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Eurasian Collared-Dove in and the

Dove ('risoria') as well as new informationon distribution,range expan- sion,and future projectionsfor the Eurasian Collared-Dove as it becomes established in North America and the Caribbean.

RINGED TURTLE-DOVE The Ringed Turtle-Dove (S. 'risoria')•or BarbaryDove as it is knownthroughout --is a domesticated form of the African Collared-Dove (S. roseogrisea) (Goodwin1967). The singlequotes around the specificepithet indicatethat many authors do not consider it to be a valid speciesdue to years of domesticationand captiverearing (Goodwin 1967). It is very popularamong dove fanciers and is bredto produce various color varieties.The most commonlyseen variety is the cream-colored blonde.Other varietiesindude rosy, fawn, tangerine,pure , and several pied forms (Lockhart1997). In recentyears, backcross- ing with wild S. roseogriseahas resulted in a "wild"color variety (Goodwin 1983) which is similarto the parentAfrican Collared-Dove and most closelyresembles the Eurasian Eurasian(ollared-Dove in the DryTortugas: spring 1999. Photograph/AndrewW. Kratter Collared-Dove.The RingedTurtle-Dove is frequentlyfound around the world in a feral or semi-feral condition, but coloniesseldom CHRISTINA H. ROHAGOSA* prosperunless they are fed by humans and the poptdation is aug- and TERRYHcENEANEY mentedby additionalrelease.

RESOLVING IDENTIFICATION DIFFERENCES nFloridathe mid-1980s,was identified apopulation as the Eurasian ofStreptopelia Collared-Dove doves(Streptopeliainsouthern The Ringed Turtle-Dove can be confusedwith EurasianCollared- decaoctoFrivaldszky) (Smith & Kale1986, White 1986). Birdwatchers Dove,and extreme care must be takento separatethe two . are now witnessingthe expansionof this speciesacross the North Complicatingthe matter further,hybrids have been found in St. Americancontinent and the CaribbeanIslands. Sightings at new Petersburg, (DeBenedictis1994, Smith 1987), and Joliet, locationsare reported monthly as the range of theEurasian Collared- Illinois(Bohlen 1998) and alsooccur in captivity(J. Pire and M. Doveexpands as a resultof eithernatural dispersal or localrelease. Pierce,pers. comm.). Buff-colored, pied, and tangerine varieties of Thisarfide picks up whereE WilliamSmith (1987) left off when the EurasianCollared-Dove have been recorded (Goodwin 1973, J. hefirst introduced the North American community to Pire,pers. comm.), and cream-coloredindividuals were observed in theEurasian Collared-Dove. Its purposeis to presentthe most cur- southFlorida (Smith 1987) and in Guadeloupe(Barre et al. 1996). rentinformation on identification problems with the Ringed Turtle- Explainingthe visualdifferences between Ringed Turtle-Doves * OepartmentofWildlife Ecology and Conservation. P.O.Box 110430, University ofFlorida, and EurasianCollared-Doves is difficult due to the subtletiesof dove Gainesville,Florida 32611-0430 ([email protected]) colorationand the tremendous variation now found within Ringed 1' Management Biologist, RQBox 168, Yellowstone Nalional Park, Wyoming 82190 Turtle-Doves(Smith 1987). Body shading can appear differently

348 NORTHAIdERICAN dependingon light and varies with season,age, and sex. Smith (1987), Blackshaw(1988), and DeBenedictis(1994) provide im- portantfield marks that should Figure1. ThisEurasian be consideredwhen makingan • Collared-Dove identification(Table l). Those was photographed in March lgg8 features marked with an asterisk on CedarKey, Florida. in Table I are the most reliable; Notethe grayishcoloration however,a holisticapproach to on the undertail coverts identification is recommended in and especiallythe black the field. extendingdistally Hybridsoften have a blendof alongthe outertail . This extension creates a 'W' the features describedin Table 1. or 'M' patternwhich is fairly In Denmark,hybrids of the two conspicuousaod diagnostic. specieswere smaller and paler Photograph/Christina than Eurasian Collared-Dove RomaRosa and lacked the full extent of black on the narrow outer web of the rectrices(Fisher 1953)--a feature defining Ringed Turtle-Doves and L • hybrids(Figs. 1 and2). A convolutedvocalization syntax can also result.Hybrids tend not to retainthe typical three-note call of a pure EurasianCollared-Dove; rather, the call is a combinationof that of thetwo species (J. Pire, pers. comm.). Even if a hybriddoes have a three-notecall, it apparentlycannot produce the three-note call more thenone time in succession:on the secondtry, the hybridgives the call combinationderived from its two differentparents. The com- binedvocalization is variable;not all hybridsexhibit the samecom- bination.New Streptopelia populations should be examined careful- lybefore hybridization occurs and further complicates identification.

EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE: FigureZ. Undertailpattern of RingedTurtle-Dove (left) NATIVE AND EURASIAN RANGE EXPANSION andEurasian Collared-Dove (right). RingedTurtle-Doves have In itsOld World range, the history of EurasianCollared-Dove iscom- whitish undertailcoverts and showless blackon the rectrices; plicated.The species isbelieved to benative to ,Sri Lanka, and the black does not extend to the outer web of the outer rectrix. Myanmar(dd Hoyo et al. 1997), where it remaineduntil it expandedEurasian Collared-Doves have gray undertail coverts, and the blackon the rectricesextends to the outer edge intoTurkey and the in the16th century either by natural dis- of the outerrectrix. The degree to whichthe blackextends distally persalor by humanintroduction (Voous 1%0, Long 198l). In the on the outer tail feather of Collared-Dovesvaries from individual early 1900s,Eurasian Collared-Dove began its impressiverange to individual,but the patteroof distalextension relative expansionacross Europe, colonizing Yugoslavia in 1912, Hungary in to that of the innerrectrices is a diagnosticcharacter. 1930,Germany in 1945,Norway in 1954,Britain in 1955(a previous Hybridstend to havea patternsimilar to that reportwas of questionableorigin), and Spain in 1974(Fisher 1953, of the RingedTurtle-Dove. delHoyo et at. 1998).It waspossibly introduced to northernChina and Korea from India (Goodwin 1967)--althoughit could have TABLE I. DIFFERENCES BETVVEEN EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVES arrivednaturally from western China (Vaurie 1%l)--and to Japan AND RINGED TURTLE-DOVES from Chinain the 18thor 19thcentury (Fisher 1953, Voous 1%0, (The mostimportant characteristics are markedwith an asterisk.) Goodwin1%7). Its successfulexpansion has been attributed to a Eurasian Collared-Dove R,ngedf 9•!.esD?e changein a favorablegene (Mayr 195 l), ameliorationof , and three-note kuk-kooo-kook •-n-nnle kooeek-krrroooo(aw) the expansionof cultivation(Mayr 1965). harshmew given in flight softjeering laugh •'Call nr whilealil•hling EurasianCollared-Dove exhibited remarkable population growth Color palesandy brown, with buff,v gray neck •anabJc, olten creamier in Britain--from 4 birds in 1955 to about 19,000 in 1964 (Hudson andhead tinged wi! h pink;traderpar ts andlacking gray and pink Iones 1%5). Currentpopulation estimates of EurasianCollared-Doves in brnwnish-gray areasof theWestern Palearctic are overwhelming: about 518,000 pairs JWings•primariesdarker than rcsl of wing: prin-•aricsoflennotmuch darkel' than three-tonedwinl• rt•t of wing; in Germanyin the mid-1980s;200,000 pairs in Britainduring pr madesvery dark, gray "wrists" wingusually two-tnned: 1989-1991;and 100,000 to onemillion pairs in Turkeyin 1998(Snow brm,afishupper-wing coverts *rin• darkerthan res! of wing underside ofnuter web of outer underside of outer web of outer rectrix & Perrins 1998). *Tail rectrixblack at base,with outerblack white;black on reelricesdoes not The dovedispersed into all habitableareas and began breeding marginsextending distally cxleud farther than undertail coverts shortlyafter its arrival. Breeding was documented in Britain, Norway, to fnrm a shallnw whitish Sweden,and Francewithin two years(Fisher 1953, Hudson 1965, Vent gray S•ze muchlarger than Mournmg I )ove usuallyo•fi y sornewbatlarger Snow& Perrins1998). The Collared-Dovecan breed throughout the th,mMourning D•ve_ _

