have, according "deci- to him, within the old parries, for it was so laud the motives and determination of a people's third party. It would mated the Proqressive Party." influenced in ry47 and 1948. Further- of the Gumdian to achieve the goal have made easier for the labor and it Let us see. The Progressive Party more he will realize that the "imagi- of a third party, we are convinced other reformists "prove" a was formed 1948 to that in not merely be- nation" which stirred in r9r48 was that the forces do not now exist for third-party movement something is cause someone had a "good idea." not some dainty hothouse plant anything but an abortive attempt in "impractical" and "utopian" and It arose as a result of an intense which can be made to bloom under that direction. present two-party system that the struggle betrveen forces both outside artificial conditions. It was a robust We agree with the grear import- is ordained to last forever. of and the Democratic within Party. outdoor wild flower, whose seeds ance of guaranteeing that the voices is our opinion that the tactical During and It ry47 the early part of were spread throughout the land by of the conscious progressives are line pursued by the Communists in rq48 it appeared as if a permanent the mighty winds of intense con- heard in the "political argument of the recent election was a sound one break had occurred between organ- troversy over foreign and domestic 1956." However, we do not agree and represented the application on ized labor and the Truman A.drninis- policy. that this requires a go,it-alone, nar- a nation-wide scale of the lessons tration. Truman had broken the What appeared in early 1948 as row third-party policy. We are con- learned from the rg52 elections. railroad and steel srrikes. Alongside the makings of a big-break-away vinced that such a policy would only Recognizing that both parties repre- of this development there also occur- from the two-party system did not weaken these voices and their in- interests Business, sented the of Big red an extremely sharp collision over so materialize. The reactionarv labor fluence in the land. our Party endeavored to influence foreign policy. This found its refec- leadership patched ,p its difil..n.es It is also our opinion that the con- the outcome of the election so that tion even within the President's with tl-re Truman Administration. scious progressive forces must not the most reactionary forces would Cabinet and within the high coun- Truman, the artful showman, made permit themselves to be cut off from suffer defeat. W'e strove to articulate cils of the Democratic Party. In fact n-rore than one political handspring the great mass of organized labor, the will of the people, to bring for- it was felt in every important mass I8 POLITICAL AFFAIRS despite all the efforts of the reac- It is in the struggles around these tionary labor leaders to accomplish issues and in building an ever- this. Everything should be done to mounting pressure upon the Admin- Eisenhower and !(eynesism further the cause of united labor istration and Congress, that the action and organic unity. Everything answer to ry56 and to a more fun- should be done to advance labor's damental political regrouping will political action; to further unite la- be found. By William Z. Foster bor's political action eflortsl and to In the course of these struggles it coordinate these with those of the is necessary to unite thd ranks of the NAACP, the Farmers' IJnion, the conscious progressives around im- ADA, and other liberal and progres- mediate and long-term perspectives. Krvwrsrsu rs rHE economics of mo- panded social insurance, shorter sive groups. Efforts to convince the It is particularly necessary to double nopoly capitalism in the period of working hours, the ranks of labor of the need for an all- and triple the circulation of literature and like; where- the general crisis and decline of the as the bourgeois Keynesians, labor political action congress are of and newspapers which bring to the big rvorld capitalist system. It is the "trickle-down" great importance. This should be people the truth about the Soviet with their theory theory, worked out in the main by convened early enough to influence IJnion, about Socialism and about more directly subsidize industry. the late Maynard Keynes, noted the 84th Congress and the platforms the Communist Party. John These differences among the Keynes- British bourgeois economist, to the ians largely disappear practice, and candidates for 1956. We are convinced that in these in efiect that by manipulating govern- however; Above all elsg it is necessary that efforts, and despite momentary dif- for as we shall $ee, they mental fiscal policy by various de- conscious progressives use initiative ferences over immediate perspective all tend to unite around the ultra- vices, the capitalist economy and imagination in stimulating the and tactics, we shall continue to can be reactionary program of arms produc- "managed" and "stabilized," immediate struggles of the people for march together with Brother Mc- with tion as the best means of invigorat- the result that cyclical a greater relaxation of world tension, Manus and the Gumdian in friend- economic cri- ing industry. ses, and eventually the for civil liberties, for Negro equality, ship and cooperation. general crisis Keynesism has become the domi- capitalism and {or jobs and economic security. of itself, can be very nant economic policy not only of the greatly mitigated or even eliminated.* government of rhe United States, This bourgeois illusion is, of course, but of all the major capitalist govern- in contradiction to Marxist econom- ments. The United Nations has also ic science and the whole perspec- given Keynesism its blessing in its tive of socialism. so-called program for full employ- Keynesians are roughly of two ment.** The first practical step in variants with regard to the stress the direction of a Keynesian anti- that they place upon the several crisis policy was taken by President types of governmental business Hoover at the outset of the great stimulants. The Social Democratic economic crisis (r929r33), when he and liberal Keynesians lay consid- launched the Reconstruction Finance erable weight upon strengthening Corporation and proceeded to pour the purchasing power of the working hundreds of millions of dollars into masses-by improved wages, ex- it, for the purpose of subsidizing and revitalizing various sick and + J. M- Keynes, Tbe Genqal Tbeory of En- blolnfrt, Momey, ard Intere$. hungry banks, railroads, and indus- *' O, Nathan, Sciuce ud Society, Strer r95L. trial corporations. Hoover's stated t9 EISENHOWER AND KEYNESISM 2t POLITICAL AFFAIRS I least 3,5oo,ooo workers fully unem- The general idea of the Govern- purpose was that these concerns workers that was taking place in in- if ployed and several millions more ment, of course, is to forestall such could prosperous dustry and was causing the economic be made corre- working on short time, and which a shattering crisis with government- sponding benefits would eventually crrsls. the A. F. of L. experts and other al preventive measures. These in- "trickle down" to the millions of un- EISENHOWER'S conservative bourgeois economists clude subsidizing and otherwise employed workers. whole But the KEYNESIAN PROGRAM forecasting an early increase of the rr-rthlessly conquering foreign trade, scheme failed dismally; as industry unemployed to at least 4,ooo,ooo. and the manipulation of tax, inter- continued collapse, the army of The Eisenhower Administration, to While the Eisenhower Government est, and installment purchase rates the unemployed mushroomed, and Iike those of Truman, Roosevelt, and worild welcome a sizable reserve to favor the well-to-do and to en- actual devel- Hoover before it, is also committed starvation conditions arnry of unemployed, its econornic courage mass buying. But the Ad- oped among masses, climaxing to the Keynesian program of stimu- the and political leaders fear that a ma- ministration, to maintain industrial a general economic breakdown. lating industry through fucal ma- jor industrial in crisis could have cata- activity, especially relies upon whole- After Roosevelt was swept into of- niprrlation, especiaily by cultivating strophic effects upon the economic sale ilovernrnent spendin,g. In f:rct, fice the country, from March 1933 government exPenditures. Eisen- and political position of world capi- the main job of the Council of Eco- on, was treated to another and bigger hower shares the general illusion of talism. Flence, the policy of the Ad- nomic Advisors is, with a hand on dose of Keynesian policies designed the br-rlk of the bourgeois econG. ministration, aiming to stave ofi such the economic pulse of the nation, to stimulate this time mists, to the efiect that, with "cor- to industry. But a possible disaster, is to have in- propose the "necessary" Keynesian there was a somewhat different con- rect" governmental policies, eco- creasing recourse to Keynesian meas- stimr-rlants. These expenditures un- tent to That is, without neglect- nomic crises can be greatly reduced it. ures of giving industry systematic der the Eisenhower regime consist the proftts the corporations, in severity, if not ended altogether. ing of financial shots-in-the-arm. primarily of monster outlays for Roosevelt, by various make-r.vork de- The "experts" no longer subscribe Alan Sweezy thus sizes up the frinaments production up .to $+; vices, undertook to furnish some de- to the conviction, prevalent among thinking and practice of the Ad- billion a year, and when even these gree of improved purchasing power them a generation ago, that periodic ministration upon this general mat- are obviously inadequate, the devel- to the working masses. To this gen- economic crises were inherent in the ter (The Nation, Jan. 29, 1955) : opment of vast pro[Jrams of road- eral end, during the next six years, capitalist system and that nothing That serious depressions are a thing building-the $ror billion, ro-year expended about billion of can be done about them except to he $4o of the past has now become official plan-with other big pr-rblic projects government funds. But this dose of Iet them blow themselves out. Republican doctrine. In all his public in prospect, if need be. Keynesian eco,nomic drugs could not IJpon various occasions, President statements Arthur Burns, F. Chairman During the Roosevelt regime the system. Eisenhower has declared emphati- of the Council of Economic Advisers, revive the stricken economic Republicans took great pleasure in through the period, until 1939, cally that this country, under Re- has emphasized that we need not and All ridiculing the whole New Deal when the demand for munitions for publican ieadership, rvill never again will not allow another major depres- make-work program as just so much World War II revived industry, the be allowed to slip into a serious eco- sion to develop. President Eisenhower, speaking to the National Security In- "boondoggling." But now that they economic system remained crippled; nomic crisis. He and his economic dustrial Association on October 25, re- are in office thernselves they are the unemployed in the United States soothsayers constantly reassure the ferred to the fears which have preyed applving related Keynesian schemes American people that the country's ranging from 7,ooo,ooo to ro,ooo,- upon people in the last two decades on a present "prosperity" refects the far greater scale than anything ooo. The Roosevelt-Keynesian meas- and added, "Certainly we know that ever undertaken by Roosevelt. In ures provecl quite unable to over- soundncss in general of the capitalist one such fear-the fear paralyzing of one year they are spending as much come wha.t Stalin calle cl "the de- system. But they, themselves, do not depressions----can be safely laid away." as Roosevelt did in ten, for this gen- pression o{ a speci:il kind." The take too seriously their own polly- Time and again Eisenhower has eral purpose. But no longer is it a dribble that the r.r,orkers got in relief anna propaganda. In fact they are reiterated such opinions. case of leaf-raking under the W'.P.A., and in make-work could not offset seriously alarmed at the present un- the tremendous exploitation of the certain economic situation, with at 22 POLITICAL AFFAIRS EISENHOWER AND KEYNESISM 23 or of small-time project contracts ratrlers need endless numbers of the outbreak of the Korean war. This under the P.W.A. Now it is a mat- armed men and measureless quanti- enormous increase in military ex- ter of Big Business, of the Federal ties of munitions of all sorts. These, penditures has, in no small measure, government systematically subsidiz- however, are being assembled at been facilitated by Keynesian con- ing industry (trickle-down fashion) such a rapid pace that the standard siderations among the people that on a gigantic scale, and with the of living of the American peoPle it makes for national prosperity. Sig- whole program carefully geared to is being seriously reduced, the hos- In fact, this is all in line with the nificant of the adaptability and avail- the needs and interests of finance- pital and school systems of the whole doctrines of Keynes himself who de- ability of Keynesian ideas to the monopoly capital. country are going to the dogs and fended war production as the most program of the warmongers is the many othcr essential institut ions are effective of all means fact that in promoting his rew THE KEYNESIAN ELEMENT for stimulating $ror funds. What industry.