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Rede De Alimentação De Invertebrados Das Águas Pretas Do Sistema Rio Negro

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Rede De Alimentação De Invertebrados Das Águas Pretas Do Sistema Rio Negro Rede de alimentação de invertebrados das águas pretas do sistema rio Negro 1. Observações sobre a predação de uma Ameba do tipo Dmeba discoides. Jlse Walker (*) Resumo A pobreza da produção primária sugere que estas cadeias alimentares dependem prin· Observação de pequenos ecossistemas estabele­ cipalrnente da decomposição da matéria orgâ· cidos quase naturalmente no laboratório a partir de material coletado em "habitats" específicos do nica florestal que cai na água, especialmente rio, permitiu construir uma rede alimentar da da decomposição do folhiço submerso. Assim, Amoeba (discoides), um predador voraz provenien­ estas cadeias alimentares seriam, em grande te da fauna encontrada entre capins submersos nas parte, cadeias de decomposição específicas, margens de lagos e rios. O comportamento preda­ um aspecto bastante importante na ecologia dor é bastante variado; as presas preferidas são ci­ dos ciclos alimentares. Descuidar-se deste liados, e, além de vários outros protozoários, a ame­ aspecto teria conseqüências graves com res­ ba ataca anelideos (Aeolosoma. sp.) . Observou-se a caça cooperativa a espécies presas que chegam a peito ao desmatamento das margens dos rios fugir se atacadas por amebas solitárias. Coopera­ dé águas pretas. ção é definida em termos de aumento de alimento Também, há necessidade de desenvolver obtido. Todos os organismos predadores na rede mostravam-se específicos na escolha da presa, no­ uma instrução biológica para todos os níveis tando-se também preferências por algumas espécies do sistema educac-ional, que seria baseada no de presas aceitáveis. O gráfico da rede alimentar entendimento do ambiente local, do qual a eco- apresentado na figura 7, permite uma comparação -logia aquática constitui uma parte integrante quantitativa de diversas redes equivalentes. na Amazônia . Por todas essas razões, o conhecimento da INTRODUÇÃO ecologia dos invertebrados das águas pretas torna-se indispensável. Além disso, informa· Diversas razões justificam o interesse na ção pormenorizada sobre a rede de alimentação rede alimentar dos invertebrados das águas dos invertebrados aquáticos é deficiente mes· pretas. Algumas são relacionadas à química mo nas outras partes do mundo; portanto, este peculiar do sistema do rio Negro, o qual é ca­ tipo de pesquisa não deveria incitar os Inte­ racterizado pela pobreza de cátions e presença resses somente da região Amazônica. de ácidos húmicos resultando em valores de Temos a intenção de apresentar, numa sé­ pH excessivamente baixos e na densa cor ne­ rie de publicações, os resultados sobre a rede gra da superfície da água. alimentar dos protozoários até às larvas de peixes. Essencialmente, analisaremos dois ti· Parece que isto resulta em níveis baixos pos de dados : da produção primária nestas águas e, conse­ qüentemente, na pobreza do estoque de pei­ 1 . dados coletados no laboratório, pertinentes xes . Por esse motivo o INPA vem explorando a ecossistemas, os quais se estabelecem qua­ a possibilidade de estabelecer viveiros de pei­ se naturalmente de material coletado nos rios; xes nativos da região. Uma informação minu­ 2. dados obtidos no campo sobre o consumo ciosa sobre a rede alimentar dos invertebrados de iscas naturais colocadas em "habitats" es­ permitiria escolher o "input" mais econômico pecíficos; tais dados devertam confirmar ou para a sustentação dos viveiros. não os resultados do laboratório. ( • ) - Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus ACTA AMAZONICA 8(3): 423-438. 1978 - 423 Os resultados dessa comunicação sobre a meadas culturas iniciais (IC) e a numeração Amoeba discoides referem-se unicamente a sis­ (IC) I, (IC) 11, (IC) 111 ... etc, designa sim­ temas estabelecidos no laboratório. plesmente a cronologia das coleções durante todo o período deste projeto. A parte menor O maior problema desse tipo de trabalho é deste material é colocada em caixas de a identificação dos organismos. É claro que, 250-SOOml para observação direta sob estereos- a respeito dc..s protozoários, a determina­ cópio. A designação dessa cultura é IA1 ..... ção da espécie e, em alguns casos mesmo do IA2. liA,. IIA2. etc. No caso de se­ gênero, é impossível. A sistemática contem­ rem tomadas subculturas cronológicas das cul­ porânea necessita da análise macromolecular turas iniciais (I C) I, (I C) 11 ... etc., estas serão das organelas (Lynn, 1976; Bardele, 1977) e chamadas IA, IB, IC, ... liA, IIB ... etc. O núme­ tais projetos estão bem fora dos objetivos de ro romano sempre indica a respectiva cultura nosso tarbalho. Entretanto, todos os organis­ inicial (te). Tais subculturas servem à obser­ mos apresentados na rede alimentar foram vação de processos de