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The Hexavalent Dtap/IPV/Hib/Hepb Combination Vaccine: Information for Healthcare Practitioners About the Neonatal Selective
The hexavalent DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB combination vaccine Information for healthcare practitioners about the neonatal selective immunisation programme for babies at risk of hepatitis B The Hexavalent DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB combination vaccine: Information for Healthcare Practitioners (selective programme) About Public Health England Public Health England exists to protect and improve the nation’s health and wellbeing, and reduce health inequalities. We do this through world-leading science, research, knowledge and intelligence, advocacy, partnerships and the delivery of specialist public health services. We are an executive agency of the Department of Health and Social Care, and a distinct delivery organisation with operational autonomy. We provide government, local government, the NHS, Parliament, industry and the public with evidence-based professional, scientific and delivery expertise and support. Public Health England Wellington House 133-155 Waterloo Road London SE1 8UG Tel: 020 7654 8000 www.gov.uk/phe Twitter: @PHE_uk Facebook: www.facebook.com/PublicHealthEngland For queries relating to this document, please contact: [email protected] © Crown copyright 2020 You may re-use this information (excluding logos) free of charge in any format or medium, under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. To view this licence, visit OGL. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. First published November 2017 This updated version published February -
Immunogenicity of Clinically Relevant SARS-Cov-2 Vaccines
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 7 September 2020 1 Immunogenicity of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in non-human primates and humans P. J. Klasse (1,*), Douglas F. Nixon (2,*) and John P. Moore (1,+) 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology; 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065 *These authors contributed equally +Correspondence: [email protected] Short title: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity Key words: SARS-CoV-2, S-protein, RBD, COVID-19, neutralizing antibodies, serology, T- cells, vaccines, animal models, Operation Warp Speed © 2020 by the author(s). Distributed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 7 September 2020 2 Abstract Multiple preventive vaccines are being developed to counter the COVID-19 pandemic. The leading candidates have now been evaluated in non-human primates (NHPs) and human Phase 1 and/or Phase 2 clinical trials. Several vaccines have already advanced into Phase 3 efficacy trials, while others will do so before the end of 2020. Here, we summarize what is known of the antibody and T-cell immunogenicity of these vaccines in NHPs and humans. To the extent possible, we compare how the vaccines have performed, taking into account the use of different assays to assess immunogenicity and inconsistencies in how the resulting data are presented. We also summarize the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 challenge experiments in immunized macaques, while noting variations in the protocols used, including but not limited to the virus challenge doses. Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 7 September 2020 3 Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic rages unabated and may continue to do so until there is a safe, effective and widely used protective vaccine. -
Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and Impact on Vaccine- Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis — Beijing, China, 2014–2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Introduction of Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and Impact on Vaccine- Associated Paralytic Poliomyelitis — Beijing, China, 2014–2016 Dan Zhao, MD1; Rui Ma, MD1; Tao Zhou, MD1; Fan Yang, MD1; Jin Wu, MD2; Hao Sun3; Fang Liu, MD4; Li Lu, MD1; Xiaomei Li1; Shuyan Zuo, MD5; Wei Yao6; JianYin6 When included in a sequential polio vaccination schedule, the risk for VAPP associated with subsequent OPV doses. inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) reduces the risk for vaccine- Countries that have previously introduced at least 1 IPV dose associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP), a rare adverse event before vaccination with OPV have rapidly eliminated VAPP associated with receipt of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). (1). IPV has been available in China’s private sector since During January 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) 2009. After completion of immunogenicity studies (3–5), recommended introduction of at least 1 IPV dose into routine Beijing introduced IPV into the public sector EPI program in immunization schedules in OPV-using countries (1). The December 2014 as part of a sequential schedule that included Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013–2018 1 dose of IPV at age 2 months, followed by 3 doses of trivalent recommended completion of IPV introduction in 2015 and OPV at ages 3, 4, and 48 months. After the global synchronized globally synchronized withdrawal of OPV type 2 in 2016 (2). withdrawal of all Sabin type 2 vaccines in April 2016, trivalent Introduction of 1 dose of IPV into Beijing’s Expanded Program OPV was replaced with bivalent OPV, which contains types 1 on Immunization (EPI) on December 5, 2014 represented and 3 oral polio vaccine viruses. -