VOLUME53 (1999), ISSUE 4 349 GrandBahama Abaco reported from the Cayman Islandsand may be found on BerryIs[•--'• Eleuthra other islands in the Greater BiminJ.. -.. ß Antilles--whereit mayperhaps Andros• • <•,• be misidentifiedas Ringed Cuba • New Turtle-Dove. The Lesser Antill- • • Prov•deqce ean populations likely were derived from an introduction into Guadeloupein 1976 (Barre et at. 1996).About 30 yearsago, an individualpurchased several pairs of Eurasian Collared- CaymanIslan•s• •--••-• Nevis Dovesin Parisand brought them ß .Antigua to Guadeloupe.Approximately Montserrat. 20 birds were released in 1976 Guadeloupe- • Dominica -- when a nearbyvolcano threat- Martinique*- enedto erupt.The populations found in Montserrat in 1990 (JamesDaley, pers. comm.), Eurasian Collared-Dove D Dominicain 1987(Smith 1995), St. Kitts and Nevis in 1995 Streptopeliadecaocto (Francis1996), and Martinique in 1994(Barre et at. 1996)may Figure3. Currentdistribution of EurasianCollared-Dove havecome from the Guadeloupe in the Caribbean. Arrows indicate islands with known introductions,although the possibilityof additionalintroductions populations. cannot be ruled out. It is generallyassumed that theFlorida population of Eurasian yearin mostof Europeby feeding on predictable and persistent sup- Collared-Dovesarose from individualsthat dispersedfrom the pliesof commercial crops and can achieve a high reproductive output Bahamasand its surrounding islands. The species probably arrived in of345 broods per year (Cramp 1985) depending onthe severity ofthe Floridain theearly 1980s (Smith 1987), although the precise date of climate.When food is abundant, Eurasian Collared-Doves frequently its arrivalis uncertaindue to confusionwith RingedTurtle-Dove. starta newclutch while still attending to dependentfledglings and EurasianCollared-Doves may have reached Florida as early as the late sometimeswhile young are still in the nest(Robertson 1990). 1970s.Before Smith and Kale's(1986) identificationof Eurasian EurasianCollared-Dove inhabits arid country with trees or scrub, Collared-Dovesin Florida, all NorthAmerican Streptopelia popula- usuallynear cultivation, and is considered resident in India(Cramp tionswere believed to be RingedTurtle-Doves. The species increased 1985).In Europe,the speciesis associatedwith humansettlements, its rangein Floridawithin a decadeof itsdiscovery (Fig. 4a). The bothurban and rural, where food and shelter are plentiful (Coombs Floridapopulation is thelikely source for manypopulations estab- et at. 1981,Hengeveld 1989). The dove usually shuns urban centers, lishedsubsequently in the southeastern states. areasof extensivemonoculture, and forest (Coombs et at. 1981).It Georgia'sfirst Collared-Dove record was a birdthat was shot by a relieslargely on wastegrain that is associatedwith agriculturehunter in 1988(E Howard,pers. comm.). Eurasian Collared-Doves (Goodwin1967) and will oftenroost in barns(Coombs et at.1981). werereported in Arkansasin 1989(M. Parker,pers. comm.), Alabama in 1991(Holn•es 1991), Tennessee in 1994 (1L Knight, pers. comm.), DISCOVERY AND EXPANSION IN THE CARIBBEAN Texasin 1995(G. Lasley,pers. comm.), and Montanain 1997(M. AND NORTH AMERICA Tempeland T. McEneaney, pers. obs.) (Fig. 4b). Unfortunately, there Toomuch time has passed to permituneqmvocal identification ofthe is no certaintythat thesefirst reports corresponded with the actual exactsource of theNorth American population. According to Green arrivalof the EurasianCollared-Dove. Populations of Streptopelia (1977)and Smith(1987), a localbreeder brought the Eurasian doveswere found in Joliet, Illinois, as early as 1982 (Bohlen 1998); this Collared-Doveto Nassau, Bahamas, in theearly 1970s. In December populationincludes Eurasian Collared-Doves, Ringed Turtle-Doves, 1974,several individuals escaped when the aviary where they were andhybrids (Bohlen 1998). Individual doves, which are assumed to be housedwas burglarized. The breeder released the remaining Collared- dispersersfrom the Florichpopulation, have been found in Long Dovesshortly thereafter--believed to be a total of no morethan 50 Island,New York, in 1996;Conneautville, Pennsylvania, in 1996 (P. birds.By themid-1980s, the specieswas very common on Andros, Hess,pers. comm.)--the same or a differentindividual reappearing in Abaco,Grand Bahama, Spanish Wells, Bimini, and several of theBerry 1999(North American Birds, this issue); Portland, Oregon, in 1998(H. Islands.An additionalpopulation was released on Abaco from Nassau Nehls,pers. comm.); and Ortonville,Minnesota, in 1998 (Eckert in the early1980s to relievehunting pressure on the nativeWhite- 1999)(Fig. 4c). The Eurasian Collared-Dove appears to befollowing CrownedPigeon ( leucocephala) (Smith 1987).Eurasian a patterndescribed as "jump" dispersal, where there is long distance Collared-Doveprobably arrived on Abaco by natural dispersal aswell. dispersalof individuals with the larger population gradually filling in Eurasian Collared-Dove is found on several other Caribbean thegap (Pielou 1979). This pattern is similarto thatobserved for the islands(Fig. 3). Firstnoted in Cubain 1990(Garrido & Kirkconnell spedesduring its invasion in Europe(Hudson 1972). 1990),it is nowcommon in thecity of Havanaand is foundon the Many of theseindividual doves--and populations in some GuanahacabibesPeninsula (Raffaele et at.1998). The species has been states--maybe the resultof a localintroduction. Some dove fanciers