** billion road program, President Eis- IN ARMS PRODUCTION being starved for lack of is particularly of vital importance Most dangerous, the arms-for-jobs enhower's chief argument is that it The perfect example of adapting in this whole matter is that the build- theory is firmly roored in the labor is necessary for national defense. government stimulants for industry ing of the monstrous and dangerous movement, among the masses of Without doubt, in general, the to the needs and interests of Ilig military machine and this exhaust- workers. The leaders of organized Keynesian conception that arms pro- Business, of merging Keynesism and ing drain upon the resources of the Iabor do not usually demand out- duction is an indispensable stimulus imperialism, is to be found in the American people are being facili- right the increases of lr,ar procluction for industry constitutes a tremendous case of Federal armaments produc- tated and furthered by Keynesian appropriations as the means to keep and continuing support to the war tion. The main-line policy of Amer- pressures coming from various classes tvorkers ernploycd. but it js an r)L)or program of American imperialism. ican imperialism is the establish- of the population. These pressures secret that this, nonetheless, is their Without it, the warmongers would ment of world domination for the arise from the widespread convic- firm policy. This is why they not have vastly greater difficulties, if they Wall Street financial and economic tion that such vast military expen- only clo not oppose the giganric did not find it impossible, to wrest moguls by military intimidation and ditures are necessary for the main- military expenditures of the govern- from the American people the pres- eventually a third, atomic, world tenance of American prosperity. ment, but they always clamor for ent colossal military appropriations war. This is the only possible ra- This notion of the economic neces- more-under the usual hypocritical and to induce them to submit to the tional interpretation of the vast mili- sity of arms production is held very pretext of the need of more and more poisonous burden and danger of the tary establishment that the Ur-rited widely. Businessmen and bourgeois "national defense." Let anyone pro- mushrooming militarism. American States is building up in this coun- government officials accept it as a pose to cut the war appropriations monopoly capital backs the war mu- try and in its 95o bases abroad; of commonplace that arms production by ever so little and he will at once nitions program in a double sense; systematic arrogance of Washing- stimulates industry, and they widely have the A. F. of L. and C.I.O. first, and mainly, because it is in- ton in dealing with the Soviet Un- hold the idea that if this production bureaucrats on his neck. This was dispensable to its campaign of im- ion, People's China, and the Peo- were seriously to be cut ofi this Eisenhower's experience last year in perialist aggression, and second, be- ple's Democracies of Europe and would almost immediately result in his moderate cut of the air-force cause "it is good for business." Asia; and of the frenzied attempts a deep industrial collapse. This gen- appropriation. Keynesism is thus a faithful hand- of the United States to re-arm W'est eral point of view is also dominant The Eisenhower government is maiden for American imperialism. Germany and fapan and to create an in labor and liberal ranks. Flyman now spending double as much for all-inclusive world capitalist anti- Lumer states: war preparations as was squandered EISENHOWER'S KEYNESISM Communist alliance. by the Truman government (also AND MAXIMUM PROFITS To undertake this monstrous- Today, even "liberal" Keynesians have a regime of Big Business) before and foredoomed-proiect of world for the most part become theoreti- Eisenhower's Keynesrian policies r H. lurur, Vs Bcmom4 md Cisit,, p. 29. conquest, the Washington sabre- cal apologists for expansionist policies " Tbe Nw Rep*bkc, Jily 29, 1940. also fit into the interesrs of mo- a/ POLITICAL AFFAIRS EISENHOWER AND KEYNESISM 25

nopoly capital in additional vital re- from $4.r billion to $r9.4 billion. This ing element consequently was dis- therefore cannot be applied by the spects, as r,vell as into its war pro- is maximum profits on a basis un- tinctly conserved. Therefore, while monopolists. Keynesism is above all gram. Among other efiects, his inso- dreamed of in any other capitalist the capitalists could not find words the program of monopoly capital. lent give-arvay programs and one- country. The big monopolies got a hitter enough to condemn the They, too, are mistaken who believe sided tax policies, designed to enrich disproportionate share of this un- W.P.A., tl-rey could speak of the that the monopolists think in Keynes- the big corporations, are quire in line precedented harvest of blood profits. P.V/.A. rvith almost a degree of tol- ian terms only with regard to the with the Floover-Eisenhower trickle- The Eisenhower Administration, erance, if not of actual support. production of war materials. Big down Keynesian conception. These we may be sure, wiil also organize Therefore, when Eisenhower pro- Business, when it considers the eco- conceptions and policies also further all r,[ its I(eynesian program, so far poses a $ror billion road program noir-lic-crisis danger grave enough, the concentration of capital and the as it can, upon a similar maximum and talks of various other huge pub- will not hesitate to grasp at various growth arrcl political entrencl'rment profits basis. In this respect, it is lic works projects to be applied, if other large-scale make-work proiects of monopoly capital. Thus, the war wcll for ns to take another look back necessary, in order to "stabilize" the on the Keynesian pattern, of which appropriations, with their strong et tl're I{cpublican-big businessmen's national economy in the face of the the Eisenhorver $ror biliion road Keynesian element, are dished out attittrcle towards the Roosevelt- severe crisis threat, we can be sure program is an indicator. They will by the government primarily to a Keynesian make-work program. It that he has very much in mind to seek to organtze all such proiects handful of monopolies. "Of some rvill be remembered that while they apply the basic law of monopoly upon a maximum-profits "trickle- $tZ: billion in prime contracrs scorned in general Roosevelt and all capitalism-the ruthless quest Ior down" basis, even as they are now awarded to 18,539 corporations be- his rvorks, they nevertheless had a maximum profits. This would mere- doing with the procluction of the tween ]une r94o and September somelvhat different estimate of the ly be carrying to its logical conclu- munitions of war. rg44, no less than two-thirds went Works Progress Administration sion the earlier inclination of the to the top roo corporations and ful1y (W.P.A.) than they had of the Pub- capitalists towards the profit-making THE FIGHT AGAINST THE 30 per ceilt went to the top tct1."-r. lic Worl

that resulted in the jailing of Com- Principals of high schools vred with The Emfmrmer System and ffimrvnmurmmy rades Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Pettis each other to get him to address their Perry and their eleven co-defendants. str-rdent bodies; radio stations offered rtrf* him time; television cornpanies proudly brought his visage to mil- In Matusow's triumphant days, lions of homes; the Hearst chain By Herbert Aptheker when he was a squalid liar and a serialized his sterling contrib,utions sneaking stool-pigeon, he was Big in newspapers also reaching mil- Business' Model American Youth. lions; the American Legion paid He was loud and glib and boasqful; him hundreds of dollars to write and merciless and cynical and greedy; speak he became one of Brsr'tencr, A cHARTER I\{E\'IBER of the confusion, and to "justify" the iail- for veterans; R.ed-baiters' internationai racket, ing of those patriots who opposed his wily and ignorant and uncouth. He the censors of American culture was the Success for determine artists knew a thing or two about informers ruinous program. The procurer is Kid, fit friend helping to which Roy Rushmore He and police spies, since these were im- contcmptuous of the prostitute. Cohn and Howard were pure enough to perform. portant to his benign administration Something like this is happening and George Sokolsky; he was "A helper smear and ruin and im- .of Prussia. He had his troubles with today in our country as the rot sur- Great American" as the very greatest poverish and jail men and women them, however, as he exPlained to rounding the whole informer frame- American, Senator McCarthy, as- so far his superiors that he was not sured he was the toenails. And his wife in unburdening what passed rvorl< is being trncovered. For ex- him, in writing; worthy to pare their Mickey stand, as a class for his heart. He wrote to her: ample, Time Magazine (Feb. 14, Spillane of the witness all this the lackey of ruling 1955), commenting on HarveY Matu- the Glamor Boy of the witch-hunt- set on the path of fascism and of material, police Owing to lack of sow's False Witness,* tells its read- ing circuit. world war. agents lie and exaggerate outrageously. ers that, "The F.B,I. has known for And he didn't only make the Some of the sordid details of this . . . nrd characters among them-good squalid night-club circuit with Roy and his American Success Story are in his characters do not accept such posts- years that Matusow was a "girl friends," and he didn't only False Witness. Every page records naturally hit upon the idea that if other liar," and, "The F.B.I. now says that "minor" infraction and people will not attempt any crimes, it dropped him in r95o." get stinkins drunk with Low-BIow some of law they must be helped. For if it is im- Of course, the F.ts.I. knew that |oe. No, sir; he was a consultant of decency. Telephones tapped; the possible for them to report that some- Matusorr. "was a squalid liar"-that for the United States Department of postal franking privilege violated; thing is doing, they become superfuous, is tuhy it emp'loyed him. And it is |ustice (if Wilson's Department is executive session material deliberately and of course no one wants to be super- lying again, perhaps out of sheerest of Defense, then Brownell's is of "leaked" to the press; money meant fuous. So they help out, "correiting habit, when it says that it "dropped Justice), and for the Neu Yorll for the anti-Communist "crusade" fortune," as the French adage has it. him in r95o." It is since r95o that the Times. His expert opinion was used to speculate in soybeans; the Characteristic of the ruling-class F.B.I. really used Matusow. fust last sought out by the President of subpoena powers of Senatorial Com- arrogance and amorality in this pas- year, in the frameup of Clinton Queens College who made a special mittees fouted and witnesses spirited the young savant in his the country; friendly wit- sage is the assumption that the agents Jencks of the Mine-Mill Union, and trip to visit out of are "b,ad" while its author remains in the SACB farce involving the La- home; he guided the views and acts nesses being examined in closed ses- Bismarck. Of course, it was bor Youth League, his lying testim- of the Superintendent- of Ilducation sions by Senatorial committees and, -Prince his policy of reactionary terror at ony was crucial. And above all, his of New York City and of his chief "After each question was asked, we ofi-the-record home and violent aggressiveness periuries ran through pages of investigator; he aided the Police stopped and had an 7oo (lorrmissioner abroad that necessitated, among testimony in the r95z Smith Act trial oi the s:ime citv: he cliscr-rssion about what the bcst an- other things, the use of stool-pigeons was personally greeted by the Gov- st,er would be." t Published by Cameron & Kahq, N ernor of Wisconsin. But behind it all a policy of fas- and informers to spread panic and $ 1.25 ( paper) : Sl ( cloth ) . z8 3o POLITICAL AFFAIRS INFORMERS AND DEMOCRACY 3r cism and war; behind it all the quite conveniently also conducted a children, that the whole anti-Com- the blacklist technique. Cross-examine State apparatus, the courts, the pros- p_rivate investigating organization munist campaign was and is a com- every individual mentioned in his some of ecutors, the police, the politicians, whose "services are sold to plants plete frameup in its every detail and book. Let us properly allocate the blame-what we have left after the whole gamut of ultra-respectabil- and business concerns not only in in its entirety. But others who do draping it on ourselves. ity with malice aforethought using Ohio but throughout the United not have the advantages of Commu- Col- nists will be helped to see something venomous creatures and filthy means States." Another was a retired Murray Kempton, in his .A/ezY to whip up an anti-Communist hys- onel Amos who lived in Washing- of it by this volume-an historic Yorft Post column, responded even teria, an anti-Soviet hysteria-a paral- ton, worked hand-in-glove with Mc- contribution to unmasking the nature more sharply. The Matusow book net- of the administration ysis of mind and nerve, the better Carthy and "had a private spy of iustice today leads him to write that the Smith under Attorney General Brorvnell. to put over the destruction of the work throughout Europer" and of Act trials were based upon an idea heard "that Above all, they will be helped to see, Bill of Rights and the launching of whom he, Matusow, had that "was nonsense on its face" and atomrc war. one of Beria's agents was in direct that whiie the Communists have been that therefore, to convicl Commu- contact him." the first victims of the reactionary The central means-the Big Lie with nists it was necessary "to substitute of Hitler. And then, jail the Com- This is his story and this story is terror, it actually aims at every a malignant fantasy for reality." FIe munists, smash labor dozens afrda- liberty and right that Americans the organized substantiated with of says that the fantasy was concocted have won, that aims at the labor movement, discredit the New Deal vits and photostats of pertinent docu- it not by Matusow but by "Harry Tru- ments from orders to unions, at the Negro people, at ele- traditions, identify dissent with ranging Army man and Edgar Hoover." He ca1ls mentary democracy-at worldwide J. treason aod finally-Heil! letters, telegrams, subpoenas, quota- for an awakening from the witch- "I had to relive every experience tions from court attd committee rec- war' hunting drug. I had had as a Communist-taking ords. This story (and one feels that ,* *t * Especially noteworthy was the innocent remarks and events and Matusow has still told only a frac- Neat Yorft Times' editorial denun- making them sound properly sinis- tion of what he knows) is substan- Something of this impact is al- ciation of the Justice Department's ter." And the help of tiated not only by the documentation with the |us- ready evident in the response that attempt to ascribe the widespread op- tice Department he did the twisting, that would convince any inquiring the book has evoked. Even the Neaa position to the informer system to the detailed and con- and in this book he spells out brain, but also by I-aader was able to squeeze out of a "a Communist efiort." The Times, exact nature the lies that credible circumstantial of he told sistent and trong "psychoanalytic" inquiry into after some Communist-baiting of its jail fundamentally, were so important in sending to evidence. Moreover, "why Matusow did it," this line: own, nevertheless goes on in the Communists and others and forcing story is substantiated by the way this "If we have sent people to jail on strongest terms to excoriate the De- teachers and workers lose their which coincides with what has to in it perjured evidence, that fact is im- partment for seeking in this way to jobs. been happening our country; it in portant to all of us"! silence accumulating protests against In his general stool-pigeon activity fits into and helps fill out the whole Others have done much better. its "repeated use of totallv unreli- American and his "witnessing" he was, he scheme of contemporary Notable was the reaction of Barry able paid professional informers." writes, "in constant touch with man- history. Gray, a syndicated columnist and The increasing anti-McCarthy agement." closest Communists have thtt all He worked in ftnown TV commentator. FIe found Matu- mass pressures, the manifestly grow- and stoolpigeons, not only Mettsow, contact with General Electric the sow's book to be "a shocking expose ing popular discontent with the Big the Texas & Pacific Railroad, with were liars and that the rvhole Smith of the weakness of our investigative Business policy of repression, is of major department stores, broadcast- Act prosecution was a monstrous fab- system." And he went so far as to course basic to the production of ing concerns, publishing houses, air- rication from beginning to end. Thev raise serious and valid demands: such an editorial and to such col- craft firms. One of his buddies and knew their Comrades who have Matusow file with an in- umns as those which Messrs. Gray "contacts" was a Colonel Warner, been jailed and arrested and they Open the vestigation of investigations. Examine and Kempton ate now writing. head of Ohio's Civil Defense, who knew, as they know the faces of their .)