1St International Conference on NMR Microscopy Heidelberg, September 15- 19, 1991

1st International Conference on NMR Microscopy Heidelberg, September 15- 19, 1991

Welcome to the 1st International Conference on NMR Microscopy in Heidelberg. Essential features of this conference are:

• Registration and conference activities take place at the Max-Planck-Haus, 6900 Heidelberg, Berliner Str. 10 (300 m North of the Ernst-Walz bridge across the Neckar river).

• The registration desk is open during the entire conference: Sun.: 16.00 - 20.00 o'clock, Mon.- Wed.: 9.00- 18.00 o-clock, Thurs.: 8.30- 13.00 o'clock.

• The posters are on display during the entire length of the conference. There is an informal poster viewing on Sunday evening from 20.00 to 22.00 o'clock.

• A welcoming cocktail party is given on Sunday from 19.00 to 20.00 o'clock in the mensa of the Max-Planck-Haus.

• Companies will exhibit their products in the Max-Planck-Haus during the meeting.

• The financial support of the vendors and industrial companies is gratefully acknowledged. It enables the participation of many students and colleagues from former east block countfies in this conference.

W. Kuhn and B. Blümich

to to

like like

on on

Medizin-

would would

Heidelberg Heidelberg

Hauptabteilung Hauptabteilung

Microscopy Microscopy

Conference Conference

Bonn Bonn

Mainz Mainz

D-6900 D-6900

NMR NMR

Rheinstetten Rheinstetten

on on

D-5300 D-5300

D-6500 D-6500

Prüfverfahren, Prüfverfahren,

D-7512 D-7512

Forschung, Forschung,

2 2

Geelen Geelen

Microscopy Microscopy

Ingelheim Ingelheim

(DFG), (DFG),

Conference Conference

USA USA

GmbH, GmbH,

support support

MD MD

International International

Aachen Aachen

Wiesbaden Wiesbaden

D-6507 D-6507

their their

NMR NMR

Kingdom Kingdom

1st 1st

Collins, Collins,

Medizinische Medizinische

Zerstörungsfreie Zerstörungsfreie

Darmstadt Darmstadt

Polymerforschung, Polymerforschung,

KG, KG,

Frankfurt-Höchst Frankfurt-Höchst

D-5100 D-5100

NL-6160 NL-6160

Columbia, Columbia,

D-6200 D-6200

für für

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Fort Fort

Ingbert Ingbert

Meßtechnik Meßtechnik

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United United

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Inc., Inc.,

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B.V., B.V.,

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of of

sponsors for for sponsors

D-6230 D-6230

& &

the the

Ingelheim Ingelheim

of of

Forschungsgemeinschaft Forschungsgemeinschaft

AG, AG,

D-6670 D-6670

Instruments, Instruments,

D-6700 D-6700

Analytische Analytische

GmbH, GmbH,

Guildford, Guildford,

Research Research

Scientific, Scientific,

following following

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Hoechst Hoechst

BASF, BASF,

Chemagnetics Chemagnetics

Wemhöhner Wemhöhner

Boehringer Boehringer

DSM DSM

Oxford Oxford

Doty Doty

SMIS, SMIS,

the the

Max-Planck-Institut Max-Planck-Institut

Max-Plack-Institut Max-Plack-Institut

Fraunhofer-Institut Fraunhofer-Institut

technik, technik,

Broker Broker

Deutsche Deutsche

V V

organizers organizers

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27 27

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WORKS? WORKS?

surface surface

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projections projections

experiments experiments

of of

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methods methods

described. described.

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a a

is is

via via

of of

various various

IT IT

parameters: parameters:

sample sample

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techniques techniques

mechanical mechanical

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these these

HOW HOW

pictures pictures

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methodology methodology

topology topology magnetic magnetic

along along

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Moscow, Moscow,

sequence, sequence,

B B

universal universal

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studied. studied.

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of of

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method method

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3D 3D

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RESULTS RESULTS

signals signals

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This This

Each Each

moving moving

pictures pictures at at

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

be be

been been

superconducting superconducting gradients gradients

corresponding corresponding

Institute Institute

117977 117977

ABSTRACT ABSTRACT

STRAFI: STRAFI: A.A.Samoilenko A.A.Samoilenko

. .

is is

nuclei. nuclei.

Report, Report,

materials materials

proposed proposed

Lett Lett

quality quality

in in

the the

pp.40-41 pp.40-41

Sov.Polym.J., Sov.Polym.J.,

Bruker Bruker

JETP JETP

high high

magnetic magnetic

of of

pp.92-93. pp.92-93.

experiments experiments

Vol.1, Vol.1,

of of

1990, 1990,

applications applications

producing producing

containing containing

Report, Report,

for for

developments developments

A.L.Iordansky, A.L.Iordansky,

L.A.Sibe1dina, L.A.Sibe1dina,

L.A.Sibeldina, L.A.Sibeldina,

arrangement arrangement

discussed. discussed.

and and

Stuttgart Stuttgart

and and

possible possible

tool tool

samples samples

Bruker Bruker

future future

of of

are are

28 28

and and

solid solid

Ampere, Ampere,

K.Zick, K.Zick,

of of

universal universal

mechanical mechanical

variety variety

science science

(1987). (1987).

D.Yu.Artemov D.Yu.Artemov

an an

and and

A.A.Samoi1enko A.A.Samoi1enko

2473-2476. 2473-2476.

is is

wide wide

Congress Congress

images images

a a

applications applications

12, 12,

25 25

material material

(1988). (1988).

by by

N N

pp.30-31 pp.30-31

complicated complicated

of of

in in

method method

348 348

resolution resolution

This This

Possible Possible

(1990). (1990).

D.Yu.Artemov, D.Yu.Artemov,

AXXXI, AXXXI,

Proc. Proc.

A.A.Samoilenko A.A.Samoilenko

Vol.2, Vol.2,

A.A.Samoilenko, A.A.Samoilenko,

.!Z_, .!Z_,

/5/ /5/

/4/ /4/

/3/ /3/

/2/ /2/

/1/ /1/

REFERENCES REFERENCES

research. research.

compensated compensated

Relatively Relatively

high high

CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS technique technique

a a

the the

for for

is is

and and

been been

along along

is is

above above

object object

with with

(of (of

through through

vertical vertical

"pseudo "pseudo

t:2 t:2

coil coil

one one

used used

direction direction

a a

the the

coil coil

the the

have have

is is

the the

consecutive consecutive

of of

It It

other other

of of

after after

coils coils

shaped shaped

direction direction

domain domain

two two

advantage advantage

shaped shaped

vertical vertical

tl; tl;

discussed discussed

Y Y

probe probe

The The

chernically chernically shifted

Mhz). Mhz).

Z Z

two two

rotation rotation

time time

be be

the the

time time

saddle saddle

of of

The The

the the

200 200

two two

saddle saddle

a a

further further

90° 90°

in in

between between

at at

will will

in in investigation. investigation.

the the

a a

of of

A A

the the

for for

second second

purposes. purposes.

of of

coil coil

gradients. gradients.

by by

means means

transformation transformation

of of

cedex cedex

a a

under under

I I

by by

sequence. sequence.

in in

axis axis

window window

mode. mode.

method method

operates operates

images images

applied applied

ancy ancy

ficld ficld

detection detection

shaped shaped

Canet Canet

N N

the the

Fourier Fourier

the the

RMN RMN

obtained obtained

detection detection

object object

Nancy Nancy

D. D.

to to

objects objects

les les

of of

slice slice

239 239

are are

sampled sampled

de de

the the

for for

sequence. sequence.

a a

and and

saddle saddle

29 29

detection detection

gradient gradient

detection detection

is is

double double

France France

inhomogeneity inhomogeneity

a a

B.P. B.P. small small

that that

rf rf

1 1

and and

Method. Method.

a a

spectrometer spectrometer

experiment, experiment,

a a

B B

across across

pulse pulse appropiate

interest interest

by by

Maffei Maffei

andoeuvre andoeuvre

data data

by by

the the

Lab. Lab.

the the

an an

Universite Universite

V V

classical classical

allowing allowing

P. P.

the the

selectivity selectivity

pulses pulses

direction direction

perpendicular perpendicular

radio-frequency radio-frequency

particular particular

imaging imaging

on on

single single

including including

X X

the the

is is

case, case,

a a

NMR NMR

gradient gradient

and and

hy hy

for for

is is

labeled labeled

54506 54506 within within

this this

obtained obtained

rf rf

the the

axis axis

based based

from from

coil coil

is is

first first

procedure procedure pulses, pulses,

then then

present present

from from

It It

is is

linear linear

DANTE-like DANTE-like

the the

a a

first first

whose whose

are are

the the

homogeneous homogeneous

rotation rotation

a a

result result

hnaging hnaging

assembly) assembly)

procedures procedures

arise arise

of of

performance performance

(in (in

The The

coil coil

90° 90°

gradient gradient

frame) frame) separate, separate,

coil coil

rf rf

examples. examples.

to to

Images Images

described. described.

The The

Finally, Finally,

Images Images

Novel Novel

produces produces

employs employs

the the

which which

of of

be be

creation creation

of of

and and

several several will will

spec1es. spec1es.

ability ability

Z Z

pulses. pulses.

train train

laboratory laboratory mentioned mentioned

fids" fids" (or (or

which which

the the singleturn singleturn

cryomagnet cryomagnet developed. developed.

state state

very very

imaging imaging

of of

spinning spinning

solid solid

use use

angle angle

spinning spinning

large large

the the from

angle angle

magic magic

combination combination

the the from

the the

vary vary

with with

magic magic

on on

Bijl Bijl

· ·

G. G.

suffers suffers

techniques. techniques.

with with

work work

problern problern

Nijmegen Nijmegen

imaging imaging

and and

Nijmegen Nijmegen

of of

Chemistry Chemistry

excitation. excitation.

this this

imaging imaging

recent recent

ED ED

30 30

Netherlands Netherlands

narrowing narrowing

combine combine

Veeman Veeman

combination combination

with with

state state

6525 6525

to to

Physical Physical

selective selective

line line

in in

University University

overcome overcome

W.S. W.S.

solid solid

and and

to to

in in

efforts efforts

together together

various various

imaging imaging

to to

spinning spinning

Solutions Solutions

state state

fields fields

resolution resolution

reviewed, reviewed,

angle angle

be be

Solid Solid

the the

presentations presentations our

will will

linewidth. linewidth.

gradient gradient

magic magic

this this

general general

with with

Abstract. Abstract.

NMR NMR

In In

large large In In

a a

of of

A-

of of

and and

this this

also also

into into

hard-

Sßpa-

time. time.

(1) (1)

and and

micro-

be be

of of

transi-

radicals radicals

to to

the the

or or

extracted extracted

on on

chronolog-

increased. increased.

as as

long long

materials. materials.

can can

CT-NMR(MRI) CT-NMR(MRI)

a a

paramagnetic paramagnetic

insight insight

a a

Faculty. Faculty.

is is

enzymatic enzymatic

of of

Both Both

as· as·

as as

of of

field field

imaged imaged

such such human human

based based

in in

residents residents

Japan Japan

the the

effect effect

(applications) (applications)

Pyrolitic Pyrolitic

be be

of of

is is

ESR ESR

development development

.. ..

provides provides

of of

560, 560,

grawn grawn

can can

natures natures

magnetic magnetic

Science, Science,

resolution resolution

clarify clarify

Chernobyl Chernobyl

future future

impuri~ies impuri~ies

microscope. microscope.

imaged imaged

Osaka Osaka

radiatiGn radiatiGn

dosimetry dosimetry

softwares softwares

the the

concentration concentration

of of

M~CROSCOPpS M~CROSCOPpS

microscopy microscopy

high high the the

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33 33

biological biological

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polarization polarization

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resonance resonance

coupling coupling 330 330

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short short

pole pole

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contrary, contrary,

equilibrium equilibrium

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polarization polarization

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aqueous aqueous

radical radical

STRASBOURG STRASBOURG

the the

may may

H H

the the

of of

low low

possible possible Institut Institut GRUCKER,

broadens broadens

Overhauser Overhauser

On On free free

that that

Unfortunately, Unfortunately,

large large Overhauser Overhauser

saturation saturation

proton proton

imaging imaging

dipole-di dipole-di

spin spin

spin spin saturation saturation

thermal thermal is is

presented presented biological biological

resonance resonance

increase increase

the the

resonance resonance

lack lack

D. D. 67085 67085 34

saturation is reduced at constant r.f. power and moreover the coupling between dissolved free radicals and water protons is reduced. These two effects give a lower NMR signal enhancement than that in the absence of oxygen. Therefore, Overhauser imaging has the potential to detect ischemic region via an increase in the NMR signal.

Detection of endogenous free-radical production is the second goal of Overhauser imaging. Free radical such as OH· are involved in many disease states. The lifetime of hydroxyl radicals is too short to allow their direct detection. A dissolved diamagnetic spin-trap molecule can interact with short-living radicals to give a sufficiently stable free radical to perform Overhauser imaging. The feasibility of this method has been reported by UV-generated spin-trapped hydroxyl free radical (Lurie D.J. et al. 8th ESMRMB Congress 1991).

Overhauser imaging is a very new technique which looks promising, but it is now confronted with three main difficulties : firstly, the overheating due to non-resonant r.f. energy absorption during the electron resonance saturation period ; secondly, the lack of stability in biological fluids of the free radical; thirdly, the possible toxicity of the stable-free radicals used.

The work in progress for overcoming these difficulties can be roughly classified in two categories. The first one is based on physical developments such as field cycling or electron rotary saturation. The second approach is based on the chemical structures of the free radicals used for Overhauser imaging. Isotope substitution of nitroxides causes the narrowing of EPR lines and even the reduction of the nurober of lines. In this case, saturation of EPR is reached more easily and overheating is reduced compared to conventional nitroxides. The use of other free radicals is discussed.

The Overhauser imaging method is theoretically a way to allow imaging of unfavorable isotopes to a NMR point of view, due to low natural abundance and small gyromagnetic ratio. In non-aqueous sample where overheating by the EPR saturation wave is not the main problem, the usefulness of Qverhauser imaging compared to conventionnal NMR imaging in high magnetic field, has to be discussed in regard of the penetration of EPR frequency waves and the possibility to introduce free radicals into the sample. At the present time, this new imaging technique is mainly dedicated to aqueous sample where the proton abundance allows the indirect imaging of an electron spin system with very short relaxation times by a nuclear spin system with long relaxation times which permits high resolution images with in vivo acceptable gradient strengths. 35

Spectral Spatial Skin Imaging with MOdulated Gradient and Simultaneaus Field Scan (MOSS)

Th. Herrling, N. Groth, K.U. Thiessenhusen, U. Ewert Centre of Scientific Instruments Rudower Chaussee 6, Berlin 1199

Spectral spatial EPR imaging is the most direct approach to investigate the spatial distribution of biochemical and biophysical processes in skin in order to characterize proteins, lipids and cell membranes. A two dimensional MOSS-Image (128x128 points) is measured by using modulated gradient with a simultaneaus field scan. The image is obtained by measuring the EPR spectrum for a series of

128 sequential positions. The minimum distance applied was 10 pro between two positions. A fast field scan of 2 s with a scan range of 10 mT enables a short registration time of about 4 minutes for a 2D image.

We studied MOSS images in skin biopsies of hairless mice. Our imaging technique utilized modu1ated field gradient to obtain cross sectional images perpendicular to the skin surface. Employing free nitroxide radicals, this technique allows the analysis of biophysical and biochemical phenomena within the micron range. By spin labeling of drugs, pharmacokinetic properties of the labeled compounds can be monitared in skin. We suggest that EPR imaging has a broad application potential in dermatologic research. in

the

the the

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solids solids

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physical physical

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resolution resolution

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on on

imaging imaging

of of

In In

spatial spatial

provide provide

(1990) (1990)

large large

space. space.

8 8

polymers, polymers,

imaging.5,7 imaging.5,7

Günther, Günther,

Spiess, Spiess,

environmental environmental

Spiess, Spiess,

The The

materials materials

methods methods

suited suited

use use

of of

90 90

candidates candidates

composition, composition,

E. E.

molecular molecular

Günther, Günther,

with with

W. W.

Günther, Günther,

plasticiser plasticiser

and and

Polymers: Polymers:

which which

E. E.

H. H.

methods methods

MAS MAS

H. H.

drawn drawn

Macromolecules Macromolecules

E. E.

mere mere

Polymerforschung, Polymerforschung,

research. research.

high high

in in

forces.2 forces.2

Reson. Reson.

of of

polymer polymer

in in

imaging imaging

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spectroscopic spectroscopic

examining examining

function function

für für

morphology morphology

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13c,6 13c,6

Blümler, Blümler,

chemical chemical

a a

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special special

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and and

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Blümler, Blümler,

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and and

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and and

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polymer polymer

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of of

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stress, stress,

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external external

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P. P.

provide provide information

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37-45. 37-45.

exploited exploited

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imaging imaging

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-----~------

of of

development development

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have have

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1-3 1-3

polymers polymers

resolution. resolution.

