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Principles of Polyurethane

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Principles of Polyurethane C O N TATA C T S Pleigerlleiiger PPlasllasti cs isi a divisiondiiviisiion off PaulPaul PleigerPleiiger Maschinenfabrik.MMaschinenffabbriikk. TheThhe PleigerPlleiiger group hashas over 500 employees worldwide with manufacturing faciliti es in the United States, Germany, Korea and China. Pleiger manufactures plasti cs, hydraulics, electronics, pneumati cs, pumps, laser opti cs and naval products. Pleiger Plasti cs Company P.O. Box 1271 498 Crile Road Washington, PA 15301-1271 Tel: (724) 228-2244 Fax: (724) 228-2253 (800) PLEIGER (800-753-4437) [email protected] / www.pleiger.com PPleigerleiger GroupGroup ofof CompaniesCompanies WWorldwideorldwide NetworkNetwork Tough Urethanes for Tough Applicati ons Paul Pleiger Maschinenfabrik Pleiger Thermoplast Pleiger Kunststoff GmbH & Co. KG GmbH & Co. KG GmbH & Co. KG PRINCIPLES OF Witt en, Germany Raisdorf, Germany Buchholz, Germany www.pleiger.de www.pleiger-thermoplast.de www.pleiger-kunststoff .de Pleiger Maschinenbau Pleiger Electro-Hydraulic Pleiger Far East Co. Ltd. POLYURETHANE Pleiger Industrie-Kunststoff e Technology Co. Ltd. Pusan, Korea Pleiger Elektronik Shanghai, China www.pleiger.kr Witt en, Germany www.pleiger.de/pm www.pleiger.de WHAT IS POLYURETHANE? KEY TERMS Modulus- The sti ff ness ofof an elastomer, measured typicallytypically asas thetthhe forcefoorcce requiredreequiredd to stretch a strip of the elastomerliM to a given extent. Modulusd l isi closelyl l relatedl d to Originati ng during World War II as an hardness. Measured in psi. alternati ve to rubber, polyurethane evolved from a laboratory curiosity into Mold Release Agent- A lubricant that prevents the surface from adhering to the an industrial product. Combining the mold. Typically silicon based but can also be wax or tefl on. outstanding properti es of rigid plasti c, metals, and rubbers, a superior plasti c Polyester- Polyester’s are resistant to petroleum based chemicals and are highly was born. What sets polyurethane apart resistant to cutti ng, tearing, and chunking. There are many varieti es of polyesters from other elastomers and steel is its each expressing unique properti es. resilience and overall toughness. Polyether- Polyether’s chemical makeup is a conti nuous chain making it hydrolysis Urethanes are made up of diisocyanate resistant. In additi on to water, it is also resistant to acid based chemicals and groups , polyols and an extender gasoline. Used in high-speed and load-bearing applicati ons and shock absorbing Polyol- Ester, Ether, Caprolatones applicati ons. There are two types of ether: PPG which is the lowest performance or Carbonates and PTMEG which is the highest performance type. Isocyanate- MDI, TDI, NDI, PPDI or TODI Polymer- The solid polyurethane produced from the chemical reacti on between Extender- Chain extender between the prepolymer and the curati ve. two isocyonates (Glycol and Amine) Polyurethane- The polymer prepared by reacti ng a polyisocyanate (prepolymer) with polyhydroxy-terminated compound (curati ve). The terms urethane and polyurethane can be used interchangeably. There is a wide variety of urethanes available that are similar in characteristi cs but diff er in specifi c properti es. Service Temperature- Ambient temperature where an elastomer will sti ll maintain its modulus and physical properti es. Thermoset materials maintain a constant modulus over temperature up to their service temperatures. Thermoplasti c modulus and physical properti es typically decline as temperature increases. Available as Thermosets Shape Factor- Constant used in spring calculati ons which relates compressed area to “free to bulge” area. Thermoset- Chemicals are combined and once the reacti on occurs, it is poured into a mold before the urethane cures or sets. This Tear Strength- A measure of the resistance of the elastomer to tear and gouge. process yields the high performance properti es that are not Tear strength usually correlates to the material’s abrasion resistance. ASTM D 470 obtained by any other process. Pleiger Plasti cs uses this or 624 process to make the Plei-Tech line of urethanes. Tensile Strength- The resistance of a material to a force tending to tear it apart, measured as the maximum tension the material can withstand without tearing. Measured in psi. ASTM D 412 1 10 KEY TERMS ADVANTAGES OF POLYURETHANE Abrasion Resistance- The ability of a material to withstand mechanical acti on such Polyurethane compounds possess an extraordinary combinati on of physical, as rubbing, scraping, or erosion, that tends progressively to remove material from mechanical, and environmental properti es. The type of resin and the rati o its surface. Such an ability helps to maintain the material’s original appearance and between the resin and the