2014/2015

MANDERA COUNTY CONTINGECY PLAN

Gari Surface Earth Pan, Lafey Supporting thousands of Livestock (May 2014)

Mandera county Steering Group

Technical Working Group

May 2014

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Abbreviations

CSG County Steering Group IGAD Intergovernmental Authority for Development DCM Drought Cycle Management EDE Ending Drought Emergencies WASH Water, Sanitation and Health AMS Agricultural Machinery Services EMOC Emergency coordination ICT Information and Communication Technology FP Family Planning MUAC Middle Upper Arm Circumference WSP Water Service Provider SFP School Feeding Programme IDPs Internally Displaced Persons KPR Kenya Police Reservist WFP World Food Programme HSNP Hunger Safety Net Programme RUAs Resource Users Association EW Early Warning CIDP County integrated development plan EDE Ending drought emergencies NDMA National drought management authority DCM Drought cycle management KIHBS Kenya integrated household budget survey KHDI Kenya health demographic survey CLTS Community led total sanitation IRS Indoor Residual Spray LLITN Long lasting insecticide treated survey

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Acknowledgement

The preparation of Mandera County Drought Contingency Plan report was as a result of support from Mandera county government and national drought management authority and the valuable contributions, involvement, participation of Community, technical departments and the various organizations and development partners in the County.

The process involved sector working groups developed a working draft document, collection of existing PDRAs community contingency plans from six sub counties, initial CSG sensitization, preparation of six individual Sub-County Contingency Plans, consolidation of the six Sub-County Contingency Plans into a draft County Contingency Plan, validation of the draft County Contingency Plan by the six Sub-Counties and approval of the final draft by the CSG.

We wish to thank the County Government of Mandera for her support in making the exercise a success. We wish to also express our sincere gratitude for contribution by all Sub County Administrators, the community and the commitment by County Directors of Agriculture, Livestock production, Veterinary Services, Education, medical Services, Public health, Water and Department of Planning in coordinating sectoral consultations in each Sub County and Deputy County Commissioners who enabled us to realize the final production of this crucial document.

Lastly, I owe my appreciations to all NDMA staff who participated and took a lot of their time in the preparation and development of this Drought Contingency plan.

Thanks

Dhadho Omar Morowa

County Drought Management Coordinator,

Mandera County.

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Executive summary

Mandera as one of the 23 ASAL Counties in Kenya is challenged by low levels of infrastructure and Human capital development. All livelihoods are agriculture based and prone to drought. Drought exposes farmers and pastoralists to economic hardships. Clan conflict is a periodic hazard that displaces households, property destruction, injuries and death, restrict livestock movement and disrupt markets.

As a result, poverty levels are among the highest in the Country. The plan recognizes the wide range of interventions in safety nets, climatic change adaptations (CCAs) and Disaster Risk Reductions (DRR) initiatives on going in the County. It attempts to put together activities which will reduce the effects of the hazard of drought and to some extent conflict, floods etc.

In the context, the plan has given the activity dynamics within the 3 livelihood zones and the populations likely to be impacted more in the event of drought. In all the livelihoods and even with the wealth categorization, not even the ‘better off’ attain the $1/day mark on average annual income/person. The plan has been prepared by stakeholder participation (CSG) using drought cycle management phase classification and trigger thresholds. It covers the three (3) livelihoods. Below is the summary of the plan; Sector EW stage Agro-pastoral Total Pastoral Total Grand total Alert 56,916,000 46,986,500 103,902,500 alarm 464,841,340 624,427,000 1,089,268,340 Emergency 414,465,000 108,800,000 523,265,000 Livestock Recovery 155,656,000 113,933,000 269,589,000 Agriculture Alert 48,217,500 43,267,000 91,484,000 Alert 159,290,000 159,290,000 318,580,000 alarm 142,858,100 142,858,100 285,716,200 Emergency 99,552,000 99,562,000 199,114,000 Water Recovery 99,552,000 33,853,000 133,405,000 Alert 28,299,250 28,299,250 56,598,500 alarm 7,756,500 7,756,500 15,513,000 Emergency 190,795,750 190,795,750 381,591,500 Health Recovery 113,750 113,750 227,500 Alert 15,173,500 15,173,500 30,347,000 Education Emergency 76,350,000 76,350,000 152,7000,000 Alert 6,220,000 6,220,000 12,440,000 alarm 3,700,000 3,700,000 7,400,000 Peace and Emergency 5,470,000 5,470,000 10,940,000 security Recovery 6,120,000 6,120,000 12,240,000 Alert 6,220,000 6,220,000 12,440,000 Social alarm 145,890,700 145,890,700 291,781,400 protection Emergency 45,199,750 45,199,750 90,399,500 5,463,242,440

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Table of Contents 1.0: INTRODUCTION ...... 8 1.1 COUNTY PROFILE ...... 8 1.1.1 Mandera Administrative Map ...... 8 1.1.2 Climatic Conditions ...... 9 1.1.2.1 Rainfall Data ...... 9 1.1.3 Ecological zones ...... 10 1.1.4 Demographic Features ...... 10 1.1.4.1 Population Size, Composition and Projection by Age Cohort ...... 10 1.1.4.2: Population Projections by Urban Centre ...... 11 1.1.4.3 Population Density and Distribution by Constituency/Sub-county ...... 11 1.1.4.4 Human Development Indicators ...... 12 1.1.5 Livestock Population Figures estimates ...... 12 2. 0. METHODOLOGY ...... 13 2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management ...... 13 2.1.1 Drought cycle stages and indicator threshold ...... 14 2.1.3 DROUGHT EARLY WARNING PHASE CLASSIFICATION ...... 14 2.2 ENVIRONMANTAL INDICATORS ...... 15 2.2.1 Meteorological Drought Indicators ...... 15 2.2.3 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) ...... 15 2.2.4 Agricultural Drought Indicators ...... 15 2.2.4 .1 Quantitative drought indicators based on vegetation status ...... 15 2.2.4.2 Vegetation Condition Index ...... 16 2.3.0 MEASURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS ...... 16 2.4 METHODOLOGY TO ESTABLISH EARLY WARNING PHASE CLASSIFICATION ...... 18 2.4.1. 1Establishing deviation from the long-term average ...... 18 2.5 : Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators in Mandera Livelihood Zones ...... 22 2.6. MANDERA LIVELIHOODS ANALYSIS OF TRIGGERS &INDICATORS ...... 24 3.0 CONTEXT ANALYSIS ...... 26 3.1 Situation Overview ...... 26 3.1 .1 Mandera Livelihood Zones ...... 26 3.2 Pastoral livelihood ...... 27 3.2.1 Pastoral livelihood and income sources ...... 28 3.2.2 Pastoral Livelihood zones seasonal calendar ...... 28 3.2.3 Pastoral livelihood Migration patterns ...... 29 3.2.4 Pastoral Livelihood zone expenditure patterns ...... 30 3.2.5 Pastoral Livelihood zone sources of food ...... 30 3.2.6 Pastoral Livelihood zone wealth break-down ...... 31 3.2.7 Markets ...... 32 3.2.8 Response strategies ...... 32

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3.2.9 Key Parameters for Monitoring ...... 33 3.3Agro-pastoral livelihood situation overview ...... 34 3.3.1 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zone and sources of income ...... 35 3.3.2 Agropastoral Livelihood zone seasonal calendar ...... 36 3.3.3 Agro-pastoral Migration patterns ...... 37 3.3.4 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zone expenditure patterns ...... 38 3.3.5 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zone sources of food ...... 38 3.3.6 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zones wealth break-down ...... 39 3.3.7 Markets ...... 40 3.3.8 Time line and reference year ...... 41 3.3.9 Response strategies ...... 41 3.3.10 Key parameters for monitoring ...... 42 3.3.11 Programme implications ...... 43 3.4. Riverine irrigated cropping zone ...... 44 3.4.1 Irrigated Livelihood zone and sources of income ...... 44 3.5.0 Drought vulnerability (exposed elements) and coping capacities ...... 45 3.5.1 Sensitivity to drought ...... 45 3.5.2 Drought Vulnerability and Capacities ...... 46 4.0: DROUGHT SCENARIOS IN MANDERA COUNTY ...... 48 4.1: DROUGT HAZARD AND RISKS ...... 48 4.1.1: Drought Scenario for Pastoral, Agro-pastoral and irrigated cropping Livelihood Zones ...... 48 5.0: SECTOR INTERVENTIONS PLANS ...... 50 5.1. 2: LIVESTOCK SECTOR INTERVENTION PLAN: PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE ...... 71 5.1.3 LIVESTOCK SECTOR INTERVENTION BUDGETS ...... 89 5.1.3. 1 Budget for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone ...... 89 5.1 .4 BUDGET FOR LIVESTOCK SECTOR PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE ...... 105 5.1.5: SWOT Analysis for Livestock Sector ...... 122 5.2: AGRICULTURE SECTOR PLANS ...... 123 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 123 5.2.3: Annual Crop production trends (2008-2013) ...... 123 5.2 .4: DROUGHT SCENARIO BUILDING FOR AGRO PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE...... 124 5.2.5: Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators ...... 125 5.2.6: Agriculture Sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis ...... 128 5.2.7:. Agriculture Sector Seasonal Calendar ...... 130 5 .2.8: SWOT ANALYSIS ...... 131 5.2.8 Agriculture Sector Intervention Plan ...... 132 5.2.8.1 Intervention plan for Agro Pastoral/ irrigated cropping Livelihood Zones ...... 132 5.2.9 Intervention plan for Pastoral Livelihood Zone ...... 137 5.3 Budgets for Agriculture Sector ...... 138 5.3.1: Budget for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone ...... 138

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5.3.2 Budget for Pastoral Livelihood Zone ...... 142 5.4.0 WATER SECTOR ...... 145 5.4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 145 5.4. 2 Drought Scenario Building for Pastoral and Agro pastoral LZ ...... 145 5.4. 3 Drought Cycle Scenario: Sequence of events and related indicators ...... 146 5.4.4 Water sector Indicators and triggers analysis...... 148 5.5.0: HEALTH AND NUTRITION SECTOR ...... 184 5.5.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 184 5.5.2: Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators ...... 185 5.5.3 SWOT Analysis ...... 187 5.5.4 Health and Nutrition Intervention Plan for Both Livelihood Zones ...... 188 5.5.6 Budgets for Health and Nutrition Sector (Both Livelihood Zones) ...... 196 5.6: EDUCATION SECTOR ...... 206 5.6.1 Introduction ...... 206 5.6.2 DROUGHT CYCLE SCENARIO ...... 207 5.6.3 Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators ...... 208 5.6.4 SWOT Analysis ...... 209 5.6.5: Education Sector Intervention Plan ...... 210 5.6.5.1 Intervention Plan for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone ...... 210 5.6.6. Intervention Plan for Pastoral Livelihood Zone ...... 214 5.6.7.0 Budget for Education Sector...... 218 5.6. 7.1 Budget for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone ...... 218 5.6.8 Education Sector Budget for Pastoral livelihood Zone ...... 220 5.7.0 SECURITY SECTOR ...... 222 5.7.1 SWOT ANALYSIS ...... 222 5.7.2 Security Sector Intervention AGROPASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ...... 223 5.7.3 SECURITY BUDGET AGROPASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ...... 227 5.7.4 Security Sector Intervention plan pastoral livelihood ...... 229 5.7.5 SECURITY BUDGET PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ...... 233 CHAPTER SIX: SOCIAL PROTECTION ...... 236 6.0: DROUGHT VULNERABILITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION ...... 236 6.1: CURRENT INTERVENTIONS ...... 236 6.1.1. HUNGER SAFETY NET PROGRAMME (HSNP II) ...... 236 6.1.2. CASH TRANSFER FOR ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN (CT-OVC) ...... 236 6.1.3 PROTRACTED RELIEF AND RECOVERY OPERATIONS PROGRAMMES ...... 236 6.1.4 SOCIAL PROTECTION INTERVENTION PLAN FOR ALL LIVELIHOOD ZONES ...... 238 6.1. 5: BUDGET FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION ALL LIVELIHOOD ZONE ...... 240 CHAPTER SEVEN: OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION ...... 242 7.0 Standard Operating Procedures...... 242 7.1 Response Taskforces/ Working groups ...... 242

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CHAPTER EIGHT: PROCEDURES FOR DISBURSEMENT OF DROUGHT CONTINGENCY FUND ...... 252 8.1 Drought Contingency Fund (DCF) Business Process ...... 252 8.2 Drought Contingency Process ...... 254 8.3 Early Warning Process ...... 255 8.4 Funds Requisitioning and Disbursement Process ...... 256 8.5 Fund Reporting Process ...... 257 8.6 Proposed Drought Contingency processes Linkages ...... 258 Annex: 1 Stakeholder involvement in the Contingency plan development ...... 259 ANNEX 2: SOCIO ECONOMIC STATISTICS ...... 261

1.0: INTRODUCTION

1.1 COUNTY PROFILE

1.1.1 Mandera Administrative Map

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Source:KFSSG

1.1.2 Climatic Conditions

Temperatures are relatively very high with a minimum of 24oC in July and a maximum of 42oC in February. Variation in altitude brings differences in temperatures across the county where places near Banissa constituency experiences low temperatures due to neighbouring highlands in Ethiopia. Rainfall is scanty and unpredictable averaging 255mm. The long rains fall in the months of April and May while the short rains fall in October and November

Most parts of the county experiences long hours (approximately 11) of sunshine a day. This causes high evaporation rates, withering of the vegetation before maturity occurs frequently. The continuous sunshine in the county has a potential for harvesting and utilization of solar energy.

1.1.2.1 Rainfall Data YEAR JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC TOTAL 2008 2.7 0.0 TR 54.9 46.5 TR 1.4 1.6 0.4 69.0 27.1 0.0 203.6 2009 1.7 9.3 2.6 32.0 11.3 TR 0.7 0.0 TR 171.3 36.1 0.2 265.2 2010 0.0 109.8 123.3 101.4 5.2 0.0 TR 0.4 0.0 47.5 2.9 0.0 390.5 2011 0.0 0.0 TR 50.6 43.6 0.0 0.0 TR 0.0 90.3 221.7 41.7 447.9 2012 0.0 TR 0.0 50.5 11.9 0 0.1 0 20.5 26.9 28.7 1.5 140.1 2013 10.0 0 85.0 59.5 0.9 0 2.3 0 0 17.9 125.3 0 290.9 Source_ NDMA Mandera EWS Bulletins

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1.1.3 Ecological zones

There are two ecological zones in the county. Most (95%) of the county is arid with dense vegetation mainly thorny shrubs and bushes along foots of isolated hills. prosopisjuliflora (mathenge) shrubs along river banks and gullies is a common site.

Sub County Zone Suitable Enterprises Mandera East LM (IV- VI) Livestock keeping, Irrigated agriculture along river Daua, Drought tolerant crops. Mandera North LM (IV- VI) Livestock Keeping, irrigated agriculture along River Daua, Drought tolerant crops Mandera West LM (IV- VI) Livestock keeping, Drought tolerant crops Mandera Central LM (IV-VI) Livestock keeping, Drought tolerant crops Banisa, zone LM (IV- VI) Livestock keeping, Irrigated agriculture along river Daua, Drought tolerant crops. Lafey LM (V- VI) Livestock Keeping, irrigated agriculture along River Daua, Drought tolerant crops Source: Mandera CIDP 2013-2017

1.1.4 Demographic Features

1.1.4.1 Population Size, Composition and Projection by Age Cohort The age cohort 0 – 19 years which is 67% of the total population is composed of infants and the school going-age. This implies that this population forms a high dependency ratio in the County compared to that of the aged which is 1.9% of the total population. The high population in the age cohort 0-19 years will require the county to develop more infrastructural facilities particularly in the education and health subsectors to avoid straining the existing ones.

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1.1.4.2: Population Projections by Urban Centre

Urban 2009 2012 (Projections) 2015 (Projections) 2017 (Projections) Centre (Census)

Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male F/male Total

Mandera 30,208 27,484 57,692 33,941 30,880 64,821 38,135 34,696 72,831 41,215 37,498 78,713

Elwak 13,125 11,243 24,368 14,747 12,632 27,379 16,569 14,193 30,762 17,907 15,340 33,247

Rhamu 14,161 9,876 24,037 15,911 11,096 27,007 17,877 12,467 30,344 19,321 13,474 32,795

Takaba 11,835 9,639 21,474 13,297 10,830 24,127 14,941 12,168 27,109 16,147 13151 29,298

Total 69,329 58,242 127,571 77,896 65,438 143,334 87,522 73,524 161,046 94,590 79,463 174,053

Source: 2009 KPHC

1.1.4.3 Population Density and Distribution by Constituency/Sub-county

Constituency Area 2009 (Census) 2012 projections 2015 projection 2017 projection / Sub-County population Density Population Density population density Population density

2 (KM )

Mandera 6,180.7 247,619 40 278,216 45 312,595 51 337,842 50 South

Mandera 5502 169,675 31 190,641 35 214,198 39 231,498 42 North

Mandera 2,797 178,831 64 200,929 72 225,757 81 243,990 87 East

Lafey 3,377.1 109,856 33 123,431 37 138,682 41 149,884 44

Mandera 4,778.5 161,701 34 181,682 38 204,132 43 220,619 46 West

Banissa 3,356.2 158,074 47 177,607 53 199,553 59 215,670 64

TOTAL 25,991.5 1,025,756 39 1,152,506 44 1,294,917 50 1,399,503 54

Source: County Development Planning Office (2013)

Mandera East that hosts the County headquarters at Mandera Town is the most densely populated constituency with 72 persons per square Kilometre that is projected to be 81 and 87 persons per square kilometre in 2015 and 2017 respectively. Mandera North is the least densely populated constituency with 35 persons per square kilometre that is projected to be 39 and 41 persons per square kilometre in 2015 and 2017 respectively. Population distribution in the county affects infrastructure development and provision of social amenities.

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1.1.4.4 Human Development Indicators The Human Development Index (HDI) is a tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries levels of social and economic development based on four criteria: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per Capita. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels over time and to compare development levels in different countries. The county has a HDI of 0.417 which compares unfavourably with the national average of 0.561 (Kenya National Human Development Report 2009). Selected indicators for measuring human development include: education and literacy; health living and access to social amenities; the position and condition of women; proxy for gross domestic product; and estimates of earned income by gender. According to the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) 2005/06, the county literacy rate stood at 24.8 % compared to the national rate of 71.4 %. The gross enrolment ratio is 71.5, 16.2 and 0.8 in primary, secondary and tertiary levels respectively for the county, compared to 116.9, 39.9 and 9.8 respectively for national rates. According to the KIHBS 2005/2006, 34.6% of population had access to safe drinking water as compared to the national figure which stands at 57%.

1.1.5 Livestock Population Figures estimates TYPE OF MANDERA LAFEY MANDERA MANDERA BANISA MANDERA TOTAL LIVESTOCK EAST SOUTH WEST NORTH

CATTLE 307,041 26,680 126,000 45,000 84,200 103,400 692,321

GOATS 1,506,353 65,986 260,000 145,000 185,200 152,400 2,314,939

SHEEP 542,948 65,984 180,000 50,000 82,700 65,000 986,632

CAMEL 179,713 35,000 77,000 85,000 96,150 124,000 597,063

DONKEY 64,985 3,500 40,000 6,000 62,400 17,400 194,285

POULTRY 49,095 14,500 1,000 36,000 73,400 29,000 202,995

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2. 0. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Contingency Planning and Drought Cycle Management The County in consultation with all stakeholders promote different approaches/tools that address the underlying structural causes of vulnerability and reduce the impacts of shocks as summarized in the table below. In DRR and climate change adaptation communities have been engaged in capacity trainings, committee formation, and development of community action plans on resilience building and the development of contingency plans to address potential hazards. 29 communities had undergone PDRA processes. Projects identified at community level includes

In water sectore.g surface earth pans, drilling of boreholes and construction of underground water tanks are the main projects identified. In livestock sector projects identified are treatment and vaccination, livestock off take, livestock trade, value addition, breed improvements and fodder production. In agriculture sector, relief assistance, farm inputs and development of irrigation infrastructure are the projects identified. In health sector, we have supplementary feeding for <5s, lactating and pregnant mothers at emergency phases and Water purification initiatives. On social protection, the county is implementing cash transfers, food for assets, and cash for

assets, general relief food distribution and the soon to be operationalized HSNP II to cover 22,231beneficiaries. The plan has been prepared by the partners in such a way that minimum time is used in response to hazards when it occurs. The approach is to use drought cycle management phase classification based on trigger thresholds.

The ultimate objective of the drought response system is to promote early mitigation efforts that reduce the time that elapses from the point when warning of drought stress is given and the point when response at county level starts. Drought mitigation activities will take a livelihood perspective and be specifically designed to support local economies and promote linkages with long-term

13 | Page development strategies. This is expected to reduce considerably the losses of assets by households during drought crises and contribute to enhance resilience. The rationale of this approach is based on the fact that the benefits of investing in early response by subsidizing the livelihoods/ local economies exposed to drought risks are much higher than if intervening in a late stage to provide emergency humanitarian aids. The contingency planning process adopted by NDMA is based on the drought cycle management approach, which can be understood in terms of five phases that can be categorized into normal, alert, alarm, emergency, and recovery, with different types of interventions tailored to the various phases. DCM describes in a general way how to reduce vulnerability (& increase resilience) of populations to drought through proper planning. The aim is also to use funds more effectively: making investment in drought preparedness during the normal and alert stages means that less money should have to be spent during the emergency phase. Early warning systems and the warning stages that are derived from them are an effective way of triggering interventions to manage drought.

2.1.1 Drought cycle stages and indicator threshold

Each EW phase will require specific drought mitigation activities to support livelihoods and minimize depletion of assets. Some drought management models run together ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ warning stages as a single stage. This simplifies the warning stages but it loses a sensitive transition and decision point since the alert stage is extremely important for early action that can reduce the later social and economic impact of drought, saving people and money. Running ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ together as a single stage disguises this trigger.

2.1.3 DROUGHT EARLY WARNING PHASE CLASSIFICATION In order to determine the early warning phase, there is need to measure and combine the drought indicators related to the 4 classes of indicators proposed for the decision mechanism (see below)

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2.2 ENVIRONMANTAL INDICATORS

2.2.1 Meteorological Drought Indicators The TAMSAT (Tropical Applications of Meteorology using Satellite and other data) rainfall estimation method is Africa based on the recognition of storm clouds in the thermal IR imagery and calibration against ground-based rain gauge data. A rain rate is associated with all clouds colder than a prescribed temperature threshold

2.2.3 Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) SPI is standardized anomaly, equivalent to the statistical Z-score, representing the precipitation deficit over a specific time scale, such as 3, 6, 9, or 12 months, relative to climatology (McKee et al., 1993).

Drought classification by SPI-3month values and their thresholds (adapted from McKee 1993) Color SPI Values Rainfall Category > +1.5 or more Strongly above normal 1 to +1.5 Above normal -1 to 1 Normal -1.5 to -1 Below normal <-1.5 Strongly below normal

2.2.4 Agricultural Drought Indicators

2.2.4 .1 Quantitative drought indicators based on vegetation status Earth observation (EO) satellites measure the radiation reflected by the Earth surface. Usually, the radiation is measured within discrete spectral bands. The reflectance properties vary with the state of the surface (e.g. vegetation canopy). This permits characterizing the state of the Earth surface over large areas with high revisit frequency (e.g. daily observations by medium resolution satellites). Combining several spectral bands (e.g. red and near-infrared) in so-called vegetation indices (e.g. NDVI) further increases the link to ground state conditions (e.g. vegetation stress).

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2.2.4.2 Vegetation Condition Index This indicator is suitable to measure the status of pasture and therefore can be used to assess grazing resources available to livestock. The Vegetation Condition Index is based on the relative NDVI change with respect to minimum and max historical NDVI value. The NDVI of a given week is compared to the minimum NDVI found in the archive (of that week: NDVImin) and the maximum NDVI found for that week (NDVImax). Drought classification by VCI-3month values and their thresholds Color VCI values Drought Category 3-monthly average Wet No drought 25≥50 to 34 Mild Drought 35 to 50 Severe Extreme Drought 10 to 24 <10

2.3.0 MEASURING SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS The impacts and implications of deviations in environmental indicators are basically demonstrated in socio-economic indicators performance in the two livelihood zones of the county that are predominantly dependent on environmental indicators. The table below describes each indicator of socio-economic effects of drought under the three classes proposed in chapter 1 (Production; Access; and Utilisation).

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Table: EW Phase Classification - Suggested Indicators of Socio-Economic Effects of Drought INDICATOR Drought CLASS Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds Production Livestock Show the pattern of livestock Average distance and pattern of migration indicators migration migration in relation to access to wet assessed against baseline data (migration and dry season grazing pattern during normal periods) Milk Record milk production per unit and The recorded value is compared to the long production production levels over time. term average milk production for the period Livestock Use body condition scoring and Baseline survey will help to determine what body standard variables e.g heart girth, range of variation can be expected during condition weight, lactation status what kind of drought condition, thereby providing data to help establish aggregation and threshold criteria Livestock Record quantities and trends over Use significance levels. Analyse correlation deaths time. Calculate mortality indices and between deaths and vector of community use this to trigger response. level covariates to get predictable variation in mortality experience Actual The median actual planting date of The median actual planting date will be planting key staple crops will be determined. assessed against the baseline normal. The date average deviation will be used to assess if a threshold has been crossed Area Record actual area planted for each Area planted will be compared to baseline planted crop. values and assessed as a percentage change. Actual Actual harvest quantities for each Total harvest will be compared to baseline harvest crop will be compared to long-term values and assessed as a percentage change. averages. Access Price of Each market/community should have Season-normalized baseline data will be indicators cereals their prices recorded and changes used in marginal agricultural livelihoods to over time noted. identify significant deviations above the normal range of food prices within an area. Livestock Record weekly prices for livestock Season-normalized baseline data will be terms of and cereals to calculate to ToT used to identify significant deviations from trade the normal range of ToT within an area. Availability Record average quantity per The item balances on the food balance of cereals household or survey unit. Data will sheet will tell if the household is in an and be used to create a food balance adverse situation. Baseline data will help to legumes sheet. thresholds for each community, derived from the percentage change in the food items in the FBS. Availability List all the water sources and Medium of water monitor changes in each source and number of sources. Thresholds will be based on the percentage change in number of sources and ratios of gender fetching Milk Record the % of sampled households The normalised baseline is compared to consumpti that reported regular milk actual milk consumption for the period

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INDICATOR Drought CLASS Indicator Data Collection Assessment of Thresholds on consumption. Include record of milk consumption by children Availability MUAC The middle upper arm circumference Threshold will be based on percentage Indicators (MUAC) can be used to show the change in the MUAC for Age Z scores (MAZ) malnutrition levels among young children. This is compared with the standardized MUAC for age Z-scores. Coping The coping strategies section covers Strategy questions on unintended dietary Index change or livelihood strategies. Thus households are asked how often they have been forced to rely on less preferred foods than normally consumed, to borrow or purchase food on credit, to reduce the number of meals, and to limit portion size or skip a whole day without eating due to lack of money or food

2.4 METHODOLOGY TO ESTABLISH EARLY WARNING PHASE CLASSIFICATION

2.4.1. 1Establishing deviation from the long-term average For all the major indicators monitored in the monthly data collection, current observations are compared with long-term average or baseline data. The data variations are analysed to determine whether the changes significantly deviate from the long term average for the specific period of the year. This helps determine whether changes recorded are normal occurrences in the communities interviewed or whether they should be considered as early warning concerns. It also helps indicate whether problems identified are chronic and therefore needing long term solutions, or whether they indicate a crisis or emergency situation that could stress normal coping mechanisms. Baseline data is available for the major monitoring indicators. The level of each of the quantitative indicators is interpreted relative to their long term rolling average. A moving average is commonly used with time series data to smooth out short-term fluctuations and highlight longer-term trends or cycles, and it is calculated using at least 10 years data (depending on availability of reliable data), for each of the livelihood zones. The long term mean is used to compare the level of the current year’s indicators deviation from the ‘normal’ or long term average.

The historical reference data is, therefore, used as a baseline that allows us to interpret EW info against a reference trend line. It allows a comparative analysis in the level of EW indicator trends, the direction and magnitude of change, and the rapidity of change. For example when a sharp rise in the price of cereal is reported in a given month relative to the trend line in an arid district, this should ring a bell indicating the need for close monitoring of the magnitude of the indicator fluctuation range and the cause of that fluctuation. This is because deviation from the historical reference alone does not tell us whether the magnitude of the price change is abnormal and if it is due to drought and/or some

18 | Page other reasons, thereby warranting drought response interventions, or whether the deviation is within the normal range.