(1991) (1991)

Blümich, Blümich,

Schauss, Schauss,

Blümich, Blümich,

of of

Günther, Günther,

Blümler. Blümler.

function function

H, H,

1 1

development development

tailored tailored

E. E.

P. P.

G. G.

B. B.

E. E.

44 44

E. E.

B. B.

We We

NMR NMR

Max-Planck-Institut Max-Planck-Institut

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a a

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References: References:

3 3 8 8

stochastic stochastic

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5 5

6 6

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7 7

molecular molecular

influenced influenced

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preparation preparation

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result result

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contents contents NMR, NMR,

methods methods which

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molded molded

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4 4

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rubber rubber

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rubber rubber

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aging aging

relaxation relaxation their their

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carbon carbon

the the

lock lock

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correlation correlation

selective selective

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PARAMETER PARAMETER

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INVESTIGATION INVESTIGATION

aged aged

remarkable remarkable

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materials materials thickness thickness

resolved resolved

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relaxation relaxation determination determination with with

techniques techniques

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experience experience

Straße Straße

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Tübingen, Tübingen,

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halogen halogen

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polymerization. polymerization.

printing printing

Photopolymersare Photopolymersare

2 2

Klaus Klaus MONITORING MONITORING

as as

Post Post

make make

NMR NMR

sorbed sorbed

NMR NMR

1991. 1991.

such such

to to

now now

on on

of of

n-butane, n-butane,

of of

molecular molecular

polymer polymer

mixtures, mixtures,

RESEARCH RESEARCH

M.F.M. M.F.M.

provided provided

by by

was was

has has

and and

press. press.

and and

liquid-like liquid-like

1 1

has has

means means

* *

in in

systems, systems,

September September

. .

liquid liquid

by by

(methane, (methane,

Daane Daane

study

diffusion diffusion

more more

19 19

Conference Conference

12, 12,

Kuipers, Kuipers,

obtained obtained

Karger Karger

technique technique

to to

the the

NMR NMR

catalysis catalysis

II, II,

PETROCHEMICAL PETROCHEMICAL

J. J.

technique technique

micelle

micellar micellar

Netherlands Netherlands

16 16

liquids, liquids,

G.J.R. G.J.R.

in in

of of

NMR NMR

Amsterdam Amsterdam

IN IN

this this

and and

the the

H.P.C.E. H.P.C.E.

results results

n-alkanes n-alkanes

Among Among

The The

Trans Trans

Germany Germany

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measurements measurements

NMR NMR

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B.V.) B.V.)

several several

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case case

are are

light light

Jaspers, Jaspers,

analysis analysis

size size

and and

Y1stra, Y1stra,

the the

Faraday Faraday

object object

A. A.

Leipzig, Leipzig,

by by

Germany, Germany,

systems systems

e.g. e.g.

Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

at at

latter latter

and and

Research Research

D.W. D.W.

analytical analytical

43 43

Soc. Soc.

main main

measurements. measurements.

CM CM

publication. publication.

detailed detailed

Bolt-Westerhoff Bolt-Westerhoff

the the

same same

networks networks

state state

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investigated investigated

(self-)diffusion (self-)diffusion

for for

In In

(Shell (Shell

for for

1031 1031

pulsed-field-gradient pulsed-field-gradient

Chem. Chem.

the the Ouden, Ouden,

J.A. J.A.

uptake uptake

presented presented

catalysts, catalysts,

of of

3, 3,

Universität Universität

Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

J. J.

the the

den den

were were

used used

* *

PULSED-FIELD-GRADIENT PULSED-FIELD-GRADIENT

be be

ZSM-5. ZSM-5.

and and

polymer polymer

at at

Bolt-Westerhoff, Bolt-Westerhoff,

using using

to to

OF OF

Datema, Datema,

submitted submitted

that that

been been

KSLA, KSLA,

Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratorium, Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratorium,

(1991) (1991)

aggregation aggregation

well-established well-established

held held

1991 1991

C.J.J. C.J.J.

J.A. J.A.

surfactants. surfactants.

a a

At At

zeolite zeolite

study, study,

has has

Badhuisweg Badhuisweg

K.P. K.P.

be be

paper paper

the the

solution, solution,

applications applications

a a

in in

June June

and and

heterogeneaus heterogeneaus

to to

systems systems

into into

Karger Karger

Rupert, Rupert,

in in

calculations calculations

of of

into into

in in

Datema, Datema,

J. J.

APPLICATIONS APPLICATIONS

recent recent

technique technique

presented. presented.

and and

L.A.M. L.A.M.

K.P. K.P.

comparative comparative

SOME SOME

(polymer) (polymer)

insight insight

2. 2.

1. 1.

dynamics dynamics

species species detergents detergents

a a

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, research. research.

polymers polymers

Some Some

developed developed The The

n-pentane) n-pentane)

are are

Microscopy Microscopy Abstract Abstract 44

NMR Imaging of water distribution in vycor glass

G. Guillot, P. Gonord, S. Kan, S. Durand-Vidal, 0. Bruynooghe Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale CNRS URA 22 Bätiment 220 Universite Paris-Sud 91405 ORSAY CEDEX FRANCE

We have obtained 2D and 3D NMR images of water distribution in vycor glass samples at 8.5 T with a resolution 100 !J.m x 100 !J.m x 1 mm. Vycor is a porous glass distributed by CORNING of great importance in catalysis. From its weil controlled manufacturing process, it is mainly composed of silica, which is a prominent advantage for NMR experiments as compared to other natural mineral porous materials such as rocks, cements, etc ... with uncontrolled paramagnetic centers. It has a high porosity (28%) and fairly small pores ( diameter 40 A). Thus it is an interesting model system of fine porous materials and has already been used by physicists to investigate the dynamic properties of confmed liquids and gases [1]. Images of water distribution have been obtained 1) for homogeneaus distributions in fully or partially saturated samples, 2) for inhomogeneaus distributions attained in imbibition, drying, or water uptake experiments. The images show various interesting phenomena such as i) evidence of early crack formation during drying in large samples (diameter 9.5 mm, length 20 mm), ii) stability (several days) of inhomogeneaus water distributions after drying by nitrogen gas flushing and leaving the sample in a tube isolated from ambiant atmosphere, iii) water uptake from the sample sides leaving the sample in a water vapor atmosphere. Moreover, the relaxation times have been measured in conventional experiments, without imaging, and from sets of images adequatly weighed in T1 and T2. These measurements will be presented and discussed.

[1] J. M. Drake, P. Levitz, J. Klafter, N. Turro, K. Nitsche, K. Cassidy Phys. Rev. Lett. 61, 865 (1988)

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synthesizing synthesizing

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California California

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content, content,

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Callaghan Callaghan

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18: 18:

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Fermeability Fermeability

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P. P.

by by

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Germany) Germany)

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79 79

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K.-P. K.-P.

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(Germany) (Germany)

of of Applications Applications

P. P.

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Lehmann, Lehmann,

Mannheim Mannheim

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I I

(Germany) (Germany)

NMR NMR

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and and

V. V.

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Characterization Characterization NMR NMR

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Woodford, Woodford,

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(France) (France)

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16: 16:

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12: 12:

11: 11:

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Presentation Presentation

BIO BIO BIO BIO

Invergowrie, Invergowrie,

Paris Paris

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D. D.

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Kensington, Kensington, DIF DIF

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van van

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Agriculture Agriculture

and and

X. X.

vivo vivo

Comparison Comparison

(Belgium) (Belgium)

C.S. C.S.

Illinois Illinois

Recurrent Recurrent

& &

-Champaign, -Champaign,

Microscopy Microscopy

The The

Test Test

NMR NMR

A A

(Germany) (Germany)

Real-

In In

Three Three

Animals. Animals.

Fast Fast

Complexes Complexes

's-Gravenmade, 's-Gravenmade,

Microsoopy. Microsoopy.

Wang, Wang,

7: 7:

6: 6:

5: 5:

Carlos, Carlos,

19: 19:

21: 21:

20: 20:

17: 17:

Holstege, Holstege,

Ingbert Ingbert

Kuhn, Kuhn,

Mügge, Mügge,

Crestana, Crestana,

Ruan, Ruan,

Lanens, Lanens,

Zhou, Zhou,

rbana rbana

destructively destructively

Small Small

Säo Säo

U U

Cherrystone Cherrystone

S. S. PLA PLA

PLA PLA

Using Using

Plants Plants

(EAE)Rats. (EAE)Rats.

PLA PLA C. C. Berlin Berlin Washington, Washington,

R. R.

P.C. P.C.

(Germany) (Germany)

BIO BIO

Cbronic Cbronic Antwerp Antwerp

Metal Metal

NMR NMR

Optical Optical

St. St.

W. W. BIO BIO

*G. *G.

Urbana, Urbana,

*E.J. *E.J.

BIO BIO

D. D.

Tissue. Tissue.

BIO BIO Microsoopic Microsoopic X. X. 8 1 PLA 8: Structural Studies of the SternsofFlax (Linum usitat:issimum) by NMR Microscopy and Conventional Histological Techniques. G.J. McDougall, B.A. Goodman, J.A. Chudek*, S.N. Scrimgeour* Invergowrie, Dundee (United Kingdom) I Dundee (United Kingdom) PLA 9: 170 I 1 H MR Microscopy Studies ofPlant Anatomy and Physiology. G.D. Mateescu Cleveland, Ohio (USA) 82

Designing and Building Screened Gradient Coils

P J Back, A Coy, R Dykstra and PT Callaghan Department of Physics and Biophysics, Massey University Palmerston N orth, N ew Zealand

Abstract

The theory of gradient coil screening is well described in the literature although the numerical methods used in calculating actual wire paths are not so apparent. We describe here some techniques which we have used in designing NMR Microscopy gradient coils for superconducting magnets. We have designed coils using both standard primary geometry as well as target field methods. Final field profiles both inside and outside the gradient coils are calculated numerically via the Biot-Savart law. By this means the chosen coil winding design can be checked for the quality of intemal gradient uniformity and extemal field screening.

The Massey University software generates wire path flies which can be transferred directly to a specially developed milling machine Controller. The mill controller uses stepping motors with both azimuthal and longitudinal drive to move the coil-former mandrill. Thus the wire paths are cut automatically.

is is

of of

are are

can can

use use

radius radius

size size

bore. bore.

the the

regarding regarding

the the

cylindrical cylindrical

sample sample

Biot-Savart Biot-Savart

screening screening

surface surface

a a

screen screen

with with

the the

magnet magnet

on on

the the

axial axial

using using

the the

examine examine

questions questions

current current

of of

to to

across across

wound wound

outside outside

us us

associated associated

Profiles Profiles

whether whether

wall wall

solutions solutions

coils coils

fields fields

to to

the the

leads leads

interesting interesting

points points

University University

as as

cylindrical cylindrical

all all

and and

Field Field

reach reach

at at

some some

orientation orientation

gradient gradient

Massey Massey

Numerical Numerical

will will

question question

quadrupolar quadrupolar

Zealand Zealand

transv~rse transv~rse

raises raises

Coil Coil

Callaghan Callaghan

the the

larger larger

a a

field field

unsolved, unsolved,

axis. axis.

New New

transverse transverse

using using

cancellation cancellation

PT PT

stray stray

coil coil

Biophysics, Biophysics,

The The

83 83

magnets magnets

address address

images, images,

North, North,

remains remains

Abstract Abstract

and and

the the

and and

geometry geometry

we we

Gz. Gz.

enables enables

obtainable obtainable

NMR NMR

and and

Rofe Rofe

along along

are are

problern problern

J J

Physics Physics

Gx Gx

magnet magnet

screen screen

Consequently Consequently

Palmerston Palmerston

C C

of of

Quadrupolar Quadrupolar

superconducting superconducting

coils, coils,

axis. axis.

active active

resolution resolution

displayed displayed

distance distance

in in

gradients gradients

screening screening

of of

coils coils

high high

higher higher

coaxial coaxial

axial axial Department Department

a a

cylindrical cylindrical

superconducting superconducting

for for

quadrupolar quadrupolar

the the

of of

graphically graphically

function function

the the

to to

se se

a a

the the

gradient gradient

are are

Transverse Transverse

two two

U U

Especially Especially

as as

In In

desire desire

along along

the the

solution solution

field field

not not

necessary. necessary.

the the calculation calculation

but but

screening. screening.

surface. surface.

The The

quadrupolar quadrupolar

incorporate incorporate

required. required. With With

of of

it it

the the

.__ .__

The The

con-

gra-

mag-

coil, coil,

effect effect

pro-

high-

trans-

signal signal

a a

as as

media media

a a

20mm 20mm

size size

bore bore

the the

does does

•1,..---=----

within within

manufac-

gradient gradient

.:-... .:-...

is is

the the

patterns patterns

the the

magnets. magnets.

this this

shielding shielding

slots. slots.

on on

ofthe ofthe

a a

transverse transverse

biological biological

such such

after after

reduced reduced

of of

nor nor

at at

console. console.

bore bore NMR NMR

s s

experiments experiments

a a

51mm 51mm

on on

wire wire

the the

magnets magnets

slot slot

shielding shielding

2% 2%

loops loops

along along

coil coil

obtained obtained

after after

for for

Active Active

magnet magnet

for for

assembly assembly

conductive conductive

s s

for for

ofthe ofthe

outside outside

diameter diameter

with with

the the

lx10

The The

We We

A A

than than

set set

4mm 4mm

shielding shielding

to to

closed closed

as as

bore bore

symmetrical symmetrical

field field

Probe Probe

probe probe

lxl0

probes. probes.

+1-

inner inner

one-sided one-sided

experiments experiments

1.25. 1.25.

coil coil

less less

shielding shielding

spectrometer spectrometer

homogeneity homogeneity

of of

wires. wires.

a a

superconducting superconducting

2G/cmJ 2G/cmJ

justifiable justifiable

soon soon

1 1

experiments experiments

1: 1:

is is

RF RF

active active

evolution evolution

U.S.A U.S.A

available available

51mm 51mm

the the over over

continuous continuous

of of

as as

value value forming forming

external external

a a

case case

and and

that that

Magnets Magnets

to to

Unity Unity

superconducting superconducting

more more

in in

residual residual

that that

the the

1% 1%

Ni Ni

only only

probe probe

on on

gradient gradient

phase phase

the the

discrete discrete

coils coils

resolution resolution clearance clearance

coil coil

94304, 94304,

from from

X. X.

is is

high-field high-field

The The

sizes. sizes.

the the

in in

arian arian

by by

the the

coil coil

found found

induced induced

below below

V V

microimaging microimaging

showed showed

CA CA

high high

of of

internal internal

and and

the the

a a

conditions conditions

degrade degrade

microimaging microimaging

unshielded unshielded

bore bore

We We

to to

The The

high-resolution high-resolution

version version

commercial commercial

tobe tobe

currents currents

shielding shielding

performed performed

distribution distribution

Alto Alto

not not

economically economically

NMR NMR

z-gradient z-gradient

with with

the the

Micro-Imaging Micro-Imaging

common common

84 84

shield shield

Feng Feng

on on

static static

perform perform

currents currents

in in

of of

be be

directions. directions.

larger larger

mapping mapping

and and

stress stress

the the

water. water.

eddy eddy

measuring measuring

Palo Palo were were

does does

to to

I-J. I-J.

fit fit

Varian Varian

Narrow-Bore Narrow-Bore

structures structures

actively-shielded actively-shielded

magnet magnet

approximated approximated

by by

magnet. magnet.

for for current current

a a

today today

to to

eddy eddy

0.3% 0.3%

with with

calulated calulated

obtain obtain

coil coil

usually usually

with with

an an

A A

might might

faraday faraday

on on

effect effect

the the

assembled assembled is is

to to

then then

high-resolution high-resolution

prevent prevent

primary primary

14.1T 14.1T

Schuff, Schuff,

RF RF

room room

of of

than than

minimize minimize

were were

a a

desirable desirable

to to

filled filled

build build

saddle saddle

N. N.

longitudinal longitudinal

to to

3G/cmJ 3G/cmJ

and and

Associates, Associates,

homogeneity homogeneity

the the

is is

conducting conducting

available available

magnets magnets

from from

to to

which which

monitored monitored less less

of of

coil coil

ofthe ofthe

diameter diameter

it it

eliminates eliminates

of of

in in

mounted mounted

the the

narrow-bore narrow-bore

and and

to to

shielding shielding

While While

essential essential

enough enough

field field

High-Field High-Field

and and

RF RF

was was

linearity linearity

field field

bore bore

using using

are are

coils coils

Varian Varian

the the

1 1

calculation calculation

one-turn one-turn

was was

equation equation

coil coil

Results Results

radius radius

the the

along along

Actively-Shielded Actively-Shielded

problern problern

strength strength

for for

51mm 51mm

reasons reasons

14.1T. 14.1T.

time time

position position

this this

induced induced

microsample microsample

from from

the the

a a

shown. shown.

test test coils coils

Instrumentsand Instrumentsand

than than

shielding shielding

design design

the the

switched switched RF RF

provides provides

coils coils

be be

An An

amplitude amplitude

in in

to to

ofthe ofthe

5mm 5mm

the the field field

to to

be be

and and

gradient gradient

for for

value. value.

from from

slotting slotting

the the

Laplace Laplace

was was

gradient gradient

at at

applied. applied.

+/-

active active

may may

settling settling

general general

will will

the the

Oxford Oxford

objects objects

which which

of of

strip strip

balancing balancing

of of

shield shield

spherical spherical gradient gradient

minimized. minimized.

11.7T 11.7T

sensitivity sensitivity

in in of of

ratio ratio

a a

was was

by by

gradient gradient

and and

coils coils

current current

a a

Deviations Deviations

found found

still still

a a

goalwas goalwas

be be

magnetic magnetic

RF RF

By By coil.

solving solving

While While

For For

The The

small small

samples samples

pulse pulse

eddy eddy gradient gradient

tured tured

Experimental Experimental

from from

cause cause

Experiments Experiments

ducting ducting

can can

they they

RF RF

Design Design

dient dient unshielded unshielded

coils. coils.

verse verse nitude nitude

by by

with with

were were the the

dientpulse dientpulse

ofthe ofthe

Design Design

Our Our magnets magnets

on on

51mm, 51mm,

est est viding viding Purpose Purpose

a a

to to

10 10

MR MR

the the

was was

are are

tool tool

to to

coil. coil.

both both

Zero Zero

open open

from from

Good Good

them them

Layer Layer

of of

P P

for for

in in

consists consists

an an

of of

vary vary

31 31

corrected corrected

glue glue

There There

applied applied

in in

taken taken

ratio. ratio.

between between

be be

One One

and and

gradient gradient

layer layer

and and

achieved. achieved.

distance distance

promising promising

was was

efficiency. efficiency.

wall wall

can can

Currents Currents

is is

S/N S/N

challenge challenge

A A

1 H H 1

Objects. Objects.

spectra. spectra.