350 NORTHAHEKICAN BIRDS EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE

Eurasian Collared-Dove Reports: 1986-1990

Figures4a, 4b, and4c. The explosivenature of Eura- sianCollared-Dove reports from 1986 to 1999 is readily apparent.All mappedsighting datawere carefullyresearched andverified; see "Notefrom the Authors"on p. 3SZ regardingsources and a cautionaryword on how best to interpretthe maps.

e•ßactual 1990 date unknowndue to confusionwith Ringed Turtle-Dove

Figure4a who own Eurasian Collared-Doves may confusethem with Ringed Turtle-Dovesor may not admit to others that they own Eurasian Collared-Doves.While conducting surveysto identifyindividuals who own Eurasian Collared-Doves, C. M. Romagosareceived several requestsasking for breedingstock. Smith(1987) had the same experi- encewhile researching captive sta- tus in the mid-1980s. Eurasian Collared-Doveis not aspopular in captivity as Ringed Turtle-Dove due to its aggressivenesstoward other birds and its wariness with humans. These traits have led to its release in several states (anon., ß previousreports pers.comm.). (See "Note from the Authors" below on the issue of Figure4b anonymity.)Populations in Cali- forniafirst appearing in Venturain 1992 (E Lehman in litt.) are a Eurasian Collared-Dove Reports: 1996-1999 result of doves that were released in the area (anon.,pers. comm.). The smallpopulation in KingCity, California,is alsoa locallyintro- ducedpopulation (H. Banks,. comm.). Individuals released in Braggadocio,Missouri, were ob- tained from an auction in Tennes- see(anon., pers. comm.). Bohlen (1998) suspectsthat the Strepto- Deliapopulation in Joliet,Illinois, originatedfrom released birds. The appearanceand eventualnesting of Eurasian Collared-Doves in Memphis,Tennessee, in the spring ß previousreports of 1994was thought to be from a releaseof captives(R. Knight,pets. Figure4c