sucessão nas culturas criados e observados por várias semanas e iniciais . Para a caracterização quantitativa da mesmo por meses, o que permite reconhecer fauna de um "habitat", a coleta inicial é feita e distinguir, com quase certeza, as espécies em várias pequenas amostras simultâneas que na forma tradicional e inexata, ao menos aque­ são designadas (IC) 1,, (IC) h (IC) b ... (IC) Ih, las com diâmetros ultrapassando cerca de 30 (!C) I b. etc. Contudo, essa primeira comu­ 14m. Organismos de tamanho menor, não per­ nicação não inclui séries de sucessão ou amos­ mitindo discriminação com bastante confiança, tragens quantitativas. são chamados globalmente "micro-ciliados", "micro-flagelados", etc. Em geral, as identifi­ Para chegar a densidade de organismos cações foram baseadas nos I ivros de Kudo observáveis, bem como observação de seus (1966), Hyman (1951). Grassé (1952) e comportamentos alimentares, pequenos peda­ especialmente, nos trabalhos de Marcus ços de matéria alimentícia são colocados nas (1943-1947). As chaves de Pennak (1953) culturas, geralmente um animal morto de uma também foram utilizadas para chegar às famí• das espécies que vivem nessa cultura, ou um lias ou mesmo aos gêneros. Em casos de iden­ pedacinho de peixe cozido; um grão de fer­ tificação duvidosa, o nome da espécie, ou do mento seco (Saccharomyces) também serve gênero, é posto entre parênteses. à manutenção de cadeias alimentares que de­ pendem de bactérias como primeiro estágio. Entretanto, algumas espécies comem direta­ MÉTODOS E MATERIAL mente o fermento, uma condição artificial que, todavia, é prática e fácil para criar certas es­ coLEÇÃo - O material é coletado em. "ha­ pécies em rotina no laboratório. bitats" característicos dos rios, especialmente Observações das culturas IA,, IA2... IIA1, nas zonas de folhiço submerso e nas zonas IIA2. .. dá a impressão de que certas culturas cobertas de capim, gramíneas gigantescas co­ formam grupos característicos durante a mi­ brindo as margens dos rios e igapós, as quais cro-sucessão, desenvolvendo-se nas vizinhan­ são freqüentes somente em águas brancas, ças de um alimento específico. Tais grupos mas encontram-se ocasionalmente em águas são transferidos para vidros de 100 ml, ou para pretas. A coleção inclui vegetação viva com placas de Petri, onde eles são mantidos por raízes e vegetação morta, lama do fundo, ma­ período tão longo quanto possível com o mes­ terial coletado com redes de diferentes malhas mo tipo de alimento. Essas culturas são cha­ entre a vegetação e na água livre, e bastante madas ta1, la2, ... lb,, lb2 ... lia,, lla2 ... se de­ água da região para estabelecer as culturas no rivadas das culturas IA, IB, e liA, respectiva­ laboratório. mente, e são mantidas em 2-3 duplicatas para CULTURA - No laboratório, grande parte evitar extinção por acidentes de qualquer ori­ do material proveniente de um "habitat" espe­ gem. cífico é colocado em recipientes de vidro com A observação das culturas sob o estéreo­ capacidade de 5 litros. Essas culturas são no· microscópio (aumento de 10-40x) realizam-se 424- WaJker em intervalos de 1-3 dias e anotam-se as se­ Vorticellidae, espécie 1, Peritricha, Ciliata guintes condições: aparecimento e extinção Paramecium sp. Hymenostomatida, Ciliata Dileptus (anser), Gymnostomatída, Ciliata das espécies; espécies presas e predadoras. Micro-Hypotrichida, espécie 1, Ciliata período até chegarem certas espécies na vizi­ Stenostomum sp. Rhabdocoela, Platyhelmínthes nhança de uma isca fresca, e os notáveis com­ Nematoda, espécie não identificada portamentos dos organismos. Philodinidae, 1 espécie, Bdelloidea, Rotifera Com a finalidade de observar o comporta­ (Euchlanidae) 1 espécie, Pseudotl·ocha, Rotífera mento predatório dos organismos em aumen­ Gastrotricha, 1 espécie Aeolosoma espécie 1 (pigmento vermelho), Aeoloso- tos maiores (160x, 640x), colocamo-los em matidae, Annelida. uma câmara de Neubauer com uma rede qua­ Pristina. sp. Naididae, Annelida drática de 0,05 X 0,05 mm permitindo estimar Cladocera, 2 espécies, Crustácea o tamanho dos organismos em desenhos à mão Ostracoda, 1 espécie, Crustácea livre durante o período inicial do projeto, quan­ Copepoda, 1 espécie, Cyclopidae, Crustacea do ainda não havia disponibilidade de câmara• clara. Posteriormente, todos os desenhos fo­ ANEXO: Espécies provenientes de folhiço sub­ merso: ram feitos com ajuda da câmara-clara, e as fases características durante o processo de (Vablkampfía limax) Amoebidae, Rhizopoda predação foram medidas com cronômetro. Anisonema sp. Anisonemidae, Flagellata Spirostomus (teres), Spirotricha, Ciliata MATERIAL - A Amoeba (disooides) apa­ Stentor (coeruleus), Spirotricha, Ciliata receu no capim da cultura inicial (I C) I, coleta­ Vorticella espécie 2, Peritricha, Ciliata da em 28 de dezembro de 1976 em Samaúma, Micro-Hypotrichida espécie 2, Ciliata perto da ilha Anavilhana situada
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