Kroatisches Kino. Filmische Verarbeitungen Der Kriegsvergangenheit

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Kroatisches Kino. Filmische Verarbeitungen Der Kriegsvergangenheit Südosteuropa 57 (2009), H. 1, S. 113-135 ANJA ŠOŠIĆ Kroatisches Kino. Filmische Verarbeitungen der Kriegsvergangenheit Abstract. Since the beginning of the Yugoslav wars in the early 1990s, various filmmakers have reflected on their topics and consequences. Watching Croatian films, it becomes obvious that the conflict had a huge impact on the nation’s cinematography. Croatian films have constantly shifted their focus of interest from the 1990s until today, yet persistently confronted the topic of the Yugoslav succession wars. Early on propagandistic films treated the conflict in more simplistic ways, while later productions have developed a more critical and differentiated approach, representative of the developments within Croatian society . The Croatian directors’ cinematic views on these issues are the subject of this essay. After looking back at the first achievements of independent Croatian cinema, six films from the last five years are analyzed in their handling of the past . Anja Šošić ist Kulturwissenschaftlerin mit Schwerpunkt „Szenische Künste“ und arbeitet gegenwärtig als Produktionsassistentin bei verschiedenen Dokumentar- und Spielfilmpro- jekten in Berlin . Ende Juli 2009 fand in Kroatien das 56. Pula Film Festival statt. Seit fast sechs Jahrzehnten wird das antike römische Amphitheater der istrischen Hafenstadt Pula im Sommer zu einem Open-Air-Kino, in dem die aktuellen nationalen Filmproduktionen zum Wettbewerb um die „Goldene Arena“ antreten. Als Leistungsschau der staatlichen Filmproduktion gegründet, präsentierte das Festival von 1954 bis 1990 jährlich die neuesten Filme aus den jugoslawischen Teilrepubliken Kroatien, Serbien, Slowenien, Bosnien-Herzegowina, Montene- gro und Makedonien. Am 26. Juli 1991 jedoch wurde es am Tag seiner Eröff- nung abgesagt . Dieses Ereignis markiert im Bereich des Films den Endpunkt des jugoslawischen Zerfallsprozesses. Die politische Situation hatte sich so weit zugespitzt, dass die Festivalleitung es als unmöglich erachtete, ein „jugo- slawisches Filmfestival“ stattfinden zu lassen, nachdem Kroatien etwa einen Monat zuvor am 25. Juni seine Unabhängigkeit erklärt hatte. Seit 1995 wird 114 Anja Šošić die „Goldene Arena“ wieder vergeben – nun als Auszeichnung für die besten kroatischen Filme .1 Die Favoriten der diesjährigen Jury unter Vorsitz des Regisseurs Zrinko Ogresta waren Crnci (The Blacks), ein psychologisches Kriegsdrama von Goran Dević und Zvonimir Jurić, sowie Metastaze (Metastasen) von Branko Schmidt, eine beunruhigend realistische Studie frustrierter Charaktere in Zagrebs Hoo- ligan-Milieu, denen es nach dem Krieg nicht gelungen ist, in der kroatischen Gesellschaft Fuß zu fassen. Somit war auch in diesem Jahr wieder ein Thema präsent, das die kroatische Kinematographie seit der Unabhängigkeit des Landes konsequent durchzieht: Die Kriege, durch die die einst unter Titos Ideologie der „Brüderlichkeit und Einigkeit“ verbundenen Republiken gewaltsam eigene Wege gingen . Als einschneidendes Ereignis von gesamtgesellschaftlicher Bedeutung wer- den diese Kriege fortwährend in zahlreichen künstlerischen Arbeiten und unterschiedlichen Medien thematisiert . Schon während der Kriegsjahre, vor allem jedoch danach, haben sich Spielfilme aus den jugoslawischen Nachfol- gestaaten sowie auch aus anderen Ländern mit dem Thema beschäftigt, als verheiße „das Ende des Krieges [...] sozusagen seine Wiederkehr mit anderen kulturellen Mitteln und Medien“.2 Eine Vielzahl kroatischer Kinospielfilme reflektiert diese Kriege, rückt sie thematisch ins Zentrum oder streift sie am Rande . Dabei haben kroatische Regisseure in den vergangenen Jahren in der Auseinandersetzung mit diesem Thema unterschiedlichste Erzählstrategien und Ästhetiken angewandt. Ihre Herangehensweisen an eine Reflexion des Krieges und seiner Folgen sind Gegenstand dieses Artikels und werden im Folgenden, nach einem Rückblick auf die Anfänge des unabhängigen kroatischen Kinos, anhand von Filmbeispielen aus den letzten fünf Jahren analysiert. Rückblick: Krieg im Kino nach der kroatischen Unabhängigkeitserklärung Der erste Film, der komplett in der Zeit der nationalen Unabhängigkeit Kroa- tiens entstand, war Vrijeme za ... (Zeit zum ...) von Oja Kodar, ein Kriegsdrama, das 1993 mitten im Krieg in die Kinos kam. Dieses sowohl von Kritikern als auch vom Publikum geschmähte filmische Fiasko stehtparadigmatisch für eine 1 Der vorliegende Aufsatz basiert u. a. auf den Recherchen zu meiner Diplomarbeit, Anja Šošić, Krieg und Kino in Kroatien. Reflexionen der Jugoslawienkriege im kroatischen Spiel- film, Diplomarbeit im Fachbereich Kulturwissenschaften und Ästhetische Kommunikation der Universität Hildesheim / Institut für Medien und Theater. November 2008. 