Each Each

were were

over over

spectra spectra

Bo. Bo.

this this

or or

surface surface

heart heart

for for

cyanoacrylic cyanoacrylic

good good

method method

a a

movement. movement.

mT/m/ mT/m/

method method

dimensions dimensions

compromise compromise

field field

paths. paths.

dog dog

<15%) <15%)

2 2

direction. direction.

( (

of of

with with

new new

Moving Moving

among among

a a

with with

interesting interesting

images images

the the

lhis lhis

tuned tuned

however. however.

Urbanski* Urbanski*

best best

is is

distribution distribution

on on with with

describe describe

A. A.

current current

glued glued

indeed indeed

magnetic magnetic

the the

and and

opposite opposite

We We

gradient gradient

shows. shows.

of of

Canada. Canada.

influence influence

Small, Small,

doubly doubly

probe. probe.

minutes minutes

and and

probe probe

optimize optimize

Poland. Poland.

in in

inlerest. inlerest.

wire wire

objects objects

to. to.

5 5

differences differences

This This

with with

of of

to to

gave gave

of of

should: should:

sensitivity. sensitivity.

linear linear

point. point.

distortions. distortions.

layers layers

spectra spectra

It It

Oltawa. Oltawa.

cross-sectional cross-sectional

slrenglh slrenglh

coil. coil. a a

surface surface

of of

even even

surface surface

flowing flowing

area area

removing removing

enamel enamel

MRS MRS

Saunders Saunders moving moving

two two

diameter diameter

looking looking

in in

Cracow. Cracow.

orientation. orientation.

rf rf

31p 31p

wriUen wriUen

of of

K. K.

or or

of of

the the

and and

certain certain

in in

interaction interaction

are are yields yields

distinguish distinguish

coil coil

J. J.

dimension dimension

and and

with with

Council. Council.

. .

volume volume

at at

was was

gradient gradient

10 10

movement movement

It It

to to

domain. domain.

and/ and/

copper copper

of of

current current

we we

integrated integrated

mm mm

85 85

artefacts artefacts

outside outside

its its

of of

Physics. Physics.

coil coil

obtained obtained

spectroscopy. spectroscopy.

20. 20.

MRI MRI

field field

due due

easily easily

consists consists

code code

size. size.

time time

with with

23 23

interest. interest.

of of

Iongest Iongest

implanting implanting

and and

together together small small

objects objects

Research Research the the

objects objects

of of

coil coil

changes changes

being being

of of

the the

for for

movemenls. movemenls.

spectroscopy spectroscopy

can can

coil coil

a a

made made

measured measured

Kozlowski* Kozlowski*

motion motion

by by

wall. wall.

of of

within within

is is

torque torque

surface surface

to to

of of

in in

mm mm

Nuclear Nuclear

P. P.

localized localized

which: which:

area area

coil coil

objecl objecl

and and

was was

rf rf

and and

One One

object object

Number Number

Coil Coil

computer computer

hexagons hexagons

coil coil

50 50

zero zero

moving moving

of of

avoid avoid

giving giving

heart heart

for for

National National

rf rf

A A

gradient gradient

the the

resolved resolved

coil coil

over over

of of

to to

surface surface

obtained obtained

wall. wall.

the the

avoid avoid

half half

mm. mm.

obtained obtained

coil coil

to to

with with

influence influence

volume volume

moving moving

gradient. gradient.

Jasinski*. Jasinski*.

1 1

correclion correclion

insensitive insensitive

to to

of of

mechanical mechanical

the the

how how

former former

beating beating

gradient gradient

either. either.

calculaled calculaled

is is were were

have have

linear linear

A. A.

surface surface

heart heart

on on

surface surface coil coil

Institute Institute

no no

is. is.

were were

imaging imaging

the the -

Gradient Gradient

by by

spatially spatially

gradient gradient

paths. paths.

the the

of of

onto onto light. light.

A A

pairs pairs

phase phase

about about

gradient gradient

of of

gradient gradient

fixed fixed

be be

have have

undesired undesired

generate generate

into into

and and

frorn frorn

er. er.

coil coil

spectra spectra

given given

between between

corresponds corresponds

from from

opposite. opposite.

was was

be be

order order

Problem Problem

spectra spectra

gradient gradient

deplhs deplhs

surface surface

hexagonal hexagonal

needs needs

current current

CSI CSI

form form

opposing opposing

field field

are are

Surface Surface

of of

can can

leave leave

preparation. preparation.

methods methods

which which

first first

31p 31p

mount mount

10 10

The The

One One

Imaging Imaging

removing removing

spectra spectra

a a

the the

two two

on on

to to

"' "'

different different

thickness thickness

for for

of of

by by

correlation correlation

mm. mm.

Results. Results.

hcmogeneous hcmogeneous

ehest ehest

plastic plastic

of of

shape shape

incorporated incorporated

layers layers

Methods. Methods.

many many get get

is is

scientists. scientists. which which Introduction. Introduction.

and and

the the

high high

was was

as as

to to

and and

cases cases

high high

to to

real-

in in

(SMRM (SMRM

are are

requires requires

approach approach

both both

the the

due due

well well

times times

CH CH

concept concept

In In

as as

Cho Cho

evaluate evaluate

for for

optimized. optimized.

andin andin

extremely extremely

This This

accessible accessible

expected expected

hand, hand,

), ),

imaging imaging

to to

optimisation, optimisation,

and and

interest interest

coil coil

......

8200): 8200):

Yi Yi

not not

the the

system, system,

switching switching

distortions distortions

SYSTEM SYSTEM Fällanden Fällanden

fast fast

other other

demands demands

A A

system. system.

by by

great great

are are

skin skin

gradients. gradients.

design, design,

surface surface

finger. finger.

phantoms phantoms

numerically numerically

fast fast

the the

COIL COIL

requirements requirements

Tomikon Tomikon

on on

USING USING

channels. channels.

shows shows

On On

P.Brunner P.Brunner

imaging imaging

geometry geometry

fields fields

systems; systems;

very very

joints. joints.

integrated integrated

and and

gradient gradient

deteriorate deteriorate

MRI MRI

86 86

(joints, (joints,

60A. 60A.

all all

moving moving

paths, paths,

introduced introduced

strong strong

Instruments, Instruments,

at at

animalsjhumans. animalsjhumans.

GRADIENT GRADIENT

in in

inductivity inductivity

at at

capillary capillary

Both Both

results results

: :

the the

hand hand

local local

47/30 47/30

201). 201).

the the

problems,the problems,the

on on

currently currently

planar planar

induction. induction.

low low

of of

our our

a a

gradient gradient

K.Lüscher, K.Lüscher,

imaging imaging

zero zero

to to

strongly strongly

a a

resolution resolution

current current

Medical Medical

dimensions. dimensions.

SURFACE SURFACE

human human

geometry geometry

RESOLUTION RESOLUTION

and and

gradients gradients

these these

70kHzjcm 70kHzjcm

body body

characteristic characteristic

due due

such such

on on

Biospec Biospec

High High

movie movie

AG, AG,

structure structure

imaging imaging all all

the the

include include

present present current current

HIGH HIGH

J.Link, J.Link,

of of

Abstracts, Abstracts,

(on (on

in in

of of

applications. applications.

currents currents

MR MR

identical identical

strong strong

to to

CHANNEL CHANNEL

We We

whole whole

skin skin

anatomical anatomical

applications applications

of of

eddy eddy

distributed distributed

voltages voltages

imaging imaging

scanners scanners

strength strength

Sem Sem

on on

system: system:

distortions. distortions.

eddy eddy

symmetry, symmetry,

applications. applications.

of of

very very

Book Book

THREE THREE

imaging imaging

high high

Spectrospin Spectrospin

To'circumvent To'circumvent

Medical Medical

max. max.

induced induced

introduced. introduced.

FOV FOV

generalized generalized

1989, 1989,

standard standard

Snapshot Snapshot

several several

Design: Design:

specifications: specifications:

Standard Standard time time Imaging Imaging

specification specification

currents currents resolution resolution

results. results.

allows allows

Gradient Gradient

reduced reduced

gradient gradient

very very

geometry geometry

minimized minimized

Preemphasis Preemphasis

Multiturn Multiturn

Modification Modification

Applications Applications Multislice Multislice

20 20

a a

of of

as as

data data

an an

(mm) (mm)

of of

on on

NIH NIH

the the

and and

mm mm in in

curve curve

loss loss

time time

both both

~m) ~m)

with with

point point

from from

16 16 18

6 6

for for

taking taking

larger larger

surface surface

amount amount

voxels. voxels.

gratefully gratefully

order order

depth depth

between between

Surface Surface

obtained obtained

from from

samples. samples.

Coils Coils

the the

signal-to-

is is

point point

study, study,

of of

resolution resolution

and and

defined defined

(-800 (-800

the the

vs. vs.

a a

sample sample

12 12 14

theoretical theoretical

Depth Depth

fingers, fingers,

experimental experimental

reference reference

2 2

imaging imaging

larger larger

obtained obtained

of of

our our

at at

performed performed

were were

The The 0 0

used used

• •

11111 11111

signal-to-noise signal-to-noise

maximal maximal

the the

to to

performance performance

press). press).

laws laws

grants grants

of of

predictions predictions

In In

Fig. Fig.

factor factor

is is

constructed constructed

size size

nurober nurober

reasonable reasonable

1). 1).

(in (in

sample sample

( (

agreement agreement

coils coils

and and

mm. mm.

the the

then then

isotropic isotropic

a a

human human

were were

and and

conducting conducting

Sensitive Sensitive

minutes minutes

Surface Surface

Resolution Resolution

Applications Applications

6 6 8 1

S/N S/N

in in

to to

43 43

50 50

tiny tiny

ratio ratio

1991 1991

were were

scaling scaling

by by

point. point.

conductivity, but conductivity,

We We

and and coil

improve improve

given given

resolution resolution

= =

voxel voxel

=5.0 =5.0

Coil Coil

a a

good good

sensitivity sensitivity

these these

to to

with with

the the

a a

6 6

the the

S/N S/N

Urbana-Champaign Urbana-Champaign

S/N S/N

that that

B0=4.7T B0=4.7T 2 2 4

time time

can can

for for

mm, mm,

for for

and and

Isotropie Isotropie

by by

performance performance

coil coil

at at

compared compared

resistance resistance

Using Using

at at

on on

caused caused

0 0

predictions predictions

sample sample

USA USA

o~~----~~~------

surface surface

43 43

theoretically the theoretically

Foundation Foundation

from from

depth, depth,

Francisco, Francisco,

the the

loaded loaded

10 10 the the

they they

40 40

figures, figures,

20 20

50 50

30 30

centimeter centimeter

isotropic isotropic

experiments experiments

by by

width width

coil coil

relates relates

depth depth

a a

have have

the the

values values

(J (J

0 0

> >

E E

~ ~

.!a .!a

~ ~

·g. ·g.

.E; .E;

-60 -60

San San

and and

conditions. conditions.

Supercomputing Supercomputing

noise noise

based based

these these

3D 3D

lliinois lliinois

spanned spanned

of of

Q Q

the the

61801, 61801,

given given

coilloss coilloss

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acknowledged acknowledged

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Reference: Reference:

(50 (50

of of

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theoretically theoretically

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1989. 1989.

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time time

sequences, sequences,

grant grant

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Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

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attenuation. attenuation. NIH NIH

J. J.

sequences sequences

286, 286,

shown shown

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phenomena phenomena

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coherence coherence

Urbana-Champaign Urbana-Champaign

only only

factor, factor,

[1]. [1].

NMR NMR

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on on

signalloss, signalloss,

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pp. pp.

resolution resolution

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01) 01)

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Franciszek Franciszek

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and and

= =

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of of

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of of

to to

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Figure Figure

Im[S(t)]cos(a+~) Im[S(t)]cos(a+~)

Jagiellonian Jagiellonian

Re[S(t)]cos(a) Re[S(t)]cos(a) of of

obtain obtain

which which

th th

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shows shows

after after

(tJ (tJ

the the

= =

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Hermitian Hermitian

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operation operation

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middle middle

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filter filter

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function function

symmetry: symmetry:

using using

of of

Physics, Physics,

affect affect

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Figure Figure

90deg), 90deg),

shifted shifted

[Seft(t)] [Seft(t)]

[Seff(t)] [Seff(t)]

of of

tian tian

operation. operation.

real real

cylinder. cylinder.

disappears disappears

is is

transform transform

not not

following following

a a

imperfections imperfections

Im Im

Re Re

0 0

experiments experiments

is is

from from

the the

function function

Hermitian Hermitian

Henni Henni

= =

the the

Fig.1 Fig.1

operation operation

filled filled

does does t t

MNR MNR

has has

Fourier Fourier

Institute Institute

after after

The The

In In

~-deviation, ~-deviation,

original original

water water

the the

Applying Applying

deviation deviation correcting correcting reference reference

and and

contributions. contributions.

which which

signal, signal,

corresponds corresponds

where where echo echo 92

SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING WITH STOCHASTIC EXCITATION

J. Jansen,a P. Konstanczak,b B. Blümicha

a Max-Planck-Institut für Polymerforschung, Postfach 3148, D-6500 Mainz, b Iwan-N.-Stranski-Institut, Straße des 17. Juni 112, D-1000 Berlin 12.

N oise as well as pulse excitation are associated with the multiplex advantage. However, the inputpower is lower for noise excitation by a factor ofT 1/tp. where T 1 is the spin-lattice relaxation time and tp is the duration of a 90° pulse. Noise excitation is considered for medical high field imaging of large volumes, because the maximum excitation power which may be applied to humans is limited by law. Imaging with noise excitation has been proposed several years ago. 1 The theory has recently been extended to incorporate spectroscopic resolution, 2 and frrst experiments were performed on a phantom of water and oil 2,3 When considering the nonlinear sample response, even 2D spectroscopic resolution can be achieved.4 To explore the experimental conditions for stochastic imaging with 2D spectroscopic resolution, a Broker Biospec imaging spectrometer was modified for stochastic 4-phase5 excitation, and imaging experiments with 1D spectral resolution were carried out on phantoms using the back-projection technique. 6 The features of the method and experimental results are summarized. It is anticipated, that the technique will be of use not only for medical applications, but also for investigations of large heterogeneaus objects in materials science.

References:

1) B. Blümich, J. Magn. Reson. 60 (1984) 37. 2) M. S. Roos, S. T. S. Wong, J. Magn. Reson. 87 (1990) 554. 3) M. S. Roos, S. T. S. Wong, B. deB. Frederick, Proc. SMRM New York, p. 135 (1990). 4) B. Blümich, J. Magn. Reson. 90 (1990) 535. 5) S. T. S. Wong, M. S. Roos, R. D. Newmark, T. F. Budinger, J. Magn. Reson. 87 (1990) 242 and 265. 6) D. G. Cory, J. B. Miller, A. N. Garroway, W. S. Veeman, J. Magn. Reson. 85 (1989) 219.

a a

at at

are are

xy-

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As As

MAS MAS

could could angle angle

sample sample

applied applied

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rotating rotating

imaging imaging

of of

rotate rotate

the the

by by

the the

and and

magic magic

simultaneaus simultaneaus

encoding encoding

4 4

Mainz Mainz

in in

must must

gradient terms terms gradient

1618. 1618.

selection selection

current current

gradients. gradients.

physics physics

a a

axis axis

sample. sample.

over over

y y

with with

components. components.

given. given.

space space

permit permit

slice slice

published. published.

achieved achieved

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is is

Spiess Spiess

D-6500 D-6500

(1989) (1989)

since since

and and

gradients gradients

be be

for for

gradients gradients

and and

disturbing disturbing

spinner spinner

rotating rotating

W. W.

22 22

was was

x x

y y

to to

43. 43.

which which

achieved achieved

the the

3148, 3148,

obtained obtained

gradient gradient

probe probe

H. H.

the the

as as

way way

and and

be be

is is

of of

in in

the the

practice, practice,

phantom. phantom.

x x

required required

(1989) (1989)

Spiess, Spiess,

this this

a a

in in

of of

well well

can can

along along

resolution resolution

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13 13

In In

applying applying

Postfach Postfach

W. W.

static static

on on

is is

Blümich, Blümich,

as as

vector vector

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H. H.

published. published.

a a

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that that

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effective effective

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coils. coils.

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spatial spatial

gradients gradients

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be be

principle principle

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appear appear

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not not

the the

gradients gradients

difficulties difficulties

to to

for for

fact, fact,

3D 3D

NMR NMR

93 93

selection selection

z z

gradient gradient

Raich, Raich,

field field

high high

the the

and and

Blümich, Blümich,

the the

H. H.

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gradient gradient

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NMR NMR

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severe severe

state state

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slice slice

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to to

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gradients gradients

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y y

relation, relation,

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construction construction

Adv. Adv.

Polymerforschung, Polymerforschung,

tensor tensor

W. W.

and and

Hehn, Hehn,

the the

x, x,

accessories accessories

W. W.

magnetic magnetic solid solid

However, However,

In In

y y

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für für

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Blümich, Blümich,

C. C.

1 1

demonstrated demonstrated

a a

in in

neglecting neglecting

inherently inherently

rotation rotation

J. J.

G. G.

resolution resolution

B. B.

M. M.

currents currents

is is

approach approach

is is

of of

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coordinate coordinate

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frequency, frequency,

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(MAS).

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Max-Planck-Institut Max-Planck-Institut

S. S.

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1) 1)

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2) 2)

References: References:

sample. sample.

imaging imaging can can

application application

thin thin

consequence consequence

not not

complication complication

to to

frame frame

the the

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applied applied plane plane

1 1

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of of

the the

res-

pro-

NMR NMR

to to

fitting fitting

the the

believe believe

to to

accurate accurate

in in

high high

systems. systems.

chemical chemical

measure-

unobtain-

1 1

inversion-

By By

unique unique

all all

relaxation relaxation

fits fits

1 1

We We

experiment experiment

procedures. procedures.

an an

is is

of of

Way, Way,

an an

very very

used, used,

and and

distinguishing distinguishing

not not

are are

good good

at at

University University

of of

studies. studies.