VOLUHE53 (1999), ISSUE4 351 comm.).A populationin Houstonwas released in the mid-1990s(G, bagsand have been harvested in Georgia(G. W. Steele1998, website), Lasley,pets. comm.), and several other releases have occurred in Texas Missouri(J. H. Schulz,pers. comm.), Mississippi (R. D. Elmore,pets (anon.,pers. comm.), although the dovemay also have reached these comm.), and Texas(M. K. Skoruppa,pets. comm.). The larger areasby naturaldispersal from the southeast.Such releases obscure Collared-Dovemay become attractive to hunters,possibly reducing our understandingof the actualdispersal pattern of the species.The pressureon Mourningand White-winged (Zenaida asiatica) doves. potentialfor translocationof thespecies from Florida to otherplaces There is still much to learn about the status of the Euraslan in NorthAmerican could further confound the issue. C. M. Romagosa Collared-Dove in North America. More observation and research on currenfiyis usingmolecular teclmiques to identifypoint sourcesof breedinghabits, movements, and life history of thisspecies is sorely introduction in North America. neededbefore we can begin to understandwhat effects it mayhave on The breedingbiology of the EurasianCollared-Dove in North indigenousNorth American birdlife. Other introduced bird species-- Americais poorlyknown. Nesting is documentedin severalstates e.g., HouseSparrow (Passer domesticus) and EuropeanStarling includingCalifornia (K. Garrett,pets. comm.), Alabama (Drennen (Sturnusvulgaris)---have taken hold and become permanently estab- 1997), Colorado(M. Janos,pers. comm.), and Montana.Nesting lishedas a partof ouravifauna without our having fully documented occurredin Nebraskaless than a yearafter the speciesfirst appeared and studiedthe initial phasesof their expansion.With the Collared- there (Grzybowski1998). EurasianCollared-Doves can breed Dove,we nowhave an excellentand rareopportunity to identifyand throughoutthe year,and breedingwas recordedin Floridain monitora speciesnewly introduced into our during this December(McNair 1997). The incubationperiod documentedin tial phase.The phenomenonseems particularly intriguing since the Gulf Breeze,Florida, was 14 days, with fledgingafter 17 days (Rose & speciesseems to be spreadingso rapidlyover such a wide region, Rose1999). Given its historicrange expansion throughout Europe formingso manylocalized breeding populations, and potentially (Fisher1953, Hudson 1965) and itsrapid invasion of Florida(Smith affectingother related genera. Documentation of both indigenous 1987, Hengeveld1993, Romagosa& Labiskyin press)and the andnonindigenous dove demographics could provide valuable infor- Southeast,the Eurasian Collared-Dove probably will colonizemost of mationfor wildlifemanagers in theyears to come. NorthAmerica within the next few decades. Climatically warm areas andthe mid-continentalcereal production areas where grain spillage NOTE FROM THE AUTHORS is commonplacewill be especiallyvulnerable. Weobtained most of theinformation for the maps in thisarticle from publishedsources such as North American Birds (also Field Notes and CONCERNS AND PREDICTIONS AmericanBirds), rare bird alert postings on theinternet, and person- Asthis species spreads into habitats it had not previouslyoccupied in al communications with several individuals. Due to the massive North America,it may causeproblems for indigenousspecies. amount of accumulateddata and potentialreporting error from EurasianCollared-Dove may becomea potentialcompetitor with sources,some dates and locations may be inaccurate.Please contact MourningDove (Zenaida macroura) due to theirsimilar dietary and theauthors if younotice any errors; we would like to beas accurate as nestingrequirements. Kale (1984) observedthat Streptopeliaspp. possiblein our continuingresearch. There are very few