Valuing the Cost of Improving Chilean Primary Vaccination: a Cost Minimization Analysis of a Hexavalent Vaccine
Olivera et al. BMC Health Services Research (2020) 20:295 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05115-7 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Valuing the cost of improving Chilean primary vaccination: a cost minimization analysis of a hexavalent vaccine Ignacio Olivera1, Carlos Grau1, Hugo Dibarboure2, Juan Pablo Torres3, Gustavo Mieres1, Luis Lazarov1, Fabián P. Alvarez4 and Juan Guillermo López Yescas5* Abstract Background: The phased withdrawal of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and the introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) is central to the polio ‘end-game’ strategy. Methods: We analyzed the cost implications in Chile of a switch from the vaccination scheme consisting of a pentavalent vaccine with whole-cell pertussis component (wP) plus IPV/OPV vaccines to a scheme with a hexavalent vaccine with acellular pertussis component (aP) and IPV (Hexaxim®) from a societal perspective. Cost data were collected from a variety of sources including national estimates and previous vaccine studies. All costs were expressed in 2017 prices (US$ 1.00 = $Ch 666.26). Results: The overall costs associated with the vaccination scheme (4 doses of pentavalent vaccine plus 1 dose IPV and 3 doses OPV) from a societal perspective was estimated to be US$ 12.70 million, of which US$ 8.84 million were associated with the management of adverse events related to wP. In comparison, the cost associated with the 4-dose scheme with a hexavalent vaccine (based upon the PAHO reference price) was US$ 19.76 million. The cost of switching to the hexavalent vaccine would be an additional US$ 6.45 million. Overall, depending on the scenario, the costs of switching to the hexavalent scheme would range from an additional US$ 2.62 million to US$ 6.45 million compared with the current vaccination scheme. -
RTS,S Malaria Vaccine First Malaria Vaccine Will Be Piloted in Areas of Three African Countries Through Routine Immunization Programs
CENTER FOR VACCINE INNOVATION AND ACCESS The RTS,S malaria vaccine First malaria vaccine will be piloted in areas of three African countries through routine immunization programs Summary the vaccine’s role in reducing childhood deaths and severe malaria, and its safety in the context of routine use. Data and Malaria kills more than 400,000 people a year worldwide and information from the MVIP will inform a WHO policy causes illness in tens of millions more, with most deaths recommendation on the broader use of the vaccine. RTS,S has occurring among young children living in sub-Saharan Africa. been approved for use in the pilot evaluation and Phase 4 Although existing interventions have helped to reduce malaria studies by the national regulatory authority in each of the three deaths significantly over the past 15 years, a vaccine could add participating countries. an important complementary tool for malaria control efforts. Financing for the MVIP has been mobilized through an RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) is the first malaria vaccine shown to unprecedented collaboration among three global health funding provide partial protection against malaria in young children. It bodies: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance; the Global Fund to Fight will be the first malaria vaccine provided to young children AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria; and Unitaid. Additionally, through national immunization programs in three sub-Saharan WHO, PATH, and GSK are providing in-kind contributions, African countries—Ghana, Kenya, and Malawi. These countries which include GSK’s donation of the vaccine for use in the will introduce the vaccine in selected areas as part of a large- MVIP. -
I Raise the Rates! April Edition
I Raise the Rates! - April Edition I Raise the Rates! April Edition In this edition of I Raise the Rates (IRtR) you will find a variety of new resources from various public health partners, unique education opportunities, and a brief selection of popular media articles related to immunization. Updates from the American College of Physicians (ACP) Opportunity to Participate in ACP Quality Improvement Initiative to Increase Adult Influenza Immunization Rates APPLY NOW - Opportunity to participate in ACP's Quality Improvement Initiative to Increase Adult Influenza Immunization Rates. ACP is recruiting internal medicine and subspecialty practices and residency programs to participate in the I Raise the Rates quality improvement programs to increase influenza and adult immunization rates. ACP’s I Raise the Rates program, which is supported by funding from the CDC, Merck, and GSK, provides