Indicator Fluctuation Range

Jan Dec

The indicator fluctuation range shown in Fig above allows us to visually perceive the deviation from the reference. It also allows an interpretation of whether deviations are ‘abnormal’ or whether they are normal at that time of the year. The normal ranges are calculated using the standard deviation(σ)of the time series defined as the prediction interval between which 95% of values of a time series fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a sample value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values. The reference range is therefore obtained by measuring the average and taking two standard deviations either side of the mean.

The magnitude of the deviationindicates how many standard deviations a current observation is below (or above) the historical average.

Normal ranges are calculated for each indicator and for each livelihood zone. In a normal year, indicators are expected to fluctuate within the normal range. Fluctuations outside the normal range are normally a cause for alarm that should indicate the need to closely study the drought and food security situation, with a view to adjusting the warning level. However, determination of warning levels relies not just on quantitative indices but on qualitative ones as well.

While comparison of quantitative early warning data with baseline or long term references provides a systematic way of identifying significant changes, qualitative information is essential in beefing up the quantitative analysis. The information is mainly used for triangulation and verification of quantitative data from households and markets for each livelihood zone.

Qualitative data is obtained from discussions with key informants. It is also obtained from field monitors’ and data analysts’ field reports and is based on observation and discussions with the members of the local community. Information from other agencies is also considered. Generally, the data analyst includes a brief explanation to qualify each significant movement in the main indicators, thereby using the qualitative information to back up the quantitative data.

The following tables provide guidance in the establishment of the drought phase; the first table refers to livestock based livelihood and the second one to agricultural marginal areas. The set of indicators for the two livelihoods can be used and combined in the case of agro-pastoral livelihoods.

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The following table provides guidance in the establishment of the drought phase with regard to livestock based livelihoods

EW PHASE INDICATORS BIOPHYSICAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC THRESHOLDS THRESHOLDS NORMAL All environmental indicators are SPI-3month: - N/A within seasonal ranges above 0.09and ALERT Meteorological drought SPI3month: below - N/A indicators moves outside normal VCI: 40 and above ranges Weather0.09 forecast: rainfallRFE: < 80% below of normalnormal ALERT Agricultural and hydrological VCI-3month: below N/A WORSENING drought indicators moves outside 31 normal ranges zVI-3month: below -

Water availability : 056declining, below normal ALARM Environmental and at least two VCI-3month: below Livestock Migration: animals production indicators are outside start to migrate to more distant normal seasonal ranges zVI-3month: below - bad-year grazing areas 30 Livestock body condition: score Water availability : below normal per the period 055inadequate Milk Production: at least x standard deviation (σ) below the normal range for the period

ALARM If in addition to two production SPI: 3- - Livestock Migration: animals WORSENING indicators, at least two access VCI-3month: below continue to migrate to more indicators (impact on market and 6month > 0.98 distant bad-year grazing areas access to food and water) are Livestock body condition: score outside the normal ranges, then State30 of pasture: poor below normal per the period the phase status remains at and inadequate Milk Production: > x σbelow “alarm” but with a worsening Water Access: the historical average for the period trend. The trend will be further average distances to Livestock mortality rate: at least worsening when also one or more water sources more x σ outside normal range for the availability indicators (impact on than x σ period nutrition and on coping Milk consumption: >x σ decrease strategies) move outside the from long term average for the normal range, period. Terms of Trade: at least x σabove the normal ranges for the period Availability of cereals and legumes: food balance sheet shows < ?% of normal food amount for the period Coping Strategy Index: ?? MUAC: at least x σ outside normal range for the period EMERGENCY All indicators are outside normal Coping Strategy Index: ranges. The emergency phase emergency threshold affects asset status and VCI: below 20 MUAC: > x σ outside normal

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purchasing power to extent that range for the period seriously threatens food security. As a result, coping strategy index, malnutrition (MUAC) and livestock mortality rates move above emergency thresholds RECOVERY The drought phase must have SPI- N/A reached at least Alarm stage. and above Recovery starts after the end of VCI-12month3month: above 0.09 drought as signalled by the environmental indicators returning to seasonal norms; local 50 economies starting to recover;

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2.5 : Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators in Mandera Livelihood Zones

Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

.All indicators are outside normal ranges asset status and purchasing power to ex security Socio-Economic Indicators Early Stages Early StagesMeteorologi of normal ranges Environmental indicators and at least two production indicators are out .Biophysical Indicators signal -Availability of milk at household level Socio-conomic Socio-Economic Indicators movement towards normal collapses to almost nil . . . . Assessment of Drought continues with moderate drought (if SPI is between -084 and - Water availability within normal Good rains with

grazing areas collapses to almost nil conditions indicated that there is at 1.27; temperature may affect health

. and water tankering increases least a mild early stage drought (if Milk production start to decrease (- 25 to -50%; below LT mean) status animals . . SPI is negative and RFE below 80%) Milk consumption restricted to children Malnutrition rates of children below from

(pneumonia, etc) . . Preparedness measures Animals start to migrate to more distant “bad year” grazing areas. These (MUAC >30%) and . intensified to organize for tend to be southern Ethiopia. Agro-pastoralists prepare

activation of contingency plans for sowing;

Late Stages MUAC/GAM) . Late Stages . Herders Animal; body conditions

. their normal settlements. Drought deepens and become severe substantially (score less than 1.8) . . . In the late stage, distance to water (SPI is less than -1.00 and RFE is less than 80%) AAnimals start breeding and

may increase and animals browse animal prices start appreciating. . . less palatable grasses and shrubs; Surface water dry up and as a result distance from grazing areas to categories); Possible increased incidence of . . Decline in quality and quantity of watering points increases from an average of 16 to 30 KMs. Twater -borne

pasture at the lowland wet season of seasonal norm) diseases (human) . Livestock watering intervals increases to 2-3 days (specific to species) . grazing areas Small stock birth rates increase. . . People and animals start to gather at high capacity water points, deep Coping strategy index of above 4.0 . . Livestock watering Milk production increase in small . wells and boreholes Distress sale of livestock

increases to 1 day (one day skipped) . stock Hours spent collecting water relative to seasonal normal increases by 200- stripping) and this . Drought continues with 250% selling of livestock to

drought (SPI is between -084 and - . mortalities Animal birth rates and milk production fall to almost nil 1.27; RFE below 50% and less than - livestock in the market . 50%) Milk consumption within household ceases even for children prices for breeding animals . . Loss of income from livestock and other sources If seasonal weather forecast predicts . Migration of livestock . depressed rainfall for the next three Young men start to migrate away in search of work;

countries (mainly to Ethiopia) . month period, than drought trend is Herders start to sell more animals than usual or to barter them for grain; .Migration of 22 | Page

. worsening which entails terms of trade index turns sharply against herders (85-50% of seasonal

disbursement of contingency plans norm);

products . . Impact on livestock production Increase self-employment with very poor and poor households spending

starting with decrease in milk more time on activities such as firewood and charcoal collection and mat

production signals the shift and basket making

. alert to alarm Increase remittances and increase social support in gifts of cash and of

disruptions livestock whereas gift of milk will decline due to general reduction in milk

Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

availability . Households start to break up; . Livestock Body condition deteriorates to between 3.79 and 1.8 (Confirm . Upcoming settlements

with ILRI) roads. The new settlements are by . Animal mortality for new born and weak animals increases up to 20% former pastoralists, turned destitute, . Escalation in animal disease outbreaks in concentration grazing areas and who have moved to the roadsides to

watering points leading to increased mortality access relief food. . Increase in animal disease outbreaks in concentration grazing areas and . Children left at school;

watering points.

children go to dispensaries . Significant drought impact on nutritional status of children under five

signals the shift from alarm to emergency (MUAC-GAM>30%)

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2.6. MANDERA LIVELIHOODS ANALYSIS OF TRIGGERS &INDICATORS

Indicator Issues To Warning Threshold Qualitative indicators

Address Stage

Drought Objective ALERT - SPI Between 0 and -0.83 - In the late stage, distance to water may increase and animals browse less palatable grasses an

Early assignation - Rainfall Anomaly Between 10 and 25% - Decline in quality and quantity of pasture at the lowland wet season grazing areas

- Livestock watering intervals increases to 1 day (one day skipped) Warning of drought

ALARM - SPI Between -0.83 and -1.27 Early Stages Phase phase

- Rainfall Anomaly Between 10 and 25% . . Livestock Body condition deteriorates between 5 and 4 Milk consumption restricted to children . . Animal mortality and Animals start to migrate to southern Ethiopia in “bad year” grazing areas. These movements in

increases up to 20% areas carry with them the risk of conflict and loss of livestock. . Milk production start to decrease (- 25 to -50%) Late Stages . TOT index turns sharply against . seasonal norm) Livestock watering intervals increases to 2-3 days(specific to species) . . Activation of coping strategies with the Coping strategy People and animals start to gather at high capacity water points, deep wells and boreholes . index between 3.0 and 3.9 Animal birth rates and milk production fall to almost nil . . Surface water dry up and as a result distance from grazing Milk consumption within household ceases even for children . areas to watering points increases from an average of 16 Loss of income from livestock and other sources . to 30 KMs. Young men start to migrate away in search of work; . . Hours spent collecting water relative to seasonal normal Herders start to sell more animals than usual or to barter them for grain; . increases by 200-250% Increase self-employment with very poor and poor households spending more time on activitie . Significant drought impact on nutritional status of children firewood and charcoal collection and mat and basket making . under five signals the shift from alarm to emergency Increase remittances and increase social support in gifts of cash and of livestock whereas gift o

(MUAC-GAM>25%) decline due to general reduction in milk availability . CURRENT MANDERA Escalation in animal disease outbreaks in concentration grazing areas and watering points lead . [SAM rate is for increased mortality Current . Mandera east/Lafey sub counties respectively. Increase in animal disease outbreaks in concentration grazing areas and watering points.

MUAC % for the under fives at risk of malnutrition is 18.2

DROUGHT STAGE AT ALERT

. . EMERG Coping strategy index of above 4.0 Availability of milk at household level collapses to almost nil . . Malnutrition rates of children below 5 increases above Water availability within normal grazing areas collapses to almost nil and water tankering increas 24 | Page

. emergency level (MUAC >30%) and acute malnutrition is Distress sale of livestock (asset stripping) prevalent and this entails selling of livestock to minimize

>15 per cent mortalities leading to oversupply of livestock in the market and lower prices for breeding anim . . Animal; body conditions deteriorate substantially (score less Migration of livestock to other countries (southern Ethiopia) . than 1.8) Migration of herders prevents households from accessing livestock products . . Enhanced conflicts and insecurity, leading to the loss of access to natural pastures, displacements Animal deaths for

market disruptions categories); . Households start to break up; children left at school; women and children go to dispensaries . Terms of trade collapse (less than 50% of seasonal norm . Upcoming settlements along main roads. The new settlements are by former pastoralists, turn

destitute, who have moved to the roadsides to access relief food.

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3.0 CONTEXT ANALYSIS

3.1 Situation Overview

3.1 .1 Mandera Livelihood Zones There are three main livelihood zones in the County i.e. pastoral economy zone in the east and the central corridor, agro pastoral economy zone in the west and an irrigated cropping zone in the north along the Daua River. The population ratios in these zones represent pastoral zone of 28.43%, agro pastoral zone of 39.24% and irrigated cropping zone of 32.42%. All content on livelihoods have been adopted from the HEA conducted by SCI on north eastern profiles.

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3.2 Pastoral livelihood The Pastoral Livelihood Zone is located in the eastern half of Mandera County (bordering Somalia to the east and Wajir County to the south).

The livelihood zone is a sparsely-populated arid plain, with some small rocky hills. The vegetation cover is predominantly bush scrub and grassland. Water pans, boreholes, and seasonal pools are the main sources of water in the wet seasons, while in the dry seasons, shallow wells and boreholes are used, along with water trucking. Payments are made for water according to herd size and composition.

Rainfall averages 250-300 mm per annum and falls during two rainy seasons: the gu rains in April – June and the deyr rains in October –December. Temperatures peak in February – March during the hot, dry jilaal season, at about 36C. All livestock species are reared in the zone, but shoats are the most important livestock type, followed by camels and cattle.

The population in the zone has traditionally depended on livestock production as the main source of livelihood, but in recent decades, due to a decline in livestock numbers, poorer households have had to turn to casual work and bush product collection and sale and the population has become increasingly sedentarised. The number of permanent settlements in the zone has increased in recent years. These provide a base for accessing health care, education and relief food distributions. Relief food has been distributed on a regular basis for many years. for better-off households, livestock and trading provide the basis of local livelihoods. For the poorer groups, livestock production is much less important and most cash income comes from casual employment (herding and construction) and self-employment activities (including the sale of firewood, charcoal, poles and gum). These households are highly reliant upon relief.

Livestock migration was limited to relatively nearby areas during the reference year because of the widespread availability of pasture, browse and water following the good 2011 deyr rains. In bad years, pastoralists move with their livestock to wherever they can find food and water for their livestock –from Mandera County to Wajir County or vice versa, from Mandera or Wajir to Eastern Province or to Somalia or Ethiopia. When livestock are moved over long distances, it is mainly men and older boys who move with them, leaving the rest of the household at the settlement. The inhabitants of the livelihood zone are ethnically Somalis, mainly of the Murulle (Mandera East and lafey), Garre (Mandera south, east l) and Degodia (Mandera East) clans.

The main towns in or near the zone include Mandera, Lafey, Kutulo and El Wak. The old Murruum main road from Mandera to Wajir (and then on to Garissa and Nairobi) runs through the livelihood zone.

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3.2.1 Pastoral livelihood and income sources Sheep/goat during the reference year, while better of household sold around fifteen shoats in addition to an average of two camels. Camel herd sizes declined slightly over the course of the reference year because a small amount of sales occurred without any birth to compensate. This will most probably be reversed in the following consumption year (2012-13). Income from milk sales was insignificant in the reference year.

Middle and better off households also obtained income from a small business (usually a tea shop, kiosk or small shop), which represents an important method of income diversification. Very poor and poor households obtained most of their income from self-employment. This category of income includes the sale of firewood, charcoal, building materials and gum. Casual labour (mainly water pan digging or fencing and construction) and gifts (zakat or remittances, usually from urban-based relatives) were also important for these wealth groups.

INCOME SUMMARY TABLE FOR PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD Wealth group Very poor Poor Middle Better off

Annual 60-120,000 100,000 - 140-220,000 220,000- income 150,000 500,000 (KSh) per household Average KSh 12,850 or KSh 15,000 or KSh 18,000 or KSh 27,500 or annual US$148 US$173 US$208 US$318 income per person

3.2.2 Pastoral Livelihood zones seasonal calendar

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The livestock cycle is closely linked with the rainy seasons. Following several seasons of drought, the good rains during the 2011 deyr meant that livestock were able to recover their body condition and go into heat. Cattle generally take longer to recover than camels and shoats. Births follow 5 months later for shoats, 9.5 months later for cattle and 12 months later for camels. This means that the only births during the reference year were of shoats, primarily during the gu season, and this was also the only source of milk. Cattle births were observed to have started during October 2012, during the fieldwork for this profile. High cattle births were expected in larger numbers in November 2012. Camel births were also expected from November 2012. This means that milk availability should be high during the 2012 deyr season following the reference year, provided there are some rains. But during the reference year itself, milk availability was low. Livestock sales are highest during festival periods, but also in January, April and August when school fees are due, as well as when more food needs to be purchased in the dry seasons. Income-generating activities like firewood, charcoal and gum sales are pursued throughout the year. The sale of building materials also occurs throughout the year, but peaks during the dry seasons.

3.2.3 Pastoral livelihood Migration patterns Lafey and south constituencies have permanent underground water sources. Migration is dependent on pasture availability. Where migration occurs, animals move to west, Banisa and to southern Ethiopia.

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3.2.4 Pastoral Livelihood zone expenditure patterns The proportion of annual expenditure spent on food decreased with wealth, with the very poor spending almost 80% of their income on staple and non-staple food and the better off spending just over 50%. The individual food item that households spent the most money on –across all wealth groups –was sugar. The main household items purchased were tea, salt, soap and utensils (including jerrycans). Water was purchased in most locations in the reference year, both for human consumption and for livestock. Also household expenditures were directed to social services including school, duksi (Quranic Schools) and medical expense. Primary schools education was usually free and school expenses included teacher contributions, uniform and small amounts of stationery. Better off households are more likely to have children in secondary school (at greater expense) than the other wealth groups. Other items included transport, qat, tobacco, clan contributions, savings and phone credit. Households in all wealth groups obtain credit from the kiosks or shops where they purchase basic daily food and non-food items. The credit limit tends to increase with wealth and has to be regularly repaid, at least partially, before additional credit can be taken.

3.2.5 Pastoral Livelihood zone sources of food The different wealth groups in this livelihood zone have identical food sources, namely food aid, purchases, and livestock products, but in different proportions. For all households, market purchase was the main source of food in the reference year. The main items purchased were maize meal or grain, rice, wheat flour, sugar, beans, and vegetable oil. Meat and vegetables were rarely purchased across all wealth groups. Pasta was only regularly purchased by better off households. In the reference year, the livelihood zone was under a large relief food distribution programme as a result of the drought during 2010-11. Although almost all households received food aid, its overall contribution to household needs decreased with wealth because the proportion of household members registered tends to decrease with wealth. Sharing of relief food with households that did not receive was commonly mentioned. The quantities of food aid in the graphic represent those that households said they consumed after sharing. School feeding is included in this category.

The contribution of livestock products (milk and meat) increased with wealth, but was generally low because the reference year was a year of recovery with few lactating camels and cattle. Sheep are rarely milked in this livelihood zone, so the graph above largely represents goat milk production plus a small amount meat from slaughtered shoats (one animal in the case of the very poor up to eight in the case of the better off).

Cereals (here including maize grain, maize meal, rice, wheat flour, pasta, CSB and school feeding) were the largest source of calories across all wealth groups in the reference year, followed by sugar, oil, and small quantities of pulses and milk (including milk powder). Sugar contributed about 15% to household minimum kilocalorie needs across all wealth groups (or roughly 300-350 kcals per person per day out of a minimum of 2100 kcals per person per day). Unlike most other foodstuffs, refined sugar has no nutritional value beyond calories.

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3.2.6 Pastoral Livelihood zone wealth break-down Wealth Group Ranking % HH HH size No. of wives Large stock Small stock Other holding holding Very 11 6-8(7) 1 0 0-8 goats - poor 0-5 sheep Poor 26 6-10(8) 2 0 5-20 goats 1 donkey 2-8 sheep Middle 36 8-12 (10) 1-2 0-10 camels 20-40 goats 2 donkeys 0-3 cattle 10-20 sheep cat small business Better 27 12- 16 (14) 2 5-25 camels 50-100 goats donkeys off 0-15 cattle 10-30 sheep 1cat small business

Wealth in this livelihood zone is associated with larger and more diverse herds, comprising of both large and small stock. Middle-income and better-off households own the full range of stock: camels, goats, sheep, donkeys, and (in some locations) cattle. By contrast, very poor and poor households own very small herds of goats and sheep. In a very real sense, their herd sizes are so small that they are former pastoralists rather than actual pastoralists.

The loaning of milking animals from better off to poorer households (a practice known as irmansi) is common during seasons when animals are lactating and milk availability is relatively plentiful. This was not the case during the reference year.

Household size increases with wealth, as does the typical number of wives per man. A household in this zone is the larger unit of a man and his wives and children (rather than an individual wife and her children) because resources are shared amongst the members of the wider unit.

Because there are large differences in the household size by wealth group, this also means that there is a difference between the percentage of households in each wealth group and the percentage of population in each wealth group, as of outlined in the table below.

Total livestock holding Wealth break down n TLU TLU/person % HH % pop Very poor 0.6 0.1 27 21 poor 1.7 0.2 36 32 middle 10.4 1 26 29 Better off 29 2.1 11 17

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3.2.7 Markets

Market access is poor in this livelihood zone due to the poor state of the roads, the long distances between relatively sparsely populated settlements, the lack of purchasing power of the population, and the distance from major markets of any significant size.

The main foods imported into the zone are cereals (maize meal, maize grain, rice, wheat flour and pasta), sugar, oil and beans. Maize meal mainly comes from Nairobi through Garissa and Wajir. Maize grain, rice, wheat flour and sugar can also follow the same route or are imported via Mombasa or Mogadishu into the main markets in the livelihood zone.

Livestock are the main item exported from the livelihood zone. Goats and sheep are sold at local markets within the livelihood zone and then mainly sold on through Garissa to Nairobi. Camels and cattle also follow this route, or may be sold through Moyale to Ethiopia or directly to Somalia and then on for export to the Middle East.

Almost all of the casual labour performed by people from the livelihood zone is undertaken within the local rural area and this is not a major source of income. Self-employment (primarily the sale of bush products) is much more important than casual employment in this livelihood zone.

These hazards, combined with rapid human population growth, have contributed to the large proportion of households that can only be described as former pastoralists or pastoralist; most of whom drop no longer has viable herd sizes to exist as pastoralists.

3.2.8 Response strategies Hazard Pastoral Livelihood Zone is vulnerable to drought and to outbreaks of livestock diseases. Drought results in reduced pasture browse and water availability for livestock, while livestock disease outbreaks can directly kill livestock or limit their productivity. Communities also complained of livestock losses to wild animals, including hyenas. Clan conflict is a periodic hazard that can displace households, restrict livestock movement, disrupt markets and result in deaths.

Households in this livelihood zone engage in a number of strategies in an attempt to cope with hazards. These include:

Increased livestock sales –Households from all wealth groups sell additional livestock to coverbasic food and non-food expenses in bad years. However, the extent to which this strategy can be pursued without damaging future livelihoods is quite limited. Middle and better off households are in a better position to exploit this strategy.

Extended livestock migration –Migrating with livestock to distant locations in search of pastureand water is a common strategy in bad years. Most household members remain in a settlement where food aid is provided (or expected), while male adults and youths migrate with the livestock. Households with very few animals generally group their animals together with other households.

Increased livestock drug purchases –When there are outbreaks of disease, households purchaselivestock drugs in an attempt to reduce the impact.

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Switching of expenditure –Reducing expenditure on expensive foods (including sugar), clothes,utensils, transport, and non-essentials (like qat and tobacco), in order to purchase more food, is a commonly used coping strategy pursued by all wealth groups.

Increased bush product collection and sale –Households attempt to increase the sale of firewood,charcoal and building materials in bad years, but this is sometimes difficult if the health and strength of donkeys has been reduced due to drought or disease. Also, there are obvious limits to the expansion of these activities, primarily due to limitations in market demand.

Labour migration –Members of very poor, poor and, to some extent, middle households travelto urban areas, both within and outside the region, to look for casual work.

Increased remittances and increased social support –Households seek out gifts from relatives inbad years. They also send children to live with better off relatives.

Increased credit-taking –Households borrow from relatives and shop keepers in bad years, oftenacquiring tens of thousands of shillings worth of debt.

Some of these strategies are unsustainable and cannot in all cases mitigate the harsh effect of hazards and shocks, particularly during severe droughts spanning several seasons.

3.2.9 Key Parameters for Monitoring

The key parameters listed in the table below are things that make a substantial contribution to household food and income sources in the Pastoral Livelihood Zone. These things should be monitored to indicate potential losses or gains to local household economies, either through ongoing monitoring systems or through periodic assessments. It is also important to monitor the prices of key items on the expenditure side, including maize prices.

Item Key Parameter –Quantity Key Parameter –Price

Livestock production Milk production (all species) Milk prices (all species) Livestock sales (all species) Livestock prices (all species) Other food and cash Firewood/charcoal sales Firewood/charcoal prices income Building materials sales Building material prices Gum sales Gum prices Casual employment Casual labour wage rates Small business sales Small business profit rates Gifts/remittances

Programme implication

The longer-term programme implications suggested below include those that were highlighted by the wealth group interviewees themselves and those made by the assessment team following detailed discussions and observations in the field. All of these suggestions require further detailed feasibility studies.

Veterinary drugs and services –Successful pastoral livelihoods depend on the health of herds.Livestock diseases are a chronic problem in this livelihood zone and continued efforts to

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Marketing –Opportunities for better marketing of livestock, livestock products and bushproducts are still relatively limited except in the villages closest to large towns. The road infrastructure is in a poor state and communication networks are lacking in many areas. This means that households receive low prices for the items that they sell and pay high prices for the items that they purchase. Restocking –This might be an appropriate intervention for a limited number of households,provided those households have the ability to keep the livestock, which requires both adequate labour and the absence of large debts. Such projects have to be well designed to have a lasting effect, with consideration to the following factors: season of distribution, number of animals, species of animals, health of animals, etc. Income diversification –Poorer households obtain most of their income from the sale of firewood,charcoal, building materials and gum. Community leaders and wealth group representatives regularly highlighted the need for income diversification, but unfortunately concrete ideas were lacking. Some mentioned setting up youth or women’s groups, combined with adult education and business training. Water –Access to water for both humans and livestock is a chronic problem in some areas anddifferent wealth groups put considerable amounts of their income into water purchases. Water development, combined with appropriate range management systems and the control of settlement development, should be further explored.

Social services –Settlements without health facilities or schools (or without adequately functioningand staffed health facilities or schools) requested support in this regard. The children of pastoral face extremely limited options without basic education.

3.3Agro-pastoral livelihood situation overview The Agro-pastoral Livelihood Zone is located in west of the County. The zone borders Ethiopia to the north and Mandera south and Lafey to the south and east and Wajir to the west. The topography of the zone is plains and hills and the vegetation cover is predominantly bush scrub and trees. There are no permanent rivers, but seasonal streams transect the zone. The main sources of water for both humans and livestock are water pans and shallow wells in the rainy seasons and boreholes and water trucking (for payment) in the dry seasons. Households both grow crops and rear livestock in this zone, in addition to pursuing other income generating activities like firewood, building material and gum sales. Households consider livestock production to be more important to their livelihoods than crop production, which is rain fed and unreliable. Camels and goats are the most important livestock species, followed by sheep and cattle.

The soil in most of the livelihood zones is loamy and fertile, although some areas have sandy soil. The production potential for agriculture is high in theory but limited in reality by lack of rains as people mostly practice rain-fed agriculture. The main crops grown are sorghum, maize and beans and households rarely produce enough to sell. Land preparation is done by hand and often in groups. This zone is a food deficit area in most years, requiring food to be imported either as relief or through markets.

There are two rainy seasons: the gan rains in April –June and the haggai rains in October – December. Temperatures peak in January –March during the hot, dry birra season, up to 40C.

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The inhabitants of the livelihood zone in are mainly Garre in Mandera west, Banissa and Degodia in Mandera north.

3.3.1 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zone and sources of income Income from crop sales was negligible. Income from livestock sales increased with wealth, with very poor households selling as little as 3 shoats during the reference year and better off households selling around 8 shoats in addition to two camels and one cattle. Camel and cattle herd sizes declined slightly over the course of the reference year because a small amount of sales occurred without any births to compensate. This will most probably be reversed in the following consumption year (2012-13). Income from milk sales was insignificant in the reference year. Very poor, poor and middle households obtained significant amounts of income from self- employment. This category of income includes firewood, building material and gum sales. Casual labour (mainly water pan digging or desilting and construction-related work) and cash assistance from organisations were also important for these wealth groups. Gifts from better off relatives or remittances were common in this zone in the reference year, perhaps because of the official cash assistance being provided. Cash gifts did feature as an income source for very poor and poor households in the 2007 HEA baseline. Better off households also obtained income from a small business (usually a tea shop, kiosk or small shop), which represents an important method of income diversification for this wealth group.

INCOME SUMMARY TABLE FOR AGRO PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD Wealth group Very poor Poor Middle Better off Annual income 40-65,000 80-120,000 120,000- 250-420,000 (KSh) per 250,000 household Average annual KSh 8,800 or KSh 14,240 or KSh 20,800 or KSh 30,700 or income per US$100 US$165 US$240 US$355 person

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3.3.2 Agropastoral Livelihood zone seasonal calendar

Crops were planted at the start of the haggai rains in October 2011 and in some cases were planted again after washing away with the heavy rains. Harvesting took place in January. The second season for crop production (during the gan rains) largely failed.

The livestock cycle is closely linked with the rainy seasons. Following several seasons of drought, the good rains during the 2011 haggai meant that livestock were able to recover their body condition and go into heat. Cattle generally take longer to recover than camels and shoats. Births follow 5 months later for shoats, 9.5 months later for cattle and 12 months later for camels. This means that the only births during the reference year were of shoats, primarily during the gan season, and this was also the only source of milk. Cattle births were observed to have started during October 2012, during the fieldwork for this profile, and were expected in larger numbers in November 2012. Camel births were also expected from November 2012. This means that milk availability should be high during the 2012 haggai season following the reference year, provided there are some rains. But during the reference year itself, milk availability was low.

Livestock sales are highest during festival periods (especially during Eid-ul- adha as animal prices are highest during this period), but also in January, April and August when school fees are due, as well as when more food needs to be purchased in the dry seasons.