- POLITICAL AFFAIRS INFORMERS AND DEMOCRACY 33 Similarly, What amply justifiedl The these pressures are the has been lifts ing over that to secure elementary iustice to- basic causes of the retractions of a lies of degenerate witnesses the tmlnt of day, exposure is but the beginning; "Amply justified"! Indeed! This "evid- Matusow and of a Marie Natvig and Just for this, exposure must be accompanied by ence" ! Lowell Watson, and those to follow. and to undo and follorved up with the broadest To seek out individual motiva- And Comrade Eugene Dennis, in some of the terrible harm he has possible mass pressure to clean up tions for a book like False Witness his summation to the jury at the r9r49 brought about, he should now have the stench in thc Brownell stable. is probably illusory and is in any Smith Act trials, put his finger on been sentenced, by an arm of that This book helps to spark a cam- case, irrelevant to its historic mean- the whole meaning and significance Department, to a three-year prison paign for a thoror-rgh public protre ing. The book refects the r.vholesale of lyine stooQigeon "evidence." FIe term, is rather ironic confirmation of of the rvhole informer and frame-up perversion of justice where a ruling said, in this magnificent speech that the filth in that sewer. system of "justice" in this country, class drives towards fascism; that deserves to be studied and re-studied: for the freeing of all political pris- its author chose to make those oners in our country, and for the The jury might draw some con- revelations and that they finally repeal of the entire fas- clusions of its own from the prosecu- strllcture of found publishers and that the book tion's false witnesses, who testified cist-like thought control acts which is reaching now tens of thousands of that they covenanted with the prosecu- spawns the breed of spy and in- people, despite frantic efiorts by the tion for thirty pieces of silver, and from for the perjuries!-is indicative of former. Such a campaign can help F.B.I. to kill it, is likewise testimony that time sought opportunity to betray the especially foul nature of that De- save democracy, honor and peace for to the developing opportunities in their trade-union brothers, their ow4 partment after ten years of Cold War our country; to participate in it is; our country to really rout McCarthy- blood relatives, the family next door. and hot reacrion. It shows further the highest form of patriotism. lsm' They testified that they were em- * rt ,B ployed by the F.B.I., which schooled In his volume, Matusow tells how them to ply their sordid tale of falsifi- cation, provocation, and disruption. upsetting to him, during the r95z They confessed-nay, boasted-that faces Smith Act trials, were the of they are without shame and scruple, the defendants, for as he sat there Thus t}re prosecution's false wit- swearing to lie after lie at t}re gov- nesses inadvertently proved the Marx- ernment's prodding he knew that ist thesis that end and means are inter- they knew he was lying. He remarks related and inseparable. They proved especially the hatred and the con- that the despicable conspiratorial meth- tempt in the eyes of Comrade Clau- ods adopted by the prosecution in its desperate attempt to convict the de- dia )ones. fendants are as un-American as they Comrade at the time, be- ]ones, are slnlster. sentenced, fore being told the Court: The fact is that the only conspiracy You will no doubt choose as the basis which has been proved in this trial for sentence the concocted lies which is that to which the prosecurion and fowed so smoothly from the well-paid its false witnesses are party-the bi- tongues of stool-pigeons and informers partisan corspiracy to destroy the Bill who paraded before you here and gave of Rights "".*ot"ti' so-called evidence which the Court has +r asserted was "amply justified." "Amply justified," your Honorl Ilfatusow's book, False Witness, GENERAI LINE OF THE CPSU 35 The General line of the CPSU and opment, the essence of which con- sists, so to speak, of a radical change llulgarizers of Marxism. in the economic policy of the Party. If formerly the Party laid emphasis on the development of heauy indus- not be the law of the socialist mode try, then now the centre of gravity By D. Shepilov of production; if such were the has shifted to the development of case, there would inevitably be light industry, to the production of formed, and accelerated, contradic- articles of popular consumption. In I Mstislavsky on "Certain problems of tions between production and con- an effort to put forward their pre- the theory of socialist reproduction," sumption. The priority of the devel- scriptions as though they were de- ANToNG certain economists RrcrNrr,v all candidctes oI economic science; opment of the production of the manded by the basic economic law teachers began form and views to addresses at two discussions o[ the means of production, heavy indus- of Socialism, these economists pro- Marxist-Leninist which are alien to problems of extended socialist repro- try, \,vas therefore a necessity only pose that for the entire period of the polrtical economy and the general duction given by candidate A. Palt- in the first stages of the development completion of the construction of line of the Communist Partv. These sev; and other materials. of socialist society when our coun- socialist society and the gradual relate to certain basic questions views The essence of the conceptions in try was backward. Now that we transition from Socialism to Com- of the development of socialist eco- these articles and speeches can be have created a powerful industry munism, uniform tempos be set for nomlcs. described schematically as follows: the situation is radically changing. thesis o[ We have before us the In capitalist conditions the aim of Production under Socialism is carried E. Kasimovsky, a candidate of eco- production is the extraction of prof- on for consumption. A still faster Insti- nomic science in the Moscow its. The method of increasing profits growth of the production of the "On tute of Finance, on the theme: is the extension of production. Pro- means of production, heavy industry, the relatioLrships of the tempos of they say, contradicts eco- such ideas duction for the sake of Production the basic If became rvidespread departmelrts** oI grorvth o[ the two is characteristic of capitalism. Thus, nomic law of Socialism. From this they would cause heavy dam[. to iocial prodr-rction"; two articles sub- production is divorced from con- far-reaching conclusions are drawn: the whole cause o[ communist con- the mitted to the editors of iournals, sumption and is in deePest contra- the policy which is being carried struction. It would lead to a com- l.nd Prob' Prob'lems of Economics dicti,on r,vith it. The production of throrrgh by the Party of accelerated plete disorientation of our cadres on I{uznetsov, letns of Pltilosoplty, by I). consumer goods systematically lags development of branches of heavy the basic questions of the economic the tempos "On the relationships of behind the production of the means irrdusrry comes, as it wcre, irrto con- policies of thc Party. In practice, it r and z** of growth of departments of production becattse of the fall in fict with the basic economic law of would mean that the development in the collrse of extended socialist Socialism, trecause the accelerated de- of our heavy industry, which is the the purchasing Power of the PoPu- reproduc[ion," bY E. KasimovskY on- lation. Undei the caPitalist mode velopment of branches of heavy in- backbone of socialist economy, would the tempos of dr-rstry "the relationships o[ of production the law o[ the priority- slows down popular consump- travel along a descending iine, would dePartm.."tt t1on. growth of the two { of ihe reproductic.rn of the means of lead to a contraction of all branches and bY P' iocialist production," production means that it goes on at Crudely distorting the essence of of the people's economy and not to the decisions the Perty the an uptlrrn, lor,ver * This article, by the editor of Praoda, 3.p' a far faster temPo than the Produc- of and to a living stand- r*."d i. that newspaper !an. 24, 195!. -Thq qovernment on the increase the ald, to the undermining iranslation ofiered here 2ppsred in N4l'on4t tion of consumer goods. The laws of of the eco- o[ articles of popr-rlar con- ncmic power the Soviet the Pro governing the processes of the so- 1.lroduction of land and DePart- sumption, the authors declare that her defense capabilities. of the Iir[rt rnod. of production are alto- CaPir'al, gether different. Here the rim o[ since 1953 the Soviet Union has en- As is well known, the Right resto- tcred a new stage of economic devel- rationists once tried to oush the 34 GENERAL LINE OF THE CPSU 36 POLITICAL AFFAIRS 37 italist @nditions, this finds exprcs- extended reproduction, but is inherent Party along this line. the party But The essence of the matter is this, sion in the unceasing growth of the only in capitalist reproduction. . . dcfcatcd tllese capitulatory prescrip- that the econoirrists named l-rere dis- olganlc composition of capital which In our opinion declaratioru about the tions. Guided by Marxist-Leniniir tort the l\4arxist theory of reproduc- conditions the growth of-unernploy- necessity of the constantly accentuated economic theory the Party moved tion and attempt to conceal the re- ment and the ever-increasing impov- growth of Departmelt r are not only ahead, at forced tempos, thi produc- visionist kernel o[ their conceptions erishment of the u,orking theoretically unfounded, but practically pEople-. In rncorrect. tion of the n-ieans of production, by false citations from Marx and the conditions of SocialiJm, the pre- heavy inclustry, and on that basis Lenin. dominant growth of the meani of Such clairns are a crude distortion guaranteed the mighty development Speaking about the laws o[ devel- production serves as the basis for of Marxist-tr-eninist economic theory of the people's economy, for the oprnent of Department r of social raising popular well-being. and the decisions of the Communisi reason tl"rat heavy industry was, is, production (the production of the Lenin taught: Farty for the industrialization of rhe and rvill be dre granite foundation lxeans of production) and Depart- In order to extend production ('to country and socialist reproduction. of all branches of socialist economv ment 2 of social prodi-rction (the accrrmulric' in the.categorical meaning Drawing conclusions from the of ti)e^ {crm-), and the fundamental basis of thl production of articles of consr-tmp- rt rs necessary to pro- enormous experience of socialist col_ ci,-rce {irst of all the means proiu.- power and popular weli-being of the tion) E. I(asimovsky declares that of struction in our Staiin tior:, and to do this it is neiessary, Soviet Union. "Marx did not lny down any ftind of emphasized that colsequeritiy, to extefld tltat sector of roposi- lau in the tempos of growth ot' both tions the social producqion which makes the of Mar rcpro- II departments." This does not corre- mians ,:f production. duction as that . diri- facts. the 1'heories spond witlr the \n 'I he priority of growth of tire pro- sion of social production into the It is indisputable that the con- \4arx - in of Surplus Value, for example, dr-rction of the means of produciion production of the means of produc- ditions of capitalism tl'ie grouzth of wrote: in comparison with the production tion and the production oI corrsumer the productive forces comes into of consumer goods, in extended re- gg"gt, and the theses of the priority coliision rvith the narrow limits of the masses A relatively large part of production, Lenin called an economic of the growth of the produclion oi populai' consumption; that with the workers are utilized for the re- of the law. the means of irroduction, that is, gro.,,;th of social rr'rea.lrh, concentrated production of the means of production, Our newly-arrived critics of the heavy ir-rdustry, il-t extended repro- in the har:ds of the possessing classes, and not for the reproduction of the Marxist theory of reproduction at- duction, and so on2 are true not only the poverty of the masses becomes products themselves, i.e., they are oc- tempt now to prove that these Marx- for capitalist econorlics, L:ut have no ever greater; that lrere the contra- iupied in the reproduction of machine equipment (induding here the means ist-Leninist theses apply only to the less significance for socialist society diction bets,een production and of communication and transport, and capitalist mode of production. Thus, in the planning of rhe people's econ- consumntion is revealed as rhe n-iain also construction), auxiliary rnaterials E. Kasimovsky declares that the omy. (See Stalin, Economic Problems coetra,diction of capitalisrrr-betv,'e:n (coal, gas, lutricants, drive belts, etc.) rapid tempos of the development of of Socialism in the u.S.S.R.). the social character of prod,;ctic.'rr rar.v and crops which compose the the proCuction of the means of pro- Lenin and Sralin emphasized and the Drivate capitalist form o! products. mal.erials for industrial IRe- duction, heavy industry, is a law- thousands of times that the decisive atrproprlatron. translated frorr Russian.l governed process only of the capital- link in socialist inctrrrstrialization is It is also i;norrrn that under Social- ist mode of production and florvs the growth of heaay indr-rstry, the ism the aim of pi-od*c[it.