Corupţie - Globalizare - Neocolonialism

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Corupţie - Globalizare - Neocolonialism provided by PhilPapers View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk CORE brought to you by Corupţie - Globalizare - Neocolonialism Nicolae Sfetcu Publicat de MultiMedia Publishing Copyright 2018 Nicolae Sfetcu Copyright © 2018 Nicolae Sfetcu Toate drepturile rezervate. Nicio parte a acestei cărți nu poate fi reprodusă sau stocată într-un sistem electronic sau transmisă sub nicio formă sau prin orice mijloace electronice, mecanice, prin fotocopiere, prin înregistrare sau prin alte mijloace, fără permisiunea expresă scrisă a autorului. Publicat de MultiMedia Publishing, www.setthings.com/editura ISBN: 978-606-033-066-0 Prima ediție DECLINARE DE RESPONSABILITATE: Având în vedere posibilitatea existenței erorii umane sau modificării conceptelor științifice, nici autorul, nici editorul și nicio altă parte implicată în pregătirea sau publicarea lucrării curente nu pot garanta în totalitate că toate aspectele sunt corecte, complete sau actuale, și își declină orice responsabilitate pentru orice eroare ori omisiune sau pentru rezultatele obținute din folosirea informațiilor conținute de această lucrare. Cu excepția cazurilor specificate în această carte, nici autorul sau editorul, nici alți autori, contribuabili sau alți reprezentanți nu vor fi răspunzători pentru daunele rezultate din sau în legătură cu utilizarea acestei cărți. Aceasta este o declinare cuprinzătoare a răspunderii care se aplică tuturor daunelor de orice fel, incluzând (fără limitare) compensatorii; daune directe, indirecte sau consecvente, inclusiv pentru terțe părți. Înțelegeți că această carte nu intenționează să înlocuiască consultarea cu un profesionist educațional, juridic sau financiar licențiat. Înainte de a o utiliza în orice mod, vă recomandăm să consultați un profesionist licențiat pentru a vă asigura că faceți ceea ce este mai bine pentru dvs. Această carte oferă conținut referitor la subiecte educaționale. Utilizarea ei implică acceptarea acestei declinări de responsabilitate. Globalizarea Globalizarea este procesul de integrare internaţională care rezultă din schimbul de opinii, produse, idei şi alte aspecte ale culturii la nivel mondial. Progresele în transport şi infrastructura de telecomunicaţii, inclusiv dezvoltarea a telegrafului şi a urmaşului său Internetul, sunt factori majori în globalizare, generatoare de interdependenţă în continuare a activităţilor economice şi culturale. Deşi oamenii de ştiinţă plasează originea globalizării în timpurile moderne, alţii urmăresc istoria sa cu mult înainte de era europeană a descoperirilor şi călătoriilor în Lumea Nouă. Unii chiar consideră originile sale în al treilea mileniu î.e.n. La sfârşitul secolului XIX şi începutul secolului XX, conectivitatea economiilor şi culturilor lumii a crescut foarte repede. Globalizarea termenului a fost folosit din ce în ce mai mult de la mijlocul anilor 1980 şi mai ales de la mijlocul anilor 1990. În anul 2000, Fondul Monetar Internaţional (FMI) a identificat patru aspecte de bază ale globalizării: comerţul şi tranzacţiile, mişcările de capital şi de investiţii, migraţia şi circulaţia persoanelor, precum şi diseminarea cunoştinţelor. În plus, provocările de mediu, cum ar fi schimbările climatice, apa transfrontalieră şi poluarea aerului, şi pescuitul excesiv din oceane, sunt legate de globalizare. Procesele de globalizare afectează şi sunt afectate de afaceri şi de organizarea muncii, economie, resurse socio-culturale, şi mediul natural. Oamenii au interacţionat pe distanţe lungi de mii de ani. Drumul mătăsii care conecta Asia, Africa, şi Europa, este un bun exemplu de puterea transformatoare a schimbului translocal care a existat în "Lumea Veche". Filozofia, religia, limba, arta, şi alte aspecte ale culturii, se răspândesc şi se amestecă simultan cu schimbul naţional de produse şi idei. In secolele XV şi XVI, europenii au făcut descoperiri importante în explorarea oceanelor, inclusiv începutul călătoriei transatlantice în "Lumea Nouă" din America. Mişcarea globală de oameni, bunuri şi idei s-a extins semnificativ în secolele următoare. La începutul secolului XIX, dezvoltarea de noi forme de transport (cum ar fi vaporul şi căile ferate) şi telecomunicaţiile care comprimă timpul şi spaţiul, a permis rate tot mai rapide de schimb la nivel mondial. În secolul XX, vehicule rutiere, de transport intermodal, precum şi companiile aeriene de transport, au făcut ca lucrurile să se mişte şi mai repede. Apariţia de comunicaţii electronice, cele mai multe telefoane mobile şi în special pe Internet, a conectat miliarde de oameni în moduri noi. Organizarea globală a afacerilor Odată cu îmbunătăţirile în transport şi comunicaţii, afacerile internaţionale au crescut rapid de la începutul secolului XX. Afacerile internaţionale