curati ve can be varied to opti mize some of these structure. Also known as Taber or NBS Index. Measured in mg loss properti es. Bashore Resilience- An ASTM test (D-2632) for the rebound characteristi cs of elastomer. High Bashore resilience generally implies low heat buildup in the roll when used at high speeds under high loads. Measured in % rebound. Coeffi cient of Fricti on- Measure of a body’s resistance to moti on. Stati c and Kineti c; normally stati c is signifi cantly higher than kineti c. Advantages to using Polyurethane: Compression Set- The characteristi c of the elastomer to remain permanently • Excellent resilience deformed aft er deforming forces are removed. ASTM D 395 • Extra toughness and durability • Very high load bearing and cut resistance Conducti vity- The measure of a material’s ability to transmit electrical energy. • Low compression set Measured in ohm-cm. • Very good impact resistance • Excellent abrasion resistance Creep- The tendency of an elastomer or plasti c to change shape over ti me. • Oil, solvent and water resistance Durometer- The hardness of the fi nal elastomer, or the gauge used to measure the hardness. Shore A scales (ASTM D-2240) is commonly used as well as Shore D & O. Polyurethane Applicati on Comparisons Elastomer- A polymer that expresses elasti c properti es. Polyurethanes have defi nite advantages over plasti cs, conventi onal rubber and Durometer Gauge metals which make them a bett er substi tute in applicati ons where these materials Filled- Term describing a material which has secondary compounds added to are normally used. aff ect physical properti es and performance. Common fi llers are glass fi ber, MOS2, clay, and silicans ... vs. Rubber ... vs. Metal ... vs. Plasti c • high abrasion resistance • lightweight • high impact resistance Hysteresis- The tendency of an elastomer to build up heat through cycles of stress and relaxati on. Higher stress or cycle speeds increase heat build up. Hysteresis • high cut, tear resistance • noise reducti on • elasti c memory should not be compared or confused with heat resistance. • superior load bearing • abrasion resistance • abrasion resistance • thick secti on molding • less expensive fabricati on • noise reducti on Isocyanate- Compound that reacts with a polyol and extender to form polyurethane. • colorability • corrosion resistance • broader hardness range • oil resistance • resilience • resilience MDI - Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate NDI - Naphthalene diisocyanate • ozone resistance • impact resistance • thick secti on molding TDI - Toluene diisocyanate • castable nature • fl exibility • lower cost tooling PPDI - Para-phenylene diisocyanate • broader hardness range • easily moldable • low temperature TODI - Ditolylene diisocyanate resistance 9 2 SELECTING POLYURETHANE WHY CHOOSE PLEIGER PLASTICS? All Polyurethanes are not equal when it comes to performance. A thermoset urethane is created Founded in 1986, Pleiger Plasti cs by the molder. The type of polymer, the process Company was one of the fi rst parameters, and the rati o of curati ve play a criti cal molders in the United States role in the performance of the product. Pleiger to process Vulkollan, Europe’s Plasti cs uses only the highest quality raw materials highest performing polyurethane as well as sophisti cated procedures to produce the systems for molding engineering high performance products. parts. Pleiger Plasti cs’ business philosophy is to provide high performance, high quality polyurethanes worldwide. By off ering full service molding, Pleiger Plasti cs gives its business partner cost-eff ecti ve soluti ons to diffi cult problems. Starti ng with short turn- around quotati ons, the Pleiger soluti on lets our Pleiger off ers engineering services to design or re-design molded parts to opti mize customers build the framework for a successful performance and moldability. Once designs are fi nalized, low cost prototypes are molding project. produced for fi eld testi ng and selecti on of the best compound. In additi on to custom molding services, Pleiger When using polyurethane keep in mind these few points: Plasti cs off ers a full range of polyurethane sheet, What is your applicati on? (Bumper, wheels, scrapers) rod, and tube semi-fi nished goods. Durometers What type of wear is the part exposed to? (Impact, sliding, impinging) range from 5A to 80D. Special colors and sizes are What are the environmental factors? (Chemicals, temperature, indoor/outdoor) available upon request. What material are you currently using? (Rubber, PVC, metal) Is this part typically replaced? If so, how oft en? What are its means of failure? A full testi ng lab is used to insure that products manufactured Determining the material’s by Pleiger meet our published durometer is criti cal when specifi cati ons. These lab services selecti ng
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