Income-generating activities like firewood, charcoal and gum sales are pursued throughout the year. The sale of building materials also occurs throughout the year, but peaks during the dry seasons.

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3.3.3 Agro-pastoral Migration patterns The western side of the county (Takaba and Banissa) lack permanent underground water infrastructure. Animals normally Migrate to southern Ethiopia (with abundant underground water sources, and Gurar(in Wajir). They also migrate to south (Elwak and Wajir) for pasture and water.Animals in east rely heavily on river Daua and use of agricultural bye products. In the current season most animals in Banissa Sub County have moved towards Eymole, kiliweheri and Olla, while others have crossed to Ethiopia. In Mandera south Livestock have migrated from areas of ShimbirFatuma, Kutulo, El wak towards Warankara, olla, and Banissa divisions which have some forageenroute to southern ethiopia. There is no out ward migration to Somalia. There is no influx of livestock from either Ethiopia or Somalia that has been reported. There is however high concentration of livestock in Warankara, olla and Bachille (Mandera west) leading to increased rapid depletion of forage and stress on nearby water points.

The map below shows migration pattern for the county

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3.3.4 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zone expenditure patterns

The proportion of expenditure on food increased slightly with wealth. This is mainly because poorer households obtained substantially more relief food in the reference year than middle and better off households. Households generally spent 50-60% of their income on food. The individual food item that households spent the most money on –across all wealth groups –was sugar.

The main household items purchased were tea, salt, soap and utensils (including jerrycans). Water was purchased in most locations in the reference year, both for human consumption and for livestock. Also household expenditures were directed to social services including school, duksi (Quranic Schools) and medical expense. Primary schools education was usually free and school expenses included teacher contributions, uniform and small amounts of stationery. Better off households are more likely to have children in secondary school (at greater expense) than the other wealth groups. Other items included transport, qat, tobacco, clan contributions, savings and phone credit. Households in all wealth groups obtain credit from the kiosks or shops where they purchase basic daily food and non-food items. The credit limit tends to increase with wealth and has to be regularly repaid, at least partially, before additional credit can be taken.

3.3.5 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zone sources of food

Food is presented as a percentage of 2100 kcal per person per day for the 12-month period. The different wealth groups in this livelihood zone have identical food sources, namely own crop production, food aid, purchases, and livestock products, but in different proportions. In the reference year, the proportion of food obtained from own crop production (sorghum, maize and beans) was very similar across the wealth groups, suggesting that households cultivated similar areas of land per person. This production occurred during the haggai season, as there was reportedly little production during the gan season. Production levels are low in this livelihood zone and households do not invest in their crop production because erratic rainfall, which results in poor harvests, makes such investments risky.

The contribution of livestock products (milk and meat) increased slightly with wealth, but was generally low because the reference year was a year of recovery with few lactating camel and cattle. Sheep are rarely milked in this livelihood zone, so the graph above largely represents goat milk production plus a small amount meat from slaughtered shoats (usually none in the case of the very poor up to four in the case of the better off). In the reference year, the livelihood zone was under a large relief food distribution programme as a result of the drought during 2010-11. All households except the better off received food through the general food distributions, with the overall contribution to household needs decreasing with wealth because the proportion of household members registered tended to decrease with wealth. Sharing of relief food with households that did not receive was commonly mentioned.

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For middle and better off households, market purchase was the main source of food in the reference year. It was a less important source for very poor and poor households because of the large amounts of relief food received in that year. The main items purchased were maize meal or grain, rice, wheat flour, pasta, sugar, beans, and vegetable oil. Meat and vegetables were rarely purchased across all wealth groups. Pasta was only regularly purchased by middle and better off households. Cereals were the largest source of calories across all wealth groups in the reference year, followed by sugar, oil, and small quantities of pulses and milk (including milk powder). Sugar contributed about 10-20% to household minimum kilocalorie needs, increasing with wealth. Unlike most other foodstuffs, refined sugar has no nutritional value beyond calories.

3.3.6 Agro-pastoral Livelihood zones wealth break-down Wealth Group characteristics % HH HH size No. of Land area Large stock Small stock wives cultivated holding holding ( acres) Very poor 24 5-7 1 0.25-0.75 0 0-15 goats 0-5 sheep Poor 27 7-9 1 0.5-1 0 10-25 goats 5-15 sheep Middle 30 10-14 1-3 0.5-1.5 0-5 camel, 20-5-goats 0-8 cattle 5-15 sheep

Better off 19 15-19 2-4 1-2 1-12 camels 60-120 goats 5-15 cattle 20-30 sheep

Although all households cultivate, the main criteria for defining wealth is livestock ownership rather than land areas cultivated. In fact, the population was unable to accurately estimate areas of land cultivated, although production levels indicate that the areas tend to increase with wealth (and household size).

Middle and better off households own camels, cattle, goats, sheep and donkeys. Poor households may own a very small number of large stock, but most of their herd is made up of goats and sheep and a donkey. The very poor do not own any large stock and may likely that they have access to one through borrowing in order to sell firewood and other bush products. Poorer households are more likely to keep chickens than better off households, but these are not an important factor in determining wealth.

The loaning of milking animals from better off to poorer households (a practice known as irmansi) is common during seasons when animals are lactating and milk availability is relatively plentiful. This was not the case during the reference year.

Household size increases with wealth, as does the typical number of wives per man. A household in this zone is the larger unit of a man and his wives and children (rather than an individual wife and her children) because resources are shared amongst the members of the wider unit. Because there are large differences in the household size by wealth group, this also means that there is a difference between the percentage of households in each wealth group and the percentage of population in each wealth group, as outlined in the table below

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Total Livestock Holding Wealth Breakdown

TLU TLU/person % of HHs % of popn

Very Poor 1 0.2 24 18

Poor 3.9 0.6 27 23

Middle 13.4 1.5 30 33

Better Off 33.3 3 19 26

Note: All results are the mid-point of a range. TLU (Tropical Livestock Unit); camel=1; cattle=0.7; shoat=0.1.

Comparison with Previous 2007 HEA Baseline

The table to the left compares livestock holdings at the start of the reference year in the current HEA baseline assessment (October 2011) with those at the start of the reference year in the previous HEA baseline assessment (October 2006). The numbers in parentheses are midpoints.

The number of shoats (sheep + goats) is relatively stable and the picture for cattle is somewhat mixed, but there has been a decline in the number of camels across all wealth groups.

3.3.7 Markets Market access is poor in this livelihood zone due to poor road infrastructure and remoteness from large markets. There are no major livestock markets within the zone and households must either travel long distances on foot to reach Mandera, El Wak, Wajir, or Moyale or accept lower prices from local sales to small-scale traders.

The main foods imported into the zone are cereals (maize meal, maize grain, rice, wheat flour and pasta), sugar, oil and beans. Most items follow one of two routes from Nairobi, either through Garissa and Wajir into the zone or through Isiolo and Moyale into the zone.

Livestock are the main item exported from the livelihood zone. Moyale is the most important livestock market for the zone and the trade route continues from there to Nairobi or to Ethiopia

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(and in some cases on to Saudi Arabia).

Almost all of the casual labour performed by people from the livelihood zone is undertaken within the local rural area or in nearby local towns. Self-employment (primarily the sale of bush products) is much more important than casual employment in this livelihood zone

3.3.8 Time line and reference year The information presented in this profile refers to the period October 2011 to September 2012, a year of recovery after several seasons of drought. In interviews at community level, key informants were asked to rank the seasons over the last five years, with ‘1’ indicating season for household food security. The average ranking for the short rains (haggai) season i’ and the average ranking for the long rains (gan) season in 2012 was ‘2-3’. Although crop production failed during the gan 2012 season, the situation for livestock remained good during due to the after- effects of the good haggai 2011 rains.

Seaso

Year n Rank Event –TIMELINE

2012 Gan 2-3 Clan clashes, wildfires, below average rainfall

Lots of rainfall, flooding, replanting of crops several times, a good

season for Haggai 2011 3

livestock (after some initial deaths)

Drought, livestock deaths, abnormal livestock migration as far as Gan 2011 1 Ethiopia Haggai 2010 1 As above Gan 2010 1 As above Haggai 2009 2 Below normal rainfall

3.3.9 Response strategies Hazards

The Agro-pastoral Livelihood Zone is vulnerable to drought and to outbreaks of livestock diseases. Drought results in reduced pasture browse and water availability for livestock, while livestock disease outbreaks can directly kill livestock or limit their productivity. Communities also complained of livestock losses to wild animals, including hyenas. Clan conflict is a periodic hazard that can displace households, restrict livestock movement, disrupt markets and result in deaths.

This livelihood zone is also vulnerable to hazards that affect crop production, including drought, floods and crop diseases and pests. The frequent recurrence of drought makes cultivation a risky prospect and limits the willingness of households to invest in their crop production. Crop diseases and pests are chronic hazards that reduce yields every year.

Households in this livelihood zone engage in a number of strategies in an attempt to cope with hazards. These include:

Increased livestock sales –Households from all wealth groups sell additional livestock to coverbasic food and non-food expenses in bad years. However, the extent to which this strategy

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can be pursued without damaging future livelihoods is quite limited. Middle and better off households are in a better position to exploit this strategy.

Extended livestock migration –Migrating with livestock to distant locations in search of pastureand water is a common strategy in bad years. Most household members remain in a settlement where food aid is provided (or expected), while male adults and youths migrate with the livestock. Households with very few animals generally group their animals together with other households.

Water trucking –In locations where there is no permanent water source, households pay forwater that has been transported by truck, usually organised by government offices.

Increased livestock drug purchases –When there are outbreaks of disease, households purchaselivestock drugs in an attempt to reduce the impact.

Switching of expenditure –Reducing expenditure on expensive foods (including sugar), clothes,utensils, transport, and non-essentials (like qat and tobacco), in order to purchase more food, is a commonly used coping strategy pursued by all wealth groups.

Increased bush product collection and sale –Households attempt to increase the sale of firewood,charcoal and building materials in bad years, but this is sometimes difficult if the health and strength of donkeys has been reduced due to drought or disease. Also, there are obvious limits to the expansion of these activities, primarily due to limitations in market demand.

Labour migration –Members of very poor, poor and, to some extent, middle households travelto urban areas, both within and outside the region, to look for casual work.

Increased remittances and increased social support –Households seek out gifts from relatives inbad years. They also send children to live with better off relatives.

Increased credit-taking –Households borrow from relatives and shop keepers in bad years, oftenacquiring tens of thousands of shillings worth of debt.

Some of these strategies are unsustainable and cannot in all cases mitigate the harsh effect of hazards and shocks, particularly during severe droughts spanning several seasons.

3.3.10 Key parameters for monitoring

The key parameters listed in the table below are things that make a substantial contribution to household food and income sources in the Agropastoral Livelihood Zone. These things should be monitored to indicate potential losses or gains to local household economies, either through ongoing monitoring systems or through periodic assessments.

It is also important to monitor the prices of key items on the expenditure side, including cereals, sugar and vegetable oil prices.

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Item Key Parameter –Quantity Key Parameter –Price

Crops Maize Sorghum Livestock production Milk production (all species) Milk prices (all species) Livestock sales (all species) Livestock prices (all species) Other food and cash Firewood/charcoal sales Firewood/charcoal prices income Building materials sales Building material prices Gum sales Gum prices Casual employment Casual labour wage rates Small business sales Small business profit rates

3.3.11 Programme implications The longer-term programme implications suggested below include those that were highlighted by the wealth group interviewees themselves and those made by the assessment team following detailed discussions and observations in the field. All of these suggestions require further detailed feasibility studies.

Crop production: All wealth groups suggested interventions related to crop production, includingextension education and services, basic seeds and tools, and permanent water sources (e.g. boreholes) and pumps for irrigation. The soils are fertile and the requests for assistance with irrigation are in response to the repeated failed rains in recent years.

Veterinary drugs and services –Livelihoods in this zone are highly dependent on the size andhealth of livestock herds. Livestock diseases are a chronic problem and continued efforts to improve access to veterinary drugs and technical services are important.

Restocking –This might be an appropriate intervention for a limited number of households,provided those households have the ability to keep the livestock, which requires both adequate labour and the absence of large debts. Such projects have to be well designed to have a lasting effect, with consideration to the following factors: season of distribution, number of animals, species of animals, health of animals, etc.

Water –Access to water for both humans and livestock is a chronic problem in some areas anddifferent households put considerable amounts of their income into water purchases. Water development, combined with appropriate range management systems and the control of settlement development, should be further explored. Communities mentioned boreholes, water pans and rainwater harvesting.

Marketing –Opportunities for better marketing of livestock, livestock products and bushproducts are still relatively limited except in the villages closest to large towns. The road infrastructure is in a poor state and communication networks are lacking in many areas. This means that households receive low prices for the items that they sell and pay high prices for the items that they purchase.

Income diversification –Poorer households obtained much of their income from the sale offirewood, charcoal, building materials and gum in the reference year (and would have obtained

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more from this source in the absence of cash assistance). Community leaders and wealth group representatives regularly highlighted the need for income diversification, but unfortunately concrete ideas were lacking. Some mentioned setting up youth age in small or businesses, women’s brick making or groups livestock trading, combined with adult education and business training.

Social services –Settlements without health facilities or schools (or without adequatelyfunctioning and staffed health facilities or schools) requested support in this regard.

3.4. Riverine irrigated cropping zone The riverine stretches 150 km along the Daua River bordering Ethiopia. There are different crops grown under subsistence farming. Crops grown include Maize, Sorghum and Cow Peas,Mangoes, Paw paws, Kales, Water melon, Onion, spinach, Tomatoes, Banana, Simsim and Dania. With support from Government and Non State Actors (NSAs), some farmers have established fodder plots to feed their animals and sell to needy farmers during crises.

Farms are watered from the Daua River by the use of irrigation pump sets (basin method conveyed by earth canals). The River flows for 9 months and sometimes floods are observed when it rains heavily at the catchment site in Ethiopian highlands. There are over 150,000 ha potential land which can be put under crop production. There are about 5,000ha under cultivation in the zone. Most of this land is idle due to poverty; lack of skills and lack of funds for investment. There is inadequate basic farming equipment such as tractors and ploughs. Average land holding is between 1.0- 1.5 acres. The soil in most of the livelihood zones is loamy and fertile, although some areas have sandy soil. The production potential for agriculture is high as people mostly practice irrigated agriculture. Land preparation is done by hand, tractor and often in groups.

There are two rainy seasons: the gan rains in April –June and the haggai rains in October – December. Temperatures peak in January –March during the hot, dry birra season, up to 40C. The inhabitants of the livelihood zone in are mainly Garremuralle, corner tribe and Degodia in Mandera east.

3.4.1 Irrigated Livelihood zone and sources of income Income from crop sales was significant. Income from livestock and crops sales increased with wealth, with very middle households selling as little as 5-10 bags of crop products during the reference year and better off households selling around 10-15 bags of crop products in addition to 5 camels and two cattle. Income from crop and milk sales was insignificant in the reference year. Very poor, poor and middle households obtained significant amounts of income from self- employment. This category of income includes firewood, building material and labour. Casual labour (mainly on farm labour) and cash assistance from organisations were also important for these wealth groups. Cash assistance (in the form of HSNP or emergency cash) was common in all the sites visited in the liveilihood zone. Better off households also obtained income from a small business (usually a tea shop, kiosk or small shop), which

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3.5.0 Drought vulnerability (exposed elements) and coping capacities

3.5.1 Sensitivity to drought Droughts in Mandera County are a common occurrence that shatters livelihoods and causes hunger, nutrition-related disease. Droughts in Mandera lead to a decline in livestock production, affect the migratory patterns of pastoralists, exacerbate resource-based conflict, and cause substantial loss of assets, triggering acute food insecurity among vulnerable households and placing a heavy strain on the local economy.

The entire county is highly vulnerable to droughts which occur with increased frequency. Historical data shows the recurrent nature of droughts in the county with the most devastating episodes occurring about every ten year (1092, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000). However, after the 2000 the frequency of droughts has increased with crises registered in 2005/06, 2008/09 and 2010/11. The frequency and severities of droughts hinder recovery as the herd growth is disrupted by new droughts before the recovery phase is completed. During a severe drought, pastoralists may lose more than 45% of their herd.

High levels of vulnerability and low adaptive capacity have been linked to factors such as high reliance on natural resources, lack of infrastructure and services and poor access to markets. From HEA even the better off in all households in all livelihoods have personal income of a dollar per day. It is estimated that only 1/4 of households involved in livestock production owns a herd of a sustainable size to ensure sufficient economic returns and resilience to drought shocks.

Very poor, poor and Middle households are more vulnerable and exposed to droughts than better off households as they have fewer reserves of food or cash to fall back on and fewer options for generating additional income. In particular disadvantage groups such as female headed households, orphans, the disabled, the elderly, etc., are particularly exposed to the negative impacts of droughts. This is because women, children and the elderly are not able to migrate with the men and livestock to better grazing areas and they are left behind in harsh environments which often lack grass. The few animals left behind cannot sustain the households and enhance they rely on alternative livelihoods such as charcoal burning, which provide very low income and cash that in turn limit their capacity to access basic services, such as water, health and education . For all these reasons, these social groups are particularly vulnerable to drought and have the lowest adaptive capacity to climate change.

In livelihood zones about 63% and 51% of the Household are highly vulnerable to drought in pastoral and agropastoral livelihoods respectively. These include the very poor and poor households that have less assets/income to provide for basic needs during a drought and reduced mobility to search for grazing areas and water.

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3.5.2 Drought Vulnerability and Capacities

AREA OF VULNERABILITY CAPACITY/OPPORTUNITIES

ANALYSIS

Socio-economic - Historical marginalization of the region which has resulted Implementation of EDE to provide

in very limited investment in the foundation for investment in infrastructure and

development (infrastructure, services, political services;

participation, etc)

Devolution to enhance political

participation of citizens

- Limited alternative livelihoods with too high dependency Development of livestock industry can

on livestock create employment opportunities

with enhanced demands for services

Opportunities in alternative

renewable energies (e.g. wind energy)

and oil

- Low level of education Provision of nomadic school services

Incentives to education of child girls

Investment in boarding facilities

- Dependency on food relief affects migratory strategies Investments in resilience

and favours establishment of unplanned settlement

Safety nets with graduation models

- Limited access to markets limits profitability of livestock Investment in roads and market

production and affect capacity to destock during droughts infrastructure

- Lack of financial and insurance services tailored to Livestock indexed insurance schemes

pastoralists’ needs limits investment opportunities

- High degree of insecurity limits mobility of pastoralists Peace building initiatives (see EDE)

and access to grazing areas

Promotion of dry-time grazing areas

Cross border agreements

- High population growth put under stress the limited Diversification of livelihoods

natural resources

Employment creation

Migration

- High rate of dependency where about 45% of population Invest in education

is less than 14

Safety nets for vulnerable groups

- Negative perceptions of government planners towards Implementation of ASAL policy

pastoralism influences the allocation of public budgets for

development and drought risk reduction of pastoral Domestication and adoption of

livelihood systems pastoral policy

Establishment of ASAL secretariat

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Environmental - Fragile and degraded rangelands with limited grazing Support community based rangeland

areas and water sources management

- High rate of female headed household who depend on

exploitative livelihoods based on natural resources (e.g. Invest in strategic water sources

charcoal and wood)

Promote fodder banks

- Encroachment of important grazing areas by agriculture

activities undermine coping strategies of pastoralists

Land regulation to recognize the

- Climate change deepens vulnerability

existence of important grazing areas

Creation of alternative employment

opportunities

Mainstream CCA in development

planning and resource allocation

Physical - Lack of roads affects access and increase disproportionally Implementation of EDE

transport operation costs

- Insufficient communication infrastructure affects flow of

information on drought risk reduction

-

Institutional/ - Weakened communal system of natural resource NDMA establishment and support to

Organisational management Drought Risk Management System

- Weak communication of early warning messages to

communities Promotion of CMDRR

- Insufficient investments in drought preparedness affects

Establishment of NDDCF

capacity to respond to drought episodes

- Late drought response leading to high losses of

Devolution process improves local

household assets during drought crises governance

- Insufficient integration of DRR/CCA strategies into

development process does not address long-term

vulnerability to drought and climatic variability

- Weak local governance and high level of corruption

Major Vulnerable Groups Vulnerable individuals within all groups

. Low income households . Women and children . Nomadic pastoralists with insufficient herd size . Pregnant and nursing mothers . Indebted households . Children under five . Migrant workers . Orphans . Agro-pastoralist relying on rain-fed agriculture . Elderly . Unemployed, Beggars . Disabled and ill . Widows and widowers . Divorcees . Female headed of households left behind by migrant male labourers

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4.0: DROUGHT SCENARIOS IN MANDERA COUNTY

4.1: DROUGT HAZARD AND RISKS

4.1.1: Drought Scenario for Pastoral, Agro-pastoral and irrigated cropping Livelihood Zones

Drought usually starts with the failure of more than one rainy season. Water points become more precarious, pasture is more scattered, animal birth rates and milk production start to fall while animals start to browse less palatable shrubs. Camps (fora) start to change their normal seasonal movement pattern. They visit seasonal pastures out of season, or even move outside normal clan territory. Camps fragment into smaller more mobile units. As surface water sources dry up, people and animals gather at high capacity water points (high yielding strategic boreholes).

The first reaction of most households is to seek help from kin and neighbours. This takes the form of gifts of milking animals, increased remittances. Poor households may join richer kin and become dependent on them.

Many of these changes in behaviour are on a small scale, or are quite subtle but are extremely important from an early warning point of view. They should be signs of the ‘alert’ and alarm stages. Initiatives at this stage can diminish the impact of a major drought or can reduce the need for much more expensive reactions later. At this stage it is still possible for conditions to improve. If they do, patterns of behaviour will revert to normal.

If conditions continue to deteriorate, clan leaders start to activate alliances with neighbouring clans or allies about use of their grazing territories in the likely impending emergency. These alliances may be with kinsmen close to home or on the other side of an international border. Young men also start to migrate away from the household in search of work.

Animal deaths start to increase. Animal disease epidemics are particularly dangerous when animals are weakened by under-nutrition. As milk production falls, herders attempt to sell more animals than normal, or to barter them for grain. The animals are in poor condition, demand is low because farmers have no cash and traders have no clients to sell to and fear the drought ahead. Because more animals are being offered for sale, and demand starts to fall, animal prices also fall. But grain prices soar, driven by increase in demand. Herders are caught in the price scissors of falling prices for the livestock they want to sell and rising prices for the cereals they need to buy. Their purchasing power starts to erode significantly and rapidly. The age and sex structure of animals sold also changes. At first sales are mainly of old females and males surplus to reproductive needs. As the drought continues, this changes and it is increasingly male calves, then reproductive females, then female calves and even pregnant females or those with a calf at foot.

As the drought deepens, households change and diversify their foods. Milk consumption falls to insignificant levels. Cereal consumption rises considerably as a proportion of food intake.

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Households eat fewer meals, sometimes going without food for a day or more. Nutritional status of children begins to fall while diseases made worse by malnutrition – especially Diarrhea increase.

Remaining animals from several households may be grouped together with a single herder while the other men go in search of work. More children may be enrolled in school, where they are at least fed. Women and children turn up at dispensaries in larger numbers; most have low nutritional status.

If nothing is done the situation deteriorates from here very quickly. A large proportion of the remaining animals die or are sold (for almost nothing), numbering perhaps 50 to 80% of the herd before the drought. Cereal supplies become erratic and unreliable. People leave their home area and migrate towards towns. Destitute people begin to gather in makeshift camps wherever they think the district administration or a donor might feed them. Food aid floods the district, enabling people in camps to be fed, and bringing down the market price of grain.

The irrigated cropping livelihood zone is also vulnerable to hazards that affect crop production, including drought, floods and crop diseases and pests. The frequent recurrence of drought and in the absence of irrigation infrastructures makes cultivation a risky prospect and limits the willingness of households to invest in their crop production. Crop diseases and pests are chronic hazards that reduce yields every year.

As for the pastoral livelihood zone, the agro-pastoral is highly vulnerable to drought and outbreaks of livestock diseases. The drought hazards have contributed to the existence of the agro-pastoralist livelihood zones, which is populated by former pastoralists, most of whom no longer have viable herd size for pure nomadic pastoralism. Unlike other livelihoods, the irrigated cropping zone is vulnerable to floods which destroy crops and also irrigation infrastructure.

When the rains finally return, these processes are reversed. Fields flood and a sorghum crop can follow three months later. This leads to a drop in cereal prices as local harvests return to normal. However, animal prices leap as grass returns and animals start producing again. Five months after the onset of rains, sheep and goats begin to reproduce fast. Cattle and camels take longer. Because animal reproduction is slower than crop production and demand for livestock is higher as herders restock, animal prices climb rapidly to well above their pre-drought level, benefiting those with enough animals but making it difficult for very poor herding households to restock. Animal prices remain high until the normal reproductive pattern has re-established itself. This may take several years later.

This scenario suggests many potential early warning indicators and interventions for pastoral livelihoods, and the stage at which they might become available.

The events triggered by the drought and the progressive collapse of the rural economy and rural livelihoods are arranged into five ‘warning stages’ running from ‘normal’, through ‘alert’ and ‘alarm’ to ‘emergency’ and eventually ‘recovery’. These warning stages give planners and managers a common vocabulary for the analysis of drought impacts, and a common time-line to guide intervention. This sequence of events makes up the ‘drought cycle.’

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5.0: SECTOR INTERVENTIONS PLANS

Mandera county is prone to drought and the six working sectors of Water, Agriculture, Livestock, Health, Peace and security and Education make plans on seasonal basis to be funded and implemented by GOK and other partner’s.