QI education and virtual coaching support from ACP Advance expert coaches to support increased adult immunization coverage. The program also offers access to a virtual learning community, tailored educational offerings, and the opportunity to earn more than 54 CME and ABIM MOC credits for program participants. Onboarding is underway so act now! Opportunity is limited, applicants will be considered on a first-come, first-served basis. Please see the attached recruitment flyer for more information about participation benefits and requirements as well as the application link. https://myemail.constantcontact.com/I-Raise-the-Rates----April-Edition---Layout-Template.html?soid=1124874283215&aid=uMyKdB7UvYQ 1/6 I Raise the Rates! - April Edition View the Flyer by Clicking Here ACP COVID-19 Vaccine Forum IV, Practical Clinical Considerations ACP COVID-19 Vaccine Forum IV, Practical Clinical Considerations was the forth in a series of vaccine forums hosted by ACP and Annals of Internal Medicine and was held on March 24, 2021. -
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2021 FORUM REPORT COVID-19 in Africa one year on: Impact and Prospects MO IBRAHIM FOUNDATION 2021 FORUM REPORT COVID-19 in Africa one year on: Impact and Prospects MO IBRAHIM FOUNDATION Foreword by Mo Ibrahim Notwithstanding these measures, on current projections Founder and Chair of the Mo Ibrahim Africa might not be adequately covered before 2023. Foundation (MIF) Vaccinating Africa is an urgent matter of global security and all the generous commitments made by Africa’s partners must now be delivered. Looking ahead - and inevitably there will be future pandemics - Africa needs to significantly enhance its Over a year ago, the emergence and the spread of COVID-19 homegrown vaccine manufacturing capacity. shook the world and changed life as we knew it. Planes were Africa’s progress towards its development agendas was off grounded, borders were closed, cities were shut down and course even before COVID-19 hit and recent events have people were told to stay at home. Other regions were hit created new setbacks for human development. With very earlier and harder, but Africa has not been spared from the limited access to remote learning, Africa’s youth missed out pandemic and its impact. on seven months of schooling. Women and girls especially The 2021 Ibrahim Forum Report provides a comprehensive are facing increased vulnerabilities, including rising gender- analysis of this impact from the perspectives of health, based violence. society, politics, and economics. Informed by the latest data, The strong economic and social impacts of the pandemic it sets out the challenges exposed by the pandemic and the are likely to create new triggers for instability and insecurity. -
ID 2 | Issue No: 4.1 | Issue Date: 29.10.14 | Page: 1 of 24 © Crown Copyright 2014 Identification of Corynebacterium Species
UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations Identification of Corynebacterium species Issued by the Standards Unit, Microbiology Services, PHE Bacteriology – Identification | ID 2 | Issue no: 4.1 | Issue date: 29.10.14 | Page: 1 of 24 © Crown copyright 2014 Identification of Corynebacterium species Acknowledgments UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations (SMIs) are developed under the auspices of Public Health England (PHE) working in partnership with the National Health Service (NHS), Public Health Wales and with the professional organisations whose logos are displayed below and listed on the website https://www.gov.uk/uk- standards-for-microbiology-investigations-smi-quality-and-consistency-in-clinical- laboratories. SMIs are developed, reviewed and revised by various working groups which are overseen by a steering committee (see https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/standards-for-microbiology-investigations- steering-committee). The contributions of many individuals in clinical, specialist and reference laboratories who have provided information and comments during the development of this document are acknowledged. We are grateful to the Medical Editors for editing the medical content. For further information please contact us at: Standards Unit Microbiology Services Public Health England 61 Colindale Avenue London NW9 5EQ E-mail: [email protected] Website: https://www.gov.uk/uk-standards-for-microbiology-investigations-smi-quality- and-consistency-in-clinical-laboratories UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations are produced in association with: Logos correct at time of publishing. Bacteriology – Identification | ID 2 | Issue no: 4.1 | Issue date: 29.10.14 | Page: 2 of 24 UK Standards for Microbiology Investigations | Issued by the Standards Unit, Public Health England Identification of Corynebacterium species Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................................... -
Viral Hepatitis Testing Effective Date: January 1, 2012