verified seemedto be displacingthe MourningDove in localizedareas in recordsfrom Canada at thispoint, and none that we are aware of from southern Florida. Interactions observed between Eurasian Collared- Mexico.There have been various reports of EurasianCollared-Doves Dovesand MourningDoves have led manyto believethat Collared- closeto the Mexican border,and there is no reasonto believethat the Dovesmay be more aggressive.For example,Collared-Doves have doves have not crossed it. been observedchasing Mourning Dovesand other native bird There is an inherent bias with the flood of Eurasian Collared-Dove species--NorthernCardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis), Painted Bunt- reportsin thepast few years. With greaterpublic awareness, the num- ings(Passerina ciris), and Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata)--from feed- berof reportswill increase,giving the appearance of a suddendisper- ingstations in southeasternFlorida (Romagosa & Labiskyin press).It salof dovesto an area.This phenomenon was evident after a request shouldbe noted,however, that Mourning Doves have been seen chas- for informationon theEurasian Collared-Dove in Missouriwas post- ingEurasian Collared-Doves in the samemanner. Concern has arisen ed (Low1998). Readers must be awareof thispotential bias and view aboutthe apparentdecrease of MourningDoves where Eurasian the accompanyingmaps (Fig. 4) with thisin mind. Collared-Dovesare abundant, as in CedarKey, Florida (C. M. R.,pets. Because of the delicate issue of the source of Eurasian Collared- obs.,Stedmar/1998). Birdwatchers should be aware of potentialcom- Doveintroductions, several people asked to remainanonymous We petition,and MourningDove populationsshould be monitored respecttheir privacyand appreciatetheir willingnessto contribute whereEurasian Collared-Doves are present. importantinformation on the species. EurasianCollared-Doves are not withoutpredators in their New Worldrange. Their preference for suburbanareas and other human- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS associatedhabitats is linked to predationfrom domesticcats Thispaper was very much a collaborativeeffort, and we are greatly indebted to (Coombset al. 1981, C.M.R., pets. obs.).Collared-Doves are also all thathave contributed. We would like to thankall stateand provincial bird becominga popularprey item for raptors.Cooper's (Accipiter recordcommittees for respondingto our questionnaireregarding Euras]an cooperi)(C. M.R., pers.obs., B. Anderson,pers. comm.), Sharp- Collared-Doveverification and distribution.In the fewinstances where ques- ShinnedHawks (Accipiterstriatus) (H. Banks,pets. comm.), and tionnaireswere not returned,we tookthe libertyto seekadvice from other stateexperts. Due to spacelimitations, we cannot thank everyone individually Short-TailedHawks ( brachyurus) (Ogden 1992) have all prof- whohas assisted in thisundertaking over the last two years. We thank you for itedfrom the increasednumber of easyprey. Remains of a Eurasian allyour assistance and hope you enjoy the fruits of thisgroup effort. For their Collared-Dovewere discovered in a BurrowingOwl (Athenecunicu- considerablehelp and expertise we thank:P. Baicich, H. Banks,H. D. Bohlen, laria) burrow in Florida (P. Bowen,pers. comm.). The Eurasian 1.Dinsmore, R. D. Elmore,J. Frank, T. H. Kent,A. Kratter,G. Lasley,N. Moore, H. Nehls,M. Parker,1. Pire, 1. H. Schulz,P. Springer, H. T.Taylor, M. Tempel,S Collared-Doveincrease may be a blessingto nativehawks in subur- Williams,and 1. D. Wilson.T. Schiefercompiled Eurasian Collared-Dove sight- banand rural/agricultural settings. ingsthrough 1996 and was kind enoughto sendthese to C. M. R. via emafi EurasianCollared-Doves have also found their way into hunters' We would also like to thank D. Roberson,D.W. Steadman,T. Will, M