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5.0 MANDERA COUNTY LIVESTOCK SECTOR INTERVENTION PLAN: AGROPASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE ALERT: EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months Livestock sector Inter- Proposed Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target Cost Roles & Vention Intervention Population responsibilities Code Alert: EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months EALT1 Facilitate the -Rapid assessment At the To reduce livestock 2 Months SPI Between Shoats - 16M GOK role (DVO) provision of (Carry out routine beginni disease outbreaks 0 and -0.83 300,000 Capacity building, livestock health disease surveillance ng of and mortality rates, Rainfall Anomaly Cattle- Disease interventions or and reporting ) Early livestock sales Between 10 and 25% 40,000 surveillance services against stage when the prices Camel- Sourcing funds diseases like FMD, -Carryout analysis of have not gone [SAM rate is 2.2% and 10,000 for procuring PPR, CCPP, CBPP existing service done and body 2.7% for Mandera vaccines and providers and condition is good north and Mandera Community role understanding their To ensure disease east/Lafey sub Strengthen capacity incidences are low counties respectively. CABAHW -Rapid procurement Current MUAC % for Present animals of vaccines & vet the under fives at risk for vaccinations drugs of malnutrition is 18.2. Report wanting signs to vet -Vaccination and Surface water dry up department Mass treatment of and as a result distance livestock from grazing areas to watering -Supervision and Monitoring

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EALT2 Activation of Organize workshop Early To Protect the 3 Month 100 500,000 DCF, preparedness with livestock stage livelihood assets livestock Community measure for traders and traders and Sell surplus stock Supporting pastoralist 100 Government commercial off- representatives to Reduce animal pastoralist Capacity building take through plan activation of population to a Provision of provision of livestock off-take level that can be transport subsidies. activity sustained by the subsidies to remaining grazing 200 farmers 500,000 traders Capacity building areas and water Loans / grants to through local availability livestock community radios marketing groups to pastoralists to Cushioning of Development sell their livestock pastoralists against partners when prices are still losses that could Funding and

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good. have been incurred 12 livestock 5M community Contracts for when drought start traders mobilization provision of to bite. subsidies to traders including relief on taxation levied on the traders and 6 groups stock holders. supported 15M

Provision of grants/soft loans to livestock marketing groups 1 holding ground and 5M Maintenance of 2 markets holding grounds and other market infrastructure. Cattle-53 2.64M Shoats-130 1.6M Early livestock off take EALT3 Promote better -Capacity building Towar • Ensure sufficient 3 months SPI Between 0 and - 30% of 5M GOK, DCF, role utilization of dry grazing committee ds the livestock feed 0.83 livestock (DLPO) availability population season grazing meetings end of Rainfall Anomaly Support the mainly cattle meetings areas by applying early Between 10 and 25% and sheep. -Pasture -Capacity build traditional Conservation. alert To promote wise In the late stage, utilization of the the farmers management and -Procure livestock period distance to water -Procure livestock Enhance livestock feed. grazing resources by may increase and applying the feed feed availability -Construct strategic animals browse less -Establish stores feed stores. recommended grazing management palatable grasses NGOS/Donors -Training fodder skills and shrubs; Role producers on Decline in quality -Support the management and meetings and the storage and Capacities and quantity of trainings build the farmers on pasture at the better grazing -Community role lowland wet season Active

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management skills grazing areas participation in Livestock watering the meetings -Strengthen Community communities fodder intervals increases to -Deferred grazing management and 1 day (one day -Herd splitting conservation(conserva skipped) tion of fodder tree species e.g. Acacia pods)

ALERT WORSENING LALT1 Accelerated • Consultation with Early • Cushion • Duration of LBC < 2 15,000 10M Community emergency slaughter the community on emerge pastoralists against the Livestock deaths shoats -Mobilization destocking purchase prices and ncy livestock deaths as Emergency 5,000 -Identify beneficiaries locations a result of drought Phase cattle -Availing animals for • Identification of 1,000 slaughter beneficiary camels -Slaughtering households with view -Hides and skin preservation to targeting most Support market- -Waste disposal vulnerable based off-take(late Government • Engagement and stage, when livestock -Funding support of the Meat market prices Meat inspection relief committees collapse Development partners • Support -Funding slaughtering and meat inspection • Distribution of fresh meat to beneficiary households • Support disposal of dead animals and offals LALT2 Provision of Publicize Immed To protect the 2 months Meteorological 15% 50M Community role supplementary implementation of iately breeding stock drought indicators of operationalize the grazing feeds to the core supplementary the from the risk of moves outside bree management committees breeding & feeding programme late dying normal ranges ding NDMA role lactating stock alert stock Procure hay, To increase the -Provision of DCF and the calves stages and

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molasses, Salt lick sets milk production SPI3month: below - lactat Donors role (blocks, survival by the lactating ing -Funding for the mash, Range cubes animals and stock emergency response. make accessible normal0.09 County government -Source for funding • Supervision and and available to WeatherRFE: < 80% forecast: of rainfall below - community mobilization Monitoring the children and vulnerable groups normal EARLY ALARM STAGE EW: VCI <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected; at least two production indicators are outside normal ranges EALM1 Support Publicity of the Immedi Reduce One month SPI Between -0.83 Cattl 20 M GOK - DCF accelerated commercial off- ately stocking and -1.27, rainfall e-480 DLPO/DVO commercial take programme the rates to a Anomaly Betwee 10 Goat Sourcing for funds. off-take early level that and 25%. s - Provision of Livestock Organize market information. when alarm can be Livestock Body 1200 consultative Offer loans to Ranchers livestock workshop with stage sustained condition NGOS/Donors role market potential livestock sets in by the deteriorates Offer grants to traders. prices traders and remaining between 3.79 and Transport subsidies. collapse pastoralist grazing 1.8 Community role resources. High livestock Strengthen LMAs & DLMC. Identification of concentration at present animals to market beneficiaries Income from boreholes.Milk Herd culling of mature selling production decrease cows continues livestock Securing of (- 25 to -50%). temporary holding provides TOT index turns grounds pending resources to the transport of access sharply against the animals services for herders (85-50% of breeding seasonal norm). livestock • Contracts for Activation of coping core herd provision of alive strategies with the subsidies to traders Coping strategy including relief on taxation levied on index between 3.0 the traders and and 3.9. stock holders. Increased distances

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to water points from • Facilitation of the an average of 16 to traders on some of the licensing 30 KMs.Hours spent requirements. collecting water relative to seasonal • Subsidizing normal increases by veterinary services 200-250% Significant at the markets. Provision of security drought impact on escort along stock nutritional status of routes and markets children under five signals the shift from alarm to emergency (MUAC- GAM>25%).Milk consumption restricted to children Increased migrate to southern .Livestock watering intervals increases to 2-3 days(specific to species) Identify the user Alarm To protect 2 months 30% 60M Community role groups or stage the of Operationalize the Provision of individuals who breeding bree grazing management supplemen have fodder stocks stock from ding committees tary feeds for purchase by the risk of Observe grazing patterns stock to the core other pastoralists. dying NDMA role EALM3 breeding & Provide subsidies Provision of DCF for lactating in transportation of To increase procurement of stock and hay to animal the milk supplementary feeds the calves areas. production Donors role Identify key dry by the Funding for the season grazing lactating emergency response.

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areas with standing animals County government hay and improve and make Source for funding access to the dry accessible community mobilization season grazing and zone. available to Publicize the the implementation of children the supplementary and feeding vulnerable programme groups

Procure hay, linking the molasses, Salt lick animal (blocks, survival feed to mash, Range cubes the Training herders on animal basic animal nutrition and feeds management of traders by supplements providing Supervision and subsides Monitoring to herders de- stocking so that they can invest in the core breeding herd Conduct rapid Assess 1 month 500,000 DCF assessment on food situation Facilitate the Rapid participatory Immedia To protect One week of rapid 70% GOK role (DVO) EALM4 provision of assessment tely the assessment & Analysis of 25M Capacity building para- livestock cases of livelihood and sharing of the cattle vets

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health Carry out analysis notifiabl assets findings with relevant and Disease surveillance veterinary of existing service e departments 60% Issuing of movement services providers and diseases of permits and imposing of against the understanding are One week of rapid shoat quarantine measures notifiable their capacity reported procurement s Sourcing funds for diseases popul procuring vaccines targeting the Rapid procurement One month of ation Community role residential and availability of vaccinations & Strengthen CABAHWS population the required supervisions Present animals for continues vaccines & vaccinations medicines and Report wanting signs to proper storage at vet department field level

Vaccination/treatm ent exercise

Supervision and Monitoring Livestock disease surveillance related to 500,000 DCF drought Maintenance Repairs and Spares Assorted Lump sum and repair of maintenance of Strategic 10M livestock boreholes. 40 boreholes Fuel 40 * 1000 140 boreh 5.6M DCF • Fuel subsidy to litres oles borehole operators 300,000 • Allowances

LATE ALARM STAGE W Phase triggers: VCI <25; no significant rainfall expected ; In addition to two production indicators, at least two access indicators (impact on market and access to food and water) are outside the normal ranges Start the Publicity of the Immedi Reduce 1 ½ Body 25% of the cattle 120M GOK role(DVO/DLPO) LALM1 slaughter slaughter ately stocking months condition and sheep Consultation with the community on destocking destocking the late rates to a BC score2- purchase prices and locations.

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programme programme alarm level that or 1 Provision technical back up & intensified stage can be (score2: emergency fund sets in sustained Very thin no Capacity building meat relief Identification of all by the fat, bones committees the categories of Facilitate meat inspection along with remaining visible: beneficiaries of the public health grazing score 1 programme Emaciated, Community role resources. little muscle Identification of beneficiary households Identification of left) with view to targeting most vulnerable slaughter Livestock Council and LMAs sites/facilities Income Community mobilization/publicity Constitute the from Engage meat relief committees slaughter meat selling Disposal of dead animals inspection teams livestock Selection of slaughter sites Develop standards provides Donors role for slaughtes and Funding for the emergency response resources carcases disposal Funding and community to access mechanisms mobilization and capacity building. services for Facilitate breeding procurement of livestock stock for core herd alive slaughtering

Provide relief meat and/or cash to benefit the most vulnerable groups in the community

LALM2 Provision of Publicity of the Immedia To protect Two 25% of breeding 30M Community role

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supplemen supplementary tely the the months stock and lactating Operationalize the grazing tary feeds feeding late breeding stock management committees continues programme alarm stock from Observe grazing patterns intensified stage the risk of NDMA role sets in dying Provision of DCF for procurement of Procure hay, supplementary feeds molasses, Salt lick To increase Donors role (blocks, survival the milk Funding for the emergency response. mash, Range cubes production County government by the Source for funding Supervision and lactating community mobilization Monitoring animals and make accessible and available to the children and vulnerable groups Facilitate Rapid survey to establish the joint number of livestock immigrant livestock DVOs/DLPOs of Affected counties veterinary and any disease To protect Joint consultations among the service out break Immedia the county authorities interventio tely the residential One Target all the in- Disease surveillance EALM5 ns targeting Procurement and early livestock 25M month migrant population Issuing of movement permits and availability of the alarm from the imposing of quarantine measures required vaccines sets in getting immigrant Joint sourcing of funds for procuring & medicines infected livestock vaccines from Coordinate joint neighbouri intervention by the ng counties counties involved

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Supervision and Monitoring Enhanced Publicize through Alarm Broadcast 2 months 25% livestock 50M Community role commercial radio programmes stage Operationalize the grazing livestock Transport management committees offtake Transport subsidy to subsidy Observe grazing patterns programmes livestock traders Grants to NDMA role group Provision of Provision of DCF for procurement of grants/soft loans to supplementary feeds livestock marketing Donors role groupsIdentify the Funding for the emergency response. user groups or County government individuals who Source for funding have fodder stocks community mobilization for purchase by other pastoralists. Provide subsidies in transportation of hay to animal areas. Identify key dry season grazing areas with standing hay and improve access to the dry season grazing zone. Publicize the implementation of the supplementary feeding programme

Procure hay, molasses, Salt lick

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(blocks, survival mash, Range cubes Training herders on basic animal nutrition and management of supplements Supervision and Monitoring Carry out routine disease surveillance and reporting

Procurement and availability of the Provision of required vaccines GOK role (DVO) livestock & medicines and • Capacity building para-vets proper storage at health • Disease surveillance field level interventio Immedia • Issuing of movement permits and

ns or tely the To protect imposing of quarantine measures Procurement of 30% of the services late the One • Sourcing funds for procuring LALM3 dewormers, livestock 30M alarm livelihood month vaccines against antibiotics, population stage assts Community role acute multivitamins and sets in • Strengthen CABAHWS diseases trypanocidals for • /notitfiable camels Present animals for vaccinations • diseases Report wanting signs to vet continues Facilitate department treatment campaigns and giving of multivitamins and antibiotics to the animals to boost their immune

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systems

Supervision and Monitoring Rapid assessment NDMAs role of affected counties Facilitate to establish the • Joint Provision of DCF for joint number of Immedia procurement of supplementary provision of livestock in need of tely it is To protect feeds supplemen the supplementary establish the • Joint disease surveillance tary feeds feeds ed there breeding County governments of the affected Target breeding targeting are stock from One counties LALM5 stock & lactating 50M Procurement of the animals the risk of month • the stock Joint Source for funding immigrant relevant feeds from the dying • Joint community mobilization livestock required neighbo Donors role from uring • Funding for the emergency Distribution of the counties neighbouri response. feeds to target ng counties stock EMMERGENCY STAGE EW Phase: coping strategy index, malnutrition (MUAC) and livestock mortality rates move above 5 % in the area. Provision of Rapid survey done Coping strategy to establish the index of above livestock number of 4.0 increases GOK role (DVOs) veterinary immigrants Malnutrition • Capacity building para-vets To protect services rates of children • Disease surveillance the Target all the targeting Disease below • Issuing of movement permits and Immedia livelihood immigrant the surveillance imposing of quarantine measures tely the assets from population residential intensified One above • Sourcing funds for procuring EMG1 emergen being 15M month emergency level vaccines population cy stage infected by Target 20% of Procurement and (MUAC >30%) Community role and the sets in the the resident availability of the and acute • Strengthen CABAHWS immigrant immigrant population required vaccines malnutrition is • livestock livestock Present animals for vaccinations & medicines >15 per cent from • Report wanting signs to vet substantially department neighbouri Facilitate staff- Animal; body ng counties transportation and conditions

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daily subsistence to deterior handle the ate (score less immigrants than 1.8).Animal livestock deaths increase population substantially (>20% for all Provide curative categories);Term treatmentto25% of s of trade the residential collapse (less livestock than 50% of population seasonal norm Availability of Supervision and milk at Monitoring household level collapses to almost nil.Water availability within normal grazing areas collapses to almost nil and water tankering increases .Distress sale of livestock (asset stripping) prevalent and this entails selling of livestock to minimize mortalities leading to oversupply of livestock in the

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market and lower prices for breeding animals. Migration of livestock to other countries (southern Ethiopia).Migrati on of herders prevents households from accessing livestock products.Enhanc ed conflicts and insecurity, leading to the loss of access to natural pastures, displacements, and market disruptions.Hous eholds start to break up; children left at school; women and children go to dispensaries. Upcoming settlements along main roads. The new settlements are

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by former pastoralists, turned destitute, who have moved to the roadsides to access relief food. Accelerated Publicity of the Reduce Two 25% cattle and 130 M GOK role(DVO/DLPO) emergency slaughter stocking months goats • Consultation with the community on slaughter destocking Immedi purchase prices and locations. destocking rates to a programme ately level that • Provision technical back up & programme intensified the can be emergency fund further • emerge sustained Capacity building meat relief Upscaled Identification of all committees ncy by the the categories of stage • Facilitate meat inspection along with beneficiaries of the remaining sets in public health programme grazing Community role resources. • Identification of beneficiary Identification of households with view to targeting slaughter Income most vulnerable sites/facilities. from Livestock Council and LMAs EMG2 Establishement of selling • Community mobilization/publicity destocking livestock • Engage meat relief committees committees or • Disposal of dead animals training relief provides resources • Selection of slaughter sites committees to Donors Role facilitate to access • Funding for the emergency response community services for Funding and community mobilization process. breeding and capacity building livestock Facilitate core herd procurement of alive stock for slaughtering Provide relief meat Purchase of animals, and/or slaughter, inspection

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and distribution of cash to meat benefit the most vulnerable groups in the community To protect Community role the • Operationalize the grazing breeding management committees stock from • Observe grazing patterns the risk of NDMA role Publicity of the dying • supplementary Provision of DCF for procurement of

feeding supplementary feeds To increase programme Donors role Immedia the milk intensified Livestock body • Funding for the emergency Provision of tely the production 5% of conditions as response. supplemen late by the Two breeding EMG3 Procure hay, highlighted 30.5M County government alarm lactating months stock and tary feeds molasses, Salt lick above, mortality • Source for funding stage animals lactating stock continues (blocks, survival rates • community mobilization sets in and make mash, Range cubes accessible

and Supervision and available to Monitoring the children and vulnerable groups Facilitate Rapid assessment Immedia To protect NDMAs role of affected counties joint to establish the tely it is the • Joint Provision of DCF for Target provision of number of establish breeding procurement of supplementary One breeding EMG4 supplemen livestock in need of ed there stock from 55M feeds month stock & tary feeds the supplementary are the risk of County governments of the affected lactating stock counties targeting feeds animals dying • Joint Source for funding the from the

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immigrant Procurement of the neighbo • Joint community mobilization livestock relevant feeds uring Donors role from required counties • Funding for the emergency neighbouri response. Distribution of the ng counties feeds to target stock Rehabilitate Repairs and Spares Save lives 2 months Assorted Lump sum 10M DCF and repair maintenance of 5.6M Strategic Fuel 40 * 1000 litres 130 livestock boreholes. 1.4M boreholes Fuel 10,000 litres 140 960,000

• Fuel subsidy to Allowanc 480 2,000 borehole operators es(DSA)

30M Water trucking To provide • Continued disease Allowanc Assess 1 month Various Lump sum 2.5M DCF supportive surveillance/ rapid es situation 2000 130 260,000 therapy and assessments Fuel tactical • Facilitation of the

treatments to veterinary teams to 60% of the provide mobile livestock veterinary services population. RECOVERY STAGE EW Phase: Recovery starts after the end of drought as signaled by the environmental indicators returning to seasonal norms; Restocking to . Immedi Facilitate 2 month SPI-3month: - 90M GoK/DLPO pastoralists/ Publicize the ately house asset 0.09and above, Target 10% of • Sustain livestock extension services households restocking and build up VCI: 40 and above. HH • Train beneficiaries on livestock hard hit by the sustainable Rainfall anomaly 1000 goats per programme husbandry effects of recover livelihood <50% and weather sub county • drought y stage forecasts are Provide market information REC1 Identification of • sets in positive Promote pasture/fodder production. most vulnerable • (early Livestock disease surveillance households who Community roles recover lost livestock to • Identification of beneficiaries targeting drought y) the most vulnerable.

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Facilitate in the • Mobilize community contribution from procurement able community members. and distribution Donors of stock for • Capacity-build rangeland user associations restocking Support conflict management (breeding stock initiatives GoK/DLPO • Awareness creation • Support procurement, supply, and transportation of pasture/fodder planting material. Support the Community role pastoralists in early • Identify and agree on rehabilitation land preparations sites. To • Initiate and support traditional grazing Rehabilitati Procurement and Towards enhance management initiative. on of provision of range the end pasture Target 10% of • Open up the rangeland for pasture REC2 strategic land reseeding of the and fodder 3 months 15M the total HH production. materials recovery production grazing • Formation of pasture and grazing stage and areas management committees. capacity build the utilization • supplies. farmers on pasture • establishment and Pasture/fodder seed bulking management Donors role • Capacity-build rangeland user associations • Support conflict management initiatives. • Provide inputs To provide Disease To reduce 20% of small GOK role(DVO/DLPO) curative surveillance and livestock stock • Train community disease surveillance reporting On set of diseases scouts treatment/l 2 . 14.5 REC3 recovery outbreaks and Community role imited Months M Limited vaccination stage and • Identification of beneficiary vaccination mortality 25% of large households s to the Treatments on a rates. stock • Report notifiable diseases outbreaks.

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returning need basis and Donors role herd Immunity • Funding and community mobilization population boosting through on disease surveillance. multivitamin injections

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5.1. 2: LIVESTOCK SECTOR INTERVENTION PLAN: PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE

ALERT: EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

Livestock sector Inter- Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost Roles & Venti Intervention frame Populati responsibilities on on Code Alert: EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months EALT1 Facilitate the -Rapid assessment At the To reduce 2 SPI Between Shoats - 16M Completed by CGM provision of (Carry out routine beginnin livestock Month 0 and -0.83 300,000 GOK role (DVO) livestock disease surveillance g of disease s Rainfall Anomaly Cattle- • Capacity health and reporting ) Early outbreaks Between 10 and 25% 40,000 building para-

interventions stage and mortality Camel- vets

or services -Carryout analysis of rates, [SAM rate is 2.2% and 10,000 • Disease against existing service livestock sales 2.7% for Mandera surveillance diseases like providers and when the north and Mandera • FMD, PPR, understanding their prices have east/Lafey sub • Sourcing funds CCPP, CBPP capacity not gone counties respectively. for procuring and done and Current MUAC % for vaccines -Rapid procurement of body the under fives at vaccines &vet drugs condition is risk of malnutrition is Community role

good 18.2 • Strengthen -Vaccination and To ensure Surface water dry up CABAHWS Mass treatment of disease and as a result • Present animals livestock incidences distance from grazing for vaccinations

are low areas to watering • Report wanting -Supervision and signs to vet Monitoring department 71 | Page

EALT2 Activation of • Organize workshop with Early 3 100 500,000 DCF, livestock traders and preparedness stage To Protect the Month livestock Community pastoralist livelihood -Sell surplus stock measure for representatives to plan traders assets Government Supporting activation of livestock off- and 100 -Capacity building commercial take activity pastorali -Provision of transport • • Reduce animal off-take Capacity building through st subsidies to traders local community radios to population to a through level that can be 200 500,000 -Loans / grants to pastoralists to sell their livestock marketing provision of livestock when prices are sustained by the farmers remaining groups subsidies. still good. -Development partners Contracts for provision of grazing areas and water -Funding and subsidies to traders 12 5M community mobilization including relief on availability taxation levied on the • Cushioning of livestock traders and stock holders. pastoralists traders against losses that could have • Provision of grants/soft 6 groups 15M loans to livestock been incurred marketing groups when drought support start to bite. ed 5,M Maintenance of holding 2.64M grounds and other market 1 1.6M infrastructure. holding

Early livestock off take ground and 2 markets

Cattle- 53 Shoats- 130 EALT3 Promote -Capacity building Towards • Ensure sufficient 3 SPI Between 0 and - 30% of 5,M GOK, DCF, role better grazing committee the end livestock feed month 0.83 livestock (DLPO) meetings availability population -Support the utilization of of early s Rainfall Anomaly mainly dry season -Pasture alert Between 10 and 25% meetings Conservation. cattle and

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grazing areas -Procure livestock feed. period To promote wise In the late stage, sheep. -Capacity build the by applying -Construct strategic feed utilization of the distance to water may farmers stores. grazing traditional increase and animals -Procure livestock feed -Training fodder resources by -Establish stores management producers on applying the browse less palatable NGOS/Donors Role and Enhance management and storage recommended grasses and shrubs; -Support the grazing livestock feed and Capacities build the Decline in quality and meetings and the availability management farmers on better grazing quantity of pasture at trainings management skills skills the lowland wet -Community role

-Strengthen communities season grazing areas Active participation fodder management and Livestock watering in the meetings conservation(conservatio intervals increases to Community n of fodder tree species 1 day (one day -Deferred grazing e.g. Acacia pods) -Herd splitting skipped) ALERT WORSENING LALT1 Accelerated • Consultation with the Early • Cushion • Duration LBC < 2 15,000 10M Community emergency community on purchase emergenc pastoralists of the Livestock deaths shoats • Mobilization slaughter prices and locations y against Emergency 5,000 • Identify destocking • Identification of livestock Phase cattle beneficiaries beneficiary households deaths as a 1,000 • Availing animals with view to targeting result of camels for slaughter most vulnerable drought • Slaughtering • Engagement and • Hides and skin support of the Meat relief preservation committees • Waste disposal • Support slaughtering Support market- Government and meat inspection based off- • Funding • Distribution of fresh take(late stage, • Meat inspection meat to beneficiary when livestock Development partners households market prices • Funding • Support disposal of collapse dead animals and offals LALT2 Provision of Publicize Immedi To protect the 2 months Meteorological 15% of 50M Community role supplementar implementation of ately breeding stock drought breeding • Operationalize y feeds to the supplementary feeding the late from the risk of indicators moves stock the grazing core breeding programme alert dying outside normal and management

& lactating stages ranges lactating committees

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stock and the Procure hay, molasses, sets in To increase stock • Observe grazing calves Salt lick (blocks, the milk patterns survival mash, Range production by SPI3month: NDMA role cubes the lactating below - • Provision of DCF

animals and for procurement • Supervision and of make normal 0.09 Monitoring supplementary accessible RFE:Weather < 80% forecast: of rainfall below feeds and available Donors role normal to the • Funding for the children and emergency vulnerable response. groups County government • Source for funding • community mobilization

EARLY ALARM STAGE EW: VCI <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected; at least two production indicators are outside normal ranges EALM Support Publicity of the Immediat Reduce One SPI Between -0.83 Cattle- 20 M GOK - DCF 1 accelerated commercial off-take ely the stocking month and -1.27, rainfall 480 DLPO/DVO commercial programme early rates to a Anomaly Betwee Goats - • Sourcing for off-take alarm level that can 10 and 25%. 1200 funds Organize consultative • when stage sets be sustained Livestock Body Provision of workshop with Livestock market livestock in by the condition potential livestock information market prices remaining deteriorates traders and pastoralist • Offer loans to collapse grazing between 3.79 and Ranchers Identification of resources. 1.8 beneficiaries High livestock NGOS/Donors role Income from concentration at • Offer grants to Securing of temporary selling livestock boreholes.Milk traders provides holding grounds • Transport resources to production pending the transport subsidies access services decrease (- 25 to - of the animals • Community role

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for breeding 50%). • Strengthen • Contracts for provision livestock core TOT index turns LMAs & DLMC herd alive of subsidies to traders sharply against • Present animals including relief on herders (85-50% to market taxation levied on the Herd culling of traders and stock of seasonal norm). mature cows holders. continues Activation of • Facilitation of the coping strategies traders on some of the licensing requirements. with the Coping strategy index • Subsidizing veterinary between 3.0 and 3.9. services at the markets. Increased Provision of security escort along stock routes distances to water and markets points from an average of 16 to 30 KMs.Hours spent collecting water relative to seasonal normal increases by 200-250% Significant drought impact on nutritional status of children under five signals the shift from alarm to emergency (MUAC- GAM>25%).Milk consumption restricted to

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children Increased migrate to southern .Livestock watering intervals increases to 2-3 days(specific to species) Identify the user Alarm To protect 2 months 30% of 60M Community role groups or individuals stage the breeding breeding • Operationalize who have fodder stock from stock the grazing stocks for purchase by the risk of management other pastoralists. dying committees Provide subsidies in • Observe grazing transportation of hay To increase patterns to animal areas. the milk NDMA role Identify key dry season production by • Provision of DCF grazing areas with the lactating for procurement Provision of standing hay and animals and of supplementar improve access to the make supplementary y feeds to the dry season grazing accessible feeds EALM zone. and available core breeding Donors role 3 Publicize the to the • & lactating Funding for the implementation of the children and emergency stock and the supplementary feeding vulnerable response. calves programme groups County government • Source for Procure hay, molasses, linking the funding Salt lick (blocks, animal feed community survival mash, Range to the mobilization cubes animal feeds Training herders on traders by basic animal nutrition and management of providing supplements subsides to Supervision and herders de-

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Monitoring stocking so that they can invest in the core breeding herd Conduct rapid Assess food 1 month 500,000 DCF assessment on situation GOK role (DVO) Rapid participatory One week • Capacity building assessment of rapid para-vets assessment • Disease Carry out analysis of & Analysis surveillance existing service and • Issuing of Facilitate the providers and sharing of movement provision of understanding their the permits and livestock health 70% of capacity Immediate findings imposing of veterinary cattle ly cases of To protect with quarantine services against and EALM Rapid procurement notifiable the livelihood relevant measures the notifiable 60% of 25M 4 and availability of the diseases assets departmen • Sourcing funds diseases shoats required vaccines & are ts for procuring targeting the populatio medicines and proper reported vaccines residential n storage at field level One week Community role population of rapid • Strengthen continues Vaccination/treatment procureme CABAHWS exercise nt • Present animals for vaccinations Supervision and One month • Report wanting Monitoring signs to vet department Livestock disease surveillance related to 500,000 DCF drought Maintenance and Repairs and Spares Assorted Lump sum 40 10,M repair of maintenance of borehole DCF Strategic Fuel 40 * 1000 litres 140 boreholes. s 5.6M

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livestock boreholes • Fuel subsidy to borehole 300,000 operators • Allowances

LATE ALARM STAGE W Phase triggers: VCI <25; no significant rainfall expected ; In addition to two production indicators, at least two access indicators (impact on market and access to food and water) are outside the normal ranges Publicity of the Immediat Reduce 1 ½ Body condition BC 25% of 120M GOK slaughter destocking ely the stocking months score2-or 1 the cattle role(DVO/DLPO) programme intensified late alarm rates to a (score2: Very thin no and sheep • Consultation

stage sets level that can fat, bones visible: with the Identification of all the community on in be sustained score 1 Emaciated, categories of little muscle left) purchase prices beneficiaries of the by the and locations. programme remaining • Provision grazing technical back Identification of resources. up & emergency slaughter sites/facilities fund Constitute the Income from • Capacity building Start the slaughter meat selling meat relief slaughter inspection teams committees LALM1 livestock destocking Develop standards for provides • Facilitate meat slaughtes and carcases programme resources to inspection along disposal mechanisms access with public health services for Facilitate Community role breeding procurement of • Identification of livestock core stock for beneficiary herd alive slaughtering households with view to targeting Provide relief most vulnerable meat and/or Donors role cash to funds benefit the most

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vulnerable groups in the community

Community role • Operationalize To protect the grazing the breeding management stock from committees the risk of • Observe grazing Publicity of the dying patterns supplementary feeding NDMA role programme intensified To increase • Provision of DCF Immediate 25% of Provision of the milk for procurement Procure hay, molasses, ly the late breeding supplementar production by Two of LALM2 Salt lick (blocks, alarm stock and 30M the lactating months supplementary y feeds survival mash, Range stage sets lactating animals and feeds continues cubes in stock make Donors role

accessible • Funding for the Supervision and and available emergency Monitoring to the response. children and County government vulnerable • Source for groups funding • community mobilization Facilitate joint Rapid survey to DVOs/DLPOs of livestock establish the number Affected counties veterinary of immigrant livestock To protect • Joint service and any disease out Immediate the county Target all consultations EALM break ly the early residential the in- among the interventions One month 25M 5 alarm sets livestock migrant authorities targeting the Procurement and in from getting population • Disease immigrant availability of the infected surveillance livestock from required vaccines & • Issuing of neighbouring medicines movement

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counties permits and Coordinate joint imposing of intervention by the quarantine counties involved measures • Joint sourcing of Supervision and funds for Monitoring procuring vaccines Enhanced Publicize through radio Alarm Broadcast 2 months 25% 50M Community role commercial programmes stage livestock • Operationalize livestock off take Transport the grazing programmes Transport subsidy to subsidy management livestock traders Grants to group committees Provision of grants/soft • Observe grazing loans to livestock patterns marketing groupsIdentify NDMA role the user groups or • Provision of DCF individuals who have for procurement fodder stocks for of purchase by other supplementary pastoralists. feeds Donors role Provide subsidies in transportation of hay • Funding for the to animal areas. emergency Identify key dry season response. grazing areas with County government standing hay and • Source for improve access to the funding dry season grazing community zone. mobilization Publicize the implementation of the supplementary feeding programme

