Eurasian Collared-Dove in North America and the Caribbean Dove (Streptopelia'risoria') as well as new informationon distribution,range expan- sion,and future projectionsfor the Eurasian Collared-Dove as it becomes established in North America and the Caribbean. RINGED TURTLE-DOVE The Ringed Turtle-Dove (S. 'risoria')•or BarbaryDove as it is knownthroughout Europe--is a domesticated form of the African Collared-Dove (S. roseogrisea) (Goodwin1967). The singlequotes around the specificepithet indicatethat many authors do not consider it to be a valid speciesdue to years of domesticationand captiverearing (Goodwin 1967). It is very popularamong dove fanciers and is bredto produce various color varieties.The most commonlyseen variety is the cream-colored blonde.Other varietiesindude rosy, fawn, tangerine,pure white, and several pied forms (Lockhart1997). In recentyears, backcross- ing with wild S. roseogriseahas resulted in a "wild"color variety (Goodwin 1983) which is similarto the parentAfrican Collared-Dove and most closelyresembles the Eurasian Eurasian(ollared-Dove in the DryTortugas: spring 1999. Photograph/AndrewW. Kratter Collared-Dove.The RingedTurtle-Dove is frequentlyfound around the world in a feral or semi-feral condition, but coloniesseldom CHRISTINA H. ROHAGOSA* prosperunless they are fed by humans and the poptdation is aug- and TERRYHcENEANEY mentedby additionalrelease. RESOLVING IDENTIFICATION DIFFERENCES nFloridathe mid-1980s,was identified apopulation as the Eurasian ofStreptopelia Collared-Dove doves(Streptopeliainsouthern The Ringed Turtle-Dove can be confusedwith EurasianCollared- decaoctoFrivaldszky) (Smith & Kale1986, White 1986). Birdwatchers Dove,and extreme care must be takento separatethe two species. are now witnessingthe expansionof this speciesacross the North Complicatingthe matter further,hybrids have been found in St. Americancontinent and the CaribbeanIslands. Sightings at new Petersburg,Florida (DeBenedictis1994, Smith 1987), and Joliet, locationsare reported monthly as the range of theEurasian Collared- Illinois(Bohlen 1998) and alsooccur in captivity(J. Pire and M. Doveexpands as a resultof eithernatural dispersal or localrelease. Pierce,pers. comm.). Buff-colored, pied, and tangerine varieties of Thisarfide picks up whereE WilliamSmith (1987) left off when the EurasianCollared-Dove have been recorded (Goodwin 1973, J. hefirst introduced the North American birdwatching community to Pire,pers. comm.), and cream-coloredindividuals were observed in theEurasian Collared-Dove. Its purposeis to presentthe most cur- southFlorida (Smith 1987) and in Guadeloupe(Barre et al. 1996). rentinformation on identification problems with the Ringed Turtle- Explainingthe visualdifferences between Ringed Turtle-Doves * OepartmentofWildlife Ecology and Conservation. P.O.Box 110430, University ofFlorida, and EurasianCollared-Doves is difficult due to the subtletiesof dove Gainesville,Florida 32611-0430 ([email protected]) colorationand the tremendous variation now found within Ringed 1'Bird Management Biologist, RQBox 168, Yellowstone Nalional Park, Wyoming 82190 Turtle-Doves(Smith 1987). Body shading can appear differently 348 NORTHAIdERICAN BIRDS dependingon light and varies with season,age, and sex. Smith (1987), Blackshaw(1988), and DeBenedictis(1994) provide im- portantfield marks that should Figure1. ThisEurasian be consideredwhen makingan • Collared-Dove identification(Table l). Those was photographed in March lgg8 features marked with an asterisk on CedarKey, Florida. in Table I are the most reliable; Notethe grayishcoloration however,a holisticapproach to on the undertail coverts identification is recommended in and especiallythe black the field. extendingdistally Hybridsoften have a blendof alongthe outertail feather. This extension creates a 'W' the features describedin Table 1. or 'M' patternwhich is fairly In Denmark,hybrids of the two conspicuousaod diagnostic. specieswere smaller and paler Photograph/Christina than Eurasian Collared-Dove RomaRosa and lacked the full extent of black on the narrow outer web of the rectrices(Fisher 1953)--a feature defining Ringed Turtle-Doves and L • hybrids(Figs. 1 and2). A convolutedvocalization syntax can also result.Hybrids tend not to retainthe typical three-note call of a pure EurasianCollared-Dove; rather, the call is a combinationof that of thetwo species (J. Pire, pers. comm.). Even if a hybriddoes have a three-notecall, it apparentlycannot produce the three-note call more thenone time in succession:on the secondtry, the hybridgives the call combinationderived from its two differentparents. The com- binedvocalization is variable;not all hybridsexhibit the samecom- bination.New Streptopelia populations should be examined careful- lybefore hybridization occurs and