352 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE

Williams,and the editors of NorthAmerican Birds for assistingus in theprepa- Raffaele,H., J.Wiley, O. Garrido,A. Keith,and J. Raffaele. 1998. A Guideto the rationof thismanuscript. C.M.R. would like to thankR. E Labiskyfor contin- Birdsof theWest Indies. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. uingadvice on this project. Lastly, we would like to thankP. W. Smithfor his Robertson,H. A. 1990.Breeding of collareddoves Streptopelia decaocto in rural commentsand for initiallyintroducing North Americanbirdwatchers to Oxfordshire,England. Bird Study 37: 73-83. Euraslan Collared-Doves. Romagosa,C. M., andR. E Labisky.In press.The establishment and dispersal of theEurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) in Florida.Journal of LITERATURE CITED FieldOrnithology. Rose,R. E., andM. C. Rose.1999. Observations of nestingEurasian Collared- Barre,N., P.Feldmann, G. Tayalay,P.Roc, M. Anselme,and P. W. Smith.1996. Doves(Streptopelia decaocto) in GulfBreeze, Florida. Alabama Birdlife 45 Statusof the EurasianCollared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) in the French (1): 1-3. Antilles. E1Pitirre 9 (3): 2-3. Smith, P. W. 1987. The EurasianCollared-Dove arrives in the Americas. Blackshaw,S. H. 1988.Identifying the EurasianCollared-Dove. Birding 20: American Birds 41: 1370-1379. 311-312. Smith,P. W., and H. W. Kale,n. 1986.Eurasian Collared-Doves collected in Bohlen,H. D. 1998.A newdove colonizing Illinois. Living Museum 59: 6-7. Florida. Florida Field Naturalist 14: 104-107. Coorobs,C. E B., A. J. Isaacson,R. K. Murton, R. J.P. Thearle, and N.J. Smith, P.W. 1995.The EurasianCollared-Dove reaches the LesserAntilles. El Westwood.1981. Collared doves (Streptopelia decqocto) in urban habitats. Pitirre 8(3): 3. Journalof Applied Ecology 18: 41-62. Snow,D., and C. Perrins.1998. The Birdsof the WesternPaleartic. Concise Cramp,S., ed. 1985.Terns to Woodpeckers.The Handbookof the Birdsof Edition,vol. 1. OxfordUniversity Press, New York. Europe,the MiddleEast and North :The Birdsof the Western Stedman,S. 1998. Changing seasons: The nesting season. North American Birds Palearctic,vol. 4. OxfordUniversity Press, New York. 52 (4): 424-426. DeBenedictis,P. 1994. RingedTurtle-Dove vs. EurasianCollared-Dove: Stevenson,H. M., andB. H. Anderson.1994. The Birdlife of Florida. University ABAnswers.Birding26: 133. Pressof Florida, Gainesville. Del Hoyo,J., A. Elliot,and J. Sargatal,eds. 1997. to . Vanrie,C. 1961.Systematic notes on Palearcticbirds, no. 49, :The Handbookof the Birdsof the World,vol. 4. LynxEdicions, Barcelona, genusStreptopelia. American Museum Novitates 2058: 1-25. Spain. Voous,K. H. 1960.Atlas of European Birds. Nelson and Son, London. Drennen,D. J.1997. Nesting of EurasianCollared-Doves (Streptopelia decaoc- White, A. W. 1986.Collared-Dove: The next new North Americanspecies? to)in BarbourCounty, Alabama. Alabama Birdlife 43 (1): 1-7. Birding18 (3): 150-152. Eckert,K. R. 1999.A first staterecord EurasianCollared-Dove. The Loon70 (4) 199-200. Fisher,J. 1953. The collaredturtle dove in Europe.British Birds 5: 153-181. --Received22 March1999, accepted 9 November 1999 Francis,J. 1996.The EurasianCollared-Dove on Nevis.E1Pitirre 9 (3): 4. Garrldo,O. H., and A. Kirkconnell.1990. La T6rtola Streptopeliadecaocto (Aves:Columbidae) en Cuba.El Pitirre3 (4): 2. Goodwin,D. 1967. Pigeonsand Dovesof the World.Grosvenor Press, Portsmouth,United Kingdom. Goodwin,D. 1973.The buff varietyof the Collared-Dove.British Birds 66: CORRIGENDUM:Lawry Sager's name was misspelledin the credit 373-376. for his WoodThrush photograph in PictorialHighlights on page Goodwin,D. 1983.Pigeons and Doves of the World, 3d ed.Cornell University Press,Ithaca, New York. 344, SpringMigration, Volume 53, No. 3, 1999. Green,C. 1977.The exoticbirds of New Providence.The Bahamas Naturalist 2 (2) 11-16. Grzybowski,J. A. 1998.The springmigration: Southern GreatPlains region. Field Notes 52 (3): 352 Hengeveld,R. 1989. Dynamicsof BiologicalInvasions. Y'all come on down and join us for Chapmanand Hall, London. Hengeveld,R. 1993.What to do aboutthe North American invasionby the collared-dove.Journal of Field Ornithology64: 477-489. Holmes, J. 1992. First documentedrecord of Eurasian Theõreat Texas Birding Classic Collared-Dove(Streptopelia decaocto) for Alabama. AlabamaBirdlife 39 (2): 1-2. "It's the biggest,longest and wildest birdwatching Hudson,R. 1965.The spread of thecollared dove in Britain tournament in the U.S." and Ireland. British Birds 58: 105-139. Hudson,R. 1972.Collared doves in Britainand Irelanddur- ing 1965-1972.British Birds 65: 139-155. Kale,H. W., n. 1984.The springmigration: March 1-May 31 1984. American Birds 38: 901. Experiencethe challenge, the adventure and Long,J. L. 1981.Introduced Birds of the World.Universe wingreat prizes! Enjoy Texas hospitality Books,New York. andparticipate in communitybirding field Lockhart,B.1997. Ringneck dove colors. Self published. tripswhile promoting conservation. Low,J 1998.Bird experts need your help finding new doves. M•ssouri Conservationist 59: 30. Mayr,E. 1950.Speciation in birds.Pp. 91-131 in Proceedings April 7 - 16, 2000 ofthe Xth International Ornithological Congress, Uppsala. Mayr, E. 1965.The natureof' colonizationsin birds.Pp. 29-47 in H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins, eds. The Geneticsof ColonizingSpecies. Academic Press, New York. McNalr, D. B. 1997. Earlywinter breedingrecord of the Eurasian Collared-Dove in northern Florida. Florida F•eld Naturalist 25: 22-23. Ogden,J. C. 1992.The winter season:Florida region. American Birds 46: 225-257. Plelou,E. C. 1979.Biogeography. John Wiley & Sons,New York.

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