Procure hay, molasses,

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Salt lick (blocks, survival mash, Range cubes Training herders on basic animal nutrition and management of supplements Supervision and Monitoring Carry out routine disease surveillance GOK role (DVO) and reporting • Capacity building para-vets Procurement and • Disease availability of the surveillance required vaccines & • Issuing of medicines and proper Provision of movement storage at field level livestock permits and

health imposing of Procurement of Immediate interventions quarantine dewormers, antibiotics, ly the late To protect 30% of the or services measures LALM3 multivitamins and alarm the livelihood One month livestock 30M • Sourcing funds against acute trypanocidals for stage sets assts population for procuring diseases camels in vaccines /notitfiable Community role diseases Facilitate treatment • Strengthen continues campaigns and giving CABAHWS of multivitamins and • antibiotics to the Present animals animals to boost their for vaccinations • immune systems Report wanting signs to vet Supervision and department Monitoring Facilitate joint Rapid assessment to Immediate To protect Target NDMAs role of LALM5 One month 50M provision of establish the number ly it is the breeding breeding affected counties

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supplementar of livestock in need of establishe stock from stock & • Joint Provision of y feeds the supplementary d there are the risk of lactating DCF for targeting the feeds animals dying stock procurement of immigrant from the supplementary Procurement of the neighbouri livestock from feeds relevant feeds required ng • Joint disease neighbouring counties surveillance counties Distribution of the County governments feeds to target stock of the affected counties • Joint Source for funding • Joint community mobilization Donors role • Funding response. EMMERGENCY STAGE EW Phase: coping strategy index, malnutrition (MUAC) and livestock mortality rates move above emergency thresholds Rapid survey done to Coping strategy GOK role (DVOs) Provision of establish the number index of above 4.0 • Capacity building livestock of immigrants increases para-vets Malnutrition rates of veterinary • Disease Disease surveillance children below Target all services To protect surveillance intensified the targeting the the livelihood • Issuing of above emergency immigrant residential Immediate assets from movement Procurement and level (MUAC >30%) population population ly the being permits and EMG1 availability of the One month and acute 15M emergency infected by imposing of and the required vaccines & malnutrition is >15 Target 20% stage sets the quarantine immigrant medicines per cent of the immigrant measures livestock from substantially resident livestock • Sourcing funds neighbouring Facilitate staff- Animal; body population for procuring counties transportation and conditions vaccines daily subsistence to deteriorate Community role handle the immigrants (score less than • livestock population 1.8).Animal deaths Strengthen

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increase CABAHWS Provide curative substantially (>20% • Present treatmentto25% of the for all animals for residential livestock categories);Terms of vaccinations population trade collapse (less • Report than 50% of wanting Supervision and seasonal norm signs to vet Monitoring Availability of milk at department household level collapses to almost nil.Water availability within normal grazing areas collapses to almost nil and water tankering increases .Distress sale of livestock (asset stripping) prevalent and this entails selling of livestock to minimize mortalities leading to oversupply of livestock in the market and lower prices for breeding animals. Migration of livestock to other countries (southern Ethiopia).Migration of herders prevents households from accessing livestock products.Enhanced conflicts and

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insecurity, leading to the loss of access to natural pastures, displacements, and market disruptions. Households start to break up; children left at school; women and children go to dispensaries. Upcoming settlements along main roads. The new settlements are by former pastoralists, turned destitute, who have moved to the roadsides to access relief food Accelerated Publicity of the Reduce Two 25% cattle 130M GOK emergency slaughter destocking stocking months and goats role(DVO/DLPO) slaughter programme intensified Immediat • Consultation destocking rates to a ely the level that can with the programme Identification of all the emergenc be sustained community on further categories of y stage purchase prices Upscaled by the beneficiaries of the sets in and locations. programme remaining • Provision EMG2 grazing technical back Identification of resources. up & emergency slaughter fund sites/facilities. Income from • Capacity building Establishement of selling meat relief destocking committees livestock committees or training relief provides • Facilitate meat committees to resources to inspection along

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facilitate community access with public process. services for health breeding Community role Facilitate procurement livestock core • Identification of of stock for herd alive beneficiary slaughtering households with

view to targeting Provide relief Purchase of animals, most vulnerabl meat and/or slaughter, inspection and Donors Role cash to distribution of meat • Funding benefit the most vulnerable groups in the communit

To protect Community role the breeding • Operationalize stock from the grazing the risk of management Publicity of the dying committees supplementary feeding • Observe grazing programme intensified To increase patterns Immediate 5% of Provision of the milk Livestock body NDMA role Procure hay, molasses, ly the late breeding supplementar production by Two conditions as • EMG3 Salt lick (blocks, alarm stock and 30.5M Provision of DCF the lactating months highlighted above, y feeds survival mash, Range stage sets lactating Donors role animals and mortality rates continues cubes in stock • Funding for the make emergency accessible Supervision and response. and available Monitoring County government to the • Source for fund children and vulnerable groups Facilitate joint Rapid assessment to Immediate To protect Target NDMAs role of EMG4 provision of establish the number ly it is the breeding One month breeding 55M affected counties supplementar of livestock in need of establishe stock from stock • Joint Provision of

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y feeds the supplementary d there are the risk of &lactating DCF targeting the feeds animals dying stock County governments immigrant from the of the affected livestock from Procurement of the neighbouri counties relevant feeds required ng • neighbouring Joint Source for counties funding counties Distribution of the • Joint community feeds to target stock mobilization Donors role • Funding DCF Rehabilitate and Repairs and Spares Save lives 2 months Assorted Lump sum 10M DCF repair Strategic maintenance of livestock Fuel 40 * 1000 litres 130 5.6M boreholes boreholes. Fuel 10,000 litres 140 1.4M

• Fuel subsidy to borehole Allowances( 480 2,000 960,000 operators DSA)

Water trucking 30M To provide • Continued disease Allowances Assess 1 month Various Lump sum 2.5M DCF supportive surveillance/ rapid Fuel situation 2000 130 260,000 therapy and assessments tactical • Facilitation of the

treatments to veterinary teams to 60% of the provide mobile veterinary livestock services population. RECOVERY STAGE EW Phase: Recovery starts after the end of drought as signalled by the environmental indicators returning to seasonal norms; Restocking to . Immedia Facilitate house 2 month SPI-3month: -0.09and 90M GoK/DLPO pastoralists/ Publicize the restocking tely the asset and build above, VCI: 40 and Target • DCF households hard programme up sustainable above. 10% of HH Community roles hit by effects of recovery livelihood Rainfall anomaly <50% 100 cattle • Identification of REC1 drought stage and weather forecasts per sub Identification of most beneficiaries sets in are positive county vulnerable households targeting the (early who lost livestock to most vulnerable. drought recovery

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) Donors –funds Facilitate in the procurement and distribution of stock for restocking (breeding stock Support the pastoralists in early land preparations GoK/DLPO

Towards To enhance • Training Procurement and Target Rehabilitation the end pasture and • Pasture/fodder provision of range land 10% of REC2 of strategic of the fodder 3 months 15M seed bulking reseeding materials the total recovery production DCF grazing areas HH stage and utilization Donors role capacity build the • Funding farmers on pasture establishment and management GOK role(DVO/DLPO) • Continued Disease surveillance vaccinations. Community role To provide and reporting 20% of • Identification of curative small To reduce beneficiary treatment/lim Limited vaccination stock livestock households ited On set of diseases . • Engage REC3 vaccinations Treatments on a recovery 2 Months and 14.5M outbreaks and community in need basis and stage to the mortality disease Immunity boosting 25% of returning rates. surveillance large herd through multivitamin scouts. stock population injections • Report notifiable diseases outbreaks. • Maintain the available holding

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grounds, and crushes Donors role • Funding

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5.1.3 LIVESTOCK SECTOR INTERVENTION BUDGETS

5.1.3. 1 Budget for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

EARLY ALERT STAGE

EALT1 Provision of livestock (i) Rapid participatory Fuel (Km) 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles( 6 sub health services against assessment to identify and counties) FMD, PPR, CCPP, CBPP prioritize livestock health (Vaccination and Mass diseases warranting Maintenance (Km) 2500 15 37,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils treatment of livestock) immediate attention, by livestock type and 10 Lunch Allowances 10 1000 10,000 DSA for 6DVOs, 12AHA, 6 drivers vulnerable groups (ii) Carry out analysis of existing 18Night-outs ( 6 sub counties x3 72 4000 288, 000 DSA for 6DVO, 12AHA, 6drivers service providers and days) understanding their capacity

Rapid procurement and PPR Vaccines 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% shoats population availability of the required vaccines & medicines and FMD vaccine dose 25,000 150 3,750,000 For 10% cattlepopulation proper storage at field level CCPP Vaccine dose 150,000 17 2,550,000 For 10% goats,

De-wormers-Shoats 150,000 17 2,550,000 Target 10% shoats (Albendazole), multivitamins, novidium, berenil and Ox tetracycline (20%) 100 ml

Equipments (syringes, drenching 6 500,000 3,000,000 6 sub counties gun, cold chain facility)

Night-outs 5 8000 40,000 Per diem for 1CDVS

Air ticket/ transport 1 15,000 30,000 Transport ticket

Community mobilization on Radio announcements 6 15,000 80,000 Targets 6 sub counties

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

mass vaccination 2 Lunches 12 1000 12,000 6 AHA, 6Drivers for 6 sub counties

Mass strategic vaccinations Fuel (Km) 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 6vehicles for 6 sub and deworming exercise counties (veterinary staff /and the para-vets) Maintenance 1500 15 37,500 6vehicles repairs and oils

10 Lunch Allowances 60 1000 60,000 2AHA,(Loosuk&Maralal)

3 Night-outs for 6 sub counties 72 4000 288,000 DSA for DVOs, driver s,staffs

Sub Total: 15,970,000

EALT2 Early Commercial off- Publicize the commercial Baraza ( lunches) 360 1000 360,000 Six barazas held by the Ward take to support livestock off-take programme Administrators & Chiefs, 1 baraza traders to buy up per Ward livestock when they are in good condition Radio advertisements 6 5000 30,000 In local FMs

Organize consultative Workshop 6 50,000 300,000 One workshop at sub-county Hq workshop with potential for 6 sub counties livestock traders and pastoralist

Identification of Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles beneficiaries missions Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

10 Lunch Allowances 140 1000 140,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs -2 officers per sub 8 8000 64,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers counties

Maintenance /Securing of lump sum 1 500,000 500,000 Costs of providing feeds, drugs, temporary holding grounds treatments, services factored) (and provide support-feeds, water, treatments) pending

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

the transport of the animals

Provision of security along Allowance 40 2000 80,000 Per diems for escorting security stock routes and markets personnel (4 Officers) for 10 days

Transport subsidy to livestock Subsidy 6 400,000 2,400,000 6 sub counties traders

Provision of grants/soft loans Holding grounds maintenance 4 1,000,0000 4,000,000 4 holding grounds along the to livestock marketing groups trading routes

Sub Total: 7,974,000

EALT3 Promote sustainable Facilitate peace meetings Meeting 2 100,000 200,000 utilization of dry season between the two grazing areas communities to avoid conflicts in the dry season grazing hot spots

Consultation forums Forum 2 150,000 300,000 6 sub counties between Grazing committees and Local conservancies

Sensitization of farmers on Training 2 150,000 300,000 300 farmers for 6 sub counties better grazing management skills

Subtotal: 800,000

LATE ALERT STAGE

LALT1 Provision of livestock (i) Rapid Participatory Fuel (Km) 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles( 6 sub

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

health services against Assessment to identify and counties) acute diseases prioritize livestock health /notifiable diseases diseases warranting Maintenance (Km) 2500 15 37,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils targeting residential immediate attention, by population and the livestock type and 10 Lunch Allowances 10 1000 10,000 DSA for 6DVOs, 12AHA, 6 drivers immigrant livestock vulnerable groups (ii) Carry from neighbouring out analysis of existing 18Night-outs ( 6 sub counties x3 72 4000 288, 000 DSA for 6DVO, 12AHA, 6drivers counties service providers and days) understanding their capacity continues Rapid procurement and PPR Vaccines 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% shoats population availability of the required vaccines & medicines and FMD vaccine dose 25,000 150 3,750,000 For 10% cattlepopulation proper storage at field level CCPP Vaccine dose 150,000 17 2,550,000 For 10% goats,

De-wormers-Shoats 150,000 17 2,550,000 Target 10% shoats (Albendazole), multivitamins, novidium, berenil and Ox tetracycline (20%) 100 ml

Equipments (syringes, drenching 6 500,000 3,000,000 6 sub counties gun, cold chain facility)

Night-outs 5 8000 40,000 Per diem for 1CDVS

Air ticket/ transport 1 15,000 30,000 Transport ticket

Radio announcements 6 15,000 80,000 Targets 6 sub counties

2 Lunches 12 1000 12,000 6 AHA, 6Drivers for 6 sub counties

Fuel (Km) 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 6vehicles for 6 sub counties

Mass strategic vaccination Maintenance 1500 15 37,500 6vehicles repairs and oils

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

exercise 10 Lunch Allowances 60 1000 60,000 2AHA,(Loosuk&Maralal)

3 Night-outs for 6 sub counties 72 4000 288,000 DSA for DVOs, driver s,staffs

Sub Total: 15,970,000

LALT2 Accelerated Commercial Publicity of the commercial Baraza- Lunches 18 1000 18,000 Six barazas held by the Ward off-take continues but off-take programme Administrators & Chiefs, 1 baraza the target population continues per Ward reduces gradually (0.65% of population Radio advertisements 6 5000 30,000 In local FMs mainly cattle & sheep) Organize consultative Workshop 6 200,000 1,200,000 One workshop at sub-county Hq workshop with potential for 6 sub counties livestock traders and Support market based pastoralist off takes ( late stage when livestock prices Identification of Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles collapse) beneficiaries missions Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 200,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Provision of security escort Allowance 120 2000 240,000 Per diems for escorting security along stock routes and personnel (4 Officers) for 10 days markets

Transport subsidy to livestock Grants to group 6 1,000,000 6,000,000 6 groups in 6 sub counties traders

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

Maintenance of holding Holding grounds/markets 4 100,000 400,000 4 holding grounds along the grounds and other market trading routes infrastructure

Sub Total: 8,228,000

EARLY ALARM

EALM1 Accelerated Commercial Publicity of the commercial 6 Baraza 24 1000 24,000 Six barazas held by the Ward off-take to support off-take programme Administrators & Chiefs, 1 livestock traders to buy continues baraza per Ward up livestock when they are in good condition Radio advert 5 15,000 75,000 In local FM radio (target 5-10%) Organize consultative Workshop 1 100,000 100,000 One workshop in the sub-county workshop with potential Hqts livestock traders and pastoralist

Identification of Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles beneficiaries missions Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 200,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Securing of temporary Lump sum 1 500,000 500,000 holding grounds pending the transport of the animals

Provision of security along Allowance 120 2000 240,000 Per diems for the security stock routes and markets personnel (4 officers)

Conduct rapid assessment Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

on livelihoods Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 200,000 DSA for staff and drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for staff and drivers

Support commercial off-take Off take 480 16500 7,920,000 cattle (early stage) 1200 4000 4,800,000 Shoats

Enhance livestock feed feeds 6000 1000 6,000,000 availability

Livestock disease Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles surveillance related to drought

Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 200,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Subtotal: 20,841,000

EALM2 Early slaughter Publicize the slaughter Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles destocking programme destocking programme (target 1% of poor Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils condition stock) 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

(1) Identification of eligible Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

categories of beneficiaries: Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils (i) livestock sellers for slaughter; (ii)meat 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO beneficiaries; (iii) casuals for drivers slaughtering, flaying, meat preparation, tanning of Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers hides & Skins); Livestock buyers.(2) Identification of slaughter sites/facilities

Subtotal: 75,819,000

EALM4 Continued provision of (i) Rapid Participatory Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles livestock health services Assessment to identify and against acute diseases prioritize livestock health Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils /notifiable diseases like diseases for immediate FMD, PPR, CCPP, CBPP attention, by livestock type 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO which cause high and vulnerable groups (ii) drivers mortalities if not Carry out analysis of existing contained early service providers Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Increase the procurement PPR Vaccines 457,310 17 3,021,170 For shoats and availability of the required vaccines & FMD vaccines 60,000 150 9,000,000 For Bovines medicines and proper storage at field level CCPP Vaccines 216,500 17 3,680,500 For Shoats

De-wormers-Shoats 457310 17 3,021,170 Target all shoats; use Albendazole 10%;

De-wormers-cattle 60000 55 3,300,000 Target all cattle; use Albendazole 10%

Transport 1 500,000 500,000 hire

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

mass strategic vaccinations Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles and deworming Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Sub Total: 23,310,840

LATE ALARM STAGE

LALM1 Upscale the slaughter Publicize the slaughter Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles destocking programme destocking programme (target 2% of poor Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils condition stock) 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

(1) Identification of eligible Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles categories of beneficiaries: (i) livestock sellers for Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils slaughter; (ii)meat beneficiaries; (iii) casuals for 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO slaughtering, flaying, meat drivers preparation, tanning of hides & Skins); Livestock Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers buyers.(2) Identification of slaughter sites/facilities

Facilitate procurement of Cattle 12,000 12000 144,000,000 Target 30% poor condition cattle stock for slaughtering Goats 43300 2,500 108,250,000 Target 30% poor condition goats

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

Sheep 48162 2,500 120,405,000 Target 30% poor condition sheep

Sub Total: 373,083,000

LALM2 Provision of Publicize the Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles supplementary feeds to implementation of the the core breeding stock supplementary feeding Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils (target 20%) & lactating programme; and stock and the calves and identification of animals to 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO the weak be fed drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Procure hay bales 30,000 500 15,000,000 distribute to household with targeted stock Procure molasses 20 litre Jeri cans 1000 4000 4,000,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Procure concentrate feeds 2.5kg block 1500 500 750,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Procure survival mash 70kg bag 3000 4500 13,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Range cubes 70kg bag 3000 2500 7,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Facilitation of monitoring Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles team Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Sub Total: 41,178,000

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

LALM3 Provision of livestock (i) Rapid Participatory Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles health interventions or Assessment to identify and services against acute prioritize livestock health Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils diseases /notifiable diseases warranting diseases like FMD, PPR, immediate attention, by 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO CCPP, CBPP (cause high livestock type and drivers mortalities if not vulnerable groups (ii) Carry contained early in out analysis of existing Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers advance) continues-for service providers county stock only Mass strategic vaccinations Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles and de-worming activities Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 240 8000 1,920,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Sub Total: 2,252,000

LALM4 Provision of livestock Procurement and avail PPR Vaccines doses 20000 17 340,000 For shoats health interventions or required vaccines & services against acute medicines and proper FMD vaccines 5000 150 750,000 For Bovines diseases /notifiable storage at field level diseases like FMD, PPR, CCPP Vaccines 10000 17 170,000 For goats CCPP, CBPP (cause high mortalities if not De-wormers-Shoats 20000 17 340,000 Target all shoats; use Albendazole contained early in 10%; advance) for in-migrants from neighbouring De-wormers-cattle 15,000 55 825,000 Target all cattle; use Albendazole counties 10%

Fuel 2500 25 30,000 Diesel for 1 vehicle

Night-outs 20 8000 26,000 Driver, DVO

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

Maintenance 1,500 25 37,500 1 vehicle repairs and oils

Vaccination/treatment of Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 1 vehicle immigrant livestock Maintenance 2500 20 37,500 1 vehicle repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for 1DVO, 2AHA, 1 driver

Night-outs 240 4000 960,000 DSA for 1DVO, 2AHA, 1 driver

Supervision and Monitoring Fuel 1200 25 30,000 Diesel for 1 vehicle visits by the County Technical Night-outs 18 5000 90,000 Per diem for 1 CDVS, Member & 1 driver

Maintenance 1200 25 30,000 1 vehicle repairs and oils

Sub Total: 3,748,500

EMMERGENCY STAGE

EMG1 Upscale the slaughter Publicize the slaughter Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles destocking programme destocking programme (target 3% of poor Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils condition stock) 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

(1) Identification of all the Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles categories of beneficiaries: (i) livestock sellers; (ii) meat Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils beneficiaries; (iii) casual employees (in slaughtering, 2 Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO flaying, meat preparation, drivers

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

tanning of hides & Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers Skins);Livestock sellers(2) Identification of slaughter sites/facilities

Procurement of stock for Cattle 12,000 12000 144,000,000 Target 30% poor condition cattle slaughtering Goats 43300 2,500 108,250,000 Target 30% poor condition goats

Sheep 48162 2,500 120,405,000 Target 30% poor condition sheep

Supervision and Monitoring Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 1 vehicle visits Night-outs 20 5000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 20 37,500 Per diem for 1 CDLP, driver

Subtotal: 373,283,000

EMG2 Provision of Publicize the Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles supplementary feeds to implementation of the the core breeding stock supplementary feeding Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils (target 40%) programme; and identification of animals to Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO be fed drivers

Night-outs 12 8000 96,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and drivers

Procure hay bales 30,000 500 15,000,000 distribute to household with targeted stock Procure molasses 20 litre Jericans 1000 4000 4,000,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Procure concentrate feeds 2.5kg block 1500 500 750,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Procure survival mash 70kg bag 3000 4500 13,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

Range cubes 70kg bag 3000 2500 7,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Monitoring and evaluation Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles

Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 20 5000 100,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, 1 driver

Sub Total: 41,182,000

RECOVERY STAGE

REC1 Facilitate community Identification of most Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles restocking of livestock vulnerable households who herds (especially the lost livestock to drought for Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils breeding stock) restocking Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 20 5000 100,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, 1 driver

Procurement and Cattle (heifers) 3000 18000 54,000,000 1 heifer/HH distribution of breeding stock for restocking -target Sheep (Ewes) 3000 3000 9,000,000 2 ewes/HH 10% of the total HH Goats (Does) 3000 3000 9,000,000 2 does/HH

Camels 3000 20,000 60,000,000 1 camel (heifer)/HH

Sub Total: 132,218,000

REC2 Rehabilitation of Facilitate in Range land Tractor service/Acreage 500 1500 750,000 100 acres per ward prepared strategic grazing areas preparations

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

Procurement and provision Cenchrusciliaris 800 1000 800,000 200 acres of range land reseeding materials Chlorisgayana 400 1000 400,000 100 acres

Eragrostissuperba 800 1000 800,000 200 acres

capacity build the farmers Facilitation/training sessions 20 5000 100,000 1 training per Ward; 2 facilitators; on pasture establishment 1 driver and management Stationery (assorted) 5 2000 10,000 A total of 6 trainings/demonstrations; 2 staff; 1 driver

Farmers meals 100 600 60,000

Sub Titles: 2,920,000

REC3 To provide curative Disease surveillance and Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles treatment/vaccinations reporting to the returning herd Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 6 vehicles repairs and oils population to reduce livestock disease Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO outbreak and mortalities drivers

Night-outs 20 5000 100,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, 1 driver

Limited PPR Vaccines 500,000 10 5,000,000 For shoats vaccination/treatments on a need basis FMD vaccines 100,000 105 10,050,000 For cattle

CCPP Vaccines 25,000 10 250,000 For goats

De-wormers-Shoats 500,000 10 5,000,000 Target all shoats; use Albendazole 10%;

Sub Total: 20,518,000

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes unit

Grand total 1,091,518,340

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5.1 .4 BUDGET FOR LIVESTOCK SECTOR PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE

Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

EARLY ALERT

EALT1 Provision of livestock (i) Rapid participatory Fuel (Km) 2500 25 62,500 Cost of Diesel for 3 vehicles health services against assessment to identify and FMD, PPR, CCPP, CBPP prioritize livestock health Maintenance (Km) 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicle repairs and oiling diseases warranting DSA for DVOs, LPOs, AHA, immediate attention, by 30,000 livestock type and Lunch Allowances 30 1000 drivers for 3 sub counties vulnerable groups (ii) Carry out analysis of existing service providers and Night-outs 80 4000 320,000 DSA for DVOs, LPOs, AHA, understanding their capacity drivers for 3 sub counties

Rapid procurement and PPR Vaccines 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% shoats availability of the required vaccines & medicines and FMD vaccine dose 20,000 150 3,00,000 For 10% cattle proper storage at field level CCPP Vaccine dose 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% goats

De-wormers-Shoats 100,000 17 1,700,000 Target 10% shoats; use Albendazole 10%;

Equipments (syringes, drenching 3 200,000 600,000 gun, cold chain facility)

Night-outs 30 8000 240,000 Per diem for CDVSs and DVOs

Transport refund 3 30,000 90,000 DVOs

Mass strategic vaccinations Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles and deworming activities Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

DSA for DVO, LPOs,AHA, Night-outs 200 4000 800,000 drivers for 3 sub counties

Supervision and Monitoring Diesel for 3 vehicles for 3 sub Fuel 2500 25 62,500 visits counties

Maintenance 2500 15 37,5000 3vehicle for repair and oiling

Per diem for CDLP, CEC Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 Member & drivers

Sub Total: 11,567,500

EALT2 Early Accelerated Publicize the Baraza ( lunches) 360 1000 360,000 3barazas held by the Ward Commercial off-take to commercial off-take Administrators & Chiefs, 1 support livestock traders baraza per Ward to buy up livestock when programme they are in good Radio advertisements 3 5000 15,000 In local FMs condition (target 25%) - highly intensified to Organize consultative Workshop 6 50,000 300,000 One workshop at sub-county target more health stock workshop with Hq for 3 sub counties for sale at very high prices- potential livestock Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles traders and pastoralist Identification of Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils beneficiaries missions 10 Lunch Allowances 140 1000 140,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs -2 officers per sub 8 8000 64,000 DSA for DLPOs, LPOs and counties drivers

Maintenance /Securing lump sum 1 500,000 500,000 Costs of providing feeds, of temporary holding drugs, treatments, services factored) grounds (and provide support-feeds, water, treatments) pending the

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit transport of the animals Provision of security Allowance 40 2000 80,000 Per diems for escorting along stock routes and security personnel (4 Officers) for 10 days markets Transport subsidy to Subsidy 6 400,000 2,400,000 3 sub counties livestock traders

Provision of grants/soft Holding grounds maintenance 3 1,000,000 3,000,000 holding grounds along the loans to livestock 0 trading routes

marketing groups

Sub Total: 6,959,000

EALT3 Utilization of dry season Facilitate grazing committee Workshop/meeting 3 150,000 450,000 grazing areas by meetings Capacity build the farmers applying traditional on better grazing management systems management skills Workshops 3 250,000 750,000

Sub Total: 1,200,000

LATE ALERT STAGE

LALT1 Provision of livestock (i) Slightly increase the Fuel 2700 25 67,500 Diesel for 1 vehicle health interventions or coverage of the Rapid Participatory Assessment to 1 vehicle for minor repairs services against acute 67,500 diseases /notifiable identify and prioritize Maintenance 2700 25 and oiling diseases like FMD, PPR, livestock health diseases CCPP, CBPP (cause high warranting immediate Lunch Allowances 150 1000 150,000 DSA for DVO, AHA, driver mortalities if not attention, by livestock type contained early in and vulnerable groups (ii) Night-outs 300 4000 1,200,000 advance) continues Carry out analysis of existing DSA for DVO, AHA, driver service providers and

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

understanding their capacity

Increase the procurement PPR Vaccines 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% shoats and availability of the required vaccines & FMD vaccine dose 20,000 150 3,00,000 For 10% cattle medicines and proper storage at field level CCPP Vaccine dose 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% goats

De-wormers-Shoats 100,000 17 1,700,000 Target 10% shoats; use Albendazole 10%;

Equipments (syringes, drenching 3 200,000 600,000 gun, cold chain facility)

Night-outs 30 8000 240,000 Per diem for CDVSs and DVOs

Transport refund 3 30,000 90,000 DVOs

Mass vaccination and Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles treatment Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers

DSA for DVO, LPOs,AHA, Night-outs 200 4000 800,000 drivers for 3 sub counties

Supervision and Monitoring Diesel for 3 vehicles for 3 sub Fuel 2500 25 62,500 counties

Maintenance 2500 15 37,5000 3vehicle for repair and oiling

Per diem for CDLP, CEC Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 Member & drivers

Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

Sub Total: 15,665,000

LALT2 Publicize the commercial 3 barazas held by the ward off-take programme - 15,000 administrators & Chiefs, 1 continues Baraza/Radio advert 3 5000 baraza per Ward

Organize consultative workshop with potential livestock traders and 3forums conducted at the 3 pastoralist Workshop 3 150,000 450,000 sub-county headquarter,

Diesel for 3 vehicles for 3 sub 2500 25 62,500 Fuel counties Accelerated Commercial off-take continues but Maintenance 2500 15 37,5000 3vehicle for repair and oiling Identification of the target population beneficiaries reduces gradually (2.5% Per diem for CDLP, CEC 50 5000 250,000 of cattle & shoats) Lunch Allowances Member & drivers