Viral Hepatitis Testing Effective Date: January 1, 2012 Scope This guideline provides guidance for the use of laboratory tests to diagnose acute and chronic viral hepatitis in adults (> 19 years) in the primary care setting. General Considerations for Ordering Laboratory Tests Prior to ordering tests for hepatitis, consider the patient’s history, age, risk factors (see below), hepatitis vaccination status, and any available previous hepatitis test results. Risk Factors for Viral Hepatitis include: • Substance use (includes sharing drug snorting, smoking or injection equipment) • High-risk sexual activity or sexual partner with viral hepatitis • Travel to or from high-risk hepatitis endemic areas or exposure during a local outbreak • Immigration from hepatitis B and/or C endemic countries • Household contact with an infected person especially if personal items (e.g., razors, toothbrushes, nail clippers) are shared • Recipient of unscreened blood products* • Needle-stick injury or other occupational exposure (e.g., healthcare workers) • Children born to mothers with chronic hepatitis B or C infection • Attendance at daycare • Contaminated food or water (hepatitis A only) • Tattoos and body piercing • History of incarceration • HIV or other sexually transmitted infection • Hemodialysis *screening of donated blood products for hepatitis C (anti-HCV) began in 1990 in Canada.1 Types of Viral Hepatitis Hepatitis A: causes acute but not chronic hepatitis Hepatitis B: causes acute and chronic hepatitis Hepatitis C: causes chronic hepatitis but rarely manifests as acute hepatitis Hepatitis D: rare and only occurs in patients infected with hepatitis B Hepatitis E: clinically similar to hepatitis A, mostly restricted to endemic areas and occasionally causes chronic infection in immunosuppressed people Others: e.g. -
SARS-Cov-2 Protein Subunit Vaccination Elicits Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.31.228486; this version posted July 31, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit vaccination elicits potent neutralizing antibody responses Marco Mandolesi1,*, Daniel J. Sheward1,2,*, , Leo Hanke1, Junjie Ma1, Pradeepa Pushparaj1, Laura Perez Vidakovics1, Changil Kim1, Karin Loré3, Xaquin Castro Dopico1, Jonathan M. Coquet1, Gerald McInerney1, Gunilla B. Karlsson Hedestam1,†, , and Ben Murrell1,†, 1Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden 2Division of Medical Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa 3Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden *These authors contributed equally †These authors contributed equally The outbreak and spread of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Res- Results piratory Syndrome coronavirus 2), the cause of coronavirus dis- ease 2019 (COVID-19), is a current global health emergency and To evaluate the use and immunogenicity of recombinant a prophylactic vaccine is needed urgently. The spike glycopro- protein subunit vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 we immunized tein of SARS-CoV-2 mediates entry into host cells, and thus is a C57BL/6J mice (N=24) with either the spike ectodomain or target for neutralizing antibodies and vaccine design. Here we RBD, expressed in 293-F cells. The RBD domain was ex- show that adjuvanted protein immunization with SARS-CoV-2 pressed as an Fc-fusion protein, which was cleaved and the 1 spike trimers, stabilized in prefusion conformation , results in RBD subsequently purified by size-exclusion chromatogra- potent antibody responses in mice and rhesus macaques with phy. -
The Influence of Social Conditions Upon Diphtheria, Measles, Tuberculosis and Whooping Cough in Early Childhood in London
VOLUME 42, No. 5 OCTOBER 1942 THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL CONDITIONS UPON DIPHTHERIA, MEASLES, TUBERCULOSIS AND WHOOPING COUGH IN EARLY CHILDHOOD IN LONDON BY G. PAYLING WRIGHT AND HELEN PAYLING WRIGHT, From the Department of Pathology-, Guy's Hospital Medical School (With 1 Figure in the Text) Before the war diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis and whooping cough were the most important of the better-defined causes of death amongst young children in the London area. The large numbers of deaths registered from these four diseases in the age group 0-4 years in the Metropolitan Boroughs alone between 1931 and 1938, together with the deaths recorded under bronchitis and pneumonia, are set out in Table 1. These records Table 1. Deaths from diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis (all forms), whooping cough, bron- chitis and pneumonia amongst children, 0-4 years, in the Metropolitan Boroughs from 1931 to 1938 Whooping Year Diphtheria Measles Tuberculosis cough Bronchitis Pneumonia 1931 148 109 184 301 195 1394 1932 169 760 207 337 164 1009 1933 163 88 150 313 101 833 1934 232 783 136 ' 277 167 1192 1935 125 17 108 161 119 726 1936 113 539 122 267 147 918 1937 107 21 100 237 122 827 1938 90 217 118 101 109 719 for diphtheria, measles, tuberculosis and whooping cough fail, however, to show all the deaths that should properly be ascribed to these specific diseases. For the most part, the figures represent the deaths occurring during their more acute stages, and necessarily omit some of the many instances in which these infections, after giving rise to chronic disabilities, terminate fatally from some less well-specified cause. -
The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations.