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Columbidae: Ducula) from Archeological Deposits on Wallis (Uvea) Island, South Pacific

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Columbidae: Ducula) from Archeological Deposits on Wallis (Uvea) Island, South Pacific Zoo 31 December 1987 PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 100(4), 1987, pp. 769-775 A NEW EXTINCT SPECIES OF GIANT PIGEON (COLUMBIDAE: DUCULA) FROM ARCHEOLOGICAL DEPOSITS ON WALLIS (UVEA) ISLAND, SOUTH PACIFIC Jean Christophe Balouet and Storrs L. Olson Abstract.—A. new species of giant pigeon, Ducula david, is described from an archeological excavation on Uvea Island, Wallis group. The new species was contemporaneous with early Lapita culture. Ducula david is related to, but larger than, either D. pacifica or D. galeata. It was sympatric with D. pacifica and provides further evidence that more than one species of Ducula co-existed on small Pacific islands prior to the arrival of man, who was responsible for the extinction of larger species of Ducula throughout almost the entire Pacific. The Wallis Islands, consisting of the large Class Aves island of Uvea and some 22 much smaller Order Columbiformes satellites, lie in the South Pacific about 385 Family Columbidae km northeast of Fiji and 300 km west of Genus Ducula Hodgson, 1836 Samoa (13=12' to 13°24'S; 176%' to The imperial pigeons {Ducula) can be dis- 176°14'W). In the area between Fiji and Sa- tinguished from other large pigeons in the moa, the Wallis group forms the northern Pacific by the widely separated proximal fo- point of a triangle with the Horn Islands ramina of the tarsometatarsus, the inner fo- (Futuna) to the southwest, and Niuafo'ou, ramen being very large and separated from a remote northern outlier of the Tonga the inner side of the bone only by a thin group, to the southeast. The island of Uvea ridge. Also, the inner cotyla is hooked an- is 14 km long by 7.5 km wide, with an area 2 teriorly. of 95 km and a maximum elevation of 142 m. The preceding is summarized from Stearns (1945) and Aubert de la Rue (1963). Ducula david, new species Excavations of Polynesian archeological Fig. 1 sites on Uvea by Frimigacci, Siorat, and Vienne (see Appendix) have produced a few Holotype. — Right tarsometatarsus (MU vertebrate remains, mainly of pig, sea tur- 021 A/83 3335), lacking the hypotarsus and tles, and birds. Among the latter are bones the distal end 1 cm below the facet for meta- belonging to an undescribed species of pi- tarsal I, internal cotyla damaged. geon of the genus Ducula. The material de- Type locality.— Utuleve (site WF-U-MU scribed below is housed in the collections 21A of Frimigacci et al., see Appendix), west of the Departement des Sciences Humaines, side of the island of Uvea, Wallis group, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Tech- South Pacific. nique Outre Mer (ORSTOM), Noumea, Horizon and age. —Late Holocene arche- New Caledonia. ological deposits, Bed VP, 0.80-0.85 m be- 770 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Fig. 1. Tarsometatarsi of Ducula in posterior (top row) and anterior (bottom row) views. A, D. galeata; B, D. david, new species, holotype; C, D. pacifica; D, D. goliath. 1.5 x. low surface, in association with Lapita ce- posited between about 2000 and 2500 YBP ramics of the Utuleve II type (see Appendix; (see Appendix). Fig. 2). The radiocarbon age of the bed be- Parades.—Fragment of a left coracoid low that yielding the holotype is 2350-2550 (MU 021 A/83 4252) from the same locality YBP (Frimigacci, pers. comm.). Lapita cul- as the holotype but from a lower level. An- ture appeared in Samoa and Tonga about terior portion of a left scapula (UMU 46 A 2500 to 3000 YBP and pottery manufacture Al A2/83 1352) from the Malama Tagata is thought to have ceased there early in the site (see Appendix, Table 2). Christian era (Green 1979, Davidson 1979). Measurements of types.—See Table 1. The bones of D. david were probably de- Etymology. — In a genus with a species VOLUME 100, NUMBER 4 771 0 SOUTH 100 NORTH 200 0 100 20030040050 SURFACE r POTSHERDS I 1 #^__ ^ J- »—-—in— H x _J ^ i r r /^1T i " Ky- zni : 1 i * i ^^ i 2 VI 6 j H, ® 3 i 1 VII ,J -^® VIII IMU IX # STONES [*) BONE OF Ducula daw id 3 VARIOUS SHELLS g BONE OF Ducula p«cilica g SAMPLE FOR DATING g SHELLS OF Trochua Fig. 2. Stratigraphic section of the excavation at Utuleve, Uvea, Site W-FU-MU 21 A. The column on the left gives depth in cm. The column on the right shows the number of potsherds found in each 5 cm interval of the dig. Feature 1 is a post hole, feature 2 an unexcavated control column, and feature 3 a pit filling. Trochus is a large marine gastropod. named goliath, it seems fitting to dedicate aenea, 17; D. bicolor, 7; D. luctuosa, 1; D. another species to David, whose name is spilorrhoa, 1. All specimens in National invariably linked with the giant Philistine. Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian In a reversal of the biblical fable, Ducula Institution, except D. goliath, Museum Na- david was larger than D. goliath but per- tional d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. ished, whereas the New Caledonian D. go- Comparisons.—Among the species groups liath is smaller and still survives. of Ducula recognized by Goodwin (1983), Diagnosis. —A very large species of Ducu- that containing D. pacifica, D. oceanica, D. la, with the tarsometatarsus larger and more aurorae, and D. galeata is very uniform in robust than in either D. goliath or D. ga- tarsometatarsal morphology. Ducula david leata. Tarsometatarsus with well developed shares with these species the same dispo- proximal inner foramen, stout shaft, very sition of the muscular insertions anterior well developed facet for metatarsal I, and and posterior to the internal cotyla, both proximal foramina widely separated; tuber- being triangular in shape and oriented at 45° cle for tibialis anticus located on external to the long axis of the bone. Ducula pacifica edge of shaft. is the most similar species in osteology to Comparative material (skeletons) exam- D. david. The proximal foramina of the tar- ined.—Ducula goliath, 1; D. galeata, limb sometatarsus are more widely separated in bones removed from skin; D. pacifica, 3 + D. david than in any other species, and the 3 partials; D. aurorae, 1; D. oceanica, 1; D. metatarsal facet is much better developed, pinon, 2; D. badia, 3; D. myristicivora, 1 occupying half the width of the shaft. partial; D. perspicillata, 8; D. radiata, 1; D. Discussion. —Throughout the Pacific, the 772 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Table 1. —Measurements (mm) of Ducula david, new senior synonym of Serresius galeata Bo- species, compared with other large species of Ducula. naparte, 1855 (Lysaght 1957; Bruce et al. D. D. 1985; Olson and Steadman, in press).] D. david galeata gohath Ducula galeata was therefore a widespread Tarsometatarsus species that might be expected in deposits Distance between proximal on many other islands as well. end of metatarsal facet The same was probably true of D. david. and internal cotyla 20.8 20.5 18.6 A very large pigeon has been reported from Proximal width 11.9 11.5 10.3 archeological deposits in the Lakeba Islands Depth of inner cotyla 6.3 5.3 4.2 in the Fiji archipelago (Gibbons and Clunie Width of inner cotyla 5.3 4.2 3.8 Distance between proximal 1986; specimens examined by Olson and D. foramina 3.2 2.0 2.4 W, Steadman), which, from its relative Width of shaft at metatarsal proximity to the Wallis group, might be re- facet 6.2 4.8 5.1 ferable to D. david or a closely allied form. Depth of shaft at metatarsal From the island of Lifuka in the Tonga facet 3.9 3.5 3.3 group, a species of Ducula even larger than D. fl D. david has been discovered in an arche- D. david oceamca pacifica ological site (D. W. Steadman, pers. comm.). Scapula The evidence of numerous extinct pop- Maximum diameter of ulations of large species of Ducula in ar- glenoid facet 5.5 4.1 3.9 cheological deposits shows that these birds Maximum proximal width 11.9 8.9 8.6 persisted until the arrival of man, and their Width of neck 4.8 3.1 3.1 extinction is doubtless attributable to hu- Depth of neck 2.6 1.8 2.0 man influence. Whereas many man-caused Coracoid extinctions of birds in the Pacific were due Minimum diameter at mid- to habitat destruction or introduced pred- point 4.4 3.1 3.0 ators (Olson and James 1984), the demise Maximum diameter at mid- point 4.8 3.3 3.2 of the large species of Ducula was probably largely a result of direct overexploitation. For example, pigeon snaring was a very im- very large forms of Ducula appear to have portant facet of Tongan culture (McKern been especially vulnerable to extinction. The 1929, Gifford 1929) and the same is likely only historically known populations of pi- to have been true all through Polynesia. geons of this size in Oceania are D. goliath The artificial, man-induced, pattern of in New Caledonia and D. galeata of Nuku distribution of pigeons in the Pacific has Hiva, Marquesas. Recent discoveries in ar- given rise to numerous erroneous system- cheological and paleontological sites, as well atic and biogeographic conclusions. Mayr as an account from Captain Cook's second (1940, 1942) has cited D. galeata as a classic voyage, have shown that D. galeata, or a case of allopatric speciation, as he supposed closely similar form, occurred not only on it to be only a representative of D.
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