Night-outs 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles

Securing of temporary holding grounds pending the transport of the Livestock Lamp sum 3 500,000 1,500,000

Provision of security escort Per diems for the security along stock routes and personnel (4 officers) for 30 markets Allowance 240 2000 480,000 days

Transport subsidy to Subsidy 6 400,000 2,400,000 3 sub counties livestock traders

Provision of grants/soft Holding grounds maintenance 3 1,000,000 3,000,000 holding grounds along the loans to livestock 0 trading routes

marketing groups

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

Sub Total: 8,595,000

46,986,500

EARLY ALARM STAGE

EALM1 Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers

Conduct rapid assessment DSA for DVO, CSG , drivers for Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 on livelihood 3 sub counties

Publicity of the commercial Six barazas held by the Ward Accelerated Commercial off-take programme Administrators & Chiefs, 1 off-take to support continues Baraza/Radio advert 2 1500 3,000 baraza per Ward livestock traders to buy up livestock when they Organize consultative are in good condition workshop with potential (0.65% of health and livestock traders and Workshop in Baragoi and non-breeding stock pastoralist. Workshop 2 150,000 300,000 Wamba mainly cattle & shoats) Identification of Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles beneficiaries Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers

DSA for DVO, LPOs, drivers for Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 3 sub counties

Securing of temporary Lump sum 2 500,000 2,000,000 holding grounds pending

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

the transport of the animals

Provision of security along Per diems for the security stock routes and markets Allowance 240 2000 480,000 personnel (4 officers)

Transport subsidy to Subsidy 6 400,000 2,400,000 3 sub counties livestock traders

Provision of grants/soft Holding grounds maintenance 3 1,000,000 3,000,000 holding grounds along the loans to livestock marketing 0 trading routes groups

Sub Total: 9,383,000

EALM2 Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils Awareness campaigns of the slaughter destocking Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers programme DSA for DVO, LPOs, drivers for Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 3 sub counties Early slaughter Identification all categories Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles destocking programme of beneficiaries (i) livestock (1.25% of the cattle and sellers; (ii) meat Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils sheep) beneficiaries; (iii) casual labourers (in slaughtering, Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers flaying, meat preparation, tanning of hides & Skins); Livestock buyers.(2) Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 Identification of slaughter DSA for DVO, LPOs, drivers for sites/facilities 3 sub counties

Cattle 20,000 15000 300,000,000 Procurement of stock for Target 20% poor condition

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

slaughtering cattle

Target 20% poor condition Goats 10,000 3000 30,000,000 goats

Target 20% poor condition Sheep 10,000 3000 30,000,000 sheep

Sub Total: 361,200,000

EALM3 (i) surveillance (ii) Carry out Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles analysis of existing service providers and Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils understanding their capacity Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers

DSA for DVO, LPOs, drivers for Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 3 sub counties

Meeting to strategize joint Provision of livestock workshop 3 100,000 veterinary services provision 300,000 3 sub counties health interventions or services against acute PPR Vaccines 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% shoats diseases /notifiable diseases like FMD, PPR, FMD vaccine dose 20,000 150 3,00,000 For 10% cattle CCPP, CBPP for both local and immigrant CCPP Vaccine dose 200,000 17 3,400,000 For 10% goats livestock Procurement and availing De-wormers-Shoats 100,000 17 1,700,000 Target 10% shoats; use the required vaccines & Albendazole 10%; medicines and proper storage at field level Equipments (syringes, drenching 3 200,000 600,000 gun, cold chain facility)

Night-outs 30 8000 240,000 Per diem for CDVSs and DVOs

Transport refund 3 30,000 90,000 DVOs

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers

DSA for DVO, LPOs,AHA, Night-outs 200 4000 800,000 Mass strategic vaccinations drivers for 3 sub counties and deworming activities Diesel for 3 vehicles for 3 sub Fuel 2500 25 62,500 counties

Maintenance 2500 15 37,5000 3vehicle for repair and oiling

Supervision and Monitoring Diesel for 3 vehicles for 3 sub Fuel 2500 25 62,500 counties

Maintenance 2500 15 37,5000 3vehicle for repair and oiling

Per diem for CDLP, CEC Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 Member & drivers

Fuel 62,500 2500 25 Diesel for 3 vehicles

Sub Total 15,517,000

LATE ALARM STAGE

LALM 1 Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles Upscale slaughter Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils destocking programme Publicize the slaughter (target 2% of poor destocking programme Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers condition stock) Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 DSA for DVO, LPOs, driversfor

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

3 sub counties

(1) Identification of all Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles categories of beneficiaries: (i) livestock sellers; (ii) meat Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils beneficiaries; (iii) casual labourers (in slaughtering, Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers flaying, meat preparation, tanning of hides & Skins); those contracted to purchase animals. Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 (2) Identification of DSA for DVO, LPOs, drivers for slaughter sites/facilities 3 sub counties

procurement of stock for Target 30% poor condition slaughter Cattle 10,000 15,000 150,000,000 cattle

Target 8% poor condition Goats 10,000 3,000 30,000,000 goats

Sheep 10,000 3,000 30,000, 000

Sub Total: 181,200,000

LALM2 Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles Publicize the Maintenance 2500 15 37,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils Provision of implementation of the supplementary feeds to supplementary feeding Lunch Allowances 100 1000 100,,000 DSA for officers the core breeding stock programme; and identify the animals to be fed (2.5% of the cattle and DSA for DVO, LPOs, drivers for Night-outs 100 4000 400,000 sheep), lactating 3 sub counties stock,weak and the calves Procure hay bales 30,000 500 15,000,000 distribute to household with targeted stock Procure molasses 20 litre Jericans 1000 4000 4,000,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

Procure concentrate feeds 2.5kg block 1500 500 750,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Procure survival mash 70kg bag 3000 4500 13,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Range cubes 70kg bag 3000 2500 7,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Monitoring and evaluation Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles

Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 20 5000 100,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, drivers

Sub Total: 41,458,000

LALM3 (i) Rapid Participatory Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 6 vehicles Assessment to identify and prioritize livestock health Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3 vehicles repairs and oils diseases warranting immediate attention, by Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO Provision of livestock livestock type and drivers health services against vulnerable groups (ii) Carry acute diseases out analysis of existing Night-outs 20 5000 100,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver /notifiable diseases service providers and s targeting the residential understanding their capacity population continues 35% of the livestock Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3vehicles population Mass strategic vaccinations Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils and deworming exercise Lunch Allowances 50 1000 50,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver

Sub Total: 616,000

LALM4 PPR Vaccines 20000 17 3,400,000 For shoats

FMD vaccines 25000 150 3,750,000 For Bovines

CCPP Vaccines 15000 17 150,000 For Shoats

CBPP vaccines 25000 10 2,550,000 For Bovines Procure vaccines Provision of livestock Target all shoats; use De-wormers-Shoats 20000 17 3,400,000 health services against Albendazole 10%; acute diseases /notifiable diseases like Target all cattles; use De-wormers-cattle 25000 55 1,375,000 FMD, PPR, CCPP, CBPP Albendazole 10% (cause high mortalities if not contained early in Transport refund 1 30,000 30,000 advance) for immigrants livestock from Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3vehicles neighbouring counties Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils Mass vaccination/ treatment of immigrant Lunch Allowances 50 1000 50,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO livestock population drivers

Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver

Sub Total: 15,053,000

624,427,000

EMERGENCY STAGE

EMG1 Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3vehicles Destocking through Publicize the slaughter

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

slaughter for food aid destocking programme Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 50 1000 50,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Destocking by slaughter Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver programme (target 5% of poor condition stock) (1) Identification Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3vehicles missions/meetings of all the categories of beneficiaries Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils of the programme: (i) those eligible to sell animals for Lunch Allowances 50 1000 50,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO slaughter; (ii) those eligible drivers to receive meat; (iii) those eligible to employment (in Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver slaughtering, flaying, meat preparation, tanning of hides & Skins); those contracted to purchase the animals.(2) Identification of slaughter sites/facilities

Target 40% poor condition Cattle 5000 10,000 50,000,000 cattle

Facilitate procurement of Target 40% poor condition stock for slaughtering Goats 10,000 2000 20,000 goats

Target 40% poor condition Sheep 5000 2000 10,000 sheep

Sub Total: 50,826,000

EMG2 Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3vehicles Provision of Publicize the supplementary feeds to implementation of the Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils the core breeding stock supplementary feeding

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

(5% of breeding stock programme; and Lunch Allowances 50 1000 50,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO and lactating stock) identification of animals to drivers be fed Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver

Sold to household with Procure hay bales targeted stock with a subsidy 7200 300 2,160,000 of 50% cost

Procure hay bales 30,000 500 15,000,000 distribute to household with targeted stock Procure molasses 20 litre Jericans 1000 4000 4,000,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Procure concentrate feeds 2.5kg block 1500 500 750,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Procure survival mash 70kg bag 3000 4500 13,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Range cubes 70kg bag 3000 2500 7,500,000 Distribute to household with targeted stock Transport hire hire 1 500,000 500,000

Monitoring and evaluation Fuel 2500 20 62,500 Diesel for 3 vehicles

Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils

Lunch Allowances 20 1000 20,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO drivers

Night-outs 20 5000 100,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, drivers

Sub Total: 44,026,000

EMG3 Procure vaccines PPR Vaccines 20000 17 3,400,000 For shoats Provision of livestock

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

health services against FMD vaccines 25000 150 3,750,000 For Bovines acute diseases /notifiable diseases like CCPP Vaccines 15000 17 150,000 For Shoats FMD, PPR, CCPP, CBPP (cause high mortalities if CBPP vaccines 25000 10 2,550,000 For Bovines not contained early in Target all shoats; use advance) for immigrants De-wormers-Shoats 20000 17 3,400,000 livestock from Albendazole 10%; neighbouring counties Fuel 2400 25 60,000 Diesel for 1 vehicle

Night-outs 36 5000 180,000

Maintenance 2400 25 60,000 1 vehicle repairs and oils

Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3vehicles

Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils Mass vaccination/ treatment of immigrant Lunch Allowances 50 1000 50,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO livestock population drivers

Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver

Sub Total: 13,948,000

108,800,000

RECOVERY STAGE

REC1 Community restocking Fuel 700 25 17,500 Diesel for 1 vehicle of livestock herds (target Identification missions - of the breeding stock) Maintenance 700 25 17,500 1 vehicle repairs and oils most vulnerable households who lost livestock to DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, 1 drought for restocking Lunch Allowances driver (Elberta, Nachola, 32 1000 32,000 Ntoto wards)

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, 1 Night-outs 24 4000 driver (Nyiro, AngataNanyuki, 96,000 Baawa Wards)

Cattle (heifers) 2454 18000 44,172,000 1 heifer/HH Facilitate in the procurement and Sheep (Ewes) 2454 2000 4,908,000 2 ewes/HH distribution of stock for restocking (breeding stock) Goats (Does) 2454 2000 4,908,000 2 does/HH targeting 10% of the total households Camels 2454 16000 39,264,000 1 camel (heifer)/HH

Subtotal: 93,415,000

REC2 Rehabilitation of Facilitate in Range land strategic grazing areas preparations Tractor service/Acreage 1000 1500 1,500,000 100 acres per ward prepared

Cenchrusciliaris 2000 1000 2,000,000 300 acres Procurement and provision of range land reseeding Chlorisgayana 1200 1000 1,200,000 100 acres materials Eragrostissuperba 800 1000 800,000 200 acres

100 5000 500,000 3 training per sub county 2 Facilitation/training sessions facilitators; 1 driver capacity build the farmers on pasture establishment Stationery (assorted) 10 2000 20,000 3 trainings; 2 staff; 1 driver and management Farmers meals 200 1500 300,000 20 farmers per county

Subtotal: 6,320,000

REC3 To provide curative Disease surveillance Fuel 2500 25 62,500 Diesel for 3vehicles treatment/vaccinations to the returning herd Maintenance 2500 15 35,500 3vehicles repairs and oils population to reduce livestock disease Lunch Allowances 50 1000 50,000 DSA for CDLPO, DLPOs, LPO

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items quantity cost per total cost Notes for the early alert stage unit

outbreak and mortalities drivers

Night-outs 50 5000 250,000 DSA for 1DLPO, 2LPOs, driver

Limited PPR Vaccines 150,000 10 1,500,000 For shoats vaccination/treatments on a need basis FMD vaccines 60,000 105 6,300,000 For cattle

CCPP Vaccines 60,000 10 600,000 For goats

CBPP vaccines 60,000 10 600,000 For cattle

De-wormers-Shoats 150,000 10 1,500,000

De-wormers-cattle 60,000 55 3,300,000

Sub Total 14,198,000

Pastoral Livelihood Zone Total 113,933,000

,

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5.1.5: SWOT Analysis for Livestock Sector Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threats

(a) Well trained and experienced (a) Chronic low staffing levels (a) Unexploited livestock resources (a) Low funding staff (b) Poor adoption of new (b) Unexploited local, regional and (b) Limited recruitment of technical (b) Availability of basic technologies because socio- international markets. staff infrastructure cultural factors (c) Availability of new bio- (c) Insecurity in the entire county (c) Availability of local and exotic (c) Weak communication network technologies. (d) Prevalence of livestock diseases, breeds between and within the (d) Strong linkages with regional pests and predators (d) Good will from county policy Samburu county and international organizations (e) Communal land tenure system makers (departmental directors) (d) Inadequate transport facilities, in finance, trade, research and unfriendly for private investment (e) Clearly defined responsibilities in tools and equipments training. (f) Unstable livestock market each section/division (e) Low staff morale arising from (e) Potential for Public Private operations (f) Linkages with local, regional and terms and conditions of service Partnership (PPP) involved in (g) Environmental degradation international research and (promotion, insecurity, handling processing and value addition. (h) HIV/AIDS development institutions and sick animals) (f) Improved networking with other (i) Natural calamities – droughts/ organizations (f) Inadequate office space at some Ministries under the proposed e- torrential flash floods (g) Good rapport with stakeholders divisions government. (j) Trans-boundary conflicts (g) Inadequate policy and legal (g) Political goodwill framework Inadequate management information systems

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5.2: AGRICULTURE SECTOR PLANS

5.2.1 INTRODUCTION Crop production is practiced in both agropastoral and irrigated cropping livelihood zones. Land tenure system is mainly communal. Average farm size is 0.5ha. Potential arable land is 1,000,000 ha out of which 10,000 ha potential land in irrigated cropping zone only 5000 ha is under crop (irrigation). The main food crops cultivated in agro-pastoral and irrigated livelihood zones are sorghum, maize, and cowpeas. The main cash crops grown are vetables namely mangoes, watermelon, onions and tomatoes. Horticulture production is practiced along river Daua basin. River Daua which flows for nine months is the main source of water for irrigation.The riverine stretches 150 km along the Daua River bordering Ethiopia. There are different crops grown under subsistence farming. Crops grown include Maize, Sorghum and Cow Peas, Mangoes, Paw paws, Kales, Water melon, Onion, spinach, Tomatoes, Banana, Simsim and Dania. With support from Government and Non State Actors (NSAs), some farmers have established fodder plots to feed their animals and sell to needy farmers during crises.

Farms are watered from the Daua River by the use of irrigation pump sets (basin method conveyed by earth canals). The River flows for 9 months and sometimes floods are observed when it rains heavily at the catchment site in Ethiopian highlands.. There are over 150,000 ha potential land which can be put under crop production. There are about 5,000ha under cultivation in the zone. Most of this land is idle due to poverty, lack of skills and lack of funds for investment. There is inadequate farming equipment such as tractors and ploughs. Average land holding is between 1.0- 1.5 acres

Main challenge to production in agropastoral livelihood is inadequate rains .The mode of production in agropastoral livelihood zone is majorly rain fed.Rainfall is erratic and poorly distributed. The annual rainfall received is within the ranges of 0.9mm-225 mm per annum.

The soils range from sandy soils, dark clay and sandy loam to alluvial soils deposits while the vegetation ranges from scrubland to thorny thickets.

Major hazards to crop production are recurrent droughts, floods, clan conflict and pest and diseases. Areas prone to flooding are Rhamudimtu, Rhamu, Hareri and Khalalio divisions.

5.2.3: Annual Crop production trends (2008-2013) Crop 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Maize Ha. 1500 1000 1700 1500 1400 1700

Production (MT) 3000 2000 3400 3000 2800 3400

Beans Ha. 500 400 550 400 450 500

Production (MT) 1500 800 1600 700 600 900

(Source: Department of Agriculture, Mandera)

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5.2 .4: DROUGHT SCENARIO BUILDING FOR AGRO PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD ZONE. Under normal rainfall season with adequate rainfall which is well distributed in both space and time, crop farmers are likely to plant within one week after onset of rainfall and realize 70% of long term average production along the irrigated and agropastoral livelihood zones.

However, abnormalities in amount, intensity, duration and distribution of rains directly impacts negatively on acreage and yields expected especially in agropastoral zone.

For instance, in an abnormal season is when received rainfall is below 80%.In a case where 50% to 80% of normal rainfall is received, planting normally occurs 2 weeks after rainfall onset and only 60-70% of long term average acreage is cultivated. In such a season, there is inadequate rainfall during flowering and podding/grain filling which later translates to between 20-80% of long term average yield for the crop. As a result of decreased yields, household food stocks available for consumption also decreases to between 50-75% of long term average.

A cropping season is considered emergency when rainfall received is less that 50% of LTA, where planting occurs more than 2 weeks after rainfall onset and acreage cultivated is less than 50% of LTA. In such a season, rainfall ceases before the crucial flowering stage, translating to less than 20% of LTA yields realized. The household food stocks during this season drops to less than 25% of LTA. At its worse, farmers experience total crop failure which led to loss of household food supply and incomes which generally increases their level of vulnerability to drought impacts.

Both the agropastoral and irrigated livelihood zones are prone to drought which exposes farmers and pastoralists to economic hardships from reduced pasture, browse and water availability to human, crop and livestock. Combined with recurrent floods the sector has been reduced to cycles of food insecure.

The agro-pastoral/crop irrigated livelihood zones are also vulnerable to hazards that affect crop production, including drought, floods and crop diseases and pests. The frequent recurrence of drought and destruction of irrigation infrastructure from floods makes cultivation a risky prospect and limits the willingness of households to invest in their crop production. Crop diseases and pests, and sodic soils are chronic hazards that reduce yields every year.

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5.2.5: Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators Table: 4.3.1

NORMAL Alert Stage Alarm Stage Emergency Stage Recovery STAGE

Adequate Early Alert Early Alarm Rainfall onset: rainfall in Stage: Stage: space and -Reduced rainfall: -Onset of rains time: over -Reduced -Reduced rainfall: below 50% of the within a rainy 3000mm of rainfall: 80% of 60% of the LTM LTM of rainfall season is the LTM of of rainfall defined rains in three -Below 50% of seasons; rainfall according to -65% of LTM LTM acreage of the March to May -75% of LTM acreage of land land preparation (Long rains), simultaneous acreage of land preparation achieved. occurrence of August preparation achieved. Delayed planting (continental two achieved. Delayed planting by two weeks conditions: (i) rains) and Delayed planting by two weeks after the onset of October to the amount of by one week after the onset of rain fall. rainfall in 3 November after the onset rain fall. Germination (short rains). consecutive of rain fall. Germination rates of below days equal to Normal rates of about 50% or greater than -Germination 65%. agronomic rates of about -Over 50% plants 10 to 20 mm; activities 80%. -20% of plants show signs of followed by (ii) happening: show signs of moisture stress a period not -10% of plants more than 16 -land moisture stress during mid show signs of during mid daytime, days without preparation, moisture stress rain during the planting, daytime, yellowing and during mid yellowing and appearance of subsequent 30 weeding, daytime days period. disease and appearance of slowed growth slowed growth pest control. -Erratic rains -Permanent -Beginning of More than during podding -Erratic rains wilting of some normal 5000 ha of and grain filling during podding crops (over 50%) agronomic land prepared (around 7 mm and grain filling activities and planted per 16 days (around 4mm per -Secession of happening:- between during the 16 days during rains before land February and period) the period) podding and preparation, April grain filling planting, depending on -Mild incidences -Increased weeding, the onset of of pests like cut incidences of -Alarming disease and rainfall (should worms at about pests like cut incidences of pest control be within one 3% worms at about pests like cut albeit at a of onset of worms and reduced scale -Yields:- 80% of 10% rains). termites at about due to the LTM yields Germination -Yields:- 40% of 40% achieved; previous rates of above LTM yields effects of

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NORMAL Alert Stage Alarm Stage Emergency Stage Recovery STAGE

90. -Cereal prices achieved -Yields:- Below drought. goes up 20% of LTM Farmers may -Adequate yields achieved struggle to rains during -Cereal prices achieve 70% of podding and normal grain filling. No Late Alert Stage: increased : maize Indicators - -Cereal prices: acreage. less than Germination 10mm of rain Agriculture maize KShs over 4300/bag; Beans rates of above within 16 days Late Alarm: 90. of the said Indicators - KShs 0ver period. -Reduced Agriculture 8500/bag -Adequate rainfall: 70% of (wholesale rains during -Minimal the LTM of -Reduced rainfall: prices) podding and disease rainfall 50% of the LTM grain filling. No outbreaks and of rainfall -River daua burst its bank and less than few pests -70% of LTM 10mm of rain -60% of LTM destroy crops cases (maize acreage of land within 16 days stalk borer, preparation acreage of land planted preparation of the said bean aphids) achieved. -Irrigation period. attacking less Delayed planting achieved. Delayed planting infrastructure than 1% of the by one week destroyed -Minimal crops in the after the onset by two weeks disease field. Weeding of rain fall. after the onset of outbreaks and done in the Germination rain fall. few pests months of rates of about Germination cases (maize April and May. 70%. rates of about stalk borer, 65%. bean aphids) -Yields:-Total -15% of plants attacking less -40% of plants expected show signs of than 1% of the show signs of yields for moisture stress crops in the moisture stress maize 1000 during mid field. Weeding during mid bags, beans daytime, done in the daytime, 120 bags, 80 yellowing and months of yellowing and bags of appearance of April and May. cowpeas. At slowed growth appearance of this stage at slowed growth -Yields:- crops least 80% of -Erratic rains may not have -Permanent the expected during podding reached and grain filling wilting of some yields should crops (30%) maturity at the be achieved. (around 5mm this stage per 16 days -Erratic rains -Cereal prices: during the during podding maize KShs period) and grain filling 2600- -pest and (around 2mm per 3000/bag; -Mild incidences disease attack 16 days during Beans of pests like cut

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NORMAL Alert Stage Alarm Stage Emergency Stage Recovery STAGE

KShs5500/bag worms at about the period). Not realized (wholesale 5% enough for prices) podding or grain crops planted -Yields:- 60% of filling destroyed by LTM yields floods achieved -Alarming -No floods and incidences of -minimal or no crops reach -crops planted pests like cut harvest maturity destroyed by worms at about realized floods 30% - wilting of -minimal or no -Yields:- 20% of crops in harvest realized LTM yields agropastoral achieved livelihoods due - wilting of crops inadequate in agropastoral Cereal prices: rains. livelihoods due maize inadequate KShs4000/bag; rains. Beans KShs -minimal 8200/bag harvest (wholesale realized prices)

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5.2.6: Agriculture Sector Indicators and Triggers Analysis Indicator Issues to address Warning stage Thresh hold Interventions

CerealsPrices High prices of cereal Alert 30% prices increase Provision of market information commodities Alarm 40% price increase Improve market linkages

Emergency 50% price increases Upscale dissemination of market information

Recovery 40% price decline Provision of market information

Normal Standard Strengthen market linkages &Disseminate market information

Crop yields Low crop yields Alert 30% decline Plant early maturing crops & traditional high value crops (THVC)

Alarm Scarce – less than 5% Value addition on available food

Emergency No harvests Provision & distribution of relief foods

Recovery 10% on vegetables only Provision of grants to farmers & clean planting materials

Training on proper agronomic practices

Normal Over 70% Provision of farm inputs & appropriate technology

Food Inaccessibility & Alert crop wilt and dries up Provision of market information & value addition on food availability and unavailability of food accessibility Alarm Rain fed crops wilts and dries Strengthen market linkages up

Emergency No crop in the farms Provision of relief food supplements & credit to cereal

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traders

Recovery Irrigated crops germinating Provision of extension services

Normal Good yield Strengthen market linkages

Water Quality and quantity Alert 40% of water pans full Promote water conservation & utilization technologies in availability and of water available for crop production access for crop production crop Alarm 15% of water pans full Rehabilitation of shallow wells/ boreholes & strengthen production water users associations Emergency Pans dry Training on water conservation technologies

Recovery 60%of water pans full Enhance water harvesting initiatives like; Roof catchment ,Trapezoidal bunds, Contour bunds and Retention ditches

Normal Water pans full Drilling of boreholes, Water pan excavation , Extension service delivery and water harvesting technologies;

Agronomic Poor agronomic Alert Training on appropriate technologies practices Practices Alarm Training on appropriate technologies

Emergency Training on appropriate technologies

Recovery Training on appropriate technologies

Normal Training on appropriate technologies

Rainfall Crop production Alert 30-50% Rain water harvesting performance

Alarm 50-80% Rain water harvesting

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Emergency Below 30%

Recovery 50-80%

Normal Above 80%

5.2.7:. Agriculture Sector Seasonal Calendar

ACTIVITY JAN FEB MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPT OCT NOV DEC

Rainfall land preparation planting

Gapping/thinning weeding pest/disease control harvesting &post harvestmgt marketing

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5 .2.8: SWOT ANALYSIS STRENGTH WEAKNESSES

. High potential for diversification of farming ventures . Few technical staff . Favourable rainfall in agro-pastoral livelihood zone . Overdependence on one livelihood: livestock production . Existence of qualified extension staff . Minimal use of recommended farm inputs e.g. fertilizers, certified seeds, . River Daua agrochemicals. . Fertile soils . Poor road networks. . Limited linkage to markets . Poor post harvest management . Limited utilization of traditional high value crops such as cassava, etc OPPORTUNITIES THREATS

. Expansive underutilized land . Inadequate rainfall that is poorly distributed both over space and time . Enormous potential for irrigation(existence of underground . Communal land ownership, environmental degradation water, permanent and season rivers, ) . Insecurity ( clan conflicts) . Existence of ASAL friendly farming technologies e.g. green house . Crops pests and diseases, floods,), droughts farming, terracing, dryland farming and rain water harvesting etc . Wildlife/livestock menace

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5.2.8 Agriculture Sector Intervention Plan

5.2.8.1 Intervention plan for Agro Pastoral/ irrigated cropping Livelihood Zones CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Amount Roles and interventio frame populatio (ksh) responsibility n for the n early alert stage

ALERT STAGEEW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

EALT1 Enhance Train farmers on crop Early alert To Throug SPI: 0.09 to +0.83 6 wards 1.5M Community capacities of protection and post with introduce hout along the role VCI (1 month): 35 farmers on harvest handling seasonal sustainable the to 65 river basin crop forecast agronomic alert Learn skills protection of practices stage Social Economic Indicators: Agriculture and post depressed Refer to table Dept. harvest rains by 4.3.1; handling Meteorol Provide techniques ogical extension Dept services;

NGOs

Logistical support

Technical input

EALT2 Promotion of -Community mobilization During Increase food 3 SPI: 0.09 to 200 10M Community small scale beginning production months +0.83 farmers Irrigation -Construction of irrigation of late Provision of infrastructure alarm VCI (1 month): labour on the 35 to 65 farms

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Amount Roles and interventio frame populatio (ksh) responsibility n for the n early alert stage

(canals ) Social Agric Dept. Economic -purchase of irrigation Indicators: Provision of pumps for groups Refer to table extension 4.3.1; services -Purchase and provision of faming inputs Water

• Monitoring & Construction of Supervisions canals • Trainings on agronomic practices and Govt. Donors preservation Provision of techniques funds • Sensitization meetings EALT3 Promotion of Training/ Demonstration on Early alert To reduce 1 SPI: 0.09 to 50% of 120,000 Community proper crop post harvest management crop losses month +0.83 farmers management practices. /post harvest Implementation and/or post- losses VCI (1 month): of best practices harvest Establish post harvest 35 to 65 management cereals storage structures Dept of Social practices for demonstrations Agriculture Economic Indicators: Identification of Refer to table beneficiaries 4.3.1; NGOs:Training

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Amount Roles and interventio frame populatio (ksh) responsibility n for the n early alert stage

EALT4 Promotion of • Purchase of assorted At the To introduce 1 Social 500 10M Community role Drought drought tolerant/resistant beginning crops that month Economic farmers tolerant seeds cow peas, green of late alert will escape Indicators: along Daua Provide land for crops grams, Maize stage drought Refer to table river farming seeds,sorghum 4.3.1; Agriculture Dept • Sensitization Extension • Identification of services beneficiary NGOs • Distribution • Trainings funds • Monitoring Improved Training on value addition Alert stage Add value to 2 Social 5000 5M DCF value on locally produced food our produce months Economic farmers addition on Indicators: food Refer to table 4.3.1;

EALT6 Establishmen • Construction of Cereal Beginning To stock pile 3 Social 325,000 50M Community t of a store of the early food months Economic Strategic • Purchase of strategic alarm stage commodities Indicators: • Provision of Grain Reserve grain supplies for use Refer to table maize for at Mandera • Dusting cost during 4.3.1; purchase; • Supervisions shortage • Securing

• Trainings of community periods stores; on community cereal Agriculture banking Dept. • Supervision • Training on

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Amount Roles and interventio frame populatio (ksh) responsibility n for the n early alert stage

marketing and post harvest handling County Govt.