OF OF

measurements, measurements,

pixel. pixel.

are are

Hall Hall

volume. volume.

which which

biological biological

been been

important important

obtain obtain

which which

(non-orthogonality) (non-orthogonality)

D. D.

physical physical

as as

image image

successfully successfully

to to

inadequate inadequate

and and

equally equally

long long

needed needed

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measurement measurement

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L. L.

imaging imaging

to to

sample sample

a a

is is

of of

solutions solutions

UK UK

individual individual

give give

have have

spatially-localized spatially-localized

and and

images, images,

Chemistry, Chemistry,

due due

need need

recover recover

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possible possible

property property

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information, information,

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to to

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level level

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CB2 CB2

94 94

not not

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physical, physical,

Medicinal Medicinal

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spectroscopic spectroscopic

Carpenter Carpenter

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MEASUREMENTS MEASUREMENTS

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Cambridge. Cambridge.

conventional conventional

approach approach

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curve curve

sets sets

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of of

tended tended but but

NMR-active NMR-active

NMR NMR

reason reason

School School

makes makes

are are

Doran, Doran,

of of

Labaratory Labaratory

has has

the the

this this

about about

software software

the the

more more

potential potential

systems systems

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J. J.

The The

micro-imaging micro-imaging

of of

in in

variety variety

relaxation relaxation

for for

a a

different different

analysis analysis

the the

relaxation relaxation

S. S.

which which

a a

work work

as as

real real

of of

Smith Smith

to to

technique technique

data. data.

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data data

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MICRO-IMAGING MICRO-IMAGING

However, However,

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study study

a a

Garnbridge Garnbridge

most most

this this

information information

by by

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exponential exponential

curve curve

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Previous Previous

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number number

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able able

ments. ments.

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components components

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or or

times. times.

the the

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Herchel Herchel

environments environments which which

Since Since vide vide

a a

are are

mm mm

large large

in in

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to to

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taken taken

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procedure. procedure.

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sequence sequence

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gradient gradient

mouse's mouse's adjustment adjustment

and and

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problern problern

convenient convenient

the the

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have have

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the the

subcutaneous subcutaneous

chemical-shift-selective chemical-shift-selective

noise noise

the the

system system

obtained obtained

Center, Center,

all all

hard hard

of of

centered centered

more more

we we

(Bruker (Bruker

special special

of of

and and

also also

influence influence

probehead probehead This This

Gjcm. Gjcm.

of of

for for

characterization. characterization.

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over over

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is is

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preparation preparation

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from from

surfacejvolume surfacejvolume

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a a

that that

30 30

even even

(1988). (1988).

those those

functions functions

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mice, mice,

shift shift

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as as

successive successive

simplify simplify

by by

as as

system system

roughly roughly

to to

Hull Hull

sequences sequences

severe severe

recovery recovery

of of tissue tissue

sequential sequential

values. values.

of of

that that

the the

Research Research

results. results.

high high

display display

in in inhomogeneities

is is

a a

7 7

E. E.

To To

te te

a a

comes comes

nude nude

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519-525 519-525

for for

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pulse pulse

each each

important important

large large

microscopy microscopy

requires requires

of of

procedure procedure

technique technique

78, 78,

poor poor

ms. ms.

using using

of of

for for

and and

have have

chemical chemical

(1988). (1988).

as as

Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

aluminum). aluminum).

for for

quality quality

glass-epoxy glass-epoxy

short short

tumor tumor

imaging imaging

Cancer Cancer pulse pulse

of of

examined examined

30 30

of of

slice-selective slice-selective

equivalent equivalent

Complete Complete

William William

of of

the the

assurance assurance give give

can can

shim shim

cm cm

the the

a a

ResQn. ResQn.

be be

generates generates

The The

ca. ca.

continuous continuous

objects objects

very very

& &

shape shape

hard hard

291-296 291-296

important important

the the

7 T T 7

to to

a a 9

legs legs hind

on on

in in

a a

Microscopy Microscopy

W-6900 W-6900

wide-bore wide-bore

easy. easy.

particularly particularly

spin-echo spin-echo

is is

object-induced object-induced

often often

examined. examined.

(made (made

constantjamplitude constantjamplitude

gradients gradients

The The

values values

German German

developed developed

43a, 43a,

increased increased

with with

Magn. Magn.

95 95

At At

presaturation presaturation

1 1

variety variety

application application

is is

the the

which which

1 1

and and

T J. J.

is is

Tr) Tr)

ofwhich ofwhich

280, 280,

with with

A A

insert). insert).

using using

will will

for for

imaged. imaged.

in in

possibilities possibilities

based based

region region

local local Although Although

the the

irregular irregular

tube tube

time time

of of

Fichtner Fichtner

irregular irregular

and and

being being

all all

been been

NMR NMR

Bruker Bruker

by by

Dept., Dept.,

coil coil

by by

Feld Feld

slice-selective slice-selective

the the

an an

relatively relatively

The The

settings. settings.

[1] [1]

imaging imaging

completely completely

signal signal

bare bare

field. field. also also

and and

program program

small small

effects. effects.

have have

gradient gradient

lineshape lineshape

(variable (variable

e.g. e.g.

localized localized

obtained obtained

ZNaturfQrsch. ZNaturfQrsch.

obtained obtained

The The

RJ.Ordidge, RJ.Ordidge,

of of

fat-selective fat-selective

effects, effects,

BQ BQ

(1990). (1990).

have have

applications. applications.

currents, currents,

are are

shim shim

slicetobe slicetobe

in in

implanted implanted

bulk bulk

procedure procedure

a a

refined refined

decay decay

test test

setup setup

upper upper

gradient gradient

settings settings

these these

the the

[3) [3)

method. method.

K.laus-Peter K.laus-Peter

minimized minimized

the the

ROI, ROI,

a a

77-89 77-89

magnet magnet

shift shift

the the

pre-emphasis pre-emphasis

signal signal

use use

technique technique

measurement measurement

eddy eddy

the the

routines routines

that that

precise precise

shim shim

High-Field High-Field

and and

Spectroscopy Spectroscopy

13, 13,

are are

with with

of of

imaging. imaging.

R.Oeschey, R.Oeschey,

tumors tumors

we we

routinely routinely

Neuenheimer Neuenheimer

studying studying

for for each

further further

gradient-echo gradient-echo

check check

using using

and and

three three

for for

microscopy microscopy

NMR NMR

be be

JA.B.LQhrnan, JA.B.LQhrnan,

setup setup

Med. Med.

desired desired

be be

vertical vertical

are are

to to

distorting distorting

unshielded unshielded

chemical chemical

SENEX SENEX

gradient-echo gradient-echo

water water

accurate accurate

improvement improvement

effects effects

the the

turbine turbine

techniques techniques

O.Lutz, O.Lutz,

currents currents

Central Central

developed developed

the the

pixels; pixels;

following following

dealing dealing

can can

the the

human human

cm cm

we we

can can

pre-emphasis pre-emphasis

of of

NMR NMR

the the

of of

and and

ResQn. ResQn.

quality quality

problems problems

constant constant

and and

any any

of of

and and

facilitate facilitate 15 15

ms ms

for for

all all

eddy eddy

time time

have have

and and

effects effects

shimming shimming

progressive-saturation progressive-saturation

JJung, JJung,

C.CQunsell, C.CQunsell,

from from

the the

are are

each each

of of

0.3 0.3

current current

inversion-recovery inversion-recovery

and and

spinner spinner

in in a a

several several

reference reference

W W

convenient convenient

Magn. Magn.

tumors tumors

using using

volume-selective volume-selective

dramatic dramatic

with with

we we

image image

a a

fields, fields,

to to

multi-slice multi-slice

a a

portion portion

of of

studies studies

only only

with with

0.2-

as as

that that

is is

Efficient Efficient

achieved achieved

Methodology Methodology

resonator resonator

The The

Eddy Eddy

High-field High-field

recovery recovery

our our results results

sample sample

FID FID

using using

M.Braun, M.Braun,

A.Haase, A.Haase,

A.CQnnelly, A.CQnnelly,

major major

[3] [3]

[2] [2]

[1] [1]

excellent excellent

consuming consuming

inversion-recovery inversion-recovery spectroscopy spectroscopy

represents represents found found efficient efficient

an an

techniques techniques

a a

result result frequencies frequencies

visualized visualized

susceptibility susceptibility

conventional conventional

times times by by adjustment adjustment

assigned assigned

emphasis, emphasis, serves serves

within within

this this

the the

diam. diam.

The The

nurober nurober

methodologies methodologies

dealing dealing For For

wide-bore wide-bore magnetic magnetic

lf lf

of of

in in

of of

be be

for for

be be

the the

(1). (1).

The The

field field

after after

echo echo

pulse pulse

about about

using using

the the

sensi

by by

exam

but but

instru

spatial spatial

during during

Bruker Bruker

resolu

applied applied

or or

can can

ago ago

shifts. shifts.

is is

effect effect

1989. 1989.

the the

of of

currents currents

of of

1988. 1988.

a a

could could

spin spin

signal signal

was was

B B

current-in

The The

outside outside

89, 89,

the the

Exarnples Exarnples

on on

upon upon

finer finer

mapping mapping

of of

with with

Israel. Israel.

active active

371, 371,

caused caused

z. z.

years years

integrals. integrals.

spatial spatial

and and

before before

phase phase

the the

to to

weaker weaker

and and

currents. currents.

(2). (2).

refocusing refocusing

electric electric

76, 76,

where where

of of

consists consists

tirne tirne

Thus, Thus,

conditions, conditions,

definition definition

the the

currents currents

protons. protons.

distortions distortions

of of

and and

echo echo

shifts shifts

it. it.

the the

lmag. lmag.

either either

the the

depends depends

Bdt, Bdt,

inside inside

image), image),

Rehovot, Rehovot,

several several

The The

for for phantorns phantorns

induced induced

electric electric

nd nd

at at

lt lt

upon upon

reports reports

agreement agreement

transiently transiently

conductors, conductors,

Reson. Reson.

extended extended

in in

source. source.

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concept concept

fields fields

by by

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phase phase

over over

identical identical

both both

occur occur

electric electric

having having

arou arou

MHz MHz

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shift shift

gradient gradient

100:1. 100:1.

the the

field. field.

ionic ionic

was was

this this

thickness) thickness)

by by

z-cornponent z-cornponent

current current

Institute, Institute,

Magn. Magn.

of of

and and

depend depend

proposed proposed

of of

such such

96 96

magnitude magnitude

of of

previous previous

current current

200.2 200.2

susceptibility susceptibility

under under

J. J.

both both

induced induced

metric metric

current current

should should

and and

the the

obtained obtained

Magn. Magn.

integral integral

phase phase

to to

magnetic magnetic

S/N S/N

at at

slice slice

quantitative quantitative

a a

the the

was was

a a

Bendei Bendei

the the

bulk bulk

of of

rnagnetic rnagnetic

map map

induced induced

former, former,

(in (in

the the

resulting resulting

fields fields

local local

were were

mm mm

for for

Navon, Navon,

Weizmann Weizmann

nonsym nonsym

solutions solutions

by by

maximized maximized

localization localization

to to current current

a a

When When

obtained obtained

the the

realization realization

principle, principle,

G. G.

Peter Peter

and and

area area

themselves themselves

the the

0.6 0.6

map map

be be

electronic electronic

be be

imaging imaging

excellent excellent

cornpared cornpared

operating operating

fields fields

the the

(2). (2).

ln ln

for for

used used

exact exact

and and

Henkelmann, Henkelmann,

in in

data data

contributions contributions

limited limited

induce induce

can can magnetic magnetic

and and

reversal. reversal.

both both

current current

case case

shift shift

Physics, Physics,

be be

M. M.

is is

section section

are are

used, used,

of of

instrument, instrument,

in in

systern, systern,

currents currents

distributions distributions

sensitive sensitive

will will

in-plane, in-plane,

from from

sarnple sarnple

any any

is is

signal-to-noise signal-to-noise

can can

Ampere) Ampere)

current. current.

Other Other

and and

current-induced current-induced

Shalev, Shalev,

rnagnetic rnagnetic

our our

5 5

detect detect

in in

the the

pattern pattern

current current

conductor conductor

cross cross

and and

spin spin

the the

mrn mrn

E. E.

field field

10·

and and

the the

results results

or or

on on

to to

of of

the the

chernical chernical

subtracting subtracting

spectrometer, spectrometer,

Chemical Chemical

the the

that that

mapping mapping

detection detection

inhomogeneities inhomogeneities

the the

Scott, Scott,

of of

currents currents

derived derived

the the

echo). echo).

of of

by by

contribution, contribution,

The The

(0.12 (0.12

of of

detection detection

G. G.

of of

current current

with with

(about (about

pulse, pulse,

47/30 47/30

using using

sequences sequences

terrns terrns

idea idea

efficient efficient

through through

(the (the

stability stability

field field

images images

magnetic magnetic

this this

Dept. Dept.

in in Spatial Spatial

Joy, Joy,

Manassen, Manassen,

Tesla-sec Tesla-sec

include include

outside outside

vis-a-vis vis-a-vis

latter. latter.

absence absence

180° 180°

ln ln

The The

10 10

M. M.

Y. Y.

more more

bipolar bipolar

1. 1.

mental mental

10·

2. 2.

coincide coincide

imaging imaging

Biospec Biospec sensitivity sensitivity

a a ples ples

resolution resolution

component component

spin-echo spin-echo currents currents

dependence dependence tion tion

tivity tivity

current-induced current-induced

elirninated elirninated

the the

rnapped rnapped

passing passing duced duced

trinsic trinsic

evolution evolution

the the

A A field field

phase phase tection tection 97 Biological Applications of Low-Field EPR Imaging andIn Vivo EPR. - Significance of Nitroxide Spin-labelsand Nitroso Compounds

Hirotada Fuiii\ Katsuko Kakinuma 1 and Lawrence J. Berliner2 1 Department of Inflammatory Research, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 113, 2 Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Ohio 43210

EPR imaging carries information somewhat different from that of MRI, that is, the spacial distribution of paramagnetic centers. When we challenge in vivo EPR and EPR imaging works, conventional EPR spectrometers operating at X band (8 to 12 GHz) are very limited, since the dielectric losses at X band are huge in living samples containing large amounts of water. Therefore, we employed the flat loop coils operating at 1- 2 GHz and we have measured EPR image from in vivo field gradient spectra of a living murine tumor (Cloudman S-91 melanoma in the tail of a DBA-2J mouse) using the paramagnetic nitroxide imaging agent, 2,2,5,5- tetramethyl-pyrrolidine-1-oxyl-3-carboxamide or CTPO (1). This image demonstrated not only the feasibility of imaging a tumor by EPR, but also usefulness of nitroxide spin-labels as the paramagnetic imaging agent: (i) The concentrations of nitroxide in different parts of tissue are based on the metabolism of the nitroxide, i.e. the redox metabolism in the tissue, and thus the image reflects in part the difference in nitroxide spin labe! reduction/reoxidation rates in the tissue. (ü) Visualization of diffusion and transport phenomena of nitroxide is possible as monitared by nitroxide distribution with time. Another candidates for the paramagnetic imaging agent beside nitroxide are paramagnetic metal ions and naturally occurring free radicals. Recently we observed naturally occurring free radicals were generated in vitro, when some nitroso compounds were reacted with reducing agents in blood. Several nitroso compounds tested were converted to the corresponding hydronitroxide radicals. We also observed that upon mixing blood with nitroso compounds, oxygen is consumed, followed by the production of superoxide anions. Hydronitroxide radicals are very autoxidizable and seem to transfer one electron to electron acceptors such as oxygen and quinone. Since nitroso compounds are recognized in generalas potential reactive carcinogenic materials, an EPR image using nitroso compounds as the paramagnetic imaging agent should be important to monitor "the effect" of carcinogenic materials in vivo. 1. Berliner, L.J., Fujii, H., Wan, X. and Lukiewicz, S.J. (1987) Magn. Reson. Med. 4, 380-384.

a a

at at

of of

in in

of of

the the

pH pH

are are

and and

low low

DL-

40% 40%

drug drug

have have

to to

tablets tablets

erosion erosion

only only

D-6500 D-6500

to to

solution solution

acid acid

gave gave

and and

according according

structures structures

10% 10%

dependent dependent

images images

protons protons

hydrolysis. hydrolysis.

Ensheimer Ensheimer

polymer. polymer.

the the

up up

material material

explains explains

and and

viscous viscous

weight weight

accompanied accompanied

DRUG DRUG

changed changed

of of

a a

buffer buffer

time time

than than

showed showed

acid acid

application. application.

drug drug

echo echo

OF OF

investigations investigations

tablet tablet

water water

explanations explanations

of of

tablets tablets

which which

were were

Saarstraße, Saarstraße,

material material

matrix matrix

polymer polymer

less less

in in

polylactic polylactic

diffusion diffusion

Testing, Testing,

of of

spin spin

swelling swelling

no no

as as

the the

to to

became became

images images

a a

allows allows

structure structure

molecular molecular

model model

by by

of of

T1-images T1-images

DL-

MICROSCOPY MICROSCOPY

far far

tablets, tablets,

Mainz, Mainz,

parenteral parenteral

with with

matrix matrix

a a

due due

The The

diffusion diffusion

low low

T1-relaxation T1-relaxation

with with

changes changes

DL-polylactic DL-polylactic

of of

images images

So So

the the

as as

which which

SOLUBILITY SOLUBILITY

tablets tablets

Moli2 Moli2

as as

leading leading

and and

matrix matrix

morphology morphology

NMR NMR

in in

and and

F. F.

the the

Germany Germany

behavior. behavior.

technology technology

swelling swelling

slowly slowly

the the

into into

L-

BY BY

from from

echo echo

acid acid

AND AND

of of

a a

Nondestructive Nondestructive

pores pores

solutions. solutions.

showed showed

tablet tablet

release. release.

accompanied accompanied

peroral peroral

porous porous

investigated investigated

98 98

Kuhnl, Kuhnl,

described described

like like release release

University University

6.5 6.5

water water

changes changes

erode erode

spin spin

release release

established established

in in

for for

Ingbert, Ingbert,

VIOR VIOR

for for

W. W.

the the

> >

tablets. tablets.

release. release.

release release

of of

be be

drug drug

buffer buffer

tablets. tablets.

been been

hardness, hardness,

theophylline theophylline

without without

swelling swelling

STUDIED STUDIED

St. St.

tablets tablets

drug drug

this this

Parameter-selective Parameter-selective

polylactic polylactic

sing sing

been been

profiles profiles

6.5 6.5

tablets tablets

BEHA BEHA

the the

U U

drug drug

these these

pharmaceutical pharmaceutical

and and

drug drug

for for

values values

have have

tablets. tablets.

