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Section 1.4: File System 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python Section 1.4: File System sys.platform os: os.getcwd, os.chdir, os.listdir, os.mkdir, os.rmdir, os.rename os.path: os.path.abspath, os.path.exists, os.path.isfile, os.path.isdir Students will be able to: Identify the platform running a Python script ('Linux', 'win32', 'Darwin') Get the current working directory Change the current working directory List the content of the current working directory Create a new directory Remove a directory Rename files and directories Recognize the difference between relative and absolute paths Test whether a path exists Test whether a specific file or directory exists Concepts Platform Identification (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WMcYrAkOI78) In recent years, when you reach the download page of a website, you are directed to download a file that matches your operating system. For example, when using a Windows computer, download links direct you to .exe files; similarly, when using a Mac, you download links direct you to .dmg files. This code awareness makes the user experience more pleasant. Python scripts can run on different platforms, including Windows, Mac, and Linux. The sys module provides access to several system variables, including the platform. If you know the platform your Python code is running on, you may be able to change the behavior of your application to accommodate that platform. https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 1/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python Examples Identifying the platform In [ ]: import sys print(sys.platform) https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 2/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python Concepts Directory Operations (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6z8R_LlhmMU) Most operating systems organize files in hierarchical structures. For example, directories (also known as folders) may contain other directories and files. The Python os module contains some useful functions to navigate and manipulate files and directories. In the following sections, you will see how to perform some basic directory operations. Finding and changing the current working directory When navigating the hierarchical file system, you will always be located in a directory. The directory you're in is referred to as the "current working directory", or "cwd" for short. Python's os.getcwd() nethod returns a string containing the current working directory path. The working directory can be changed in Python using os.chdir(path) , which changes the cwd into path , which is a string variable containing a path to the new working directory. NOTE: When changing a working directory, you can specify .. as your path. This effectively changes the working directory one level up into the parent directory. Listing the content of a directory You might need to access or read the content of a directory. The os.listdir() method returns a list of the files and directories in the current working directory. Creating and removing directories In Python, a new directory can be created manually using os.mkdir(path) , where path is the path and name of the new directory. Similarly, a directory can be removed using os.rmdir(path) , where path is the name of the directory to be deleted. Note that rmdir can delete only empty directories; if the directory specified by path is not empty, an error will be raised. Renaming files and directories https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 3/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python Many tasks can be automated by Python. For example, if you want to rename a large number of files to match a predefined pattern, you can use Python's os.rename(src, dst) method, in which src is a string containing the path of a source file or directory, and dst is a string containing the new (destination) path and/or name. Examples Directory structure The examples in this lesson traverse through the following directory structure. parent_dir |__ child1_dir | | | |_ leaf1.txt | |__ child2_dir | | | |_ leaf2.txt | |__ parent_leaf.txt | |__ text_file.txt Directories The directories in this structure are parent_dir, child1_dir, and child2_dir. Files The files in this structure are leaf1.txt, leaf2.txt, parent_leaf.txt, and text_file.txt. Working directory In this example, you will change the current working directory to parent_dir, then to child1_dir, then back to parent_dir. You will also see a printout of the current working directory at every step. https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 4/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python In [ ]: import os # Change the current working directory to parent dir os.chdir('parent_dir') print('Changed working dir to parent: ', os.getcwd()) # Change the current working directory to child1 dir os.chdir('child1_dir') print('Changed working dir to child1: ', os.getcwd()) # Change the current working directory back to the parent dir os.chdir('..') print('Changed working dir back to parent: ', os.getcwd()) Directory content In this example, you will list the content of the current working directory (parent_dir). In [ ]: import os # Print the current working directory (should be "parent_dir") print('The current working directory is:', os.getcwd()) # List the content of the directory (both files and other directories) print('Current directory content: ', os.listdir()) Creating and removing directories In this example, you will create and remove directories. In [ ]: import os # Print the current working directory (should be "parent_dir") print('The current working directory is:', os.getcwd()) # Create a new directory os.mkdir('new_child') print('Created new_child dir') # List the content of the directory print('Current directory content: ', os.listdir()) # Remove the new child directory os.rmdir('new_child') print('Removed new_child dir') # List the content of the directory print('Current directory content: ', os.listdir()) https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 5/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python Renaming directories In this example, you will create a new directory, and then change its name. In [ ]: import os # Print the current working directory (should be "parent_dir") print('The current working directory is:', os.getcwd()) # Create a new directory os.mkdir('new_child') print('Created new_child dir') # List the content of the directory print('Current directory content:', os.listdir()) # Rename new_child as old_child os.rename('new_child', 'old_child') print('Renamed new_child as old_child') # List the content of the dir print('Current directory content: ', os.listdir()) # Remove the old_child dir os.rmdir('old_child') print('Removed old_child dir') print('Current directory content: ', os.listdir()) Task 1 Directory Operations In [ ]: # [ ] Write a program to: # 1) Prompt the user for a directory name # 2) Create the directory # 3) Verify the directory was created by listing the content of the current wo rking directory # 4) Remove the created directory # 5) Verify the directory was removed by listing the content of the current wo rking directory https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 6/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python In [ ]: # [ ] Write a program to: # 1) Create a directory called "my_dir" # 2) Change the current working directory to "my_dir" # 3) Verify you are in the correct directory by displaying the current working directory # 4) Change the working directory back to the parent directory # 5) Verify you are in the correct directory by displaying the current working directory # 6) Rename "my_dir" to "your_dir" # 7) Verify the directory was renamed by listing the content of the current wo rking directory # 8) Remove "your_dir" # 9) Verify the directory was removed by listing the content of the current wo rking directory https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 7/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python Concepts Path Operations (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVYFuOaO4Mg) Relative and absolute paths A file or directory has a name and a path, which is just a roadmap to its specific location in the file system. Most operating systems, support two types of paths: Relative paths: path to a file or directory from a specific location (or current working directory) Absolute paths: path to a file or directory from a root. In UNIX flavors, a root is "/"; whereas, on Windows machines a root is "C:\" For example, consider the UNIX directory structure we have been manipulating: / | |__ parent_dir | |__ child1_dir | | | |_ leaf1.txt | |__ child2_dir | | | |_ leaf2.txt | |__ parent_leaf.txt | |__ text_file.txt If you are currently in parent_dir and trying to get to leaf1.txt, the relative path would be (child1_dir/leaf1.txt). It's a relative path because it is relative to your current location. https://pythondatafiles-afaulkner.notebooks.azure.com/j/nbconvert/html/Unit 3 Module 1/3-1.4_intro_Python.ipynb?download=false 8/10 3/30/2020 3-1.4_intro_Python The absolute path to leaf1.txt is (/parent_dir/child1_dir/leaf1.txt), it starts from the root "/" all the way to the destination file. It's absolute because it starts from the absolute root. In Python, you can use relative or absolute paths; however, it might be useful to convert a relative path into an absolute path using the function os.path.abspath(path) . The function returns a string containing the absolute path to a file or directory specified by the relative path passed as an argument. In [1]: import os.path In [2]: os.path.abspath('child1_dir/leaf1.txt') Out[2]: '/parent_dir/child1_dir/leaf1.txt' Testing the existence of paths, files, and directories The module os.path contains common pathname manipulation functions.
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