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Intensidad De La Señal Climática Y Eficiencia Del Uso Del Agua

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Intensidad De La Señal Climática Y Eficiencia Del Uso Del Agua TESIS DE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS BIOLÓGICAS “Intensidad de la señal climática y eficiencia del uso del agua expresada por los anillos de crecimiento de Araucaria araucana en relación con la edad de los árboles en bosques mésicos del norte de Patagonia” Por Ing. Julieta Gabriela Arco Molina Director: Dr. Fidel Alejandro Roig Codirector: Ing. José Armando Boninsegna Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET – Mendoza FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS EXACTAS, FÍSICAS Y NATURALES UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA Córdoba, Argentina 2018 Intensidad de la señal climática y Eficiencia del Uso del Agua de anillos de A. araucana según la edad COMISIÓN EVALUADORA Dr. Daniel Renison. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, CONICET – Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Dra. Mariana Brea. Laboratorio de Paleobotánica, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción, CONICET – Entre Ríos. Dr. Mariano Morales. Laboratorio de Dendrocronología, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, CCT CONICET – Mendoza. DEFENSA ORAL Y PÚBLICA Lugar y fecha: Calificación: TRIBUNAL Firma: ………………………… Aclaración: ………………………… Firma: ………………………… Aclaración: ………………………… Firma: ………………………… Aclaración: ………………………… [ii] Intensidad de la señal climática y Eficiencia del Uso del Agua de anillos de A. araucana según la edad Dedicatoria A mis cuatro Seres de Luz… [iii] Intensidad de la señal climática y Eficiencia del Uso del Agua de anillos de A. araucana según la edad Agradecimientos A mi director, Fidel A. Roig, por haberme brindado la oportunidad de continuar con mi formación académica, por haberme orientado, guiado y enseñado a través del camino del estudio y la investigación con gran solidaridad y bondad. Por seguir brindándome nuevas oportunidades de crecimiento profesional y personal. A mi codirector Pepe Boninsegna, por su generosidad al aceptar dirigir mi Tesis, por disponer siempre de tiempo y dedicación para leer y revisar mi trabajo. A Gerhard Helle, por su generosidad y amabilidad al recibirme en su laboratorio, por su tiempo para enseñarme y por brindarme todas las facilidades para realizar parte de mi trabajo doctoral. A los miembros de la Comisión Asesora, Mariano Morales y Daniel Renison, por sus valiosos aportes y sugerencias que a lo largo de todo el desarrollo de la Tesis enriquecieron tanto mi trabajo como mi formación. A los miembros de la Comisión de Evaluación, Mariana Brea, Mariano Morales y Daniel Renison, por su tiempo y dedicación para leer y revisar la Tesis, por las sugerencias aportadas para mejorar el trabajo realizado. Al personal del Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, por la excelente atención que siempre me brindaron, por su buena predisposición y por colaborar para que todo fuera más fácil. A mis compañeros de campaña y de trabajo, Martín Hadad, Fede González, Sofía Papú, Quique Barros, Caro Moreno, Tassio Trevizor, Sergio Piraino, por las lindas horas de trabajo y los mates compartidos, por su colaboración en los muestreos y trabajo de campo. A Martín Hadad, por su ayuda y colaboración en diversas etapas de la Tesis y por haberme enseñado el camino de la Dendrocronología. A Rafael Bottero, por su ayuda incondicional en el procesamiento de imágenes, y a Daniel Patón Domínguez y Vladimir Matskovsky por su ayuda en el tratamiento de datos. A todos mis compañeros del Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), especialmente a mis compañeros del Laboratorio de [iv] Intensidad de la señal climática y Eficiencia del Uso del Agua de anillos de A. araucana según la edad Dendrocronología, por su compañía, por la ayuda brindada en todo momento y por tener siempre un mate para compartir. A todos mis compañeros del Dendro Laboratory de Potsdam, por recibirme con gran amabilidad y cariño, por hacerme parte de su grupo, por brindarme siempre ayuda y por los lindos momentos compartidos durante los meses de trabajo. Al Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y al Servicio de Intercambio Alemán (DAAD), por las becas de investigación otorgadas para realizar el doctorado. Al Laboratorio de Dendrocronología del IANIGLA y al Dendro Laboratory, Section 5.2 Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution del German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam (GFZ), por brindarme los lugares de trabajo para el desarrollo de la Tesis y los insumos y herramientas necesarios. A la Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica, por el financiamiento otorgado a través del proyecto PICT-Bicentenario 2010-2679. Al