-tr is n'.ri hdarx and l-enin fr:eclucntlv shorved from the basic economic law of cap- production of the means of oroduc- the rnaxinium satis[actirn thr,t the devr:lopmcnt o[ the produc- profit, but italism. As concerns the social mode tion. " T he centre ol in dustrialization, of the r,lrowing clemtnds o{ the lvhoie tilc forcr'-s of an.l s.rrictv incli'-:ltr:s r;f production, the theses, it is said, its basis, is tlte gro-*,th of heauy socie tv, thet prodLrctioir rcerves tire incre:,rse cif the sharc o[ sociai oI changes radically. In his article he indu.stry (fuel, metals, etc.) and the 11ilal th:rt ls so' il'nor si:ert on tlre p;:erJrlcti.l:l of the po;rr-;1ar aollstlinptian, u/r1tes: groruth, in tlte final analysis, of the -ri,eal[l-, so the rvc]tr-heing Iflia!)! nl :' i ^ i1'' ''"1 cirl rqrows i,.66]11i'1i^!). The accentuated growth of Depart- prodwction ol tlte me&ns of ?raduc- constanlr';r with the shale spcnt Lrpon the oI t]rr-- r.,,h,r1c leopli: is Pjo' ment r is not a law of all processes of tion, tlte deuelopment of our own ra,ised drction of ccnsu,ler llocds. II1 cl.p- 38 POLITICAL AFFAIRS GENERAL LINE OF THE CPSU 39 inevitably leads m rclzin e-buil din g;' (Stalin). tion, heavy industry, was necessary to a disproportion be- tions of this theory, "czme into clea:r tween production and consumption, They also emphasized thousands and was demanded try economic laws, to conflict ruith the basic principles of a violation of the demands of times country was techni- of ihe basic the policy of our Party in tltis period." that in the successful devel- only when our economic law of socialism. opment of the people's economy the cally backward, agrarian. Now, The falsity of all these declarations rapidly accenruared tempo of the things have radically changed, as it . Up.to now, for Marxist-Leninists, is exposed completely by widely- growth of heavy industry is of deci- were. The still faster growth of the the theses have been indisputable known historical facts. Only on the that ^univer_ sive importance. They exposed the production of the means of Produc- only on the basis of the basis of the powerful growth of heavy theory of the Right capitulators who tion, heavy industry, cannot be the sal development and continued indusfty was our country able to tried to tie the Party to a program law-governed process of the socialist overcome age-old economic back- of "cotton print industrialization" means of production. wardness and become transformed and to secure preferred tempos for Seconding him, D. Kuznetsov into a mighty and advanced indus- the growth of light industry. Stalin says: trial power. Only on the basis of declared: heavy industry were the exploiting Once large-scale industry has been sumption. For Kuznetsov and Kasi- classes completely liquidated, the This has nothing common with created, onCe there exists an all-sidcd in movsky the growth of heavy industry most profound socialist transforma- Marxism, with Leninism. It is a bour- growth of modern machine-building acts as a brake on the tion carried through in agriculture, geois theory, designed to reinforce the ind the corresponding metallurgical growth oi popular consumptioll backwardness of our country. ,"leais to a dis- unemployment permanently abol- proportion betrueen production and ished in the cities, along with migra- It is well known that in the course consumption," "contradicts the eco- tion, poverty and beggary in the of the entire history of the economic nomic laus of Socialism." countryside. Only on the basis of development of the Soviet land the I. Vekua, a candidate of econornic the tempestuous growth of heavy in- Communist Party, guided by the heavy industry itself grows. science, in an article "The Economic dustry was it possible to guarantee Marxist theory of reproduction, fol- Laws of Socialism Why then, one might ask, in con- and the Economic a constant rise of popular consump- Iowed a consistent policy of acceler- Policy of the Soviet and ditions of the formation of the social- Srate," declares tion the material well-being of ated tempos in the growth of heauy likewise: "The ist mode of production, and from policy of accelerated the working people. industry, machine-building. It was tempos of grouth heaay the point of view of Kasimovsky and for industry By ,9j3, the national income of precisely that policy which guaran- in response demands Kuznetsov, must not the production to the of the the U.S.S.R., in comparison with teed the transformation of our coun- ba:sic economic of Socialism r9r3, 13 of the means of production, heavy lau and grew times (in comparable try into a great industrial power, the tlte lau of planned deuelopment, prices). From 19z6 1953 pro- industry, develop at accelerated in to the socialist transformation of agricul- the present stage ltas come con- duction of consumer tempos, and why is it not necessary into goods increased ture and the constant rise of the peo- uith the demands ol these approximately to guarantee a faster growth of the llict laws." rz times, and the turn- ple's well-being. discussion production of the means of produc- In a with the editors over of goods (in comparable prices) of the journaT, tion in comparison with the pro- Problems of Econom- almost 8 times. The real wages of ilI ics, one of the most open vulgarizers the workers and employees grows duction of consumer goods ? Marxism, Paltsev, declared We receive the following answer of A. from year to year, as well as the in- By revising the general line of the that the cornerstone the Marxist comes to this question: of of the collective peasantry. Party in questions of heavy industry proposition theory E. Kasimovsky: of the of repro- The structure of popular consump- economists of the type of Kasimov- duction, to the effect that the growth tion is improving. sky are creating a false subterfuge. The uninterrupted growth of De- of the branches producing the means All rhis amounts to a victory in Thus, Kasimovsky declares that the paftment r at faster temPos, as a result of production must exceed the the radical improvement of the con- rapid and accentuated growth of the of which the relative weight of this growth of those branches producinq ditions of the common man, of the production of the means of produc- department is raised, in the last analysis consumer goods, and other proposi- masses of the ra.,orking people, rvhich 40 POLITICAL AFFAIRS GENERAL LINE OF THE CPSU 4r history has not hitherto known, and in which Department z of social pro- and food industries and in agricul- basis of the highest technique, in which could not have known. tion (that is, the production of con- ture. By revealing the disproportions Department r and z will grow at the Concern about the people's wel- sumer goods) grows laster than lhe which arise in the people's economy, same tempos. fare is the highest principle of the production of the means of produc- the Party steadily takes measures of Party's policies. This principle has tion. 'Ihis type of reproduction he this nature. As has been stated, Mstislavsky, guided the Party at ali stages of the characterizes as best corresponding However, in the expressions of the seconding Kuznetsov, proposes "for development of Soviet society. The to the demands of the basic econom- economists quoted here, the matter the who'le stated periol" principles law-governed processes in the ap- ic law of Socialism. is not one of concrete, busines.slike of extended reproduction under proaching movemerts of the socialist The Commr-rnist Part_y, with all its correction o[ rhis or that proportion which the production of consumer systern, the programmatic tasks o[ strength, once exposed as ruinous for betlveen Jight and heavy industry. goods will outstrip the production the Party, flow from the require- the whoie cause of Socialism the Nothing of the kind. They pur before of the means of production. ments of the basic economic law of theory of ttrre "roundabout curve" the Party a point of view which In plain language, this means: Sociaiism-that is, thc maximum. sat- rvhich the R.ight restorationists at- sairs that the rapid growth of the restore the priviiege of accelerdted -sfaction oI the steadily growing ma- teir-rp,ted to tie upon the Party, and produrction of consumer goods, in development of heavy industrv, ma- terial and cultural demands of the which aimed at slor,ving down the comparison with the prodr-rction of chine-building energetics, chemistry, ra.,orking people, and the Party re- tempo of growth of heavy industry. the means of production, is a laa electronics, reactor technique, tele- solves these tasks through Marxism Stalin frequently declared that in the of the socialist mode of production. mechanics, etc., to the imperialist ----on the basis of accelerated growth face of capitalist encirclement we It is proposed to replace the estab- world where production is carried of the productive forces, the produc- cannot slorv down the tempo of the trished Marxist-Leninist theory of the on for the sake of production and is tion of the means of production, forward movement of heavy indus- law-governed priority of the devel- divorced frorn consumption; we have modern industrial technique and the try, the foundation o[ sociaiist econ- opment of the production of the already achieved the heights of in- steady rise of the productivity of so- omy. "We must not lower tlte means of production under Social- dustrialization and can, for a stated cial labor. That is the general line of tempo! On the contrary, we nTrtst ism, r,vith the anti-Marxist proposi period, up to Communism, transfer the Party. increase it tuith all our Powcr and tion of the priority of the develop- the centre of gravity of our concern by all possibilities. This is ruhat our ment of consumer goods. They pro- to light industry, because with us IV responsibilities bef ore the uorliers posed to replace the line of the production is carried on for the sake and peasants of the U .S.S .tr?. demand- Party, the acceleration of the devel- of consumption. It is difficult to con- Subjecting the general line of the ed from us. This is tuhat. is demand' opment of heavy industry-as the ceive of a more anti-scientific "the- Party to revision, these pseudo-econ- ed of us by our responsibilities to single firm basis for the prosperity ory," or one so rotten and destrnctive orlists propose to change this line the aor\ing class o'f the ruhole cuorld. of all branches of the socialist econ- for our people. devel- teffiPo tltat omy, the powerful source of the It is completely clear that with for another line of economic To slou do,un the - oprnent. What should it consist of, meani to bc baclpuard. And the growth of the people's well-being, such proportions and tempos as are according to them I In his article P. bacft tt,ard are beaten."-(Stalin) " and the impregnability of the coun- suggested by these pseudo-economists I\4stislavsky proposes to reahze "de- The priority of the tempo o[ try in a military sense-rvith another for the development of our industry, cisiue changes in the relations of growth in the production of the line of economic development. there would not be extended social- tempos of deuelopment" of the pro- means of production, as a lau ol so- Thus, in his article, D. I(uznetsov ist reproduction of any kind. duction of the means of production cialist economics, does not at all ex- proposes the following: Stalin in 1952 gaye the well-known consumer years is definition of the necessity-possess- and the production of clude that in certain it It is fully possible, not in a short goods, and to establish new propor- possible to display, practically, all time, but, let us say, in the period of ing the qtrality of being one of the tions in the people's economy. He that is necessary to liquiclate back- the gradual transition from Socialism most important measures for the declares that that type of extended wardness in the production of con- to Communism, to have such an ex- transition from Socialism to Com- socialist reproduction would be best sumer goods, to catch up in the light tension of socialist reproduction on the munism-of ensuring: 42 POLITICAL AFFAIRS GENERAL LINE OF THE CPSU +3 heavy and light industry; the curve its plans for a new world war. In of our economic development would such a situation the consistent and go down and we would remain dis- unremitting struggle for rvorld peace armcd and helpless in an econonric and the all-sided strengthening of sense. the power of the Soviet Union and her defense abilities, are the first to provide the equipment both for its V sacred patriotic and international du- own plants and for all the other ties of the Soviet people. Recently the Party and govern- The most important condition for ment adopted a whole series of im- the successful resolution of these portant decisions for the further up- ert part oI this building program is tasks is tl-re struggle for the puritv surge of socialist agriculture and an the creation of a powerful, universal of N{arxist-Leninist theory, because increase in the production con- development of of the material-produc- any vacillation on questions o[ theory To guarantee extended reproduc- sumer goods. The significance of tive base of Communism. This de- and especially the revision of the tion it is necessary to have corre- this for the people's economy is mands a gigantic mukiplication of cornerstone theses of Marxist-Lenin- sponding socialist accumulation, enormous. In important Party docu- the production and powcrs olt our coun- ist economic science, can bring harrtl in order to accumulate necessary merts unfailingly cmphasized it is it is try; the constant