< <

polymers polymers

faster faster

changes changes

these these

could could

Pharmacy, Pharmacy,

acid acid

tablet tablet

has has systems systems

of of

Koeller2, Koeller2,

matrix matrix

correlating correlating

in in

on on

diffusion diffusion

acid acid

mass. mass.

D-6670 D-6670

of of

pH pH

with with

between between

of of

G. G.

weight weight

for for

release release

a a

acid acid

TABLETS TABLETS

with with

uptake uptake

Germany Germany

contammg contammg

kinetic. kinetic.

48, 48,

At At

values values

used used

tablets tablets

changes changes

release release

6.5 6.5

protons protons

loss loss

published published

delivery delivery

release release

observed observed

SWELLING SWELLING

dependent dependent

> >

a a

pH pH

the the

water water

Fraunhofer-Institute Fraunhofer-Institute

Koellerl, Koellerl,

Institute Institute

Straße Straße

Mainz, Mainz,

to to

amorphous amorphous

water water

homogeneaus homogeneaus The The

been been

by by These These demonstrated demonstrated

polylactic polylactic

occurred occurred DL-polylactic DL-polylactic

pH pH

At At pH pH

release. release.

correlating correlating

Drug Drug dependent dependent

drug drug

in in

release release

widely widely

correlation correlation

drug drug molecular molecular

phenomena phenomena L-polylactic L-polylactic

Tablets Tablets

2 2 Biodegradable Biodegradable E. E.

and and

: :

the the

a a

the the

Guy Guy Frank Frank

beads beads

gel gel

the the

with with

4 4

Dordreebt Dordreebt

enzyme enzyme

in in

entirely entirely

used used

ms ms

cross cross

has has

of of

beads beads

The The

Belqiua. Belqiua.

using using

p13) p13)

catalyzes catalyzes

diffusion diffusion

% %

of of

t-amino t-amino

(MOPS} (MOPS} the the

was was

dry dry

activities activities

only only

gel gel

activity activity

Linden1• Linden1•

(17&, (17&,

enzymatic enzymatic

(35 (35

the the

on on

examined examined

of of

The The

60/1000 60/1000

gel gel

Antwerp, Antwerp,

residual residual

BEADS BEADS

ratio ratio

ASI ASI

Dommis§e1,2, Dommis§e1,2,

der der

. .

qel qel

concentration

transversal transversal

Gd-DTPA, Gd-DTPA,

5/5 5/5

and and

Mim70000) Mim70000)

polyacrylamide polyacrylamide

1985 1985

en~~e en~~e

penetration penetration

GEL GEL

MA!O MA!O sequence sequence

Van Van

series series

Antwerp, Antwerp,

enzymatic enzymatic

monitor monitor

different different

synthesized. synthesized.

en~ymatie en~ymatie

15/5 15/5

no no

Roger Roger

The The

permeability. permeability.

HLAD-(DTPA-Gd)x HLAD-(DTPA-Gd)x

A A

with with

of of

into into

to to

matri~-

p569C, p569C,

constant constant

echo echo (HLAD (HLAD

acid-buffered acid-buffered

larger larger

preparative preparative

the the

immobilized immobilized

the the

24/100 24/100

different different

monomer monomer

the the

a a

the the

subsequently subsequently

were were

The The

45~ 45~

Schneider, Schneider,

HLAD-(DTPA-Gd)x HLAD-(DTPA-Gd)x

gels gels

S-alcohola1 S-alcohola1

pl7r pl7r

in in

in-vitro in-vitro

Annemie Annemie

used used and and

to to

~. ~.

HLAD. HLAD.

spin spin

was was

1, 1,

solid solid

, ,

that that

and and

Res. Res.

with with

labeled labeled

University University

that that

the the

An An 1

total total

be be

30/5 30/5

3D 3D

30/5) 30/5)

Gd-DTPA. Gd-DTPA. 14-fold 14-fold

into into

to to

showed showed

Lanensl•~, Lanensl•~,

1984 1984

higher higher

molecules molecules

ed. ed.

POLYACRYLAMIDE POLYACRYLAMIDE

a a

enzyme enzyme

MICROIMAGING. MICROIMAGING.

a a

fractions fractions

Cancer Cancer

the the

were were

can can

sho~ sho~

and and

Vyver

images images

and and

results results

labeled labeled

reveal reveal OF OF

the the

free free p202, p202,

in in

gels gels

al. al.

showed showed

Dirk Dirk teehnolo9y, teehnolo9y,

Chelistry, Chelistry,

on on

and and

method2,3. method2,3. Debydroqenase Debydroqenase

the the

NMR NMR

activity) activity)

de de

HLAD/ml) HLAD/ml)

99 99

, ,

et et

ketones ketones

HLAD HLAD

enzyme enzyme

% %

experiments, experiments,

and and

25/5 25/5

the the synthesis synthesis

standard standard

25/5 25/5

diameter), diameter),

the the

BY BY

NMRI NMRI

enzyme enzyme

D. D.

mg mg

30/5 30/5

(R1) (R1)

gels gels 16611), 16611),

Van Van

A A

of of

Orqanic Orqanic

results results

images images

mm mm

ester ester

J. J.

products products

(1 (1

on on

for for

{100 {100

the the

of of

NMRI NMRI

than than

depends depends

Alcohol Alcohol

HLAD HLAD

science science

or9aoic or9aoic

products products

and and

20/5, 20/5,

!2 !2

20/5, 20/5, lett. lett.

The The

(±5 (±5

15/5 15/5

T2-weiqhted T2-weiqhted

in in

Frank Frank

Beatty Beatty

T) T)

immobilize immobilize

gel gel

the the

yaer yaer

FERMEABILITY FERMEABILITY

Dept. Dept.

fOR fOR

FBBS FBBS

1 1

, ,

the the

Gorrebeeck

and and

concentration concentration

gels gels

active active

25/5 25/5

and and

G. po po

residues residues

to to

Liver Liver

P. P.

2.4 2.4 15/5, 15/5,

between between

5/5 5/5

in in

THE THE

Tl Tl

NKR, NKR,

beads beads

J. J.

of of

conversion conversion

soluble soluble

performed performed

with with

catalyst catalyst

3-(N-morfoline)propanesulfonic 3-(N-morfoline)propanesulfonic

penetration penetration

Gd-labeled Gd-labeled

beads. beads.

detected. detected.

Tl-

longitudinal longitudinal

10/5 10/5

(at (at

Of Of

NMR-imaging. NMR-imaging. as as

these these

a a

used used

the the

20/5, 20/5, Searle Searle

%. %.

permeability permeability

Carine Carine

The The

gel gel

Horse Horse

monomer monomer

10/5, 10/5,

lysine lysine

the the

, ,

gel gel

Coapa~y. Coapa~y.

were were

the the

was was

Lepoivre while while

in in

of of

and and

Jakowatt Jakowatt

that that

20 20 water water

the the

HLAD-(DTPA-Gd)x HLAD-(DTPA-Gd)x

are are

the the

•

öioaedical öioaedical

(R2) (R2)

ng ng

rnzyaes rnzyaes

G. G.

from from

STUDY STUDY

of of

the the

J,, J,,

Encyclopedia Encyclopedia

of of

greater greater

for for

l. l.

(5/5, (5/5,

q. q.

HLAD HLAD

R. R.

i. i.

correlation correlation

Jozef Jozef

enzyme, enzyme,

of of

layer, layer,

which which

studied studied

Publ1sh Publ1sh

, ,

different different

resolution resolution

swollen swollen

Group Group

lower lower

TE/TR TE/TR

stereospecific stereospecific

diluted, diluted,

The The

Simultaneously Simultaneously

The The

Paxton Paxton

Buckley Buckley

fhoaas fhoaas

Leaiere Leaiere

We We

Spanoghe

3. 3. 4. 4.

2. 2.

leide! leide!

1. 1.

of of

demonstrate demonstrate

activity), activity),

investigated investigated activity activity

labelad labelad

decreases decreases

the the

measurements measurements

penetrated, penetrated,

respectively. respectively.

high high outer outer

show show

the the

were were

polyacrylamide polyacrylamide

solution solution permeability permeability

linking linking

3.7-fold 3.7-fold

relaxivity relaxivity

the the

groups groups

N-hydroxy-succinimide N-hydroxy-succinimide

reactions. reactions.

beads beads

IResearch IResearch

Mark Mark

Alderweireldt2 Alderweireldt2 Lemiere 100

INVESTIGATIONOF THEDIFFUSION PROCESS IN CROSSLINKED

POLYSTRYRENESBY lH AND19F NMRMICROSCOPY

Martin Ilg+, Bettina Pfleiderer*, Klaus Albert, Wolfgang Rapp and Ernst Bayer

Institute of Organic Chem1stry, D-7400 Tübingen, FRG present address: + BRUKERMEDIZINTECHNIK GmbH, D-7512 Rheinstetten 4, FRG * MGH-NMRCenter, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, MA02129, USA

NMRmicroscopy has been used to monitor the diffusion of dioxane of 1 %, 2.5 % and 5 % cross-linked polystrene. These materials are used as stationary phases in chromatography, for extraction and separation processes, and as supports for a variety of react1ons in solid-phase syntheses. In these applications surface interactions and diffusion are the most important processes fo~masstransport and exchange phenomena and are heavily dependent upon matrix parameters such as cross-linking. Analyzing spin-density weighted FLASH-imageswe were able to d1st1nguish different types of diffusion by comparison of the intensity profiles: Fig. 1 is a stacked plot of the signal intensity of semiprofiles stretching from the center of the cylinder to bulk dioxane in the test tube. The figures ind1cate the time (in minutes) elapsed after exposure to dioxane. The plateau to the right is the signal of bulk d1oxane, the 1nverted spike is due to a susceptibility change at the surface of the polymer. The d1ffusion gradient is to the left of the high plateau. The low plateau of untouched polystyrene is to the extreme left. The stacked plots demonstrate the consequences of crossl1nking: the material with 1% cross-links sports a steep gradient ad- vancing with time but keeping 1ts slope throughout the process and followed by a zone of constant concentration. (F1g. la). This can be correlated to a type of d1ffusion which is referred to as CASEII. 5% cross-linked polystyrene in the beginning shows a steep gradient starting at the surface of the sample, gradually flatten1ng w1th time, which is the normal fickian way of diffusion (Fig. lc). The bahaviour of the 2.5% cross linked polymer lies between these two extremes, showing elements of both types (F1g. lb). With 19F-NMR-microscopywe were able to get more insight into the liquid-liquid d1splace- ment process of preswollen polymer beads. Moreover, the adsorption and desorption of a fluori- nated amino acid in a column packed with such polystyrene beads was monitored. The images show for the first time that the amino acid is capable of unhindered diffusion in the bead pores and therefore does not remain within the beads.

...... ::~.

... '" ... lU .. ":..... ~ a c b

Fig. 1: Stacked plot of the 1ntensity profiles. a) 1.5 %, b) 2.5% and c) 5% cross-links

1 1

to to

A A

the the

and and

with with

filter filter

takes takes

stress stress

could could

one one

results results

liquid. liquid.

that that

detect, detect,

It It

streched streched

of of

a a

mobility. mobility.

materials. materials.

a a

applied applied

to to

other other

studied, studied,

and and

allows allows

systems systems

to to

reaction reaction

Aging Aging

filtering filtering

temperature. temperature.

aresult aresult

easy easy

were were

was was

solid solid

As As

are are

molecular molecular

a a

aging aging

spin-echoes. spin-echoes.

elastomeric elastomeric

demonstrated demonstrated

dipolar dipolar

investigated investigated

elongation elongation

growth growth

the the

elevated elevated

in in

elastomeric elastomeric

comparison comparison

methods methods

for for

was was

of of

as as

at at

of of the the

have have

in in

between between

for for

lt lt

radial radial

aging aging

elastomers. elastomers.

air air

used used

in in

fast fast

filter filter

We We

Its Its

in in

versus versus

as as

2 2

Mechanical Mechanical

measure measure

Inhomogeneities Inhomogeneities

(SBR). (SBR).

suitable suitable

contrast contrast

amplitudes amplitudes

Mainz Mainz

a a

thermal thermal

600. 600.

streched streched ofT ofT

aged aged

twice twice

sequence sequence

materials materials

the the

of of

in in

rimages. rimages.

most most

Blümich Blümich

and and

observed. observed.

2183. 2183.

as as

better better

T T

Elastomers: Elastomers:

was was

by by

often often

is is

samples samples

Polymerforschung, Polymerforschung,

imaging. imaging.

(1989) (1989)

B. B.

resolution4. resolution4.

magnetization magnetization

by by

was was

is is

stress stress

D-6500 D-6500

of of

22 22

für für

proceeds proceeds

(1991) (1991)

calibration calibration

black black

of of

multipulse multipulse

them. them.

and and

01 01

NMR NMR

displays displays

layer layer

rubber rubber

spatial spatial

24 24

time time

1 1

followed followed

The The

considered considered

sequence sequence

the the

layer layer

3148, 3148,

investigations investigations

detected detected

different different

and and

be be

carbon carbon

to to

Thermal Thermal

were were

be be

better better

side. side.

that, that,

(1989). (1989).

surface surface

can can

to to

synthetic synthetic

distribution distribution

and and

can can

surface surface

with with

Imaging Imaging

imaging imaging

one one

characterize characterize

the the

published. published.

-relaxation -relaxation

conventional conventional

P.Biümler P.Biümler

Macromolecules Macromolecules

mobility mobility 2

2) 2)

applied applied

to to

the the

on on

an an

of of

Postfach Postfach

Thesis Thesis

-image5. -image5.

the the

T T

reaction reaction

aged aged

is is

for for

filled filled

T T

tobe tobe

Macromolecules Macromolecules

enhancement enhancement

of of

cut cut

was was

addition addition

sample sample

the the

with with

factor factor

elastomers elastomers

aging aging

In In

NMR NMR

possible possible

Max-Planck-Institut Max-Planck-Institut

the the

from from

small small

Dip/oma Dip/oma

molecular molecular

the the

is is

rubber rubber

suitable suitable

(here (here

a a

Komoroski, Komoroski,

lp). lp).

growth growth

contrast contrast

NMR NMR

it it

Blümich, Blümich,

imaging imaging

of of

map map

, , T

A. A.

are are

inside inside

of of

the the

Distribution, Distribution,

mechanically mechanically

B. B.

combined combined

with with

for for

T T

R. R.

, ,

cases cases

natural natural

stress stress

different different

that that

and and

they they

point point

a a

hardening hardening controlled

crystallization crystallization (T (T

stress stress

kinetics kinetics

question question important

narrowing narrowing

of of

filter3 filter3

spin-echo spin-echo

rubber rubber

some some

Schmidt-Rohr, Schmidt-Rohr,

the the

Chang, Chang,

Blümler, Blümler,

line line

in in

Stress Stress

local local

shown shown

P. P.

C. C.

P. P.

K. K.

a a

1) 1)

5) 5)

3) 3)

2) 2)

4) 4)

References: References:

silicon silicon

calculate calculate

Varying Varying

methods methods in in

Another Another

induced induced

dipolar dipolar

thermally thermally

Furthermore, Furthermore, regions regions

be be

Vulcanized Vulcanized

the the

place2. place2.

and and

diffusion diffusion

Proton Proton

From From Therefore Therefore 102 Shear Thinning in High Polymer Solution using Dynamic NMR Microscopy

Y Xia and P T Callaghan

Department of Physics and Biophysics, Massey University Palmerston North, N ew Zealand

Abstract

High molar mass polymer melts and solutions exhibit unusual rheological properties. Among the non-linear viscoelastic properties of such complex liquids is the non-Newtonian dependence of the shear stress on shear rate, commonly known as shear-thinning. Dynamic NMR Micro-imaging has been used to measure velocity profiles for water solutions of WSR301 poly(ethylene oxide) in laminar flow through a 700 ~m i.d. capillary as a function of concentration and pressure gradient. A transition from Poiseuille flow to power law shear-thinning is apparent as the concentration is increased above c*.

Equilibrium self-diffusion coefficients have been measured as a function of concentration for WSR301 and as a function of molar mass for monodisperse poly(ethylene oxide) standards in D20 and it is apparent that the data are consistent with the usual reptative scaling behaviour. A measurement of self-diffusion in the presence of the flow field indicates that shear thinning is associated with significant enhancement of the polymer Brownian motion along the axis of shear. In particular we show that it is possible to measure self-diffusion rates some 4 orders of magnitude slower than that of the free water molecule in a flow field where the velocity spread in a single pixel greatly exceeds the spread due to Brownian motion. The experimental data are interpreted using a simple adaptation of the entanglement/blob model.

be be

and and

to to

1st 1st

the the

methods methods

Roberts* Roberts*

LABORATORIUM LABORATORIUM

1990, 1990,

these these

fluid fluid

N. N.

methods methods

Bonnie, Bonnie,

Applications Applications

employ employ

fuller fuller

multi-phase multi-phase

of of

Netherlands Netherlands

MICROSCOPY MICROSCOPY

transverse transverse

and and

Netherlands Netherlands

a a

media. media.

New New

International International

Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

NMR NMR

and and

J.M. J.M.

discussed discussed

The The

NMR NMR

which which

data data

The The

at at

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November November

PRODUKTIE PRODUKTIE

the the

AMSTERDAM AMSTERDAM

Combining Combining

Brink Brink

models. models.

and and

porous porous

yields yields

between between

EN EN

at at

Fens, Fens,

USING USING

held held

den den

14-16 14-16

in in

single-

shown, shown,

Imaging. Imaging.

imaging imaging

Liverpool Liverpool

be be

glass glass

quantified. quantified.