personal de la Administración de Parques Nacionales y de la Corporación Interestadual Pulmarí, y a las comunidades mapuches de Neuquén, por autorizar el acceso a los sitios de estudio y a la toma de muestras y por gentilmente ofrecer su colaboración. A mis amigos del trabajo, los autodenominados Cachivachez, por todos los lindos momentos y las risas compartidos, por sus locas charlas y debates, por su alegría de siempre. A mis amigos de la vida, Nuria, Jorge, Dani, Fer, Gabi, Juli, Mili, por estar siempre, por compartir sus caminos conmigo. A mis primos, tíos, abuelos y papá, por su cariño y apoyo incondicional. A Carlos, por su bondad y solidaridad, por ofrecerme todo su cariño abiertamente. A Mariano, por haber sido mi compañero de vida durante los últimos años, por incentivarme siempre a más, por valorarme y confiar en mí. A mi mamá y mis hermanas, los seres más maravillosos que conozco, por existir en mi vida y hacer que todo sea más simple. A Tita, por enserñarme el verdadero valor de la Vida. [v] Intensidad de la señal climática y Eficiencia del Uso del Agua de anillos de A. araucana según la edad Índice ABREVIATURAS ............................................................................................................... 1 RESUMEN ........................................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... 7 CAPÍTULO I: INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL .............................................................. 11 1.1 INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL ................................................................................. 11 1.1.1 El cambio climático y sus efectos sobre los ecosistemas ................................... 11 1.1.2 Los bosques y su importancia a nivel global ..................................................... 13 1.1.3 Dendrocronología e isótopos estables como herramientas de estudio .............. 16 1.1.4 Fisiografía y bosques del norte de Patagonia andina ....................................... 18 1.1.4.1 Los bosques de Araucaria araucana........................................................... 20 1.2 HIPÓTESIS ............................................................................................................... 23 1.3 OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................................. 24 1.3.1 Objetivo general ................................................................................................. 24 1.3.2 Objetivos específicos .......................................................................................... 24 1.4 ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA TESIS ............................................................................. 25 1.5 DISEÑO DE MUESTREO GENERAL DE LA TESIS ............................................. 26 CAPÍTULO II: CRECIMIENTO RADIAL DE A. ARAUCANA SEGÚN SITIO, CLASE DE EDAD Y SEXO ............................................................................................. 29 2.1 INTRODUCCIÓN .................................................................................................... 29 2.1.1 Estructura y dinámica de los bosques ................................................................ 29 2.1.2 Factores de influencia en el crecimiento ........................................................... 30 2.2 OBJETIVOS .............................................................................................................. 34 2.2.1 Objetivo general ................................................................................................. 34 2.2.2 Objetivos específicos .......................................................................................... 34 2.3 MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS .................................................................................. 35 2.3.1 Selección de sitios y muestreo ............................................................................ 35 2.3.2 Trabajo de laboratorio ....................................................................................... 38 2.3.2.1 Preparación de muestras para análisis dendrocronológico ....................... 38 2.3.2.2 Datación de los anillos de crecimiento y co-fechado ................................. 39 2.3.2.3 Medición del ancho de los anillos de crecimiento ...................................... 39 2.3.3 Cálculo de edad y determinación de clases de edad.......................................... 39 2.3.4 Construcción de cronologías ............................................................................. 42 [vi] Intensidad de la señal climática y Eficiencia del Uso del Agua de anillos de A. araucana según la edad 2.3.4.1 Cronologías de índice de ancho de anillo................................................... 42 2.3.4.2
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