further complicates identification. EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVE: FigureZ. Undertailpattern of RingedTurtle-Dove (left) NATIVE AND EURASIAN RANGE EXPANSION andEurasian Collared-Dove (right). RingedTurtle-Doves have In itsOld World range, the history of EurasianCollared-Dove iscom- whitish undertailcoverts and showless blackon the rectrices; plicated.The species isbelieved to benative to India,Sri Lanka, and the black does not extend to the outer web of the outer rectrix. Myanmar(dd Hoyo et al. 1997), where it remaineduntil it expandedEurasian Collared-Doves have gray undertail coverts, and the blackon the rectricesextends to the outer edge intoTurkey and the Balkans in the16th century either by natural dis- of the outerrectrix. The degree to whichthe blackextends distally persalor by humanintroduction (Voous 1%0, Long 198l). In the on the outer tail feather of Collared-Dovesvaries from individual early 1900s,Eurasian Collared-Dove began its impressiverange to individual,but the patteroof distalextension relative expansionacross Europe, colonizing Yugoslavia in 1912, Hungary in to that of the innerrectrices is a diagnosticcharacter. 1930,Germany in 1945,Norway in 1954,Britain in 1955(a previous Hybridstend to havea patternsimilar to that reportwas of questionableorigin), and Spain in 1974(Fisher 1953, of the RingedTurtle-Dove. delHoyo et at. 1998).It waspossibly introduced to northernChina and Korea from India (Goodwin 1967)--althoughit could have TABLE I. DIFFERENCES BETVVEEN EURASIAN COLLARED-DOVES arrivednaturally from western China (Vaurie 1%l)--and to Japan AND RINGED TURTLE-DOVES from Chinain the 18thor 19thcentury (Fisher 1953, Voous 1%0, (The mostimportant characteristics are markedwith an asterisk.) Goodwin1%7). Its successfulexpansion has been attributed to a Eurasian Collared-Dove R,ngedf 9•!.esD?e changein a favorablegene (Mayr 195 l), ameliorationof habitat, and three-note kuk-kooo-kook •-n-nnle kooeek-krrroooo(aw) the expansionof cultivation(Mayr 1965). harshmew given in flight softjeering laugh •'Call nr whilealil•hling EurasianCollared-Dove exhibited remarkable population growth Color palesandy brown, with buff,v gray neck •anabJc, olten creamier in Britain--from 4 birds in 1955 to about 19,000 in 1964 (Hudson andhead tinged wi! h pink;traderpar ts andlacking gray and pink Iones 1%5). Currentpopulation estimates of EurasianCollared-Doves in brnwnish-gray areasof theWestern Palearctic are overwhelming: about 518,000 pairs JWings•primariesdarker than rcsl of wing: prin-•aricsoflennotmuch darkel' than three-tonedwinl• rt•t of wing; in Germanyin the mid-1980s;200,000 pairs in Britainduring pr madesvery dark, gray "wrists" wingusually two-tnned: 1989-1991;and 100,000 to onemillion pairs in Turkeyin 1998(Snow brm,afishupper-wing coverts *rin• darkerthan res! of wing underside ofnuter web of outer underside of outer web of outer rectrix & Perrins 1998). *Tail rectrixblack at base,with outerblack white;black on reelricesdoes not The dovedispersed into all habitableareas and began breeding marginsextending distally cxleud farther than undertail coverts shortlyafter its arrival. Breeding was documented in Britain, Norway, to fnrm a shallnw whitish Sweden,and Francewithin two years(Fisher 1953, Hudson 1965, Vent gray S•ze muchlarger than Mournmg I )ove usuallyo•fi y sornewbatlarger Snow& Perrins1998). The Collared-Dovecan breed throughout the th,mMourning D•ve_ _ VOLUME53 (1999), ISSUE 4 349 GrandBahama Abaco reported from the Cayman Islandsand may be found on BerryIs[•--'• Eleuthra other islands in the Greater BiminJ.. -.. ß Antilles--whereit mayperhaps Andros• • <•,• be misidentifiedas Ringed Cuba • New Turtle-Dove. The Lesser Antill- • • Prov•deqce ean populations likely were derived from an introduction into Guadeloupein 1976 (Barre et at. 1996).About 30 yearsago, an individualpurchased several pairs of Eurasian Collared- CaymanIslan•s• •--••-• Nevis Dovesin Parisand brought them ß .Antigua to Guadeloupe.Approximately Montserrat. 20 birds were released in 1976 Guadeloupe- • Dominica -- when a nearbyvolcano threat- Martinique*- enedto erupt.The populations found in Montserrat in 1990 (JamesDaley, pers. comm.), Eurasian Collared-Dove D Dominicain 1987(Smith 1995), St. Kitts and Nevis in 1995 Streptopeliadecaocto (Francis1996), and Martinique in 1994(Barre et at. 1996)may Figure3. Currentdistribution of EurasianCollared-Dove havecome from the Guadeloupe in the Caribbean. Arrows indicate islands with known introductions,although the possibilityof additionalintroductions populations. cannot be ruled out. It is generallyassumed that theFlorida population of Eurasian yearin mostof Europeby feeding on predictable and persistent sup- Collared-Dovesarose from individualsthat dispersedfrom the pliesof