T.W. T.W.

of of

Advances Advances

Rijswijk, Rijswijk,

Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

van van

now now

models, models,

to to

MEDIA MEDIA

methods methods

NMR NMR

be be

and and

103 103

Italy, Italy,

components. components.

by by

presented presented

are are

EXPLORATIE EXPLORATIE

J.S. J.S.

1991. 1991.

can can

Recent Recent

Groot, Groot,

behaviour behaviour

B.V.), B.V.),

be be

Resonance Resonance

differentiate differentiate

1 1

POROUS POROUS

LIVERPOOL, LIVERPOOL,

de de

silica silica

to to

analysis analysis

reported reported

Fens* Fens*

IN IN

data

OF OF

Microscopy Microscopy

in in

Bologna, Bologna,

fluid fluid

demonstrated demonstrated

A. A.

porous-media porous-media

September September

of of

Meeting, Meeting,

resolution resolution

the the

T.W. T.W.

Research Research

NMR NMR

paper paper

image image

Magnetic Magnetic

are are

displacement displacement

a a

on on

in in

Media, Media,

direction direction

16-19 16-19

of of

Nesbitt, Nesbitt,

through through

with with

previously previously

which which

(Shell (Shell

higher higher

KONINKLIJKE/SHELL KONINKLIJKE/SHELL

UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY

KONINKLIJKE/SHELL-LABORATORIUM, KONINKLIJKE/SHELL-LABORATORIUM,

conditions conditions

DISPLACEMENT DISPLACEMENT

Nesbitt, Nesbitt,

Porous Porous

G.J. G.J.

have have

to to

International International

fluid fluid

1. 1.

published published

longitudinal longitudinal

understanding understanding

Applications Applications

giving giving

through through

gradient gradient

methods methods

flowing flowing

We We

FLUID FLUID

G.J. G.J.

Conference Conference

Germany, Germany, Abstract Abstract

by by

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the the

and and

single single

highly highly

by by

of of

in in

irradiation, irradiation,

) )

as as

simple simple

illustrated illustrated

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applicability applicability

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Superconductors Superconductors

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spatial spatial

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Dortmund Dortmund

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couplings couplings

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104 104

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theory theory

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W-4600 W-4600

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technique. technique.

25 25

spectra spectra

superconductors. superconductors.

uses uses

cases cases

lt lt

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new new

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Dortmund. Dortmund.

quadrupolar quadrupolar

to to

discuss discuss

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(1990). (1990). 2

this this

to to

many many

). ).

of of

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samples. samples.

Report Report

ln ln

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temperature temperature

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Applied Applied

University University

of of

Neue, Neue,

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high high

Bruker Bruker

of of

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paper paper

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skin skin

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polymer polymer

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periodontal periodontal

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polyalkenoate polyalkenoate

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glass glass

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The effect of "absorbing" walls on NMR diffusion measurements

Angelien Snaar and Henk Van As Lab. of Molecular Physics Wageningen Agricultural University Wageningen, the Netherlands

Pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusion measurements of fluid in bounded regions permit restricted diffusion to be characterized. This results in the measurement of the diffusion coefficient (D) and the distance between the barriers. Fourier transformation of the echo amplitude as a function of yoG, the gradient pulse area, results in the diffusion displacement profile (1 ,2,3). The theory for the interpretation of the results assumes fully inert and reflecting walls. However, in most realistic (e.g. biological) systems these walls (membranes) are partially permeable and/or contain magnetization sinks. We have investigated the effect of 'absorbing" walls, by deriving analytical solutions for the echo attenuation (R) in PFG NMR experiments for some geometries (planar, cylindrical, and spherical) with the loss of magnetization at the walls as a variable parameter. The rate of magnetization loss at the walls is given by a parameter H (m s-1), and is the same as has been used for the description of the relaxation behaviour of a confined fluid by Brownstein and Tarr (4). Only the planar geometry resulted in a closed analytical equation. For a planar geometry (planes at distance a; infinite fast relaxation outside the planes, so all spins permeating the walls are lost for observation) computer Simulations of the echo amplitude as a function of yoG and 8. (time between the gradient pulses) have been performed as a function of the parameter aH/D. lt turns out that for H=O (fully reflecting walls) at 8.>a2/2D phase coherence is observed for the echo amplitude as a funtion of yoG, with a local minimum at a-1 =(2n)-1yoG. lncreasing H results in a shift of that local minimum to higher yoG values. As H ~ oo the local minimum disappears. The envelope of the echo amplitude in general is non exponential w.r.t (yoG)2, as is the case for unrestricted diffusion. The initial slope and the curvature strongly depends on the value of aH/D. Based on these computer simulations we conclude that absorbing walls Iimits q-space imaging (1 }, and Iead to wrong conclusions for a, D, and distributions of a, when these wall effect are not taken into account. By measuring Dobserved from the initial slope of a ln R versus (yoG)2 plot at four different values of 8. the actual values of a, D, and H can be calculated iteratively from a theoretical plot of DobsiD versus DobsMa2 as a function of aH/D for the actual geometry (cf.S).

1. Callaghan P.T., A. Coy, D. MacGowan, K.J. Packer and F.O. Zelaya, Nature 351, 467 (1991) 2. Kärger J. , W. Heink, J. Magn. Reson. 51, 1 (1983) 3. Cory D., A. Garroway, Magn. Reson. Medicine 14, 435 (1990) 4. Brownstein K.R. , C.E. Tarr, Phys. Rev. A 19, 2446 (1979) 5. Frey S., J. Kärger, H. Pfeifer, P. Walther, J. Magn. Reson. 79, 336 (1988)

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measurements measurements oxide oxide Velocityprofiles Velocityprofiles 114 Imaging Plant Vascular Flow in vivo at a

Velocity Resolution of 6 Jlm s-1

Y Xia, K R Jeffrey*, W Köckenbergert and P T Callaghan Department of Physics and Biophysics, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand *Department of Physics, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada

tBotanisches Institut der Universität Bayreuth, D-8580 Bayreuth, Germany

Abstract

The non-invasive measurement of plant water and nutrient flow in vivo represents one of the major challenges of plant physiology. Knowledge of such flow is important to any explanation of growth regulation and the response of plants to environmental stress. Here we demonstrate the remarkable potential of Dynarnic NMR Microscopy in such measurement. Dynamic NMR Microscopy utilizes Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo contrast to provide motion-dependent phase encoding. Complex (ie real and imaginary) images are obtained sequentially using PGSE gradient pulses of increasing magnitude and the resulting set is Fourier analysed to yield dynarnic displacement profiles for each pixel of the image. These Gaussian profiles have peak centres whose position depends upon the molecular velocity and whose widths depend upon the self-diffusion coefficient. Profile analysis therefore yields both velocity and diffusion maps.

Dynamic NMR Microscopy experiments on plants in vivo require the maintenance of viable environmental conditions for the specimen over a timescale of several hours. In this work an imaging probe was constructed especially for the study of vascular flow in Castor Bean stems. The probe incorporates two water baths and facility for nutrient addition and water aeration. Rather than threading the plant through the r.f. coil, the coil is individually wound around each specimen. The magnetic field shim coils, the gradient coils, the r.f. coils and the water baths are al1 mounted within the 32 mm gap between the electromagnet pole faces.

We have measured xylem flow from the root to the cotyledon in Castor Bean seedlings and observed vascular flow asymmetry which results when one cotyledon is removed. In experiments using plants with developed green leaves we have simultaneously measured both xylem and phloem transport. Velocity measurements in the vicinity of 6 J.Lms-1 reported here are the lowest yet recorded using NMR.

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References References

as as

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relationship relationship

quantitative quantitative phantoms phantoms

a a

It It

in in

an an

for for

the the

(1). (1).

the the

and and

data data

were were

NMR NMR

by by

of of

as as

to to

plaque plaque

tool tool

lesion. lesion.

in in

with with

in in

lumen. lumen.

T1-

(2) (2)

elastin, elastin,

Germany Germany

300 300

indicates indicates

according according

The The

of of

images. images.

as as

sequences sequences

and and

(1976) (1976)

algorithm's algorithm's

state state

such such

tool tool

analysis analysis

AM AM

imaging imaging

fat fat

distinguished distinguished

21 21

and and

result result

Tremoli Tremoli

respect respect

The The

atherosclerotic atherosclerotic

the the

composition composition

Ingbert, Ingbert,

arterial arterial

T2 T2

potential potential

E. E.

collagen, collagen,

23, 23,

of of

and and

determined, determined,

Milano Milano

data data

performed performed

on on

Soma** Soma**

a a

states states

imaging imaging

characterized characterized

algorithm algorithm

St. St.

of of

with with

different different

applicable applicable

accessory. accessory.

clearly clearly

Bruker Bruker the the

and and

as as

M. M.

to to

microscopy microscopy

applied. applied.

valuable valuable

atherosclerotic atherosclerotic

Kuhn, Kuhn,

Microimaging Microimaging

water water

are are

be be

of of

investigation investigation

wall wall

on on

were were

four four

chemical chemical

performed performed

T1-

types types

eventually eventually

Research-

W. W.

T2 T2

an an

D-6670 D-6670

Resonance Resonance

prior prior

be be

can can

the the

were were

analysis analysis

selectively selectively

different different

NMR NMR

very very

and and

NMR NMR

Microscopy Microscopy

of of

iterative iterative

information information

results results

and and

may may

a a

arterial arterial

in in

evaluated evaluated

Pharmacology, Pharmacology,

can can

analysis analysis

no no

well well

various various

T1 T1

characterization characterization

shift shift

an an

that that

selective selective

of of

microimaging microimaging

multiexponential multiexponential

performed performed

The The

is is

plaque plaque

image image

narrowing narrowing

Beringhelli**, Beringhelli**,

the the

Using Using

NMR NMR

state state

Colombo, Colombo,

as as

a a

been been

of of

the the

T. T.

ofMagnetic ofMagnetic

A A

sequences sequences

cells, cells,

and and

evaluation evaluation

shift shift

image image

Engineering, Engineering,

process process

lesions lesions

11m3. 11m3.

image image

Dept. Dept.

were were the the

morphology morphology

**, **,

shown shown

has has

provides provides

shifts shifts

with with

selective selective

T2 T2

Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis chemical chemical

lesion lesion

1 1 8 8 1 1

Lesions Lesions

500 500

allow allow

calcified calcified

on on

analysis analysis

selective selective

data data

be be

angiography angiography

process process

This This

x x

irregular irregular

mono-

but but

Oreste, Oreste,

in in

Selective Selective

Journal Journal

muscle muscle

For For

be be

or or

theire theire

shift shift

Milano, Milano,

(MRI) (MRI)

30 30

and and

(1990) (1990)

analysis analysis

chemical chemical

for for

selective selective

Asdente Asdente

of of

x x

of of

P.L. P.L.

Biomedical Biomedical

could could

preparation preparation

with with

NMR NMR

Tool Tool

of of

image image

used. used.

equipped equipped

samples samples

chemical chemical

could could

30 30

245 245

M. M.

experiments experiments

streak streak

for for

It It

smooth smooth

of of

parameter parameter

Dietrich, Dietrich,

minerals. minerals.

image image

T1 T1

chemical chemical

spin spin

was was

New New

imaging imaging

plaques plaques

information information

80:3, 80:3,

and and

Pavesi, Pavesi,

The The

vitro vitro

degenerative degenerative

Atherosclerotic Atherosclerotic

Parameter Parameter

W. W.

as as

A A

of of

which which

fatty fatty

developed developed

vessellumen, vessellumen,

of of

a a

sizes sizes

plaques plaques

fits fits

L. L.

Kuhn*, Kuhn*,

that that

parameter parameter

and and

in in

lipids, lipids,

For For

of of

University University

lesion. lesion.

diagnosis. diagnosis.

multiexponential multiexponential

is is

Institute Institute

investigation investigation

of of

the the

of of

application application

W. W.

well well

** **

on on

C. C.

times times

voxel voxel

and and

selective selective

in in

times, times,

as as

and and

spectrometers spectrometers

the the

by by

plaque, plaque,

resonance resonance

shown shown

package package

tissue tissue

in in

additional additional

for for

Asdente, Asdente,

Gerhards, Gerhards,

by by

be be

400 400

combination combination

R. R. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis

Evaluation Evaluation

M. M.

characterized. characterized.

values values

mono-

Fraunhofer Fraunhofer

* *

could could software software

characterization characterization

obtained obtained

progression. progression.

(1) (1) (2) (2)

evaluation evaluation

T2-

relaxation relaxation

References: References:

spectroscopy spectroscopy and and

advanced advanced monoexponential monoexponential alterations alterations

MSL MSL

for for written written

parameter parameter

atherosclerotic atherosclerotic

The The

provide provide

Moreover Moreover

cardiovascular cardiovascular

development development

lesions lesions

Magnetic Magnetic accumulation accumulation

necrotic necrotic Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis

of of

no no

by by

is is

used used

3D 3D

quality quality

the the

oblique oblique

are are

artery artery

voxel voxel

excited excited

with with

or or

to to

in in

the the

image image

and and

new new

scientific scientific

the the

were were

maximum maximum

There There

a a

followed followed

quantitative quantitative

flow, flow,

was was

128 128

document document

sets sets

of of

Rheinstetten, Rheinstetten,

3D 3D

morphological morphological

A A

for for

compared. compared.

accumulation accumulation

is is

of of

Mannheim Mannheim

water water

two. two.

or or

that that

the the

supplied supplied

with with

extracellular extracellular

an an

data data

ischemia ischemia

microima~ing microima~ing

blood blood

arteries arteries

improves improves

of of

were were

distribution, distribution,

This This

sarnples sarnples

aquire aquire

the the

mm). mm).

of of

in in

protons protons

in in

data data

to to

the the

with with

the the

for for

especially especially

This This

data data

routine routine

reports reports

lipid lipid

Klinikum Klinikum

(150 (150

of of

lipid lipid

factor factor

Meßtechnik, Meßtechnik,

intimallayer intimallayer

means means

used used

a a

sets sets

those those

the the

development development

starts starts

But But

streaks". streaks".

few few

the the

resulting resulting

microscopy microscopy

sectional2D-images sectional2D-images

by by

the the

coils coils

spectrometer spectrometer

by by

was was

and and

data data

are are

magnet magnet

interruption interruption

accumulation accumulation

After After

which which

"fatty "fatty

from from

300 300

especially especially

NMR NMR

Pathology, Pathology,

an an

vessel, vessel,

two two

compare compare

orfemoralhuman orfemoralhuman

to to

as as

and and

departments' departments'

involve involve

Analytische Analytische

There There

gradient gradient

in in

measurements. measurements.

3D 3D

for for

method method

shortend shortend

the the

Processing Processing

wall, wall,

microscopy. microscopy.

and and

AMX AMX

reconstruct reconstruct

with with

rise rise

workstation workstation

to to

vessels vessels

weil weil

the the

be be

of of

iliacal iliacal

to to

echo echo

as as

Bruker Bruker

9 9

of of

X32 X32

NMR NMR

thus thus

with with

resulted resulted

superwidebore superwidebore

3D-NMR-measurements 3D-NMR-measurements

pathology pathology

arterial arterial

Institute Institute

Bruker Bruker selective selective

giving giving

arteries arteries

11 11

3D-Data 3D-Data

arterial arterial

particularly particularly

by by

disturbances disturbances

a a

histomorphometry histomorphometry

software software

water water

microscopy. microscopy.

can can the the

the the

enables enables

associated associated

and and

Wark. Wark.

to to

non non

occlusion occlusion

histomorphometry. histomorphometry.

the the

on on

gradient gradient

After After

wall, wall,

Aspect Aspect

which which

in in

the the

and and

this this

IV IV

of of

vertical vertical

U. U.

of of

time time

light light

specimens specimens

available available

autoptic autoptic

3D 3D

lesions lesions

wall, wall,

plaques plaques

either either

which which

Characterization Characterization

is is

by by

from from

on on

case case

leading leading

specimens. specimens.

for for

Bruker Bruker

lesions lesions

Tesla Tesla

arterial arterial

Quantitative Quantitative

Clinic Clinic

applied applied

Ruhm, Ruhm,

a a

formalin. formalin.

disease disease

vivo vivo

the the

T/m T/m

performed performed

vessel vessel

histology histology

quantitative quantitative

1 1

the the

a a 7

autoptic autoptic

the the

and and

selective selective

same same

we we

on on

signal signal

experiment, experiment,

in in

ex ex

grow, grow,

W. W.

calcifications, calcifications,

lesions lesions

package, package,

the the

of of

experiment experiment

of of

by by

with with

lesions lesions

as as

and and

were were

the the

or or

of of

Medical Medical

shift shift

about about

chronic chronic

may may

sarne sarne

atherosclerotic atherosclerotic

The The

of of interpretation. interpretation.

Atherosclerotic Atherosclerotic

a a

done done

of of

fixed fixed

those those

of of

software software

is is

cells cells

Lesions: Lesions:

the the

analysis analysis

processed processed

artifact artifact

or or

of of

resonance resonance data data

methods methods

histologicallevel histologicallevel

conventional conventional

Heidelberg Heidelberg

Lehmann, Lehmann,

Heine. Heine.

thrombi thrombi

of of

in in

Microscopy Microscopy

a a

hardware hardware

epithelium epithelium

plaques plaques distribution distribution

tissue. tissue.

and and

atherosclerotic atherosclerotic

of of

chemical chemical

of of

V. V.

for for

and and

The The

shift shift

M. M.

on on

experiments experiments

were were

atherosclerotic atherosclerotic

strength strength

the the

or or

A A

is is mainly

NMR NMR

unfixed unfixed

at at

now, now,

distributions. distributions.