includ toate tranzacţiile comerciale (vânzări private, investiţii, logistică, şi transport), care au loc între două sau mai multe regiuni, ţări şi naţiuni, dincolo de graniţele lor politice. O astfel de diversificare internaţională este legată de performanţa firmelor şi inovare, pozitivă în cazul celor dintâi şi de multe ori negativă în cazul celor din urmă. De obicei companiile private se angajează în astfel de tranzacţii pentru profit. Aceste tranzacţii de afaceri implică resurse economice, cum ar fi cele de capital, resursele naturale şi umane, utilizate pentru producţia internaţională de bunuri şi servicii fizice, cum ar fi finanţe, bănci, asigurări, construcţii şi alte activităţi productive. Acordurile comerciale internaţionale au dus la formarea de întreprinderi multinaţionale, companii care au o abordare la nivel mondial a pieţelor şi a producţiei, sau operaţiuni în mai multe ţări. O întreprindere multinaţională poate fi, de asemenea, o corporaţie multinaţională sau societate transnaţională. Printre corporaţiile multinaţionale binecunoscute se numără companii de fast-food, precum McDonald's şi Yum Brands, producătorii de vehicule, cum ar fi General Motors, Ford Motor Company şi Toyota, companii de electronice de larg consum, cum ar fi Samsung, LG şi Sony, şi companiile de energie, cum ar fi ExxonMobil, Shell şi BP. Cele mai multe dintre cele mai mari corporaţii operează pe mai multe pieţe naţionale. Întreprinderile, în general, susţin că supravieţuirea în noul piaţă globală cere companiilor să se aprovizioneze cu bunuri, servicii, forţă de muncă şi materiale de peste mări pentru a face upgrade continuu la produsele şi tehnologia lor, în scopul de a supravieţui concurenţei sporite. Potrivit unui recent raport McKinsey Global Institute, fluxurile de bunuri, servicii, şi de finanţare, a ajuns la 26 miliarde dolari în 2012, sau 36 la suta din PIB-ul global, de 1,5 ori nivelul din 1990. Comerţul internaţional Comerţul internaţional este schimbul de capital, bunuri, şi servicii în afara graniţelor sau teritorii internaţionale. În cele mai multe ţări, un astfel de comerţ reprezintă o parte semnificativă din produsul intern brut (PIB). Industrializarea, transportul avansat, corporaţiile multinaţionale, offshoring şi externalizarea, toate au un impact major asupra comerţului mondial. Creşterea comerţului internaţional este o componentă fundamentală a globalizării. Există un avantaj comercial absolut atunci când ţările pot produce o marfă cu mai puţine costuri pe unitatea de produs decât partenerii lor comerciali. Prin acelaşi raţionament, ar trebui să se importe mărfuri care au un dezavantaj absolut. În timp ce există posibile câştiguri din comerţul cu avantaj absolut, avantajul comparativ - respectiv abilitatea de a oferi produse şi servicii cu un cost marginal şi de oportunitate - extinde gama de posibile schimburi reciproc avantajoase. Într-un mediu de afaceri globalizat, companiile susţin că avantajele comparative oferite de comerţul internaţional au devenit esenţiale pentru menţinerea competitivităţii. Acordurile comerciale, blocuri economice şi zone comerciale speciale (Produsul intern brut în 2011 în dolari pe cap de locuitor, ajustat în funcţie de inflaţie şi de paritatea puterii de cumpărare (scară logaritmică) între 1860-2011, cu populaţia (zona de disc) pentru SUA (galben), Marea Britanie (portocaliu), Japonia (roşu), China (roşu), şi India (albastru).) Stabilirea de zone de liber schimb a devenit o caracteristică esenţială a guvernelor moderne care stabilesc aranjamentele comerciale preferenţiale cu entităţi străine şi multinaţionale. O zonă economică specială (ZES) este o regiune geografică care are legi economice şi de altă natură care sunt mai mult orientate spre piaţă liberă decât spre legile tipice sau naţionale ale unei ţări. Legile "la nivel naţional", pot fi suspendate în interiorul acestor zone speciale.Categoria "ZES" se referă la mai multe domenii, inclusiv în Zonele Comerciale Libere (ZCL), Zonele cu Export de Prelucrare Zone (ZEP), Zonele Libere (ZL), Parcuri Industriale sau Zone Industriale (ZI), Porturi Libere, Zonele de Afaceri Urbane, şi altele. De obicei, scopul unei structuri este de a creşte investiţiile străine directe de către investitorii străini, de obicei o afacere internaţională sau o corporaţie multinaţională. Acestea sunt domenii în care companiile sunt impozitate foarte uşor sau deloc, în scopul de a încuraja activitatea economică desemnată. Porturile libere au fost istoric dotate cu reglementări vamale favorabile, de exemplu portul liber Trieste. Foarte adesea porturile libere constituie o parte a zonelor economice libere. O Zonă Comercială Liberă este o arie în care mărfurile pot fi descărcate, manipulate, fabricate sau reconfigurate, şi reexportate fără intervenţia autorităţilor vamale. Numai atunci când
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