Funds for Construction of store and strategic food supplies

EARLY ALARM STAGE

EALM1 Conduct • Rapid food security - Early To ascertain One SPI: -0.1 to - 4sub 500,000 County /GOK assessment Assessment Alarm. food security month 0.98 counties Government situation - VCI (1 month): • Funds DCF 25 to 34

Social Economic Indicators: Refer to table 4.3.1; Late Alarm

LALM1 Conduct • Rapid food security - Early To ascertain One SPI: -0.1 to - 4sub 500,000 County /GOK assessment Assessment Alarm. food security month 0.98 counties Government situation VCI (1 month): • Funds

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Amount Roles and interventio frame populatio (ksh) responsibility n for the n early alert stage

- 25 to 34 DCF

Social Economic Indicators: Refer to table 4.3.1; Recovery stage

Preparedness Procure farm inputs seed & Recovery Increase 3 4Sub 10M GOK/DCF/ GMC activity for seed distribution ( e.g production months counties farm inputs procure seeds tools , fertilizers and other inputs

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5.2.9 Intervention plan for Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Time frame Trigger Target Amount Roles and intervention populati (ksh) responsibility for the early on alert stage

EARLY ALERT

Promotion of • Purchase of At the To introduce 1 month Social Economic 4000 10m Community role Drought assorted drought beginning crops that Indicators: tolerant crops tolerant/resistant of late alert will escape Refer to table 4.3.1; Provide, land for seeds stage drought farming • Sensitization Agriculture Dept • Identification of Extension services; beneficiary Technical input on • Distribution items to be purchased; • Trainings • Monitoring Distribution of inputs; Supervision, monitoring and evaluation

Recovery Stage

REC1 Promotion of • Procure farm Recovery Empower Throughout SPI: >= 0.84 3000 10M Community role water inputs farmers to the recovery Farmers labour, land conservation • Sensitization with farm period VCI (1 month): >=65 for farming technologies • inputs for Trainings Social Economic and Drought faster Agriculture Dept. • Supervision Indicators: tolerant crops recovery Refer to table 4.3.1; Extension services Technical input on items to be purchased Supervision, monitoring

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5.3 Budgets for Agriculture Sector

5.3.1: Budget for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Proposed intervention Activities Items Quantit Unit Cost Amount (ksh) Notes y

Early Alert Stage

EALT1 Promotion of water Farmers training on Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000 3Sub counties conservation technologies Conservation Agriculture Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000 ( irrigated cropping zone ) Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Sensitization Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Supervision and follow ups Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

trainings Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items Quantit Unit Cost Amount (ksh) Notes y

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Subtotal: 3,847,500

EALT2 Promotion of small scale Rapid Assessment officers’ allowances 15 5000 75,000 Irrigation Fuel 2500 25 62,500

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Purchase pump sets Pump sets 20 150,000 3,000,000

Supervision and follow ups Nigh outs 20 4000 80,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

trainings Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000 3Sub counties

Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Sub Total 5,200,000

EALT3 Promotion of proper crop Training/ Demonstration on Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000 3Sub counties

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items Quantit Unit Cost Amount (ksh) Notes y

management and/or post- post harvest management Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000 harvest management practices practices ( irrigated cropping Fuel 2500 25 62,5000 zone) Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

stationeries 500 200 10,000

Sub Total 1,292,000

EAL4 Promotion of Drought Purchase of assorted planting cowpeas seeds 10MT 300,000 3,000,000 tolerant cops materials: Cassava cuttings 15000 50 75,000

Green grams seeds 500 200 100,000

Assorted vegetables seeds 5MT 100,000 5,000,000

DH 04, PH 4, katumani 35MT 180,000 6,300,000

Sweet potato vines 35000 5 75,000

Fertilizers 20MT 100,000 20,000,000

trainings Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000

Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items Quantit Unit Cost Amount (ksh) Notes y

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

stationeries 500 200 10,000

Supervisions, distribution and Nigh outs 20 4000 80,000 follow ups Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Sub Total 36,585,000

REC1 Promotion of water trainings Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000 conservation technologies Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

stationeries 500 200 10,000

Sub Total 1,292,500

48.217.500

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5.3.2 Budget for Pastoral Livelihood Zone Early Alert Stage

EALT1 Promotion of water Farmers training on Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000 3Sub conservation technologies Conservation Agriculture counties

( irrigated cropping zone ) Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Sensitization Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Supervision and follow ups Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

trainings Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Subtotal: 3,847,500

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EALT3 Promotion of proper crop Training/ Demonstration on Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000 3Sub management and/or post- post harvest management counties harvest management practices practices ( irrigated cropping Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000 zone) Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

stationeries 500 200 10,000

Sub Total 1,292,000

EAL4 Promotion of Drought Purchase of assorted planting cowpeas seeds 10MT 300,000 3,000,000 tolerant cops materials: Cassava cuttings 15000 50 75,000

Green grams seeds 500 200 100,000

Assorted vegetables seeds 5MT 100,000 5,000,000

DH 04, PH 4, katumani 35MT 180,000 6,300,000

Sweet potato vines 35000 5 75,000

Fertilizers 20MT 100,000 20,000,000

trainings Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000

Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

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Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

stationeries 500 200 10,000

Supervisions, distribution and Nigh outs 20 4000 80,000 follow ups Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Sub Total 36,585,000

REC1 Promotion of water trainings Meals / accommodation 500 5000 250,000 conservation technologies Nigh outs 30 4000 120,000

Fuel 2500 25 62,5000

Transport refund 400 1000 400,000

Lunches 100 1000 100,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

stationeries 500 200 10,000

Sub Total 1,292,500

43,267,000

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5.4.0 WATER SECTOR

5.4.1 INTRODUCTION The county enjoys diverse sources of water for human and animal consumption. The eastern and central parts of the county are characterized by deep and to less extent shallow wells. The western parts depend on artificial earth pans for household water supply with little or no opportunity for boreholes given the depth of the aquifers The vast majority of inhabitants have no access to clean drinking water and acute water shortage is one of the main contributions to vulnerability and high poverty levels in the western part of the county. Daua River, the only permanent water source is mainly used for livestock and crop production. River Daua runs along the Kenya –Ethiopian boarder and flows for a period of 9 months. It covers a distance of 150 - 160 km (from Border point one to Malka Mari). In general the county has good ground water and surface water coverage within the pastoral zone Mandera south, Lafey and part of Mandera East sub counties with borehole yielding over 8M3/hr.

In agro pastoral zone both surface and groundwater is quite lacking in Mandera west and Banisa sub counties. Apart from areas in Mandera north ground water is hard to come by. Government and other stakeholders attempt to sink borehole either results to striking low yielding aquifers or dry boreholes. This causes pastoralist to migrate in search of the resource.

Mandera County has over 56 boreholes, 150 shallow wells and over 105 water pans scattered across the county. However, due to recurrent drought and mushrooming of settlements, the accessibility and availability of water is limited in most parts of the County. In the previous short rain season of 2013, the county had depressed rainfall , thus most surface earth pans did not impound water, creating a water scarcity scenario in most parts of the County.

The situation is further worsened by frequent breakdowns of the water facilities scattered in the vast County. This is largely due to their old age, lack of sufficient spare parts for the fast moving parts or lack of standby pumping equipment in addition to running of the equipment for many hours so as to meet the increasing demand from high number of livestock and human concentrations.

5.4. 2 Drought Scenario Building for Pastoral and Agro pastoral LZ During early stages of drought, water levels of surface water points starts to decrease gradually in both livelihood zones though rate of depletion in pastoral livelihood zone is higher. As drought progressively become severe, surface water points dries up, underground water points become the main source of water for both human and livestock. This leads to migration of livestock to dry season grazing areas, leading to high concentration of livestock around certain critical water sources. As a result of over utilization of water resource, boreholes, over time, tend to yield less water. Frequent breakdowns are also common. Eventually most of critical boreholes dry up leading severe water shortage to both livestock and human. In areas where there are no such boreholes or shallow wells, there high dependence on water tracking. Water tracking as an activity and maintenance of existing bore holes during such drought poses one of the greatest challenges to county resources. Developing new ones is even more expensive. It is on the basis of this background analysis and past drought response experiences that the following contingency is being muted so as to sustain the availability of water during drought stress periods in the county to meet the water needs of the population

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5.4. 3 Drought Cycle Scenario: Sequence of events and related indicators Table: 5.3.1

Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

Early Stages Early Stages . Availability of . Biophysical milk at Indicators . No rainfall or in . Most surface water sources household signal adequate have dried up; water is level collapses movement rainfall; limited to borehole except to almost nil towards . Social economic in agro-pastoral zones . Water normal which has limited perennial indicators are availability . Good rains water points. still within within normal with drop in normal seasonal . The only remaining water grazing areas temperature ranges sources are underground collapses to may affect Late Stages sources e.g. borehole, and almost nil and health status large earth pans water of animals . There is decline . Water sources are tankering weakened in water level in moderately crowded with increases from the shallow wells, high presence of both . Animal; body prolonged pans,and stored human and livestock conditions drought water in storage population due to influx deteriorate (pneumonia, reservoir in from other areas. substantially etc) (score less institutions . Walking distance to . Agro- . All small water watering point range than 1.8) pastoralists sources e.g. increase especially in . Animal deaths prepare fields earth pans and Pastoral livelihood zone due to drought for sowing; (10-20km). increase shallow wells . Herders and dries up, . Most Livestock toward substantially (> livestock 20% for all walking distance strategic borehole return to to water Late Stages categories); their normal sources . Water tinkering settlements. increases to . All Surface water dries up. start in some . Animals start more than 5km . Water is limited to only institution and breeding and in all livelihood boreholes which yields very in some animal prices zones. Pumping little amounts of Water. centres start hour increase . All strategic borehole are . Some donors appreciating. due to high opened People and animals come to . Possible water demand. start to gather at high intervene in increased There is no capacity water points, deep NFI’s which . water for wells and boreholes includes This is stage is agriculture in characterized . In some school students are Jericans, agro-pasture with rains, requested to ferry water to household zone. water surface water school to cater for their sources are

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Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

water needs. treatment replenished . Water resource conflict is tablets, water including experienced in some water tanks. storages at points. . fuel subsidy is household and . Hours spent collecting done institutions. water relative to seasonal . Issuing of fast normal increases by 200- moving Genset . There is water 250% /pumps spare in earth pans. . Due increase in breakdown parts and . Water level in Borehole Rapid Response serving of wells and team from Water prime movers. borehole department are ever on . Water is rises. move trying to arrest provider for . During this breakdown in pumping free but with time water points. limitations. borehole . Water vendoring heightens. . Water trucking operates on . Water trucking activities is in high very few increases demend hours (2hrs to . Most centres in a maximum Agropastoral livelihoods of 8hrs) lack water and depend on . There is high water trucking. increase of water related diseases in some areas. Water sector actors distribute water treatment tablets and undertake capacity building.

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5.4.4 Water sector Indicators and triggers analysis.

Indicator Issues to Address Warning Threshold Interventions

Stage

Water availability Quantity of water ALERT -20 % of water • Rapid capacity assessments by CSG/DSG in water pans, pans have water. for domestic use boreholes and • Preventive repair and maintenance of boreholes shallow wells. -10%-15% reduction in • Stockpiling of gen-sets and submersible pumps Status of borehole borehole yield. • Purchase of fast moving parts for borehole Genset equipment -10%-15% • Water trucking to critical water stressed population clusters and Insufficient access reduction in institutions to water supply shallow wells water levels. • Desilting of water pans

• Regular repair and maintenance of water boozers

• Provision and stocking of water treatment chemicals i.e. purr and aqua tabs

ALARM 10% 0f water • Replacements/new boreholes including contingency boreholes pans have some water. • Rapid need assessments by CSG

15%-20% • Intensify Desilting of water pans reduction in • Continuation and up scaling of Water trucking

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borehole yield. • Repair and maintenance of water boozers 20%-30% • Sustain essential stock of Gensets and submersible pumps and fast reduction in moving parts. shallow wells yield. • Activate existing rapid response teams

• Logistical support for RRTs

EMERGE All water pans • Water trucking to pastoralists. NCY empty. • Repair and maintenance of water boozers Over 20% reductions in • Increase in number of water boozers. borehole yield. • Additional RRTs (upscale to 8RRTs) Over 40% • 60% Fuel subsidy for boreholes reductions in shallow wells • Equipment and logistical support to RRTs yield. • Repair and servicing of Gensets at no cost

• Sustain essential stock of Gensets and submersible pumps and fast moving parts.

RECOVER 75% of water • Tree planting around water points Y pans are over 60% full • Provision of water treatment chemicals i.e. purr and aqua tabs

Boreholes yield • Taking stock of the water sector capacity and facilities. normal.

Shallow wells

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yield normal

NORMAL At least 70% of • Routine repair and servicing of borehole Gensets. water are over 50% full • Major repairs, servicing and replacements of water boozers.

Boreholes yield • Capacity building of borehole management normal. • Rehabilitation of borehole infrastructure Shallow wells • Undertake ground water potential areas through hydrological survey. yield normal • Putting up of new infrastructures I,etroughs,pipelines,tanksetc

• Testing of new technologies i.e. installation of solar systems

Water Distance to water ALERT 5-10kms • Preventive repair and maintenance of boreholes accessibility points. • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Water pan desilting/construction

ALARM 10-20kms • Opening up of emergency/contingency boreholes

• 50% Fuel subsidy to boreholes

• Water pans desilting

EMERGE Above 20kms. • Purchase of water storage facilities. NCY • Emergency Water tracking to weak livestock

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• Repair and maintenance of gen-sets through active RRTs

• Well facilitated RRTs(logistics and other resources)

• 70% Fuel subsidy for the boreholes gen-sets.

RECOVER 0-5kms • Routine maintenance and infrastructure development/rehabilitation Y

NORMAL 0-5kms Routine maintenance and infrastructure development/rehabilitation

Water tracking Number of water ALERT 90-105 centers • Water trucking to critical settlements and education/health tracking centers institutions(at 90% support) 20km minimum distance to water • Repair and maintenance of boreholes point • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Allowances for driver/turn men for water boozers

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

ALARM 100-105 centers • Water trucking

15km minimum • Repair and maintenance of boreholes distance to water point. • Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Allowances for driver/turn men for water boozers

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• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

EMERGE 100-1005centers • Fuel subsidy for boreholes NCY 10km minimum • Fuel for water trucking distance to water point • Water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

RECOVER Nil • Repair and servicing of water boozers. Y

NORMAL Nil • Servicing of water boozers.

Congestion at the Waiting time in ALERT 1 -2hrs • Water trucking. water point water points • Procurement of storage facilities

• Provision of standby Genset

• Fuel for water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers and driver allowance

ALARM 2-4hrs • Water trucking.

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• Procurement of storage facilities

• Provision of standby Genset

• Fuel for water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

EMERGE 4-12hrs • Water trucking. NCY • Procurement of storage facilities

• Provision of standby Gensets

• Fuel for water trucking

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• Fuel subsidy

RECOVER Less than Y 30minutes

NORMAL Less than 30minutes

Cost of water for purchasing power Alert 30% of population • Water trucking domestic and of the community unable to pay for livestock use water • Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

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• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• No subsidies for households living within the vicinity of the boreholes.

Alarm 50% of population • Water trucking unable to pay for water • Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• No subsidies for households living within the vicinity of the boreholes.

Emergen 70% of • Water trucking cy population unable to pay for water • Repair and maintenance of boreholes

• Provision of gen-sets and borehole equipment

• Storage facilities for water trucked

• Repair and maintenance of water boozers

• subsidies for both pastoralist and non-pastoralist.

Recovery Nil • No intervention except for longer term development /Normal

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5.4.5 SWOT Analysis

STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT

• Good Number of Actors /Stakeholder in • Uncoordinated actors in • County Integrated • Uneven Distribution of water sector development. water sector Development Plan (CIDP) Water Resource within the • Good will from county Government. • Understaffing • Reliable rainfall which can county. • Competent staff. • poor Management of water allow water harvesting • Ever recurring drought. • Available water supply Infrastructures in supplies • WasoNyiro River. • High investment cost on place e.g. boreholes, water pans, and • Conflict over the resource. • Undeveloped catchment operation and maintenance piped schemes. areas. of water supplies. • Good water catchment areas.

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5.4.6 Water Sector Intervention plans

5.4.7 Water Sector Intervention Plan for Pastoral Livelihood Zone CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

ALERT:EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

EALT1 Preparedness • Prepare and Early To enhance 3 Social Economic 70% 149.5M Community Indicators: for strategic Alert access to Months livestock strengthen rapid Refer to table 5.3.1 water response and water population; • Actual sources/ maintenance during 25% of management, supplies surveillance team drought human O&M of the

• Procurement of periods for population project County Government 20 standby Gen- both sets and Pumps domestic • Funding /DCF • Procurement and Water department fast moving livestock spare part uses • technical expertise • Repair and and supervision servicing of 3 • DONORS- Water bowzers • Funding 3 • Procure of 10M • Capacity building tanks i.e. plastic or collapsible tanks • Cary out strategic water needs assessment.

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

• Drill & Equip strategic & contingency Boreholes • Water trucking

LALT1 Provision of • Limited Water Late To provide Through -Drop out in 50 centres 15M DCF, Water CGM safe and clean tracking to alert safe and out Late schools at 7-10% water to communities clean water Alert vulnerable • Provision of fuel to schools -Low attendance communities Subsidies on 10% demand and • Water tracking 10 -High transition institutions schools 90%

-Water shortage in some schools that lead to problem in cooking 15%

Minimal transfers due to migration causing high enrolment in some schools 12 %

ALARM STAGE

ALM2 Provision of Water tracking Early To provide 1 month 20% of 3,220,000

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

safe and clean Provision of fuel Alarm clean and human water subsidies, safe water population and 75% of repairs and livestock maintenance of population strategic boreholes and water bowzers

EALM Operationalize 1.Activate and Late Water 1Month SPI: -0.15 to -1.99 20% of 30M Community 1 strategic facilitate the Rapid Alarm provision s human VCI (1 month): 10 to • Actual water Response teams to Stage for 15 population sources/suppli monitor and carry livestock at and 15% of management, es out repairs and strategic Social Economic livestock O&M of the Indicators: maintenance of grazing population project Refer to table 5.3.1; • water sources areas and DCF along 2. Activation of migratory strategic water point. route To ensure 3. Continued strategic stockpiling of fast water moving spares. supply 4. Water sources are tankering/trucking operational for community and livestock

5. Provision of fuel/lubricants subsidies for

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

motorized boreholes.

LALM Provision of Provision of fuel subsidy, Through To provide 130 SPI: -0.15 to -1.99 20% of 45.5M DCF 1 clean and safe spare parts and out Late safe and human Rehabilitate functional Alarm VCI (1 month): 10 to water strategic boreholes clean wate 15 population and15% of Social Economic livestock Indicators: population Needs assessment Refer to table 5.3.1;

Purchase of 10m3 tanks (water storage facilities)

EMERGENCY PHASE

EMG1 Strategic 1. Water tracking to Early • Sustain Throug SPI: <= -2 45% of the 99.5M Community water supply vulnerable Emerg hout human water VCI (1 month): <10 to most communities, ency access to Emerge population • management, vulnerable livestock and both ncy Social Economic and 25% 0f O&M of the institutions, institutions, human and Indicators: livestock project Refer to table 5.3.1; livestock and livestock. population County Government human 2. Provision of fuel subsidy, spare parts • Funding DCF and Rehabilitate Water Dept. functional strategic boreholes • Technical expertise 3. Repair and and supervision maintenance of Capacity building water bowzers DONORS-(AMREF, 4. Purchase of 10m3

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

tanks (water storage • Funding facilities) 5. Prepare & strengthen rapid response maintenance & water quality surveillance teams

6. Repair of strategic boreholes

RECOVERY STAGE

REC1 Rehabilitation 1.Rapid Assessment Throug To improve 3 SPI: >= 0.84 60% of 34,412,000 Community of strategic to determine water hout access to Month human VCI (1 month): >=65 water points status recove water population Actual sources/ ry resource Social Economic and 45% of management, supplies 2. Capacity building phase for Indicators: livestock O&M of the Refer to table 5.3.1; for water users livestock population project associations/mgt production committees County Government /Water department 3. Desilting of strategic water pans • Funding food or cash for work) to • technical expertise restore their water and supervision holding capacities. • capacity building 4.Rehabilitate or • DCF replace overused WRMA pumps and other • Permit issuing equipment at the capacity building

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

bore holes DONORS

• Funding

REC2 Protection of -Mobilization / Throug To ensure 3 Entire 3,040,000 DCF water awareness creation hout optimum months surroundin catchment recove undergroun g areas -Training ry d recharge community phase

REC3 Promote Procurement of Throug To 2month Entire 3,000,000 household household water hout minimize s population water treatment tablets recove waterborne treatment ry diseases tablets phase

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5.4.8 Water Sector Intervention Plan for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

ALERT:EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

EALT1 Preparedness • Prepare and Early To enhance 3 Social Economic 70% 149.5M Community Indicators: for strategic strengthen rapid Alert access to Months livestock response and Refer to table 5.3.1 water water population; • Actual maintenance sources/ surveillance team during 25% of management, supplies • Procurement of 20 drought human O&M of the

standby Gen-sets periods for population project and Pumps County both • Procurement fast Government moving spare part domestic • and Repair and servicing • Funding /DCF of 3 Water bowzers livestock 3 Water • Procure of 10M uses tanks i.e. plastic or department collapsible tanks • Cary out strategic • technical water needs expertise and assessment. supervision • Drill & Equip strategic & • DONORS- contingency • Funding Boreholes • Capacity • Water trucking building

LALT1 Provision of • Limited Water Late To provide Through -Drop out in 4,632 15M DCF safe and clean tracking to alert safe and out Late schools at 7-10% water to communities clean water

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

vulnerable • Provision of fuel to schools Alert -Low attendance communities Subsidies on 10% and demand institutions • Water tracking 10 -High transition schools 90%

-Water shortage in some schools that lead to problem in cooking 15%

Minimal transfers due to migration causing high enrolment in some schools 12 %

ALARM STAGE

ALM2 Provision of Water tracking Early To provide 1 month 20% of 30M DCF safe and clean Alarm clean and human water Provision of fuel safe water population subsidies, and 75% of livestock repairs and population maintenance of strategic boreholes and water bowzers

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

EALM Operationalize Activate and Late Water 1Month SPI: -0.15 to -1.99 20% of 30M Community 1 strategic facilitate the Rapid Alarm provision s human VCI (1 month): 10 to • Actual water Response teams to Stage for 15 population sources/suppli monitor and carry livestock at and 15% of management, es out repairs and strategic Social Economic livestock O&M of the Indicators: maintenance of grazing population project Refer to table 5.3.1; • water sources areas and DCF along migratory route To Activation of ensure strategic water point. strategic Continued stockpiling water of fast moving supply spares. sources are operational

Water

tankering/trucking for community and livestock

LALM Provision of Provision of fuel subsidy, Through To provide 130 SPI: -0.15 to -1.99 20% of 45.5M DCF 1 clean and safe spare parts and out Late safe and human Rehabilitate functional Alarm VCI (1 month): 10 to water strategic boreholes clean wate 15 population and15% of Social Economic livestock Indicators: population Needs assessment Refer to table 5.3.1;

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

Purchase of 10m3 tanks (water storage facilities)

EMERGENCY PHASE

EMG1 Strategic Water tracking to Early • Sustain Throug SPI: <= -2 45% of the 99.5M Community water supply vulnerable Emerg hout human water VCI (1 month): <10 to most communities, ency access to Emerge population • management, vulnerable livestock and both ncy Social Economic and 25% 0f O&M of the institutions, institutions, human and Indicators: livestock project Refer to table 5.3.1; livestock and livestock. population County Provision of fuel subsidy, human Government spare parts and Rehabilitate functional • Funding DCF strategic boreholes Water Dept. Repair and • maintenance of Technical water bowzers expertise and supervision Purchase of 10m3 tanks Capacity building (water storage facilities) DONORS- Prepare & strengthen (AMREF, rapid response maintenance & water • quality surveillance teams Funding

Repair of strategic boreholes

RECOVERY STAGE

REC1 Rehabilitation 1.Rapid Assessment Throug To improve 3 SPI: >= 0.84 60% of 34,412,000 Community

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

of strategic 2. Capacity building hout access to Month VCI (1 month): >=65 human Actual water for water users recove water Social Economic population management, sources/ associations/mgtcom ry resource Indicators: and 45% of O&M of the supplies mittees phase for Refer to table 5.3.1; livestock project livestock population 3. Desilting of production County strategic water pans Government food or cash for work) to /Water restore their water department holding capacities.

4.Rehabilitate or replace • Funding overused pumps and • technical other equipment at the expertise and bore holes supervision • capacity building • DCF WRMA

DONORS

• Funding

REC2 Protection of -Mobilization / Throug To ensure 3 SPI: >= 0.84 Entire 3,000,000 DCF water awareness creation hout optimum months surroundin VCI (1 month): >=65 catchment recove undergroun g areas -Training ry d recharge Social Economic community phase Indicators: Refer to table 5.3.1;

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost (Kshs) Define roles and Interventions frame population Responsibilities

REC3 Promote Procurement of Throug To 2month Entire 3,000,000 DCF household household water hout minimize s population water treatment tablets recove waterborne treatment ry diseases tablets phase

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5.4.9 Budget for Water Sector

5.4.9.1 Budget for Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Earl Alert

EALT1 Preparedness for Procurement and Genset 5 800,000 4,000,000 Complete with strategic water installation of critical control panel supplies accessories for 5 boreholes Submersible water 5 300,000 1,500,000 pump

Transport 10 25,000 250,000

Installation 10 25,000 250,000

Cary out strategic water Per diems 75 4000 300,000 needs assessment. Fuel 2500 25 62,500

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repair and servicing of Water bowzers 4 1,200,000 4,800,000 existing Water bowzers

Procure 10 standby water tanks-plastic 40 300,000 1,200,000 Preferably water tanks-plastic or or collapsible collapsible tanks collapsible

A pump,50 draw pipes, 20 4,000,000 80,000,000 200m cables, control Procurement of standby fast panel,sub mersible pump moving spare parts ,Gen-sets set per borehole and Pumps

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Prepare and strengthen Per diems 75 4000 300,000 rapid response and maintenance surveillance Fuel 2500 25 62,500 team Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Drill & Equip strategic & Drill and equip 10 6,000,000 60,000,000 contingency Boreholes boreholes

Minimal water trucking Lts of water (8000) 104 15000 1,560,000

Per diems for drivers 90 3000 270,000

Sub total 154,630,000

Late Alert

LALT1 Provision of water to Limited Water tracking 8000lts 104 15,000 1,560,000 50 centres most vulnerable to communities households and institutions Per diems for drivers 30 5,000 150,000 1 Driver & 1 Turn boy

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10000ltrs 140 1,400,000 Strategic Subsidies on demand boreholes

Distribution Per 10 3000 30000 diems

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Water tracking 10 schools 8000lts 30 15,000 450,000 A school requires an average of 30M3 of water a month

Per Diems 90 3000 270,000

Fuels 4000 140 560,000

Maintenance 80 trips 3000 240,000

Sub Total 4,660,000

EARLY ALARM STAGE

EALM2 Operationalize strategic Rapid assessment Per diems 25 5000 225,000 water sources Fuel 240lts 140 33,600 Sub total Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repairs and Allowances 60 4000 240,000 maintenance of strategic boreholes Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Assorted spares 30 300,000 9,000,000

Water trucking HH/ Allowances Driver, schools electrician, 60 5000 300,000 support staff, water engineers

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Fuel ( car) 4000 140 560,000

8000 lts 1000 15000 15,000,000

Purchase of fast moving Assorted spares Lump sum Lump sum 2,500,000 spares, Maintenance 1 300,000 300,000

Per diems 60 5,000 300,000 2 Driver & 2 Turn boy

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10000ltrs 140 14,000,000 Subsidies on demand

Purchase of 10m3 tanks tanks 15 300,000 450,000 (water storage facilities)

Sub total 43,296,100

Late Alarm

LALM1 Provision of water to Water trucking- 8000lts 1000 15,000 1,500,000 250 trips most vulnerable community households and Per diems 60 5,000 300,000 2 Driver & 2 institutions Turn boy

Repairs and Fuel 10,000 140 1,400,000 maintenance of strategic boreholes Water tracking to 10 Cost of water 81 10,000 810,000 A school schools: requires an Per Diems 40 5000 200,000 average of 30M3 of water a Fuels 4000 140 560,000

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Maintenance 80 trips 3000 240,000 month

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10,000 ltrs 140 1,400,000 Subsidies on demand

Distribution per 10 4000 40,000 deims

Repair and Water bowzers 4 300,00 1,200,000 maintenance of water bowzers

Purchase of 10m3 water tanks-plastic 40 300,000 1,200,000 tanks (water storage or collapsible facilities)

Prepare & strengthen rapid Allowances 40 4000 160,000 response maintenance & water quality surveillance Fuel 2500 125 62,500 teams Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repairs and Allowances maintenance of 20 17000 340,000 strategic boreholes

Fuel 800 140 112,000

Drill & Equip strategic & Drill and equipment 15 6,000,000 90,000,00 contingency Boreholes

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Sub Total 9,562,000

Emergency

EMG1 Provision of water to Water trucking- 8000lts 1000 15,000 1,500,000 most vulnerable community households and Per diems 60 5,000 300,000 institutions Water trucking to Fuel 10,000 140 1,400,000 Repairs and schools maintenance of Cost of water 81 10,000 810,000 Water tracking to 10 strategic boreholes schools: Per Diems 40 5000 200,000 Fuels 4000 140 560,000

Provision of fuel Maintenance 80 trips 3000 240,000 Subsidies on demand

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10,000 ltrs 140 1,400,000 Subsidies on demand Distribution per 10 4000 40,000 deims

Repair and Water bowzers 4 300,00 1,200,000 maintenance of water bowzers

Purchase of 10m3 water tanks-plastic 40 300,000 1,200,000 tanks (water storage or collapsible facilities)

Prepare & strengthen rapid Allowances 40 4000 160,000 response maintenance

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

&water quality surveillance Fuel 2500 125 62,500 teams Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repairs and Allowances maintenance of 20 17000 340,000 strategic boreholes

Fuel 800 140 112,000

Drill & Equip strategic & Drill and equipment 15 6,000,000 90,000,000 contingency Boreholes

Sub Total 99,562,000 Sub Total

Recovery

REC1 Rehabilitation of Rapid assessment to Fuel 200 125 25,000 strategic water needs assessment sources/supplies Per Diems 15 4,000 60,000 Water engineer, electrician.