These These

sets. sets.

processing processing

data data nmr nmr

Gross, Gross,

Rohr, Rohr,

3D 3D

quantitaive quantitaive

microscopy microscopy

system. system.

data data

histomorphometry histomorphometry data data

characterization characterization

either either

gradient gradient of of followed followed alternatively alternatively

quantify quantify

wall. wall. quantification quantification

chemical chemical

reasons reasons

Normal Normal

necrosis. necrosis. Materials Materials

The The lipid lipid Until Until

processed processed connective connective

processing processing formation formation

Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis

Introduction: Introduction:

The The

Background: Background:

lipids lipids

G. G. proliferation proliferation

University University

FRG FRG

D. D. by by Atherosclerotic Atherosclerotic 120

planes as weil as to present a spatial reconstruction of either the surface of the specimen or single isolated clusters of water or lipid signals. As the size of the voxels are known - the resolutionwas 40x40x80 um 3 /voxel from a 5mm sample - an exact volume calculation of single clusters is possible.

Results and discussion:

Chemical shift imaging separates lipid images and water images - the lipid content in the arterial wall or in atherosclerotic plaques of artery specimens can be 3D-reconstructed and calculated. Spatial presentation of single clusters improves interpretation. From the 3D data sets a quantitative morphological analysis and volume calculation of lipid deposits as well as their distribution in the different layers of the arterial wall was made. The intimal thickening as weil as the lipid inflltration with its physicochemical properties in atherosclerotic vessels could be analyzed. The 3D-NMR-Microscopy data werein good agreement when compared to the data from conventional histomorphometry. Our results indicate that 3D-Microscopy isavalid method for morphological quantification and physicochemical analysis of atherosclerotic lesions in autoptic arteries.

a a

to to

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work work

Advanced Advanced

geometry. geometry.

128 128

importance importance

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to to

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description description

structures. structures.

sections sections

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surface surface

were were

thresholded thresholded

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to to

multi-planar multi-planar

included included

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discussed discussed

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(Bruker) (Bruker)

up up

prerequisite prerequisite

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segmentation. segmentation.

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surface-displays, surface-displays,

defined defined

rays rays

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into into

of of

Karlsruhe) Karlsruhe)

an an

of of

embryons embryons

volume, volume,

NMR-Microscopy NMR-Microscopy

practical practical

phase. phase.

necessary necessary

and and

mechanical mechanical

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will will

anatomical anatomical

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user user

Setting Setting

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allow allow

EC-project EC-project

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procedures. procedures.

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Zytobiologie Zytobiologie

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organisms. organisms.

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interested interested

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NMR-microscopy NMR-microscopy

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laborious laborious

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as as

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significantly significantly

in in

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skin skin

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Springer Springer

value value

of of

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for for

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contact contact

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Ionger Ionger

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1990. 1990.

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developments developments

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human human

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(Tab (Tab

cell cell

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EPIDERMIS EPIDERMIS

press. press.

additional additional

Witten, Witten,

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tumours tumours

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excellent. excellent.

exactly exactly

"Radiology" "Radiology"

Nl'vffi Nl'vffi

carcinoma carcinoma

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a a

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fat fat

et et

images. images.

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skin skin

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1991, 1991,

nevus nevus

High High

nevus nevus

indicate, indicate,

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ultrasound. ultrasound.

of of

J, J,

the the

cell cell

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weighted weighted

Bittoun Bittoun

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1. 1.

mann mann

resolution resolution

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Heidelberg Heidelberg

rent rent

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developments developments

clinically clinically

References References

tumor tumor

Ia) Ia)

rnicroimaging rnicroimaging

tissue tissue

chernical chernical

T2 T2

epiderrrus(Tab.l). epiderrrus(Tab.l).

round round epidennis. epidennis.

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rent rent derrnis derrnis

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gions gions

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L______L______

resolution resolution

FRG FRG

Witten!Herdecke, Witten!Herdecke,

Altmeyer-2 Altmeyer-2

P. P.

Bochum, Bochum,

bylJiih bylJiih

to to

Universität Universität

tis-

m m

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fat fat

ms, ms,

was was

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[2]. [2].

pulse pulse

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using using

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non-

tumors tumors

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spatial spatial

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ethanol ethanol

D-4630 D-4630

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and and

880 880

410 410

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430 430

910 910

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16 16

1600 1600

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16 16

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signal/noise signal/noise

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tumors tumors

human human

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BRUKER BRUKER

500 500

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skin skin

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und und

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16.4 16.4

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13.6 13.6

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images images

Universität Universität

acceptable acceptable

51 51

NMR-multislice NMR-multislice 20,1 20,1

necessary necessary plaques plaques

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Analytik Analytik

42 42

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pathological pathological

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43 43

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NMR-microscopy, NMR-microscopy,

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Aygen', Aygen', glass glass

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128xl28 128xl28

basal basal

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Tab Tab dermis dermis

basal basal fat fat

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nevus nevus

epiderrnis epiderrnis

Characterization Characterization dermis dermis Papillomatous Papillomatous

'Institut 'Institut

S. S. =Dermatologische =Dermatologische

Results Results

During During

and and

sue sue

The The

on on

in in

histology, histology,

After After

and and

Tl Tl

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amounted amounted

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12 12

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Materialsand Materialsand

fatty fatty

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Tl Tl

Upto Upto

We We

been been

invasive invasive lntroduction lntroduction 123 NMR microscopy of Lepidoptera pupae

J. A. T. Wo~dforda,S. C. Gordona, B. A. Goodmana, J. A. Chude~and S. N. Scrimgeour ascottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 SDA, UK boepartment of Chernistry, University of Dundee, Dundee DD14HN, UK NMR microscopy has been used to investigate two stages of pupal development in Lepidoptera. Specimens of a fully developed pupa of a noctuid moth (Graphiphora augur) and an immature pupa (3 days after pupation) of a butterfly (Pieris bfassicae) were used. For NMR microscopic imaging they were anaesthetised and placed in glass NMR tubes (10 mm o.d.). The 1H NMR spectrum of the noctuid moth pupa showed one broad line, centred at 4.6 ppm, from water. The pierid butterfly gave 2 lines, a strong absorption at 4.6 ppm and a weak absorption at 1.0 ppm, from water and lipid respectively. finages of both pupae were accumwated using standard Broker spin-echo pulse sequences. The sequence XYIMAGE used for images of the moth pupa excites all of the protons in the region of interest, whilst the sequence XYSIMAGE that was used for the butterfly pupa allows chemical shift selectivity. Separateimages were generated for both the water and lipid resonances. Images of the mature moth pupa show that tissues with high water content, e.g. the gut, wings and heart, can be clearly distinguished in a longitudinal section. Cross sectional images produce greater detail with many features of the adult moth, e.g. proboscis, legs, antennae and flight muscles. The images of the immature butterfly pupa show no clear organisation within the head, thorax or reproductive or~ans,but the gut is clearly visible (high water, low lipid). Differences in the distrib\].tions of water and lipid are apparent in other parts of the body, but these have not yet been correlated with known histological features.

a a

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Universite Universite

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image image 8.5 8.5

development development

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47 47

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fecundated fecundated

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Lachaud, Lachaud,

and and

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distribution distribution

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ovarian ovarian

47 47

Biologists Biologists

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J.P. J.P.

workers workers

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Araujo, Araujo,

them[1]. them[1].

124 124

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female female

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appreciated appreciated

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101-111 101-111

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REFERENCE: REFERENCE:

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experiments experiments

spin spin

NMR NMR

3D 3D

from from

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Rohr, Rohr,

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setring setring

method method

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distances, distances,

microscopy microscopy

or or

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samples samples

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Results Results

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acquisition acquisition

presentation presentation

presented. presented.

parameters, parameters, G. G.

Introduction Introduction

Insects Insects

Methods Methods

been been performed performed

in in

The The

3D 3D D.Gross, D.Gross, --~------,

126

loss due to rather short T2eff relaxation times often observed in small samples. The short repetitiontime results in strong Tl weighted images at hight magnetic field strengths. This will enhance the image contrast.

The 3D visualization software enables to reconstruct sectional 2D images in oblique planes. Details of anatomic structures as eyes, parts of the gut, heart or genital organs were highly resolved. 3D image presentation has the advantage of spatial reconstruction of the insects' surface and interior, small surface organs as antennae, mandibulae or maxillae are presented in their spatial appearence as weil as organs of the interior as gangliae, genital organs, heart or the distinct parts of the gut. Advanced features of the 3D image processing allow fast visualization under various orientations, measurements of distances and angles in the 3D space, volume calculations and mean values from the volumes e.g. from the gut or from parts of the ganglions. Presentation of single clusters improves interpretation. Postacquisition image processing as change in light versus shadow distribution enhances contrast. It is very difficult and time consuming to get the same informations out of 2D data.

As the insects are alive during microimaging, they can be imaged for several times and changes e.g. during the deveiopment of parasites as varroa in a living honey bee can be followed. Such studies are now in progress.

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infancy. infancy.

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P.O., P.O.,

Univ. Univ.

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Berlin Berlin

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matter matter

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spectrometry spectrometry

15°C 15°C

exposure exposure

of of

time time

a a water water

in in

is is

environmental environmental

the the was was

change change

in in

21205 21205

animal. animal.

particularly particularly

was was

animals animals

at at

cadmium cadmium

data data

images images

used used

hours) hours)

to to

possible possible

used used

used. used.

different different

level level

2 2

20060 20060

muscles, muscles,

MD MD

used, used,

real real

ergans ergans an an

sea sea

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upon upon

study. study.

atomic atomic

time time

Cherrystone Cherrystone

2 2

to to

Detailed Detailed

(6 (6

is is

Maryland, Maryland, used used

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in in

msec, msec,

measurements, measurements,

DC DC

latter latter

intakes intakes

concentration concentration

major major

CdC1

um um

in in

whole whole

NMR NMR

The The Kan

It It

were were

on on

by by

toxic toxic

27 27

resolutionwas resolutionwas

Tl Tl

absorption absorption

clam clam

with with

structure structure

um um

shortened shortened

the the

by by

to to

monitor monitor

Bay, Bay,

100 100

be be In In

sectional sectional

the the

adductor adductor instant instant

study, study,

specific specific

visually visually

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TE, TE,

rapidly rapidly

to to

the the

content content

100 100

Baltimore, Baltimore,

clams clams

obtained. obtained.

resolution resolution

spectroscopy spectroscopy

sensitive sensitive

to to

further further

cadmium cadmium

in in

is is

major major

atomic atomic

Toxicity Toxicity

solenoidal solenoidal

of of

is is

mechanism.of mechanism.of

Lou-sing Lou-sing

spatial spatial

cadmium. cadmium.

of of obvious obvious

though though

and and

tissues. tissues.

diameter diameter

lethal lethal

this this

size size

cross cross

with with

Washington, Washington,

measured measured

by by were were

dosage dosage

the the

um um

high high

132 132

of of

the the

In In

more more

is is

in in

the the

and and

of of

shown shown

Cadmium Cadmium

metal metal

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apparent apparent

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Chesapeake Chesapeake

without without

sec, sec,

mercenaria) mercenaria)

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at at

procedure procedure

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significantly significantly

cm cm

intestines, intestines, Cadmium Cadmium

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3 3

of of defense defense

and and

tanks tanks

prevents prevents

are are

or or

clams clams that that

diameter diameter

tissues tissues

cm cm

was was

University, University,

Cherrystone Cherrystone

fish. fish.

Wang

been been

absorption absorption

amount amount

mg/Kg mg/Kg

as as

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cm cm

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33 33

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measured measured

TR, TR,

2 2

kidney kidney

resolution resolution directly directly the the

c. c.

increasingly increasingly

University, University,

eight eight

with with

clams clams

Acute Acute

foot, foot,

T T

metal metal

10 10

clearly clearly

has has

low low

1.5 1.5

of of

measurements. measurements.

the the

fibers fibers

gallon gallon

shell shell

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and and

muscles muscles

of of

to to

depending depending

also also

clams clams

with with (Mercenaria (Mercenaria

in in

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high high

Hopkins Hopkins

was was

as as

values values

4.7 4.7

state state

atomic atomic Paul Paul

necrosis necrosis

as: as:

highest highest

Tl Tl

constitutes constitutes

was was

shaped shaped

measurements. measurements.

were were

tion tion

non-invasive non-invasive

A A

axes axes

became became

ten ten

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Howard Howard

significant significant

individual individual

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at at

distribution distribution the the

or or

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six six

was was

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only only

Cadmium Cadmium

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instead instead

myosin myosin

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with with

1. 1.

Johns Johns

and and

time time

is is

to to

in in

anus anus

of of

Imaging Imaging

long long

culture culture

as as

times times

transi transi

Biological) Biological)

saddle saddle

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including including

sequence sequence

from from

2. 2.

weeks. weeks. It It

not not

images images

clams clams

However, However,

series series

in in

and and

thickness thickness

scanner scanner

Cadmium Cadmium

gill. gill.

A A

Cherrystone Cherrystone

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homeostatic homeostatic

muscle muscle

correlation. correlation.

muscle muscle

T T

NMR NMR

the the

four four

cadmium cadmium

in in

clumping clumping

the the concentrate concentrate

in in

metals. metals.

differential differential the the

hours. hours.

cells cells

decoloration decoloration

mice. mice.

spectroscopy. spectroscopy. correlated correlated

the the

accumulation accumulation

various various

tissues tissues

varies varies short short

structures structures

gills gills

for for

0.5 0.5

of of

relaxation relaxation

slice slice imaging imaging

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diameter diameter

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Acknowledgements: Acknowledgements:

image image

structures structures

quantitatively quantitatively

flexible flexible

endosperm endosperm

images. images.

gradient gradient

minutes, minutes,

using using

occurs occurs

angles. angles. milliseconds) milliseconds)

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2642 2642

space space reconstruction reconstruction

synthesized synthesized

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pulse pulse

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and and

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generally generally used used

developed developed

importance importance · ·

R. R.

as as

the the

and and

The The

were were

seeds, seeds,

and and

in-vivo in-vivo

such such

were were

PLANTS, PLANTS,

brain brain

novel novel

occurring occurring

coils coils

porous porous

for for

Kauten, Kauten,

Veterinary Veterinary

images images

production production

voids, voids,

of of

and and

interest. interest.

permitted permitted

and and

Particularly, Particularly,

Medicine Medicine

porous porous

Resonance Resonance

in in

microscopic microscopic

the the

column column

the the

The The

of of

vegetables vegetables

great great

in in

soil soil

designed designed

processes processes

bruises, bruises,

of of

a a

discussed. discussed.

(parrot) (parrot)

structure structure

testing testing

and and

INVESTIGATING INVESTIGATING

of of

anomalies anomalies

S.P.-Brazil); S.P.-Brazil);

in in

desirable desirable

Magnetic Magnetic

challenge. challenge.

images images

achievable achievable

be be

of of

Veterinary Veterinary

factor factor

are are

High-resolution High-resolution

problems. problems.

an an

obtention obtention

fruits fruits

that that

will will

MR MR

chemical chemical

macaw macaw

goal goal

internal internal

highly highly

and and

a a

Carlos, Carlos,

the the

presence presence

seedling seedling

is is

commercially commercially

and and

animals animals

the the

and and

already already

several several

important important

Säo Säo

the the

diameter). diameter).

Physiology, Physiology,

of of

hydrocephalic hydrocephalic

technological technological

is is

bean bean

of of

an an

obtaining obtaining

aiming aiming

With With

small small

a a

dogs dogs

processes processes

Davis-CA-USA) Davis-CA-USA)

animals animals

is is

of of

physical physical

and and

Plant Plant

13560 13560

NON-DESTRUCTIVELY NON-DESTRUCTIVELY

demonstrating demonstrating

and and

internal internal

high-resolution, high-resolution,

cavity cavity

small small

those those

darnage darnage

spectrometer spectrometer

95616 95616

741. 741.

are are

at at

FOR FOR

evaluation evaluation

cm cm

microns. microns.

in-vivo in-vivo

infections, infections,

as as

investigating investigating

resolution resolution

tissues tissues

Science, Science,

20 20

of of

50 50

in in

scientific scientific

134 134

Box Box

vegetables vegetables

ear ear

biological, biological,

oranges oranges

worm worm

local local

NMR NMR

to to

possibilities possibilities

such such

shown shown

magnetic magnetic

of of

real real

than than

and and

plant plant

Food Food

studied, studied,

up up

and and

P.O. P.O.

MRI MRI

and and

quantifying quantifying

a a

and and

ANIMALS. ANIMALS.

California. California.

the the

to to be

apples, apples,

of of

diagnosis diagnosis

MlCROSCOPY MlCROSCOPY

of of

micrometric micrometric

and and

animals animals

fruits fruits

knee knee

those those

studies studies

better better

at at

of of

regions regions

of of

SMALL SMALL

as as

animals( animals(

non-medical non-medical

Also, Also,

results results

small small

vegetables, vegetables,

a a

centre centre

dry dry

consists consists

Agriculture, Agriculture,

constraints constraints

and and

of of

AND AND

non-invasive non-invasive

such such

to to

nectarines, nectarines,

The The

high-resolution high-resolution

the the

(University (University

RESONANCE RESONANCE

resolution resolution

fruits, fruits,

the the

diagnosis diagnosis

of of

in in

performed performed

R. R.

MRI MRI

evaluation evaluation

characterizing characterizing

selection. selection.

of of systems systems

objects objects

up up

maturity, maturity,

D. D.

non-destructive non-destructive

principal principal

pixel pixel

employing employing

and and

(NPDIA-EMBRAPA, (NPDIA-EMBRAPA,

related related

for for

of of

peaches, peaches,

materials materials

research. research.

set set

by by

(MRI) (MRI)

In-vivo In-vivo

small small

quality quality

VEGETABLES VEGETABLES

The The

MAGNETIC MAGNETIC

ones ones

with with

Presently, Presently,

interior interior

areas areas

and and

stage stage

marketing marketing

Nielsen, Nielsen,

biological biological

Crestana Crestana

the the

lesions. lesions.

observation observation biological biological

pits, pits, imaged. imaged.

appropriateness appropriateness

tomatoes, tomatoes,

obtained obtained

used used

images images

imaging imaging

opportunity opportunity

and and

S. S.

Imaging Imaging

Medicine Medicine

internal internal

and and

related related

in in

FRillTS, FRillTS,

IN-VIVO IN-VIVO in in and and ------·------

1 3 5 Structural studies of the stems of flax (Linum usitatissimum) by N:ryiR microscopy and conventional histological techntques ..