growth at rapid to our practical work. Marxist-Len- to secure the steady growth the that only on the basis of the further tempos of heavy of industry-the gran- inist theory is that mighty search- productivity o[ labor. Under Social- porverful development heauy in- ite foundation of of the ediEce of Com- light which illuminates our path to' ism this means constantly raising the dustry will it be possible to achieve munist society; the rvide electrifica- tlre creation o[ r new socicty, gives specific gravity of social labor satu- a sharp uptlrrn branches of in all tion of our collntry; the insistent us a clear guiding light in our work rated with means of production, as agriculture and to increase the pros- implanting of new techniques in all and confidence in the victorv of our contrasted with living labor. The ur-r- perity of the people of our corlntry branches econonry of the people's cause. interrupted growth of the produc- by the production of goods. The and the unflagging growth of the tivity of labor can arise and develop Communist Party is mobilizing the productivity of social labor. Under the banner of M:rrx, Engels, on the basis of ever-growing and mighty energies of the people for All the great creative activ;ty of Lenin and Stalin, the Soviet people higher technique. The grorvth of the successful execution of these the Soviet people is carried on in an have built a socialist society. Under such technique demands the guaran- decisions. international situation which de- this triumphant banner our people, tee of an accelerated tempo of devel- The profound propositions of mands from them the greatest vigi- led by the Party of Communists, opment of the means of production, Marxist-Leninist theory, which are lance. Imperialist reaction, armed to confidently march to their shining heavy industry and its heart-ma- continuously developed and enriched the teeth and still arminpl, prepares goal-Communism. chine-building. If this condition is by our Party, were and remain the not observed, high tempos of extend- sole tested guide of our practical ed socialist reproduction and the work. steady rise of agriculture and the The basic principles of the eco- light and food industries cannot be nomic policies of the C.P.S.U. are realized. rooted in the scientific foundation of The proposals of the philistines of Marxist-Leninist economic theorv, in economic science here quoted, their the correct understanding and utili- "program," would result in such a zation of the economic laws of So- "development" of socialist econom- cialism. These principles and tasks, ics 1s would inevitably throttle put forrvard by the Party at each ANITA WHITNEY 45 Whitney-Csmmrunist Anlta Rivington Street in New York's East tainly some cog in our social systenr Side, drawn partly by a curiosity had slipped. I wanted to know about to see what her classmates were do- it, I wanted to help change it. Here there. What she sarv for the at last was something vital to be done tsy Al Richnnond ing first time was poverty, with all its and I wanted to have a part in it." pain and degradation. For her it was It took another 20 years for her a discovery, something totally be- to realize that it wasn't a cog, but yond the range of her own experi- the social system. But in the begin- Cor,r,rcB senior class most widely beloved spokesman in Trrn Wnt-r,rsrpv ence. ning at the age of 26, she resolved notes California. book of 1889 contained these Born in San Francisco on to become a social worker, and it Whitney: Nowadays, when vilification of ]uly 7, about Charlotte Anita r867, she had been raised in the wasn't easy. "Politics Itepublican; Religion Communists is a vocation that unites - - com{ortable surroundings of a Episcopalian; Literary production- the political underworld and the prominent California family. Her "The first time I went into a rear sex intellectual Lrpper crust, Anita Whit- "I stood statistics; Opinion of the opposite father, a lawyer, served for a time tenement," she later recalled, ney's life is a shining refutation of at the door and peered into the dark- bless 'em." as state senator from Alameda -GodThe story in the San Francisco the cynics and the plain stoolpigeons ness till I could see the rickety stair- county. Supreme Court |ustice Chronicleu independent Republican who seek to distort the portrait of case ahead of me. The whole place Stephen Field, a Lincoln-ap- sickeningly odorous from damp paper, of Feb. i955, began like a Communist in their own image. I. was 5, pointed Democrat, was an uncle. She ness, from lack of ventilation, from the "Anita Whitney, the wealthy, Here ls a Communist! Anita Whit- this: had knorvn the retative spaciousness fumes of the accumulated lives of so can say that with softspoken socialite whose lifeJong ney's comrades of middle

, A colleague of those years wrore ers . . . a young woman of the finest from their revolutionary analysis of elected an alternate member of the later: feminity, much personal magnetism capitalist society and their militant new party's state executive commit- and great executive ability." afErmation of the socialist solution tee. She worked long hours ar $85 a Mrs. Genevieve Allen later said: of the problems she had tried to That convention was the prelude month, dyed her suits, economized orr solve, only to land in a dead end of to a dramatic high point in her life. her- luncheons, and gave more gener- As executive secretary of the Cali- futility. Her first venture into a la- ously than she could afford from her Less than three weeks later she was fornia Equal Suffrage League, when bor battle was own funds to alleviate distress that in defense of Herman arrested under California's Criminal Anita Whitney was president, I spent could not always be cared for through Suhr and Blackie Ford, I.W.W. or- Syndicalism Law. History indulges practically a year in close daily associa- regular official channels. She was keen, ganizers railroaded to prison in the its own sense of the appropriate, and tion with her. To my mind, she has intelligent, impatient sham, fraud, aftermath of the Wheatland Hop of been the kind of person who would the arrest occurred right after she deceit, or delay in action of public of- Riot r9r3. The never sacrifice principle for expedi- of next step came had spoken to the California Civic ficials. . . . ency. She is a noble and wonderful in r9r4. She joined the Socialist League, largest women's club in Oak- woman, and I feel the feebleness of Party. land, on "The Negro Problem in She worked hard on the social words when I try to express my ad- the United States," an address in- treadmill of organrzed charity, but miration for heart "Imperceptibly and unconsciously," her and mind and tended to stimulate support for a began to have doubts about whether character. she wrote later, "I passed over the line, nationwide campaign then under way she was getting anywhere. Finally, the invisible line, which divides man- to halt the wave of lynchings dis- as she later wrote, "I became con- Anita became a national figure. kind into two different groups, the gracing the United States. vinced that no real solution lay along At the convention of the American group which stands for human ex- ploitation and group the route of organized charities, Equal Sufirage Association, held in the which stands for the fullness of life here and now, FRAME-UPS and I definitely abandoned the pro- Louisville, Ky., after the California for human welfare. I was not sure fession that I had hoped was to be election, she was chosen second vice how it was to come about and I protr.. This being an age of trials, it is my life's work, and I was left adrift president, serving with such noted ably did great deal false senti- a of permissible to dwell on two facets of again, with more questions to be American women as Anna Howard mentalizing about it, but I had taken the Anita Whitney the cruder answered. ." Shaw, president, and Addams, the road from which there is no returnt trial, ]ane frame-up technique and the guilt- first vice president. As a field or- ing and with whatever hesitations and by-association device, which fore- SUFFRAGE FOR WOMEN ganizer she helped lead the cam- stumblings I have tried ever since to follow." shadowed today's court proceedings. paign that brought Oregon and Ne- The baldest frame-up revolved Adrift for a while, she then threw vada into the fold of "free" states, A subsequent milestone on the around what the newspapers called herself into the battle for women's as the suffragettes phrased it. suErage and was elected state presi- road she had taken was the found- tl-re "red flag" incident. The story dent of the California Equal Suf- LABOR STRUGGLES ing convention of the Communist was that at the Communist Labor frage League, one of the important Labor Party in California, held in Party convention there had been a groups in the campaign that won During those years she was in- Oakland on Nov. 9, r9r9. Anita had glass bookcase or cabinet which con- approval of the vote for women in creasingly drawn to the working- actively opposed U.S. participation in tained an American flag, and during California in a special election in class movement, stirred by such fa- World War I and voted with the the noon recess a red cloth had been October, r9rr. mous labor orators as Eugene V. Left-wing majority of the Oakland draped over the case so that the Socialist Selina Solomols, who wrote the Debs, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, Ar- Party Local to enter the American flag was hidden by the history of the campaign, Horu We turo Giovanitti and, Larkin. Communist Labor Party. She was "red flag." ]im an active delegate Won tlte Vote in California, de- She learned much from accounts of at the conven- Edward U. Condon, the famous served "se- scribed Anita Whitney as among the the class war as it had been for-rsht at tion; on the credentials and scientist who has been having "ablest and most indefatigable work- Paterson and Lawrence and Ludlow, resolutions committees and was curity" troubles with the govern- 48 POLITICAL AFFAIRS ANITA WHITNEY 49 ment over the past several years, of the Industrial Workers of the "I preseRt played an ambiguous role with re- World, whose long and valiant strug- was to witness the silent the San Francisco Catholic Archdio- spect to that "red flag" incident. He gle and heroic sacrifices in the class cese, which described Anita as was then working his way through war have earned the afiection and "A woman . . . of distinguished fam- the University of California as a re- respect of all workers everywhere." ily, who has spent her life in doing good for others and acting Secre- porter for the Oafrland Enquirer, This, the prosecution argued, meant as tary for charity boards, befriending and in that capacity covered the Com- Communist ap- the Labor Party the poor and oppressed, fighting foi munist convention. beenpronounced,... He testified be- proved of the I.W.W., and there- Iiberty of conscience and speech, the "Throughout the trial-thro'ughout fore the grand jury that indicted fore it was permissible to offer testi- champion of downtrodden and en- the ordeal of her conviction sen- Anita, and was called as a prosecu- mony about the alleged criminal syn- and slaved races . . . an exquisite and tence-this frail, quiet-mannered, soft- tion witness at the trial, rehashing dicalism of the I.W.W. as evidence charming friend of humanity, a noble voiced woman maintained a stoic poise the newspaper versions of the "red against Anita. arrd beautiful character who would which was conceded ro be remarkable." flag" incident. Two professional anti-I.W.W. in- not crush the broken reed nor quench the burning During cross-examination by De- formers, ]ohn Dymond and Ernest flax. Miss Reed visited the "To this gentle woman of peace and fense Attorney Thomas H. O'Con- Coutts, were placed on the stand Anita at _ county jail and charity, Miss Anita Whitney,-who was nor, the following colloquy oc- and they told the story they had reported: told sentenced to an indeterminate telm in curred: across in I.W.W. trials the country; prison, only sympathy is extended as "Her attitude-in calmness, a lurid tale ab,out burning haystacks its its a martyr victim to the present poise and perfect wave of Q. Do you know a man by the name and barns, a tale to influence a mid- its freedom from un-American hysteria and illiberalism resentment or bitterness-is worthy of Fenton Thompsonl (Thompson dle-ciass jury in the prevailing anti- which is sweeping the United States, of the great philosophers of ancient was a police inspector who arrested I.W.W. hysteria. encouraged by all the reactionaries anil times, or of the Christian martyrs. Anita.) profiteers in the land. They are sow- "In fact, she seemed to hold a right- A. I do, yes. ing dragons' teeth. As in the early AMNESTY BATTLE ful place in that select company of the Q. Did Fenton Thompson ever tell Church which stood for the poor and earth's noblest souls as she told me of you that a plant that he had at that lowly ones of earth, the blood of mar- Anita was convicted, but the seven- her life, her traditions, her principles meeting draped that fagl tyrs is the seed of a new and befter year battle and ever so modestly her achievements. A. He did, yes. to void the conviction order of things where true democracy "'Why should Q. He didl and ntrlli[y the maximum r4-year I not be calm and and Christian justice shall reign." A. Yes. prison term was probably the most happyl' she asked with a smile while I expressed surprise at her cheerful- Q. In other words, then, the red fag remarkable tribute ever accorded any Some years later San Francisco,s that you talked about ness. 