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Pdf 904.43 K رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ Rostaniha 16(1): 1-16 (2015) (1394 ) 1-16 :( 1)16 ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه )2( )2( ﺗﻴﺮه ﻫﺎ ي Pluteaceae ،Inocybaceae ،Agaricaceae و Polyporaceae درﻳﺎﻓﺖ : 25/08/ 1393 / ﭘﺬﻳﺮش : 01/22/ 1394 ﺻﺒﺎ ﻓﺪوي : داﻧﺶ آﻣﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن، ﺳﻨﻨﺪج ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ : داﻧﺸﻴﺎر ﮔﺮوه ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ، داﻧﺸﮕﺎه رازي، ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه ([email protected]) ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ آﺻﻒ : اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت رﺳﺘﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ، ﻣﺆ ﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷـﻜ ﻲ ﻛﺸـﻮر ، ﺻـﻨﺪو ق ﭘﺴـﺘ ﻲ -1454 19395، ﺗﻬﺮان 1985813111 ﭼﻜﻴﺪه در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﻫﺎي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎن ﻫﺎي ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه و ﻫﺮﺳﻴﻦ، 12 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ : Inocybe griseovelata ،Lentinus tigrinus ، C. sterquilinus ، Coprinus comatus ، A. bisporus ، Agaricus arvensis ، Volvupluteus gloiocephalus ، L. leucothites ، Leucoagaricus carneifolius ، I. terrifera ، I. subnudipes و Volvariella volvacea ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي Pluteacae ،Inocybaceae ،Agaricaceae و Polyporaceae ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي I. terrifera ، I. subnudipes ، I. griseovelata و L. carneifolius ﺑﺮاي ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﺎر از اﻳﺮان ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ . واژه ﻫﺎي ﻛﻠﻴﺪي : ﻫﺮﺳﻴﻦ، Basidiomycota ،Agaricus ،Agaricomycetes A contribution to the identification of agaric fungi of Kermanshah, W Iran (2) Families Agaricaceae, Inocybaceae , Pluteacae and Polyporaceae Received: 16.11.2014 / Accepted: 11.04.2015 Saba Fadavi: MSc Graduate, Department of Plant Protection, Kurdistan University, Sanandaj, Iran Saeed Abbasi : Associate Prof., Department of Plant Protection, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran ([email protected]) Mohammad Reza Asef: Research Assistant Prof., Department of Botany, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, P.O. Box 19395-1454, Tehran 1985813111, Iran Summary In this research, 12 species of Agaric Fungi including, Agaricus arvensis , A. bisporus , Coprinus comatus , C. sterquilinus , Lentinus tigrinus , Inocybe griseovelata, I. subnudipes , I. terrifera , Leucoagaricus carneifolius , L. leucothites , Volvariella volvacea , and Volvupluteus gloiocephalus belonging to Agaricaceae , Inocybaceae , Pluteacae, and Polyporaceae were identified from Kermanshah and Harsin region in Kermanshah province (W Iran). Four species viz. I. griseovelata , I. subnudipes , I. terrifer , and L. carneifolius are new for Iranian mycobiota. Keywords: Agaricomycetes , Agaricus , Basidiomycota , Harsin * ﺑﺨﺸﻲ از ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه اول ﺑﻪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ دﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ و ﻣﺸﺎوره دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪرﺿﺎ آﺻﻒ اراﻳ ﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺑﻪ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻛﺮدﺳﺘﺎن 2 / 2 ﻓﺪوي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ 16(1)، 1394 ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﺳﺘﺎن ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه در ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺿﻠﻊ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر، ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اي ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري آب و ﻫﻮاي ﻣﻌﺘﺪل ﻛﻮﻫﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ . داﻣﻨﻪ ﻛﻮه ﻫﺎ و دﺷﺖ ﻫﺎي ﺷﺪه، از ﺗﻤﺎﻣ ﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ از زواﻳ ﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، ﺑﺎ دورﺑﻴ ﻦ دﻳﺠﻴ ﺘﺎل اﺳﺘﺎن ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴ ﺖ اﻗﻠﻴ ﻤﻲ و اﻛﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ و ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺑﺎرﻧﺪﮔﻲ Canon powershot sx10، ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﺮداري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ 400 ﺗﺎ 500 ﻣﻴﻠ ﻲ ﻣﺘﺮ در ﺳﺎل، ﭘﻮﺷﻴ ﺪه از ﺟﻨﮕﻞ و ﻣﺮﺗﻊ ﺑﻮده و ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه، از ﺗﻴﻐﻪ، روﻳﺸﮕﺎه ﮔﻮﻧ ﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ از ﻗ ﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻼﻫﻚ ﺑﺮش ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎزك ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ اﺳﺖ . ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ در اﻳﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ اﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎي ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪه ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮپ Olympus Bx 51 و ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺪوده ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آن ﻫﺎ از اﻫﻤﻴﺖ وﻳﮋه اي ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺑﻮده ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮ ار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺛﺒﺖ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت و ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮازات ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻤﺮﻛﺰي ﻛﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ در ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ و اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ، از ﺣﺪاﻛﺜﺮ 20 ﻫﺎگ ، Dino eye lens 30 mm ارﺳﺒﺎران اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ (Asef 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010) ، ﺑﺎزﻳﺪﻳﻮم و ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻴﺪﻳﻮم ﺑﺎ ﻋﺪﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻳﻚ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻮع زﻳﺴﺘﻲ، و ﻧﺮم اﻓﺰار Dino capture ﻋﻜﺲ ﺑﺮداري ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ . زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺳﺎز ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ در ﺧﺼﻮص ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﺧﻮراﻛﻲ، ﭘﺲ از ﺧﺸﻚ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﻦ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﺳﻤﻲ، ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي داروﻳﻲ، ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮرﻳﺰ و ( دﻫﻴﺪراﺗﻮر)، ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺣﺬف آﻟﻮدﮔ ﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ، ﺣﺸﺮات و ﺑﻴﻤﺎري زاي ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ، ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻛﻨ ﻪ ﻫﺎي ﭘﺎرازﻳ ﺖ، ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻗﺎرﭼﻲ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه، ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪت ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ . ﺑﺎ اﻳﻦ ﺣﺎل، ﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﺶ از اﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ، ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ و ﻣﺪوﻧﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ در ﻓﺮﻳﺰر ، در دﻣﺎي 20- درﺟﻪ ﺳ ﻠﺴﻴﻮس و داﺧﻞ در زﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﻤﻊ آوري و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻼﻫﻚ دار در اﻳﻦ ﭘﺎﻛﺖ ﻫﺎي ﻛﺎﻏﺬي ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﭘﺲ از ﺧﺎرج ﻧﻤﻮدن از ﻓﺮﻳﺰر، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺑﻪ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻧﺮﺳﻴﺪه اﺳﺖ . ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺧﺸﻚ ﺷﺪه در ﻛﻴﺴﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻧﺎﻳﻠﻮﻧﻲ زﻳﭗدار ﺟﻬﺖ اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﺗﻴﺮه Agaricaceae ﻛﻪ ﺷﺶ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از آن در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ و ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري، ﻗﺮار داده ﺷﺪﻧﺪ . ﻣﻮرد ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ، ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮ 85 ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮده و ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪد ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه و ﺑﻪ دﻟﻴﻞ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﻲ از ﻣﺎﻛﺮوﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﺎ را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد (Kirk et al. 2008) . ﻋﺪم ﻗﺮارﮔﻴﺮي ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺟﻤﻊ آوري ﺷﺪه از ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ، ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺠﺎور در ﻫﺮﺑﺎرﻳﻮم ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي اﻳﺮان، ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎزﻳﺪ ﻳﻮ ﻣﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ در زﻣﺮه ﺗﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه از ﻫﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب و در ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ (IRAN) Lepiotaceae ، Tulostomataceae و Lycoperdaceae ﻗﺮار ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورز ي در ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت داﺷﺘﻨﺪ، در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در ﺗﻴﺮه Agaricaceae ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ . رﺳﺘﻨﻲ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﮔﻴﺎه ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ و ﺗﻴﺮه ﻫﺎي Inocybaceae و Pluteaceae داراي ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎت ﺗﻴﭙﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﺪ ﻫﺮﺑﺎرﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ . ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮر ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . ﺗﻴﺮه Inocybaceae ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 13 ﺟﻨﺲ آراﻳﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ، از ﻛﺘﺐ، ﻣﻮﻧﻮﮔﺮاف ﻫﺎ و ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ (Moser 1983) ﺑﻮده و ﺗﻴﺮه Pluteaceae ﺳﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ را در ﺑﺮ ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮد . اﻋﻀﺎي ﻗﺎرچ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻮرﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺳﺮ و ﻧﺎدﺳﻦ و ﺗﻴﺮه اﺧﻴﺮ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﭙﻮري ﺻﻮرﺗﻲ و ﺗﻴﻐﻪ آزاد ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ . وﺳﺘﺮﻫﻮﻟﺖ (Knudsen & Vesterholt 2008) اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ . ﺗﻴﺮه Polyporaceae ﻛﻪ در اﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ از آن ﻣﻮرد در ﺧﺼﻮص اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻗﺎرچ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ و ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ راﺳﺘﻪ Polyporales ﺗﻌﻠﻖ دارد . ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻒ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ از ﭼﺎپ دﻫﻢ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻗﺎرچﻫﺎ (Kirk et al . 2008) Lentinus ﻛﻪ در ﺣﺎل ﺣﺎﺿﺮ در زﻣﺮه ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي راﺳﺘﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪ . 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(B 1 ). A B C D ﺷﻜﻞ -1 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ A : Agaricus arvensis . ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﻼﻫﻚ ، B . ﺗﻴﻐﻪ، ﭘﺎﻳﻪ و ﺣﻠﻘﻪ، C . ﺑﺎزﻳﺪﻳﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ، D . ﺑﺎزﻳﺪﻳﻮم ﻫﺎ ( ﻣﻘﻴﺎس = 10 ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ). Fig. 1. Agaricus arvensis : A. Pileus surface, B. Gills, stipe and ring, C. Basidiospores, D. Basidia (Bar = 10 µm). 4 / 4 ﻓﺪوي و ﻫﻤﻜﺎران / ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎرچ ﻫﺎي آﮔﺎرﻳﻚ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎه ... / رﺳﺘﻨﻴﻬﺎ ، ﺟﻠﺪ 16(1)، 1394 Agaricus bisporus (J.E. Lange) Imbach, Mitt. naturf. 2- (Ges. Luzern 15: 15 (1946 ﺻﺎف و ﻗﻬﻮه اي رﻧﮓ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ . اﻧﺪازه ﺑﺎزﻳﺪﻳﻮﺳﭙﻮرﻫﺎ 4-6/3 × 4-6/3 ﻛﻼﻫﻚ در اﺑﺘﺪاي رﺷﺪ ﻛﺮوي، ﺳﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﺪب و در ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ 5/7 4/7- ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ ﺑﻮده و ﻧﻘﺶ اﺳﭙﻮري ﻗﺎرچ ﻗﻬﻮه اي ﺗﻴﺮه ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺷﺪه و ﺣﺎﺷﻴﻪ آن ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد .
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