Gordon J. Mcg,ougalla, Bernard A. Goodmana, John A. Chudek? and Shelagh N. Saimgeour

~Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 SDA, UK Department of Chemistry, University of Dundee, Dundee DDl 41--IN",UK The spinechopulse sequence has been employed to obtain NMR microscopic images of the spatial distribution of mobile protonsaraund the cotyledonary node of flax (Linum usitatissimum) plants of two differi.ng growth morphologies. The gross · anatomy of fue tissues of the. stem is clearly discerned and excellent images are obtained of the complex changes in stem structure tha:t occur at the point of emergence of the side shoots. Detailed structure can be visualised within the xylem and the presence of fibre bundles deduced as dark areas amongst tissues of higher mobile proton density. As a result of the non-invasive and non-destructive nature of the NMR procedure, the images have been compared with micrographs obtained by conventional histological techniques on the same plant tissue. In general, there is good agreement between the two sets of resUlts, but the NMR images are complicated by the presence of paramagnetic molecules. These produce enhanced relaxation rates of protons in their vicinity and an apparent increase in proton density when short delay times are used. Such ~~es,therefore, can provide chemical information in addition to structural det · . a

for

Vio

ions.

had

Lust,

whose

the

absorp-

499-508.

interest-

given

W.D.

that

of rnicroscope.

rnethod

(African

USA

was

(1989)

carbonate

botanist,

Isotopically

study

seeing

optical PHYSIOLOGY

plant and

the

of LaManna,

cucurnber,

44106,

irnaged

the

oxygen-17 hirn

AND

the

followed of

J.C.

Ohio

Arnsterdarn

Chernistry

been

the

sulphate

was

of arnazed

with

Alldridge,

ANATOMY

~-irnage

Applications

This

already 3

colleague-friend.

lH sectioning

site

Elsevier,

Alldridge,

2).

Cleveland, ab-

But and

application

and

PLANT

exo-

with

had

water

face. to

factor

this

sarne

already Departrnent OF resolu-

phosphate,

Norrnan

a while

position

rnornents)

(enriched

of abundance Figures

lirnitations

by Jones,

reasonable

water

the

which 17o before

136

(Figure

irnages in

shown

resolution of

were and

Synthesis

srniling

of to

placenta.

plant

Pazara,

STUDIES the

interesting

University, labeled

H217o

17o

Mateescu,

been

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irnaged the

natural because, proton

with

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17o

regretted

Baillie

cucurnber their

dedicated

studies

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of was

Kuhn,

for the

their

Reserve pool possible

potential Another is

a firsthigh illustrated

yielded

Although

eds.

rnuch

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that is

MICROSCOPY

is out stern 1) altering

the

a to our in

pool

take

Gheorghe

the initiate tracer

ernbarrassed a

than

distribution

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Fig. flow.

ratio This 17o). analysis.

indicated to

seeds

death

tornato in

that

was

distribution discuss accuracy. without

Compounds,

(1)

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17oj1H and

(the

he worse water

cornrnunication

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(2).

sorne irnrnersion

-~------~

atorn% seen

and

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possibility

occurrence:

excellent

petiole,

will

irnages

said is

7.37 Auspiciously,

belled G.D. This untirnely

ing

let forced lH sorption an tion displaced allowed it to tion and The He after of botanist rnicrograph genous degree rnolecules quantitative

water

We 2.

1. ------~~~~---

137 Ackerman, J.J.H. (RAI 1) 70 Ackerman, J.L. (RAI 3) 72 Aiken, N. (BIO 7) 62 Albert, K. (MAT 7) 42 Albert, K. (MAT 12) 100 Alderweireldt , F. (MAT 11) 99 Altmeyer, P. (BIO 13) 122 Altobelli, S.A. (MET 5) 26 Armstrong, R.L. (DIF 2) 46 As, H. van (BIO 9) 65 As, H. van (DIF 7) 110 As, H. van (DIF 8) 111 Aygen, S. (BIO 13) 122 Back, P.J. (MET 9) 82 Barrall, G.A. (DIF 4) 48 Bartuska, V.K. (CPI 3) 53 Bauermann, T. (BIO 13) 122 Bayer, E. (MAT 7) 42 Bayer, E. (MAT 12) 100 Bendel, P. (MET 23) 96 Bendel, P. (RAI 4) 73 Benveniste, H. (BIO 2) 56 Berliner, L.J. 20 Berliner, L.J. (EPI 2) 32 Berliner, L.J. (EPI 5) 97 Bernardo, M.L.,Jr. (Opening Lecture) Bijl, G. (MET 8) 30 Black, R.R. (BIO 2) 57 Blackband, S.J. (BIO 7) 62 Blümich, B. (MAT 5) 40 Blümich, B. (RAI 5) 74 Blümich, B. (MET 19) 92 Blümich, B. (MET 20) 93 Blümich, B. (MAT 13) 101 Blümler, P. (MAT 5) 40 Blümler, P. (MAT 13) 101 Bolas, N. (CPI 4) 54 Bolt-Westerhoff, J.A. (MAT 8) 43 Bosch, C. S. (RAI 1) 70 Bowtell, R. (MET 1) 22 Brekelmans, M. (BIO 20) 130 138 Brereton, I. (BIO 5) 60 Brill, R. (MET 17) 90 Brill, R. (MAT 19) 107 Brink, J.S. van den (MAT 15) 103 Brown, G. (MET 1) 22 Brown, J. (MAT 18) 106 Brunner, P. (MET 13) 86 Bruynooghe, 0. (MAT 9) 44 Callaghan, P.T. (DIF 3) 47 Callaghan, P.T. (DIF 9) 50 Callaghan, P.T. (MET 9) 82 Callaghan, P.T. (MET 10) 83 Callaghan, P.T. (MET 16) 89 Callaghan, P.T. (MAT 14) 102 Callaghan, P.T. (DIF 10) 112 Callaghan, P.T. (DIF 11) 113 Callaghan, P.T. (DIF 12) 114 Callaghan, P.T. (DIF 13) 115 Canet, D. (MET 7) 29 Carpenter, T.A. (MAT 4) 39 Carpenter, T.A. (MET 21) 94 Caprihan, A. (MET 5) 26 Chingas, G.C. (DIF 4) 48 Cheng, G.-Q. (RAI 4) 73 Chudek, J.A. (PLA 3) 68 Chudek, J.A. (MAT 17) 105 Chudek, J.A. (PLA 8) 135 Chudek, J.A. (BIO 14) 123 Clayden, N.J. (MAT 4) 39 Cory, D.G. (MET 2) 23 Cory, D.G. (MAT 3) 38 Cofer, G.P. (BIO 2) 56157 Coy, A. (MET 9) 82 Coy, A. (MET 16) 89 Coy, A. (DIF 13) 115 Crestana, S. (MAT 18) 106 Crestana, S. (PLA 7) 134 Crozier, S. (BIO 5) 60 Dannhauer, K. (BIO 6) 61 Datema, K.P. (MAT 8) 43 Daxer, A. (BIO 19) 1281129 139 Doddrell, D.M. (BIO 5) 60 Dommisse, R. (MAT 11) 99 Dommisse, R. (BIO 20) 130 Doran, 8.J. (MET 21) 94 Durand-Vidal, 8. (MAT 9) 44 Dusschoten, D. van (BIO 9) 65 Dykstra, R. (MET 9) 82 Evelhoch, J. L. (RAI 1) 70 Ewert, U. (EPI 4) 35 Feng, I.-J. (MET 11) 84 Fens, T.W. (MAT 15) 103 Fichtner, K.-P. (BIO 1) 55 Fichtner, K.-P. (MET 22) 95 Fresneau, D. (BIO 15) 124 Freyer, J.P. (DIF 5) 49 Frydman, L. (DIF 4) 48 Fujii, H. (EPI 5) w Fujii, H. (EPI 2) 32 Fukushima, E. (MET 5) 26 Gammal, 8. el (BIO 13) 122 Garroway, A.N. (MET 2) 23 Garrido, L. (RAI 3) 72 Gerrits, P.O. (BIO 20) 130 Gersonde, K. (BIO 6) 61 Gewalt, 8.L. (BIO 2) 57 Goldie,F. (CPI 4) 54 Gonord, P. (BIO 15) 124 Gonord, P. (MAT 9) 44 Goodman, B.A. (PLA 3) 68 Goodman, B.A. (BIO 14) 123 Goodman, B.A. (PLA 8) 135 Gordon, 8.C. (BIO 14) 123 Gorrebeeck, C. (MAT 11) 99 Gravenmade, E.J. 's- (BIO 20) 130 Gross, D. (BIO 11) 120 Gross, D. (BIO 16) 125 Groß, D. (BIO 20) 130 Grossa, M. (MAT 7) 42 Groth, N. (EPI 4) 35 Grucker, D. (EPI 3) 33134 Gründer, W. (BIO 6) 61 140 Guillot, G. (MAT 9) 44 Günther, E. (RAI 5) 74 Günther, U. (MAT 7) 42 Hall,L.D. (MA T 4) 39 Hall, L.D. (MET 21) 94 Hartwig, R. (BIO 13) 122 Harwood, J.S. (DIF 4) 48 Hedges, L.K. (Opening Lecture) Hedlund, L.W. (BIO 2) 57 Hehn, M. (MET 20) 93 Reine, M. (BIO 11) 119 Hennel, F. (MET 18) 91 Herrling, T. (EPI 4) 35 Holstege, G. (BIO 20) 130 Hornung, P.A. (CPI 1) 51 Hotchkiss, R. S. (RAI 1) 70 Hsu, E. (BIO 7) 62 Hull, W. E. (BIO 1) 55 Hull, W.E. (MET 22) 95 Hunter, G. (MAT 17) Hyslop, W.B. (Opening Lecture) Hyslop, W.B. (DIF 6) 109 Ikeya, M. (EPI 1) 31 llg, M. (MA T 7) 42 llg, M. (MAT 12) 100 Jackson, P. (MAT 4) 39 Jansen, J. (MAT 5) 40 Jansen, J. (MET 19) 92 J asinski, A. (MET 12) 85 Jeffrey, K.R. (DIF 9) 50 Jeffrey, K.R. (DIF 12) 114 Jelinski, L. W. (BIO 4) 59 Jezzard, P. (MAT 4) 39 Johnson, G.A. (BIO 2) 57 Kabalka, G.W. (RAI 4) 73 Kakinuma, K. (EPI 5) g-{ Kan, L.-8. (PLA 5) 132 Kan, S. (MAT 9) 43 Kan, S. (BIO 15) 124 Kärger, J. (MAT 8) 43 Kärger, J. (DIF 1) 45 1 41 Kauten, R. (MAT 18) 106 Kauten, R. (PLA 7) 134 Kimmich, R. (MET 3) 24 Kirsch, C.F. (DIF 5) 49 Köckenberger, W. (DIF 12) 114 Koeller, E. (MAT 6) 41 Koeller, E. (MAT 10) 98 Koeller, G. (MAT 10) 98 Koenig, J.L. (MAT 1) 36 Komoroski, R.A. (MA T 2) 37 Konstanczak, P. (MET 19) 92 Kozlowski, P. (MET 12) 85 Kramann, B. (BIO 18) 128/129 Kriete, A. (BIO 12) 121 Kuhn, W. (MAT 6) 41 Kuhn, W. (MET 17) 90 Kuhn, W. (MAT 10) 98 Kuhn, W. (MAT 19) 107 Kuhn, W. (MAT 20) 108 Kuhn, W. (BIO 10) 118 Kuhn, W. (BIO 19) 128 Kusaka, Y. (BIO 6) 61 Kwiecinski,S. (BIO 8) 64 Lanens, D. (MAT 11) 99 Lanens, D. (BIO 20) 130 Lauterbur, P.C. (Opening Lecture) Lauterbur, P.C. (MET 14) 87 Lauterbur, P.C. (MET 15) 88 Lauterbur, P.C. (DIF 6) 109 Lauterbur, P.C. (BIO 17) 127 Lauterbur, P.C. (PLA 6) 133 Lehmann, V. (BIO 11) 120 Lehmann, V. (BIO 16) 125 Lemaire, C. (DIF 2) 46 Lemiere, G. (MAT 11) 99 Lepoivre, J. (MAT 11) 99 Linden, A. van der (MAT 11) 99 Linden, A. van der (BIO 20) 130 Link, J. (MET 13) 86 Litchfield, J.B. (PLA 6) 133 Lloyd, C.H. (MAT 17) 105 142 Lüscher, K. (MET 13) 86 MacGowan, D. (DIF 13) 115 Mackay, R.L. (MAT 17) 105 Maffei, P. (MET 7) 29 Majors, P.D. (MET 5) 26 Mansfield, P. (MET 1) 22 Maraviglia, B. (MET 4) 25 Maronpot, R.R. (BIO 2) 56/57 Mateescu, G.D. (BIO 3) 58 Mateescu, G.D. (RAI 2) 72 Mateescu, G.D. (PLA 9) 136 Mattingly, M. (CPI 2) 52 McDougall, G.J. (PLA 8) 135 McJury, M. (MET 1) 22 Menzinger, M. (DIF 2) 46 Miller, J.B. (MET 2) 23 Moll, F. (MAT 10) 98 Moore, J.R. (RAI 3) 72 Mügge, C. (BIO 21) 131 Neeman, M. (DIF 5) 49 Nesbitt, G.J. (MAT 15) 103 Neue, G. (MAT 16) 104 Ni, X. (MET 11) 84 Nielsen, D.R. (MAT 18) 106 Nielsen, D.R. (PLA 7) 134 Nil, J.J. CRAI 1) 70 Packer, K.J. (DIF 13) 115 Palstra, W.D. (BIO 9) 65 Palstra, W. (DIF 8) 111 Päuser, S. (BIO 21) 131 Pfeifer, H. (DIF 1) 45 Pfleiderer, B. (RAI 3) 72 Pfleiderer, B. (MAT 12) 100 Pines, A. (Special Lecture) 21 Pope,J .M. (PLA 1) 66 Pope, J.M. (DIF 14) 117 Posadas, A. (MAT 18) 106 Potter, C.S. (Opening Lecture) Potter, C.S. (BIO 17) 127 Raich, H. (MET 20) 93 Randell, C.F. (CPI 4) 54 143

Rapp, W. (MAT 12) 100 Roberts, N. (MAT 15) 103 Rofe, C.J. (MET 10) 83 Rofe, C.J. (DIF 11) 113 Rohr, G. (BIO 11) 119/120 Rohr, G. (BIO 16) 125/126 Ruan, R. (PLA 6) 133 Ruhm, W. (BIO 11) 119/120 Ruhm, W. (BIO 16) 125/126 Sagnowski, S. (BIO 8) 63/64 Samoilenko, A.A. (MET 6) 28 Sarafis, V. (PLA 2) f57 Sarkar, S.N. (MAT 2) 37 Saunders, J.K. (MET 12) 85 Schauß, G. (MAT 5) 40 Schauß, G. (MET 20) 93 Schoeniger, J.S. (BIO 7) 62 Schuff, N. (CPI 1) 51 Schuff, N. (MET 11) 84 Scrimgeour, S.N. (PLA 3) 68 Scrimgeour, S.N. (MAT 17) 105 Scrimgeour, S.N. (BIO 14) 123 Scrimgeour, S.N. (PLA 8) 135 Sharp, J. (MET 1) 22 Skibbe, U. (MAT 16) 104 Sillerud, L.O. (DIF 5) 49 Snaar, A. (DIF 7) 110 Snaar, J.E.M. (BIO 9) 65 Soma, M. (BIO 10) 118 Song, S.-K. (RAI 1) 70 Spanoghe, M. (MA T 11) 99 Spanoghe, M. (BIO 20) 130 Spiess, H.W. (MAT 5) 40 Spiess, H.W. (RAI 5) 74 Spiess, H.W. (MET 20) 93 Staemmler, M. (MET 17) 90 Staemmler, M. (MAT 19) 107 Staemmler, M. (MAT 20) 108 Stahl, J (MAT 19) 107 Staszkow, E. (BIO 8) 63/64 Suddarth, S.A. (BIO 2) 56/57 ------,

144 Theis, I. (MAT 6) 41 Thiessenhusen, K.U. (EPI 4) 35 Todd, B.E. (BIO 2) 56/57 Tomanek, B. (BIO 8) 63/64 Tzalmona, A. (DIF 2) 46 Urbanski, A. (MET 12) 85 Valerius, K.-P. (BIO 12) 121 Veeman, W.S. (MET 8) 30 Vyver, F. van de (MAT 11) 99 Vyver, F. van de (BIO 20) 130 Walton, N. (MAT 4) 39 Wang, C.Y. (PLA 4) 00 Wang, P.C. (PLA 4) 00 Wang, P.C. (PLA 5) 132 Wark, U. (BIO 11) 119/120 Wark, U. (BIO 16) 125/126 Wiggins, C.J. (MAT 4) 39 Williamson, B. (PLA 3) 68 Woodford, J.A.T. (BIO 14) 123 Wu, Y. (RAI 3) 72 Xia, Y. (DIF 9) 50 Xia, Y. (MAT 14) 102 Xia, Y. (DIF 10) 112 Xia, Y. (DIF 11) 113 Xia, Y. (DIF 12) 114 Yao, S. (DIF 14) 116/117 Zelaya, F.O. (DIF 13) 115 Zhou, X. (Opening Lecture) Zhou, X. (MET 14) 87 Zhou, X. (MET 15) 88 Zhou, X. (BIO 17) 127 Zhou, X. (PLA 6) 133 Zschunke, A. (BIO 21) 131 ~------~- 145 Ackerman, Prof. J.J.H. Antz, Christof Washington Univ., Dept. of Chemistry MPI für Med. Forschg., NMR Gruppe Kaibitzer Jahnstr. 29

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