'I feel that I have done no wrong this morning individual in California. Something own poet, George Sterling, wrote as having been thrown over the Ameri- and I can feel no oppression. I have of her own moral grandeur is re- three sonnets to petition the governor can fag was placed there by a dupe simply walked a path. flected in what was said by those who for a pardon. that Fenton Thompson had in that "'. , . things have come to me and Some lines iead: sarv her and rallied to her defense. I have done them, and I would have convention. Is that the factl Slte A. That is what he told me. There was, for instance, the spe- been a coward if I had not. . After cent. S.he did no urong cial featr-rre story in the Neu Yorft all, the greatest satisfaction in life lyt defiance ol the stron[, Times by Alma Reed, a reporter for comes from obeying your own con- Wh cre set on tacff as his The guilt-by-association was hard- on p.eace. the old San Francisco Call, describ- science and helping in your own small . ly less crude. Thc Conrrnunisl con- way to make the ing the day of sentencing and the world a little better \rention had adopted a resolution for someone else because you have which "reco gnized the immense ef- trial that had gone on before. lived."' fect upon the American labor move- "As she entered the courtroom to ment of the propaganda and example receive her sentence," Miss Reed wrote, Most remarkable, especially in ret- rospect, was The Monitor, organ of variety of Anita's associations and AMTA WHITNEY 5o POLITICAL AFFAIRS 5t activities which found reflection in the Labor Defense League, repre- don, volunteering his belief thar "the ended some two months after hers criminal syndicalism act was primar- did, the protest movement. senring some 4o,ooo organized work- tjut of course, tragically. She The lrish Woild called her con- ers, was the first to champion her ily intended to apply to organizations struck up a warm friendship with viction "a sample of hideous injus- defense. The league, formed to seek actually known as advocates of vio- McNamara, whom William Z. Fos- tice" and recalled that "Miss Whit- repeal of the criminal syndicalism lence, terrorism, or sabotage, rather ter hailed as "a splendid example ney took up the cause of strug- lal, said: than to such organizations as a of the invincible working class gling Ireland and did gallant service Communist Labor Party." spirit with the sheer courage and in organizing the Irish women of We maintain that the real reason In all those years, while the shad- Ioyalty ;hat goes to make a Dimit- fact that she San Francisco." (In r9r9, Kathleen for her arrest lies in the ow of a r4-year prison term was over roff " and she shared the honor with treasurer for the Labor Defense O'Brennan, a brilliant Irish patriot, is her, Anita was the focus of national Foster of being one of the two peG. League. . . ., Her arrest in the opinion attention, the big eastern papers fol- ple for whom McNamara had the organized some Irish women in San of this league is merely an incident lowing the case, and some, like the highest regard and afiection. She Francisco into the American Irish in a nationwide campaign to crush Neu,, Yorft World and the St. Louis Educational League, and Anita was all labor organizations whether con- made the rounds of the Oakland Post-Dispatch, marked invited to become chairman of the servative or radical. As Miss Whitney the injustice. unions, speaking in behalf of Sacco orgariza has never been found absent when But she, typically, went about the and Vanzetti, and on the night plaining labor was in jeopardy so will she now daily chores of an active Commu- of their execution she spoke to the keep the find the thousands of workers connected nist, modest and unassuming, dis- women's auxiliary of Carpenters Lo. with the Labor Defense League at her leaflets time un tributing in West Oakland; cal 36, the menfolk adjourning early side. veins flowed Irish blood could be setting up there what probably was so that they could join the women found who had time to carry it on." Before the fight had run its course the first progressive bookshop on the and hear Anita. Pacific The league was formed at the crest both the San Francisco and Los Coast, exercising her demo- This battle for the victims of the cratic of the Irish independence movement Angeles Central Labor Councils de- right to hire a hall, this being class war naturally led her to Inter- Fraternity and it that manded that she be pardoned, as did Hall in the Negro com- national Labor Defense in which jamme the Paul Scharrenberg, then secretary of munity, as the first Communist head- she worked closely with Ella Reeve city's I the State Federation of Labor. quarters in Oakland. FIer small, trim (Mother) Bloor, who came to the figure, The the For seven years the case dragged now in its late fifties, was a Coast for the I.L.D. Advancement of Colored PeoPIe through the courts, going twice be- familiar sight in West Oakland came to her defense. (When an fore the U.S. Supreme Court, the where she once went as a charity COMM[INIST FIGHTER N.A.A.C.P. branch was formed in court disclaiming jurisdiction the worker, and now returned with the the San Francisco Bay Area before first tirne, and on the second test stufi of struggle, of agitation and or- In rgz8 she was nominated for the ganizaLion, alrvays a leaflet, pa- IJ.S. Senate, World War I, she accePted an invi- upholding the criminal syndicalism or a and akhough the Com- per, or a pamphlet hand. munist tation to serve on its executive com- law, with a concurring reservation in her Party was not on the ballot Facing prison herself, her concern she stumped the state, mittee, and remained in the N.A.A. by ]ustices Holmes and Brandeis the first of was others already behind the several C.P. for more than 15 years.) who speculated that if the "clear and for campaign tours that were to bars,like Tom Mooney and B. Mc- take her People in the social welfare field, present danger" theory had been J. to virtually every town and formei suffrage leaders, social re- advanced, possibly the application Namara and many more because city in California. ln ry34, coinci- ruling class was formers all spoke up for her, each of the statute might have been un- California's vengeful dent with the great maritime strike and violent. Then far ofi the case of and recalling her association with the constitutional. the E.P.I.C. political upheaval, Sacco and Vanzetti claimed her at- movements theY rePresented. But the bar of public opinion the Communist Party won a place tention, a case that paralleled her own Il{ost fundamental bY then was her ruled otherwise, and on )une zo, on the ballot, and Anita, as the in time, began when hers did, and Communist candidate identity with the working class, and rg27, GoY. C. C. Young issued a par- for state ueas- ANITA WHITNEY 53 52 POLITICAL AT'FAIRS Hers was a bold and indepeodent society cannot comprehend a disci- urer, polled roo,82o votes. She was based minds and the epic story of this spirit, like tha.t which impelled those pline thar is not based on comp,ul- the Party's standard bearer in 1938 great American woman? who made the hazardous crossing sion because behind all the ialk and r94o, each time receiving a Her Americanism wasn't a matter in the first years of colonial settle- about "freedom of choice" there is shade under roo,ooo votes. of genealogy. It was shaped b,y the ment, and those others who came compulsion, as witness the phenome- She was elected the Communist California pioneer folklore that ex- later to puh the frontier across a non of McCarthyism, the raih Party's state chairman in 1936, to cited her imagination in childhood, of loy- contlnent. alty oaths and "security" the Party's national committee in by the New England of her youth programs When first she saw the hideous and all the other instruments r94o, and as long as she was physi- where she thrilled to the beauty of of i"- face of poverty in 1893 she could tellectual rerrorism. With Anita, as cally able, remained in the Party's the countryside and felt a warmer have fled from it and insulated herself, with any Communist worthy the state leadership. kinship with Thoreau and Emerson, of in the comforts of middle-class life. name, discipline was a conscious Virtually to her dying day she whom she read at the time. Her Instead she made the more difrcult and voluntary act. That, as was an active agitator for Socialism, Americanism was shaped by the her life choice that required the greater showed, was the only discipline she for peace and democracy. Bedridden slums of New York and South Bos- independence of mind and spirit, and could accept in her 87th year, nonetheless she ton and West Oakland; by the lone- decided to battle poverty with such Perhaps the most preposterous never wasted a pamphlet, a ie1fler, ly mining camps of Nevada and the of weapons as she knew. When she slanders when balanced against a working-class paper or other pub- rolling farm country of Oregon Ani- finally became convinced that social ta is the one about Communists lication. She couldn't any longer go where she stumped for women's suf- be- welfare work did not strike at the ing immoral. This is the common out and distribute these, as she frage. roots of poverty she pulled up stakes accusation of those who have used to do, but no craftsman, trades- Alrvays there was a deep pride em- again. So it was with the various braced the morality of the renegade marr or salesman ever entered the in the American democratic heritage. social reform endeavors associated and informer, and'is also a favErite house rvithout receiving some piece During the ebb and fow of the with the women's suffrage move- theme of our most moral of literature to take with him. The criminal syndicalism case, when it ap- Secretary ment. Hers was an independent of State whose beatitudes ra.rgl rest she mailed to some acquaintance peared in tgzz that imprisonment quest, and when she arrived at So- from "Blessed are the meek" Io or assoclate. was inevitable, she told a newspa- cialism in ryrt, she knew this was it, "Blessed is the Flydrogen To her last days, as in her first per reporter: bomb." and the conclusion flowed from her Mr. Dulles is a great one for West- association with the working-class tr go without retrenching one bit upon own trial-and-error experience, her ern Civilization, by which he im- movement, she exhibited a special the platform of my life. I tried to own searching observation of Ameri- plies that Christianity and Greek concern for her comrades behind uphold the Constitution. Why can't can society. philosophy are virtues prison bars, and her final public everyone read the Declaration of In- of modern Crossing then what she called the imperialism in general, appearances, on the occasion of her dependence and believe in itl It is the and of. finest rule "invisible line" that divides those American imperialism particular, 86th birthday, were dedicated to ap- of life we have. in who stand for human exploitation and may be found in iny well peals for amnesty for political prison- Again and again that theme re- and those who stand for "the full- stocked General Motors frigidaire. ers. curred in her public statements and ness of life here and now," the Mr. Dulles is a pious man who will FIow mean and base and false the private conversations. That sort of crowning 40 years of her life were never be confused by what is Cae- common anti-Communist slanders Americanism, drawing upon the motivated by the logic of the strug- sar's and what is God's because he seem against the grandeur of Anita revolutionary democratic tradition of gle for Socialism and her identifi- considers himself the anointed of Whitnev and her life! Foreign the American nation, was so deeply cation with the working class. The both, and we give him less than noth- agentl A pawn in an alien conspir- ingrained that was essential it an exigencies of battle taught her dis- ing when we say: let him keep acy, or a robot rnanipulated from on part his of her, like some physical mem- cipline and she became a disciplined morals and his spiritual ,rl.r.r. high ? What relationship is there ber without which the body cannot Communist. Present-day bourgeois We'll take the morality Anita between such distorted images of de- live. of POLITICAL AFFAIRS 54 0n the Program of the Communist Party Whitney, the Communist. Hall and Bunker Hill. In her late It is of exceeding interest that 7o's she still recalled the thrill of back in the rgzo's when bourgeois discovery upon first reading Tolstoy of Brazil correspondents and Catholic publica- at Wellesley. By Luis Carlos Presles tions tried to describe Anita they so often resorted to parallels with the LIFE'S TRIUMPH early Christian martyrs and the an- Report nade by the General Scctetary ol i* National Committce cient philosophers. Within their own Those were the points of depar- in Dccembei, 19 PTogrgm o,f that party, uhich cuas pub- frame of reference these sources tried ture, and it is the tridmph of her _ -.: lished in the luly 1954 issue ol Political Afrairs.-Ed. to say that they saw in her the em- life that in the course of the battle bodirnent of all that is best and against poverty, oppression, exploita- Ix rrrrs MEETTNG of the National open for discussion, is correct because finest, all that is beautiful and lofty tion and injustice she went far be- Committee of our Party, we shall it is based on the scientific analysis span human history. yond the beginnings, discarding that in the of complete the task of working out the in the light of Marxism-Leninism false and futile, retain- of They saw well, these sources, with- which was proposed Party Program, a proposal Brazilian realities had positive meaning at the present in the limits of their vision, but if ing that which that will be made known to and dis- tlme. they could have looked beyond their for our day, finding her way to Marx- cussed by the entire Party and, fi- The proposed Program begins own horizons they would have seen ism, breaking fully and irrevocably nally, submitted for approval by the with a correct description of Brazil's Anita's embrace Socialism with the class of her origin, and that of Fourth Party Congress.* economic and political situation. It was the perpetuation and extension identifying herself with the working With the preparation of this scien- shows the semi-colonial nature of that is best mankind's class. of which in tific document, a summing-up of the country and vigorously points She personalizes a great truth of heritage. the aims and the tasks of the work- out that the most serious problem departure were our time. The working class is heir Her points of first ing class in our country, we furnish that confronts the Brazilian nation the best in the bourgeois heritage; Christianity, the American demo- to a new and solid basis for all our today is the increasing colonization eloquent ex- the rest, as with the ancient Fharoahs, cratic heritage and its Party's activity; we shall have at our of Braztl by the North American im- be entombed with the bourgeoise. pression in Thomas /efferson's Dec- will disposal a powerful tool. perialists. The proposed Program the the class of the socialist future laration of Independencg and To This proposed Program opens a also shows how Brazil is dominated century belongs the finest legacy of the past. hurnanism of the great rgth new phase in the development of by the owners of large estates and Wel- Anita Whitney is a glorious attesta- writers. A half century out of our Party. We are making a great big capitalists linked up with the truth. lesley she still remembered a Bibli- tion to that step forward and there is no doubt North American imperialists, their Americans, who might cal inscription in the college chapel: Millions of that, to the degree that we assimilate fear of the people making them political views, may "Also I heard the voice of the Lord not share her this program and make it our own, choose the North American mono- nonetheless join her comrades and saying: Whom shall I send, and who we shall feel ourselves stronger and polists, to whom they are selling the California will go for us? Then said I: send close co-workers of the firmer to face the great events that country in exchange for support in of the Communist me." There were other New Eng- State Committee are approaching. This is the his- their b,attle against rhe people to land shrines that never were forgot- Party in saying: torical significance of the document save the large estates and the feudal ten, Concord and Lexington, Way- "We do not grieYe at her death, that we must approve. and slave survivals in agriculture. rejoice in her life." side Inn and Walden Pond, Faneuil we I On the other hand, the North Amer- ican imperialists, their The proposed Party Program, now in policy of subjugating Brazil, rely on the in- 'The Procrm was approved at the 4th Pury CoosresJ held late io 1954.-Ed. ternal support of the owners of large

55 56 POLITICAL AFFAIRS PROGRAM OF CP OF BRAZIL )/ estates capitalists of. large estates and capitalists and the big of big Among t}re democratic revolution- ists" will have their capital and en- representative the linked Brazll, whose for to the North American im- ary changes that the proposcd Pro- terprises confiscated and national- gov- perialists, the democratic r[oment is the present Vargas by national gram takes up, it gives special im- ized by the democratic national ernment.* liberation government. "The demo- portance to efiecting an agrarian re- liberarion government. The proposed Program correctly cratic changes our people needs form. Considering the ideas of the The proposed Program lays es- points the intolerable situation of and longs the proposed Pro- up for," larse masses of peasants, who want pecial emphasis on a whole series "can of the Brazilian peop;.i, above all the gram states, only be attained to own land, who are in favor of important practical measures for peasants, a rvith government there proletariat and the as a in which the distribution of the land as pri- meetin[J the desperate situation of result the semi-colonial and semi- participate, besides working of the vate property, the proposed Program oppression, exploitation, poverty and feudal position and class, the peasants, intellectuals, of the country the does not raise the question of na- hunger that the working class'is in. preparaticn on bourgeoisie na- of the policy oI war the petty and the tionalizin.g the land and confines The future democratic national liber- the part of the government own- tional bourgeoisie." ol itself to the confiscation of the huge ation government has for one of its capital- proposed ers of large estates and big The Program calls the areas belonging to the great estates primary objectives a radical improve- ists linked the American impe- new regime a "popular democratic" to and their free distribution among ment in the living conditions of the ri alists. one and the new government one of the peasants with little or no land working class. proposed clearly i'democratic liberation." The Program national and all those who lrant to work the The proposed Program sets the points out that the revolutionary The essence the regime are of we land. character of the new power of the inevitable and struggle in Brazil is fighting for is popular democratic; In view of the fact that under democratic popular political regime. correctly describes re- the Brazilian but with the specific conditions that present conditions in the country It gives a clear definition of the dem- present phase as an volution in its actually prevail in Brazll, it is en- with the struggle of the people for ocratic features of its system of anti-feudal and anti-imperialist re- tirely correct to call the new govern- Brazil's national liberation a large government, which assures the peo- volution. In the present state of the ment one of dernocratic 111fi,rn:r.i part of the country's capitalists ple full liberry. country, that is, the proposed Pro- liberation, since our people's fight could show their support of the peo- Finally, the proposed Program rousing the gram limits itself to for liberation is basicallv directed ple or at least take a position of raises the question of forming the masses fight popular of Brazil to against the foreign oppressors, that benevolent neutrality, the proposed democratic united front of the ioun- against the of the North domination is, against American imperialism. Program does not raise the question try's patriotic popular and demo- American imperialists and against Liberation of the country from of nationalizing the banks and the cratic forces, with the working class the large estates and feudal survivals, the dornination of the North Ameri- countrv's big firms. That is, we are in the van. The gove.nment of the and aims at uniting around can imperialists. puttine a peace pol- not aiming at the confiscation of the owners of large estates and big cap working class all the progressive, icy into operation, carrying out basic enterprises and capital of the na- italists linked with the North A-.r- forces na- democratic, popular of clemocratic changes, are the prirnary tion's business men. However, those will not give up its liberation the country. tional in ob!ective of Brazil's future demo- bi.q capitalists who have taken the struggle. The vic- basis, proposed Pro- On this the cratic go',,ernment. Correctly holding road of treason to the country at the otic forces will only gram presents, as the main task, the that under present Brazilia,o condi- side of American imperialism, will ey unite in a broad replacement of the present govern- tions lrtrorth Arnerican imperialism suffer the inevitable consequences, anti-imperialist and anti-feudal unit- ment, a government of the owners is rhe chief oppressor, the mortal will be treated as enemies of the ed front, in a broad democratic na- t Subsequently difrereoces developed berween enemy of our people, the proposed people. This is shown in the proposed tional liberation front, based on the President Genrlio Vargas and U.S. imperialism Proqram over control of Brazil's oil resources and other does not raise the guestion Program when it stresses that the alliance of workers and peasants, the issus Uoder pressure of the masses, Vargas re- of the confiscation of the capital and fused the unconditional surrender which the State "big capitalists who have betrayed chief and invincible force of the DeDartment demanded, Vashington's efforts to enterprises belonging to American and them- Br azrlian ost him fiually caused Vargas to cmmit suicide the nation's interests allied revolution. The democratic in August, 1954.-Ed. monopolies operating in Brazil. selves with the American imperial- national liberation front will be the 58 POLITICAL AFFAIRS PROGRAM OF CP OF BRAZIL 59 guarantee salvation, of Brazil's the position with respect to the national It consists in setting up a clear-cut program of the August Manifesto, only power that can lead our coun- bourgeoisie. We now expressly pro- distinction between the revolution in it failed to take into accounr all the try and our people to a happy and imperialist countries, claim that "the democratic national in the countries characteristics of the democratic pop- bright future. liberation government that oppress other peoples, and the will not con- ular revolution in the colonial and The proposed Program voices the fiscate the enterprises revolution in colonial and dependent and capital of dependent countries, which is an demands of all Brazil's progressive, the national bourgeoisie," while in countries, in countries sufiering from the imperialist oppression of other anti-imperialist and antifeudal revo- liberating, national, democratic and the August r95o program we de- states, The revolution in imperialist lution. popular forces. Under these condi- manded the nationalization the of countries is one thing: in them, the In practice, therefore, with the l95o tions it can and must be transformed banks and "all the big industrial bourgeoisie is an oppressor of other program we took a sectarian and by the Communists from a Party and commercial enterprises of mon- peoples; in them the bourgeoisie ip "Leftist" position that is reflected in Program into a genuine program of opolistic nature or having a predom- counter-revolutionary at all stages of other passarges of the same prosram, the Brazilian people, of all the forces inant infuence the revolution; on the nation's in them, the national in the general Party line and in its that can fight for the independence economy." factor is lacking as factor the We also called for the a in activity up to now. In the new pro- and progress of the Brazilian nation. "complete struggle for emancipation. The revolu- nationalization of mines, posed Program we correctly center This is the important task of the water power and all public utili- tion in colonial and dependent coun- tries is a difierent thing: in them, the our fire on the national struggle for Communists, of each Party member: ties." This means that whereas in imperialist oppression by other states liberation against the North Ameri- the Program of the Party, to be put the new proposed Program we do is one of the factors in the revolution; can imperialism; in the August r95o into efiect, has to become familiar, not attack the bases of capitalism, in them, this oppression cannot but program we raised the question of be studied and assimilated. we committed the error in August affect the national bourgeoisie as well; confiscating and nationalizing enter- ry5o of thinking it impossible ihat in them, at a given stage and at a prises and capital "belonging ro im- II considerable a part of the national given period, the national bourgeoisie perialism" in general, thus unneces- bourgeoisie could, may support the revolutionary move- under the condi- sarily enlarging the camp of the In approving the proposed Party tions ment of its country against imperial- of the people's fight for libera- enemies of the revolution. the ism; in them, the national factor, as a In Program and bringing it to the tion from the imperialist yoke, take present proposed factor in the struggle for emancipa- Program we de- knowledge of the Party, the working a position supporting the people or tion, is a Iactor in the revolution. fine, with the precision it requires,. class and the Brazilian people, our at least one of benevolent neuiralitv. Not making this distinction, not un- the democratic nature of the national National Committee must at the Tiat is ro say, we had a wrong idea derstanding this difference, identifying liberation government and the struc- same time frankly point out the false the of nature of the revolutilon in the revolution in imperialist countries ture of the new state; this basic ques- and incorrect elements in our former our country at its present moment. with the revolution in colonial coun- tion was not taken up in August positions, especially in so important Although tries, means we never failed to recog- departing from the Marx- r95o. The August Manifesto had an a document as the road,. August Mani- nize the semi-colonial character Jf ist the kninist road and taking incorrect and Leftist interpretation festo, which up to now has served the road of the supporters of the Sec- our country. actually. in formulat_ of the nature of the new regime and as the basis for all the Party's activ- ond International, ing the August program we glossed government we were fighting for. ity. over the difference between the two As a resuh of the false idea we had There are great difierences be- phases of the revolution in colonial Without starting from this theo- of the nature of the revolution in our tween the two documents, between retical basis and dependent countries. And yet, it is impossible to form country at its present phase, we did the new proposed Program and the in 1927, Comrade Stalin had shown a correct idea of the nature of the not correctly present the problem of program we put forward in r95o in the basis par_ revolution in our country. on which Communist The Party the united front and in practice ex- the August -bourgeoisie Manifesto. ties sho.uld study the problems of the leadership did not adequately digest cluded the narional Let us take, for example, such an revolutlonary movement in the colo_ these basic teachings of Leninism and from the democratic national ]ibera- important problem as Party's the nial and dependent countries, saying: thus, in formulating in r95o, the tion front, whereas the semi-colonial tu POLITICAL AFFAIRS PROGRAM OF CP OF BRAZIL 6t nature of our country called for the ranks, to carry on patient and sys- conceptions, which took us sometimes ment. With the new proposed Pro unification of all the progressive, tematic work among masses) the into empiricism, sometimes into dog- gram we are now better equippcd democratic, national, popular libera- taking into account the level the of matism, into a mechanical parallel than ever to eliminate from our tion forces so as to have a chance of masses' awafeneJs. with other countries or repetition ranks both the sectarian and "Left- success in the revolutionary anti- In calling attention to these wrong of theoretical formulas into which ist" errors and the Rightist errors. feudal and anti-imperialist struggle. positions, we do not by any means we often tried to force the objective The assimilation of the new Pro- The program we put forward in want deny successes gained to the reality. Subjectivism led us ro pay gram by our entire Party requires the August Manifesto, a document in our activity over the last few years. insufficient attention to the experi- that we be able to make vigorous that was the basis for all the Party's these But succeises are less than the ence of the international communist use of the weapon of criticism and activity up to the present time, possibilities that exist and are