2 Diese treffende und zeitlose Beobachtung, die Doron Kiesel 1989 in einer Publikation zum Genre des Kriegsfilms machte, beweist auch in Bezug auf die Jugoslawienkriege ihre Gültigkeit . Doron Kiesel, Einleitung, in: ders. (Hg .), Kino und Krieg . Von der Faszination eines tödlichen Genres. Frankfurt/M. 1989 (Arnoldshainer Filmgespräche, 6), 7. Kroatisches Kino 115 Reihe kroatischer Filme der 1990er Jahre,3 denen technischer Dilettantismus und eine propagandistische Stilisierung der kroatischen Kriegshaltung zu einem nationalen Opfermythos vorgeworfen werden .4 Die Einteilung in „gute“ und „böse“ Charaktere erfolgt hier ausschließlich nach ethnischen Kriterien: „The Chetniks (Serbs) are bad as hell . The Croats are approaching sainthood .“5 Die alleinige Entscheidungsgewalt im Bereich der Filmförderung oblag zu jener Zeit dem kroatischen Kulturministerium,6 das die ohnehin sehr begrenzten finanziellen Mittel ohne gesetzliche Fördergrundlagendenjenigen Filmprojekten zur Verfügung stellte, die die politische Ideologie der Regierung unterstützten.7 Diese Art der Entscheidungsfindung basierte auf einem Konzept des Films als „intellektuellem Mittel der Verteidigung im Krieg“, als „ideologische Waffe“.8 Durch politisch motivierte Selektion fand somit eine inhaltliche Steuerung der Filmproduktion statt, die holzschnittartige und zu opagandistischenpr Zwecken ideologisch gefärbte Filme hervorbrachte . Derlei mit Pathos überladene filmische Positionierungsversuche dienten den Regisseuren des Mladi hrvatski film (Junger kroatischer Film) als Negativfolie, von der sie sich mit differenzierteren Ansätzen abzuheben versuchten. In der Berichterstattung über einige hervorragende und von Kritikern gefeierte Ab- schlussfilme der Akademie der dramatischen Künste in Zagreb etablierte sich der BegriffMladi hrvatski film als Bezeichnung für die Werke von Vinko Brešan, Hrvoje Hribar, Lukas Nola, Ivan Salaj u. a., die einen radikalen Generations- wechsel in der kroatischen Filmlandschaft einleitete . Die jungen Regisseure versprachen, Widerstand gegen jede Form von Beschneidung künstlerischer Freiheit zu leisten und widmeten sich dem Thema des Krieges aus sehr per- sönlicher Perspektive . Der Mladi hrvatski film widersetzte sich jeder Form von Heroisierung – Soldaten waren in Filmen wie Vidimo se (Man sieht sich, 1995) 3 Dazu zählen Filme wie Cijena života (Der Preis des Lebens, 1994) von Bogdan Žižić, Anđele moj dragi (Mein lieber Engel, 1995) von Tomislav Radić, Vukovar se vraća kući (Vukovar kehrt zurück nach Hause, 1994) und Božić u Beču (Weihnachten in Wien, 1997) von Branko Schmidt . 4 Vgl . Tomislav Kurelec, Filmska kronika. Zapisi o hrvatskom filmu. Zagreb 2004, 112; Jurica Pavičić, Kinematografije krize, Hrvatski filmski ljetopis 5 (1996), 3-6, 4; ders., Trendovi hrvatskog filma, Hrvatski filmski ljetopis 11 (1997), 3-10, 4 . 5 Daniel J .Goulding , Liberated Cinema . The Yugoslav Experience 1945-2001 . Bloomington 2002, 210 . 6 Für eine ausführliche Darstellung der Entwicklung der jugoslawischen und kroatischen Kulturpolitik siehe Hrvoje Turković / Vjekoslav Majcen, Hrvatska kinematografija. Povijesne značajke, suvremeno stanje, filmografija (1991-2002). Zagreb 2003, 25-31 und 40-50. 7 Darauf weist auch Daniel J . Goulding in seiner Untersuchung der jugoslawischen Kine- matographien und ihrer Aufteilung in nationale Kinematographien hin: „Understandably, there are enormous political and ideological sensitivities involved as well as not very thinly disguised expectations by the former Tudjman regime and its ministry of culture [ . .] concern- ing the proper treatment of [ . .] national and patriotic themesGoulding .“ , Liberated Cinema (wie Anm. 5), 210. 8 Pavičić, Kinematografije krize (wie Anm. 4), 4. 116 Anja Šošić von Ivan Salaj keine Helden mehr, sondern gebrochene Männer . Der Krieg wurde hier nicht mehr gerechtfertigt, sondern durch das Erzählen tragischer Einzelschicksale grundsätzlich in Frage gestellt. Einen Wendepunkt des kroatischen Nachkriegskinos bildete Vinko Brešans Kako je počeo rat na mom otoku (Wie der Krieg auf meiner Insel begann), der 1996 fast 350 .000 Zuschauer in die Kinos lockte . Gleichzeitig mit dem Übergang in eine friedlichere politische Phase wurden auch im kroatischen Film neue Sai- ten angeschlagen . MitKako je počeo rat na mom otoku erschien nämlich erstmals ein Film, der den Krieg selbstironisch und mit Humor betrachtete . Die Wahl des komödiantischen Genres kam einer Sensation gleich: „Das war die erste Komödie nach Jahren der Nicht-Komödie! Das war eine Revolution!“9 Brešan entpathetisierte in seiner Satire die Ideologie und das kollektive Trauma des Krieges und erzählte stattdessen von einer absurdenWelt, in der die Zuschauer sich offenbar wiederfanden. Diese Strategie nannte Brešan eine „Karnevalisie- rung des Lebens“10, deren grundlegendes Charakteristikum
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