in- movement, to the experience of the self-criticism against all the mani- helped strengthen the false sectarian creasing every day. glorious Communist Party of the So- festations of "Leftism" or Rightism and "Leftist" positions that have August Manifesto the The has viet lJ'nion, to the experience of the in our ranks, that we be able to hurt our Party's entire activity in the merit having made of it possible for popular democracies and the historic make criticism and self-criticism an last few years. Here we shall only our Party to break with the remains victory of the Chinese people; it led organic and indispensable part of cite, and they are examples enough, of reformism left in its political us to underestimate the study of the the Party leadership and a perma- the boycott of the elections that was orientation. It called the attention of experience of the mass struggles of nent method of Party leadership. It so clearly felt in the October, r95o the entire Party to the problem of our people and neglect to generalize is only in that way that we shall be elections and still present in the city the struggle just for power and for our own experience. That is why able to apply in practice the tested elections of Sao Paulo in March, that reason contributed toward our when we started, from r94B on and programmatic, strategic and tactical rg53; the abandonment of the unions strengthening our own forces and especially in the August r95o Mani- principles set up in the new Prograna and lack of persistence in the strug- feeling more strongly the need of festo, to make eflorts towards get- scientific document that marks a gle for the organization of the great -a fighting for the ideological develop- ting our Party away from its former historic stage in the life of our Party masses of workers; the mechanical ment the Party. of The majority of itightist positions, we arrived at ancl the victorious march of the rvay of raising the question of power Party's the membership, for their equally wrorg ar-rd harmful sectarian revolution in our country. with the masses, the use of a "revo- part, spared no effort to put the Au- "Leftist'? positions. The struggle for the assimilation, lutionary" phraseology and putting gust goals into effect and showed It is because we were not afraid of the new Program by the Party out slogans and appeals that were far once more, in the face of the brutal of openly recognizing our errors, should thus constitute a new and from the reality and the existing re- police reaction, their self-sacrifice and because we made e-fforts to discover powerlul lactor in the organic po- lationships of forces; the "adventur- the heroism of which they are ca- their causes, trying to analyze atten- litical and ideological consolidation ist" attitude among the peasants, pable. tively the situation out of which they of the Party, in reinforcing the Par- causing premature struggles and, But at that time, as we can see to- arose, along with methods of cor- ty's unity, an important factor in from the outset, on a level far above day, because of the errors contained recting them, that we were able to linking the Party with the masses" that the awareness great of of the in the August Manifesto, the leading go forward and work out the pro- masses of peasants; atruse the cadres of of the Party had nor sufH- posed Program we are now discuss- III strike call, started many times with- ciently dieested the great teachin5Js ing. Of course, the struggle against out the conditions for any kind of of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin. the basic causes of our mistakes is Once the new proposed Party Pro- success; the tendency to raise the We were unable to make a sure and hardly beginning. We have to do gram has been approved the task will level of the mass struggles without steady application Marxist-Lenin- of much more in order to raise more be to bring it to the great masses of all prin-rary care of trroadening the and ist theory to the study of Brazilian rapidly the theoretical level of our the country's population, in the first consoiidating the mass organizations; realities and therefore, we based our leading cadres and intensify the place to the working dass and the the inability, still very great our in activity in large part on subjective struggie for their ideological develop- peasant masses. This is the new and 6z POLITICAL AFFAIRS PROGRAM OF CP OF BRAZIL 63

,extremely important task of the en- munists, a permanent task whose a great deal of underestimation of organizations of every kind, includ- tire Party. performance will be a duty of honor the role of the press as t}le decisive ing individual work with every man Our Program is not a document for every militant, an integral part and irreplaceable tool, capable of or woman, young or old. That means that interests only the Communists of his reason for living, by means of bringing the word of our Party that we must give especial attention and sympathizers with our PartY. which he will show his true qualities to the trroadest masses. This under- to the Party's base organizations and The problems it raises are the prob- as a revolutionary combatant and estimation has to be conquered take practical measures toward a Iems of our people; they are the political leader of the masses, who quickly if we want to get the Party rapid improvement of its activity. questions that at the present moment has confidence in the creative ability Program efiectively and as soon as The political life of our base organi- most sharply and directly concern of the masses and knows how to win possible to the knowledge of our zations is still very weak, and inade- the best masses of the country's pop- them over with patience and te- entire people. By means of the press quate efforts are made toward link- ulation, the patriots and democrats nacrty. we can explain, day by day the ing up with the masses. of all classes and social strata. We The broad masses of the people various points of the Program, orient There is no doubt that we have can prevent the North American im- must be roused for the struggle in public discussion, spread all over t}re achieved certain successes since we perialists from making a comPlete defense of peace and democratic lib- country the result of round-table started giving greater attention to colony out of Brazil; we can free erties, against the oppression of the discussions, etc., public inquiries organizing the Party in the shops, but our people from the menace of im- North American imperialists, against and interviews, as well as spreading a large number of the Party's base perialist war. Vargas' government, for the nation's the various questions treated in the organizations sdll live turned al- Our Program shows all Patriots, independence and sovereignty; they Program by means of articles ex- most exclusively toward themselves. clearly and convincingly, how to must be convinced in the course of plaining and defending it. Finally, The blame for such a state of affairs free Brazrl from the imPerialist their struggles of the correctness of it is essential that with the spread is almost entirely ours, that is the yoke, how to make our countrY the the Party Program. of the Party Program we make our leading sections of the Party, begin- great, prosperous and Powerful na- We now have to pay special at- press take a step foranrd toward ning with the National Committee, iion *i all desire it to be. To all tention to the work of propaganda becoming d true people's press, es- for not giving more effective, con- the Brazilian people, that has always and agitation that will have to have pecially the press of the working class crete and functional aid to the base fought for liberty but that has never as the center of all its activity the and the great masses of peasants, able organizations and in general we were known genuine democracY, our Pro- organized struggle for the troadest to respond quickly to the needs of reconciled to the weaknesses of our gram points out the new regime of difiusion of the proposed Party Pro- the people, to spread the feelings llork among the masses, on the pre- democracy for the people and points llram among the masses of the peo- and the demands of the broad masses text that our b,ase organizations were out precisely the road to win it. ple. It is not merely a question of of the people, to fulfill its primary feeble or that the political and ideo- Or-rr Program appeals to the hearts bringing the masses the printed task as educator of the masses, mo- logical level of their leaders was low. of all Brazilian patriots; it is the document in the form of pamphlets bllizer and organizer of the people. Experience itself, meanwhile, has Proqram of national salvation. or leafets, either the whole Pro- But to bring the Party Program shown us what a single militant can T'herefore, comrades, let us be able grxm or only a part of it, but of or- to the masses, to make sure that it accomplish among the masses if he ro bring to the great masses of all ganizing the discussion and explana- becomes the Program of our people, has mastered the Party's line, has our country's population, with Com- tion of the document as a whole and of all the progressive, national and initiative and a spirit of responsibil- munist energy and decision, with in each of its points. Toward this iiberating forces, agitation and prop- ity. patriotic enthusiasm and ardor, the goal, the Party press is the principal aganda are not enough. Action is The success of our efforts to bring ,qr."t obiectives of the ProPosed tool we have to bring our proposed indispensable, the permanent, con- the Party Program to the masses and Program that lve are now approving. Program to all the classes and strata stant and persistent activity of the make it a people's program requires From now on this is the PrimarY of society. All through the Party, Communists among the masses in us to make the Party's base organi- and rnost important task of all Com- from top to bottom, there is still their workshops and homes. in mass zations in every enterprise, in every 64 POLITICAL A.EPAIRS PROGRAM OF CP OF BRAZII, 65 district and peasant village a real country to a happy and bright fu- tions of the united front into legal forces of the country, to the decisive political leader of the masses, able ture," Party organizations. The unity of srruggles for democratic popular: to rouse and mobilize the masses, To advance toward the democratic action and the united front of the rule in Brazll. to unite and organize them. national liberation front, we must mrsses wilI not appear spontaneously It is only by its concrete actions fight for unity in action in every and they rvill only prosper to the de- We have to put an end to compla- that our Party can show to the great field, in order to broaden and gree to which we Communists are cency and conformity; we have to masses of the people that it is truly strengthen the mass organizations able to set an example of the demo- instill in our ranks the sense of col- a Party of patriots, of fighrers for that already exist. The Party organi- cratic spirit, eliminating dicta- lective and individual responsibility all national liberation from the impe- zations and every Communist must torial methods. For this is neces- for the Party's tasks, stimulate the it rialist yoke. We have to shorv in prac- boldly take the initiative in getting sary to have confidence the spirit of initiative and combat "prac- in tice, prove ro the Brazilian people, into the ranks of the democratic masses and in the scientific truth of tical opportunism" in those who are that it is only our Party that ian front all those who for one reason the solutions we are presenting. afraid of responsibility and can only save the country, that only our Party or another are against North Ameri- It is only by daily systematic work, act under the pressure of instruc- can actually solve the serious prob- can imperialism, against the Vargas effectively directing the struggle for tions ancl orders from above. By lems of the nation and lead the way government and its policy of war the immediate interests the studying the new Party Program, of to the basic economic and social preparations, of treason to the nation, masses, making use of the slightesr by mastering its theses and central changes that the supreme interests of hunger and police reaction manifestations of protest on the part ideas, every Communist is equipped ol the narion demand. against the people. Always taking o[ the working and peasant masses, not only to take the new Program We cannot, therefore, even fr_,r a exact knowledge of the opinions and of the intellectuals, of the petty bour- moment to the masses but also to win them abandon our struggle to re- demands of the various strata of the geois and the national bourgeoisie over to the positions defended by the inlorce our Party, tlrlt is. lo incrrr\-' people as their srartinlJ point, the that we shall be able to create the Party and get them into the fight for its numbers by means of systematic, Communists must be able to show broad democratic r-.ational liberation organized the Party's otrjectives. recruiting and to raise the correct road to solve each of the front, unmask the Vargas govern- constantly the political and ideologi- The new proposed program sets people's problems and to pur them- ment and all the demagogues in the cal level o[ its cadres and mili- our Party immense tasks that re- selves unhesitating-ly at the head of service of the North American im- tants. cluire great initiative on the part of the people in the struggle for the perialists, develop the worker-peas- With the Party Program, under all militants, together with an ever satisfaction of their requirements. To ant alliance and, under the leadership the leadership of the National Com- greater power of leadership on every understand the importance and the of the working class, rouse our peo- mittee, we march, united and firm, level in the Party. But winning necessity of the united front and put ple, all the progressive and liberating to lhe struggle and to victory. the masses for the new PartY Pro- the Perty in its true role as van- gram means at the same time ad- guard, not merging it in the united vancing toward the organization of front-are the two indispensable the broadest democratic national lib- conditions for the success of our ef- eration front. The two things are forts to unite and organize the inseparable. This united anti-feudal masses. 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