Capacity building for 5 Fare refund 100 3000 300,000 2 three days- strategic water users workshops associations/mgt committees Per diems 50 4500 2,250,000 meals 100 2000 200,000

De-silting of strategic Desilting 10 1,500,000 15,000,000 Specific water water pans pan will be prioritized

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

through assessment

Rehabilitation of Spare parts 10 1,000,000 10,000,000 Various strategic water supply point Pipes/pumping etc

Sub total 27,835,000

REC2 Protection of Mobilization / Allowances 12 4000 48,000 catchment areas awareness creation Fuel 2500 25 62,500

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

-Training Per Diems 30 4,000 120,000

Fare refund 100 3000 300,000

Per diems 50 4500 2,250,000

meals 100 2000 200,000

REC3 Household water Procure household Lump sum 3,000,000 treatment tablets water treatment tablets

Sub total 6,018,000

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5.4.9.2 Budget for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Earl Alert

EALT1 Preparedness for Procurement and Genset 5 800,000 4,000,000 Complete with strategic water installation of critical control panel supplies accessories for 5 boreholes Submersible water 5 300,000 1,500,000 pump

Transport 10 25,000 250,000

Installation 10 25,000 250,000

Cary out strategic water Per diems 75 4000 300,000 needs assessment. Fuel 2500 25 62,500

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repair and servicing of Water bowzers 4 1,200,000 4,800,000 existing Water bowzers

Procure 10 standby water tanks-plastic 40 300,000 1,200,000 Preferably water tanks-plastic or or collapsible collapsible collapsible tanks

A pump,50 draw pipes, 20 4,000,000 80,000,000 200m cables, control Procurement of standby fast panel,sub mersible pump moving spare parts ,Gen-sets set per borehole and Pumps

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Prepare and strengthen Per diems 75 4000 300,000 rapid response and maintenance surveillance Fuel 2500 25 62,500 team Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Drill & Equip strategic & Drill and equip 10 6,000,000 60,000,000 contingency Boreholes boreholes

Minimal water trucking Lts of water (8000) 104 15000 1,560,000

Per diems for drivers 90 3000 270,000

Sub total 154,630,000

Late Alert

LALT1 Provision of water to Limited Water tracking 8000lts 104 15,000 1,560,000 50 centres most vulnerable to communities households and institutions Per diems for drivers 30 5,000 150,000 1 Driver & 1 Turn boy

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10000ltrs 140 1,400,000 Strategic Subsidies on demand boreholes

Distribution Per 10 3000 30000 diems

Water tracking 10 schools 8000lts 30 15,000 450,000 A school requires an average of

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

30M3 of water a month

Per Diems 90 3000 270,000

Fuels 4000 140 560,000

Maintenance 80 trips 3000 240,000

Sub Total 4,660,000

EARLY ALARM STAGE

EALM2 Operationalize strategic Rapid assessment Per diems 25 5000 225,000 water sources Fuel 240lts 140 33,600 Sub total Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repairs and Allowances 60 4000 240,000 maintenance of strategic boreholes Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Assorted spares 30 300,000 9,000,000

Water trucking HH/ Allowances Driver, schools electrician, 60 5000 300,000 support staff, water engineers

Fuel ( car) 4000 140 560,000

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

8000 lts 1000 15000 15,000,000

Purchase of fast moving Assorted spares Lump sum Lump sum 2,500,000 spares, Maintenance 1 300,000 300,000

Per diems 60 5,000 300,000 2 Driver & 2 Turn boy

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10000ltrs 140 14,000,000 Subsidies on demand

Purchase of 10m3 tanks tanks 15 300,000 450,000 (water storage facilities)

Sub total 43,296,100

Late Alarm

LALM1 Provision of water to Water trucking- 8000lts 1000 15,000 1,500,000 250 trips most vulnerable community households and Per diems 60 5,000 300,000 2 Driver & 2 institutions Turn boy

Repairs and Fuel 10,000 140 1,400,000 maintenance of strategic boreholes Water tracking to 10 Cost of water 81 10,000 810,000 A school schools: requires an Per Diems 40 5000 200,000 average of 30M3 of Fuels 4000 140 560,000 water a Maintenance 80 trips 3000 240,000 month

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10,000 ltrs 140 1,400,000 Subsidies on demand

Distribution per 10 4000 40,000 deims

Repair and Water bowzers 4 300,00 1,200,000 maintenance of water bowzers

Purchase of 10m3 water tanks-plastic 40 300,000 1,200,000 tanks (water storage or collapsible facilities)

Prepare & strengthen rapid Allowances 40 4000 160,000 response maintenance & water quality surveillance Fuel 2500 125 62,500 teams Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repairs and Allowances maintenance of 20 17000 340,000 strategic boreholes

Fuel 800 140 112,000

Drill & Equip strategic & Drill and equipment 15 6,000,000 90,000,00 contingency Boreholes

Sub Total 9,562,000

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

Emergency

EMG1 Provision of water to Water trucking- 8000lts 1000 15,000 1,500,000 most vulnerable community households and Per diems 60 5,000 300,000 institutions Water trucking to Fuel 10,000 140 1,400,000 Repairs and schools maintenance of Cost of water 81 10,000 810,000 Water tracking to 10 strategic boreholes schools: Per Diems 40 5000 200,000 Fuels 4000 140 560,000

Provision of fuel Maintenance 80 trips 3000 240,000 Subsidies on demand

Provision of fuel Fuel procurement 10,000 ltrs 140 1,400,000 Subsidies on demand Distribution per 10 4000 40,000 deims

Repair and Water bowzers 4 300,00 1,200,000 maintenance of water bowzers

Purchase of 10m3 water tanks-plastic 40 300,000 1,200,000 tanks (water storage or collapsible facilities)

Prepare & strengthen rapid Allowances 40 4000 160,000 response maintenance & water quality surveillance Fuel 2500 125 62,500

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

teams Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Repairs and Allowances maintenance of 20 17000 340,000 strategic boreholes

Fuel 800 140 112,000

Drill & Equip strategic & Drill and equipment 15 6,000,000 90,000,00 contingency Boreholes

Sub Total 99,562,000 Sub Total

Recovery

REC1 Rehabilitation of Rapid assessment to Fuel 200 125 25,000 strategic water needs assessment sources/supplies Per Diems 15 4,000 60,000 Water engineer, electrician.

Capacity building for 5 Fare refund 100 3000 300,000 2 three days- strategic water users workshops associations/mgt committees Per diems 50 4500 2,250,000 meals 100 2000 200,000

De-silting of strategic Desilting 10 1,500,000 15,000,000 Specific water water pans pan will be prioritized through

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Code Proposed Intervention Activities Items Quantity Unit cost Amount (Ksh) Notes

assessment

Rehabilitation of Spare parts 10 1,000,000 10,000,000 Various strategic water supply point Pipes/pumping etc

Sub total 27,835,000

REC2 Protection of Mobilization / Allowances 12 4000 48,000 catchment areas awareness creation Fuel 2500 25 62,500

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

-Training Per Diems 30 4,000 120,000

Fare refund 100 3000 300,000

Per diems 50 4500 2,250,000

meals 100 2000 200,000

REC3 Household water Procure household Lump sum 3,000,000 treatment tablets water treatment tablets

Sub total 6,018,000

435,563,100

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5.5.0: HEALTH AND NUTRITION SECTOR

5.5.1 INTRODUCTION Mandera County has 6 level IV facilities, 9 level III facilities, 24 level II facilities and 6 nursing homes and 60 private clinics. Doctor population ratio is 1:308,878 while nurse population ratio is 1:25,000. The four most prevalent diseases are malaria, respiratory diseases, diarrhoea and pneumonia. Risk factors that threaten health in Sub optimal breastfeeding, alcohol and tobacco use, poor sanitation and hygiene practices, poverty, illiteracy, among others. Mirra chewing and drug abuse use remains high, particularly among productive populations in the community. Insecurity has also contributed to ill health and deaths in the county. The County has over the years experienced significantly high levels of acute and chronic malnutrition. Sub optimal infant and young child feeding practices, unfavourable cultural practices and perennial food shortages among others have exacerbated this. The rates of malnutrition have remained persistently above the national average.

In 2013 the GAM rate was 16.8 % and 14.6% for Mandera north and Mandera east/Lafey sub counties respectively while the SAM rate is 2.2%and 2.7% for Mandera north and Mandera east/Lafey sub counties respectively. MUAC % for the under fives at risk of malnutrition is 17.8% and the trend is increasing.

Drought events have similar impacts in both agro-pastoral and pastoral livelihood zones but differs in severerity, with pastoral livelihood zone being worst hit. As drought progresses, household food availability and access becomes compromised due to migration of livestock, poor livestock body conditions and subsequent poor livestock prices against increasing food market prices, seriously affecting farmers terms of trade. As a result of decreased household food supply, malnutrition rates raises with the most vulnerable being expectant women, lactating mothers, children and elderly. There are also increased cases of upper respiratory tract infection, communicable diseases.

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5.5.2: Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators

Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

Early Stages (ALERT) Early Stages (ALARM) . Availability of milk at . Biophysical household level Indicators signal . Assessment of biophysical . Drought continues with moderate drought (if SPI collapses to almost nil movement towards conditions indicated that there is at is between -084 and -1.27; . Water availability normal least a mild early stage of . Malnutrition rates of children below 5 increases collapses to almost nil . Good rains meteorological drought (if SPI is above the normal MUAC of 12.5 CM and water tankering . Agro-pastoralists below 0.09 and RFE below 80%) increases . At this phase, the health conditions of people prepare fields for . Malnutrition rates of . This should involve up scaling may continue to deteriorate. sowing;. disease surveillance to monitor any . The intervention in this phase will be up scaling children below 5 . Possible increased environmental indicators that increases above outreaches, and health promotion. incidence of water- might be showing unusual emergency level Late Stages (ALARM WORSENING) borne fluctuations outside expected (MUAC 30%). The aged communicable seasonal ranges. . also become Drought deepens and become severe (SPI is less diseases (human) . Nutritional and WATSAN survey may than – 0.98 and RFE is less than 80%; VCI < 30) malnourished. . Birth rates increase. be necessitated to monitor the . Milk consumption restricted to children and . Deaths due to drought . health and nutrition status of the might not be enough increase substantially Milk production populace. Depending on the . Surface water dry up and as a result distance (> 20% for all increase in small stock intensity of the drought and the from households to watering points increases categories); findings of these two surveys, . At this phase, most from an average of 5 to 15 KMs. . Migration of people to outreaches may follow. other countries interventions will . Hours spent collecting water relative to seasonal . These three interventions will cut . be geared to normal increases by >200-250% Migration of herders across the pastoralists and agro- prevents households restoring life to . Milk consumption within household ceases even pastoralist livelihood zones. from accessing normalcy. for children Outreaches will Late Stages (ALERT WORSENING) livestock products . Loss of income from livestock and other sources have to be . Enhanced conflicts and . Human mortality for new born and elderly continued as well as . In the late stage, distance to water insecurity, leading to increases up to 20% prophylaxis and may increase and the population the loss of access to

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Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

might be susceptible to water . Escalation in human disease outbreaks leading to natural pastures, treatment services. related diseases. increased mortality displacements, and . Specialized care may . Decline in quality of clean drinking . Significant drought impact on nutritional status of market disruptions be needed to those water may trigger cases of children under five signals the shift from alarm to . Households start to who need diarrhoea in the identified hot emergency (MUAC-GAM>30%) break up; specialized care as a spots, which are prone to diarrheal . Times of meals reduction in all the families . Intervention during this result of the cases. . At this phase, several intervention need to be put phase may include: drought. . At this late stage, community led in place including: . Nutritional total sanitation may be put in place . Prepositioning of essential nutritional supplementation. as an intervention. This will ensure commodities . General food improved general hygiene at the . Mass screening distribution household level. In the same . School health programs . Blanket manner, up scaling of IMAM . Procurement and distribution of emergency supplementation services will help to salvage the medical kit. situation. This will go hand in hand . Provision of NFIs with integrated outreaches to the . Provision of ambulance identified hotspots. services . Prophylaxis and curative services

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5.5.3 SWOT Analysis STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT

• Good Number of Actors /Stakeholder • Uncoordinated actors in health sector • County Integrated • Uneven in health and nutrition sector. • Understaffing Development Plan (CIDP) Distribution of • Good will from county Government. • Inadequate number of specialized doctors • Health is a devolved function health Resource • Availability of critical inputs (Human • Poor manpower distribution in the county and therefore enough funds within the Resources, Infrastructure, • Some specialized services not offered in the County can be allocated county. Commodities) • Lack of adequate medical equipment • Many actors/NGOs are • Ever recurring • Availability of funds under the county • Poor health seeking behaviors and adherence to operating in the county. drought. government since health is devolved. treatment • Outreach services provided • High investment • Regular, active and participatory • Poor referral system from facility to community or by other stakeholders. cost on operation meetings community to facility • Recruitment of more staffs and maintenance • Support supervisions by health • No ware houses for storage of commodities in the both internally and of heath management teams County and in the facilities externally. resources. • Political will to improve health care in • Negative political leaders’ interference leading to • Expansion of existing health • Banditry and the county (e.g. dispensary) high staff turnover facilities. insecurity. • Politicians can solicit for funds, staff • Politically fuelled tribal clashes overstretch the • The county government can • Poor and equipment health services provision. contract consultants and infrastructure in • Resource mobilization e.g. through • Unqualified political appointees into health other specialists. terms of ICT, proposals facility/hospital boards • The county government can energy, water • Development partners • Political interference on staff discipline contract flying doctors for and road network. • Proper utilization of resources will • Donor withdrawal/pull out/fatigue evacuation in case of an • Political influence donor funding • Insecurity scares away donors e.g. highway emergency. banditry interference • • Inadequate funds allocated for maintenance of Devolution • infrastructure, vehicles and equipment Reduction in staff benefits, which may trigger staff turnover. • Ethnicity within the county public

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STRENGTH WEAKNESS OPPORTUNITY THREAT

service.

5.5.4 Health and Nutrition Intervention Plan for Both Livelihood Zones Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

ALERT:EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

EALT1 Activation of • Conduct rapid Early alert • Monitor Three SPI Between 0 County 500,000 GOK role (DDSC/DMCC) preparedness nutritional abnormal months and -0.83, wide measure for up assessments to disease patterns Rainfall Anomaly CSG/NDMA scaling disease provide data for To put measures Between 10 and surveillance early warning to avert diseases 25% - DCF systems during droughts [SAM rate is 2.2% and 2.7% Preposition • Supply drugs to all To ensure 3 months Mandera North, County 50,000,000 CGM essential health facilities disease Mandera wide supplies in target Early stage incidences are east/Lafey sub facilities low counties respectively.Curr EALT2 Water and • Assess Hygiene Early alert To assess the Three ent MUAC % for 35.57% 500,000 Community role sanitation survey practices sanitation status months the under fivesat • Assess the of the sub ofmalnutrition is - To give out information on sanitation status county 18.2 .Increase priority health needs • Support to Waste admission into MOH and disposal the SFP partners/stakeholders. mechanisms programme including - Provide logistics and increasing number personnel of pit latrines - Monitoring and evaluation

• Insect and vector - Feedback after assessment control - CSG/NDMA To provide funds and • Water sampling logistics for the exercise (DCF) • Anti-malarial

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

campaigns EW PHASE: LATE ALERT

LALT1 Upscale • Immunization of Late alert • Boost Throughout 10% GAM rates 35.57% 5,000,000 Community role outreaches children immunization the Alert below five indicators phase Community to come up with years • To improve support groups e.g. mother- • Screening. nutrition status. to-mother support groups • Nutritional /food To reduce and to strengthen the supplementat morbidity and existing groups. ion mortality by 50% GOK role (MOH) • IMAM services of the affected • • Health population. Provision vaccines and promotion. facilitation for vaccination • • Treatment and Disease surveillance and management reporting of cases. /Donors role • Management of Community mobilization and the elderly logistic. and those CSG/NDMA with chronic illness Solicit for funds for the

intervention LALT2 Up scaling IMAM • Screening and Late alert To prevent Throughout SD<2-50% IMAM 18.93% 2,000,000 Community role services for treatment of deterioration of the Alert for rural under 5 acute nutritional status phase • Strengthen IMAM Under five yrs, malnutrition of children SD<2-70% IMAM 4.48% activities • below five years for urban pregnant • Provision of human Pregnant and • Distribution of and pregnant resource supplementar and lactating 3.6% • To provide human resource Lactating y/ mothers. lactating Partners/Donors role (IMC, mothers therapeutic mothers WVK, KRC, AMREF foods to and the elderly under fives, 2.7% • Community mobilization pregnant elderly and logistic. mothers,

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

lactating CGS/NDMA mothers and the elderly • Solicit for funds for Health and implementation of the nutrition proposed interventions education

EW PHASE: EARLY ALARM

EALM1 Upscale • Immunization of Early alarm • Boost Throughout 35.57% Community role outreaches children immunization the Alarm below five indicators phase 10% GAM rates 5,500,000 Strengthen disease control years • To improve commitments • Screening. nutrition status. Report on disease incidences • Nutritional /food To reduce GOK role (MOH): DCF supplementat morbidity and ion mortality by 50% • Provision of vaccines and • IMAM services of the affected facilitation for vaccination • Health population • Disease surveillance and promotion. reporting • Treatmentand • To provide human resource management NGOS role ( of cases. Community mobilization and • Medication logistic. Targeted Rapid nutritional Early Alarm To maintain the 2 months SPI Between - County 500,000 DCF assessment to survey health standard 0.83 and -1.27. wide establish health of the Rainfall Anomaly and nutrition communities Between 10 and situation in 25%. pastoral zone Livestock Body EALM2 Activation of • Water sampling Early alarm • To ensure that Throughout condition 35.57% 4,099.000 County Government: measures for • the community the alarm deteriorates supporting • Hygiene access safe phase and between 3.79 To provide water booster health promotion water on-set of and 1.8High Community role: promotion • Community • To reduce the emergency livestock sensitization. burden of concentration at To improve hygiene

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

communicable boreholes. standards diseases. GOK role (MOW): • To empower Milk production the community decrease (- 25 to Provision technical back up for pro active -50%). on water tracking action in health • Capacity building matters. TOT index turns NGOs To identity water sharply against sources that are herders (85-50% • Funding and community fit for human ofseasonal mobilization and consumption norm). capacity building. MOH Activation of coping strategies • Provide human resource with the Coping and technical support strategy index between 3.0 and 3.9.

Increased distances to water points from an average of 16 to 30 KMs.

Hours spent collecting water relative to seasonal normal increases by 200- 250% Significant drought impact on nutritional status ofchildren under five signals the shift from alarm to emergency

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

(MUAC- GAM>25%).

Milk consumption restricted to children

Increased migrate to southern

Livestock watering

EW PHASE:LATE ALARM

LALM1 Prepositioning • Stock piling of • Late alarm To ensure Late alarm 35.57% 8,000,000 NDMA nutritional adequate stock phase commodities at a to manage Sharing and interpretation of central store. additional cases monthly bulletin. of acute County Government malnutrition Procure the commodities MOH/partners

To provide technical knowledge in storage of the commodities Logistics LALM2 School health • Deworming • Late alarm • To ensure Throughout 35.57% 5,000,000 Community role: programs • Vit A stage improved child the Alarm Supplementation health period To create awareness and • Strengthen To retain pupils Mobilization- school health in schools. To avail their children to be clubs. given the dewormers Capacity building GOK role (MOH, MOE): the health club

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

patrons. Capacity building and provision of logistics. Routine follow ups NGOs role (

Funding for above and community mobilization

LALM3 Mass screening Screening and Late alarm To prevent Late alarm 35.57% 4,000,000 GOK/Partners treatment for deaths as a to onset of malnutrition of result of emergency • Human resources under fives and malnutrition • Logistics pregnant and lactating mothers

LALM4 Emergency • Procurement Alarm Late To coordinate Alarm Late 35.57% 20,000,000 Community role: medical kit and distribution Stage and respond to Stage of both pharms emergencies through to To identify the most at risk and non pharms end of MOH to the identified Emergency hotspots. Activate rapid response • Formation of teams. multi sectorial To provide technical support response NGOs role committee in

each of the Funding for above. hotspots Capacity-build community water groups. User. EMERGENCY

EMG1 Nutritional Identification of Beginning Ensure improved Duration of 1 18.93% of 15,000,000 Community role: supplementat beneficiary of the nutrition status the under five ion for under households with Emergency and to prevent Emergency -Identification of beneficiary fives, view to targeting Phase deaths related to Phase households with view to most vulnerable malnutrition. targeting most vulnerable Pregnant & 4.48% GCM/MOH: Lactating pregnant

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

mothers and mothers -Provision technical back up the elderly & emergency funds Distribution of -Capacity building nutritional NGOs role supplement and 3.6% of other food items. lactating -Funding for the emergency mothers response.

2.7% of the elderly

EMG2 Blanket 1. Distribution of Beginning To save lives Emergency 35.57% 50,000,000 Community Role: supplementar nutritional and food of and reverse y feeding supplements, emergency malnutrition • To identify the at risk program 2. Establishment of rates persons. feeding centers • Provide security of the 3. Screening of To reduce supplements under fives, pregnant wasting MOH/IMC/KRC and lactating mothers and the elderly • Provide logistics and technical knowhow. EMG3 Provision of Provision of water Throughout To reduce Duration of 35.57% 10,000,000 Community role: non food jerricans the mortality rates the items for Emergency as a result of the Emergency -Identification of beneficiary sanitation Provision leaky tins phase emergency Phase households with view to and water situation. targeting most vulnerable borne Provision of aqua -dentify the supply sites for diseases tabs&Water filters To reduce NFIs control incidences CGM/ MOH: Provision of soaps for communicable hand washing diseases. -dispatch /Transport/ Distribute/ NFIs to hotspots Provision of sanitary To reduce water NGOs role: towels and mosquito borne diseases. nets to girls boarding -funding.

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles and intervention population responsibility

schools

EW PHASE :RECOVERY

REC1 Upscale • Immunization Early • Boost Throughout 1. SAM W/H 35.57% 5,000,000 Community role: outreaches and recovery immunization the <70% OR Screening. phase indicators recovery H/A<85% • Strengthen disease Nutritional /food • To improve phase MUAC<11.5 CM control commitments supplementation nutrition status. GOK role (MOH) • IMAM services • To reduce • Health morbidity and • Provision vaccines and promotion. mortality by 50% facilitation for vaccination • Treatment and of the affected • Disease surveillance and management population. reporting of cases. • Medication

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5.5.6 Budgets for Health and Nutrition Sector (Both Livelihood Zones) CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

EW PHASE: EALY ALERT

EALT1 Activation of • Conduct rapid nutritional Per diem 200 4,000 800,000 County wide preparedness measure for assessments to provide data for early warning systems up scaling disease Fuel 2500 140 350,000 surveillance Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Total 1,187,500

EALT2 Preposition essential supplies in Procure Pharmaceutical Drugs Various 50,000,000 50,000,000 target facilities and non pharmaceutical drugs

Total 50,000,000

EW PHASE: LATE ALERT

LALT1 Upscale outreaches Mobilization of Community 50 community 1000 50,000 community mobilizers

• Outreach Per diems 2000 2pho, 2 nurses, 600 1,200,000 1 co, 1 nutritionist

Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Lts-litres

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

Maintenance 2500 25 37,500

Supervision and Allowance 4000 80,000 DHMT 20 monitoring

Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Lts-litres

Maintenance 2500 25 37,500

Total 2,105,000

LALT2 Up scaling IMAM services Increase IMAM sites Allowance 160 500 80,000 IMAM- for integrated (To identify new 8 sites) management Under five yrs, of acute malnutrition Pregnant and

Lactating mothers(This intervention will be done Identify and train 82000 82,000 Training both in agro pastoralist CHW package and pastoralist livelihoods includes hall hire, writing Training package materials for the trainees, teas, lunches, transport and projector hire

Assorted Mixing 10000 90,000 9 utensils

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

IMAM registers 3 16000 48,000

Weigh scale 8 5000 40,000

Outreaches for IMAM Allowances 400 2000 800,000

Driver 80 1000 80000

Fuel 2500 140 350,000

Total 1,570,000

LALT3 Community Led Total Training on CLTS Community 50 5000 250,000 Training on Sanitation mobilization CLTS 3 sub counties (This intervention will be done both in agro pastoralist and pastoralist Training package 3 82000 246,000

livelihoods)

Community PAS, Hall hire, 20000 620000 meetings snacks for 30 hotspots

Post triggering by Community 20000 620000 Package for public health meetings post triggering PAS, Hall hire, including snacks for 30 community hotspots analysis to see changes

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

Total 1.736,000

EW PHASE: EARLY ALARM

EALM1 Upscale of integrated Community Community 130 500 65,000 Public Health outreaches mobilization mobilizers

(This intervention will be done both in agro pastoralist and pastoralist livelihoods) • Outreach Allowance 250 4000 1,000,000

Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Lts-litres

CHVS 100 500 50,000

M & E Allowance 2000 2,000,000 DHMT members to do 1000 M&E

Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Lts-litres

Total 3,815,000

EALM2 Activation of measures for Mobilization of Community 50 1000 50,000 supporting health community mobilizers promotion

• Outreach Per diems 600 2000 1,200,000

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Lts-litres

Maintenance 25 37,500 CHV- Community 2500 • Supervision and health monitoring volunteers

Allowance 20 4000 80,000

Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Airtime is for community mobilization

Maintenance 2500 25 37,500

Mobilization of Community 50 1000 50,000 community mobilizers

• Outreach Per diems 2000 600 1,200,000

Total 2.105,000

EW PHASE: LATE ALARM

LALM1 Rapid assessment allowance 50 5000 250,000 All stakeholders Targeted assessment to establish health and

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

nutrition situation

Fuel 400 140 56,000

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Total 343,000

LALM2 Emergency medical kit • Procurement and Assorted 6 1,000,000 6,000,000 6 sub county distribution of emergency drugs health facilities (This intervention will be Assorted drugs done both in agro pastoralist and pastoralist livelihoods)

Total 6,000,000

EW PHASE :EMERGENCY

EMG1 Management of acute Community 2 radio spots Radio messages malnutrition through mobilization and 60 2000 120000 per day for a and talks supplementary and sensitization 30 days therapeutic Public address feeding programmes and 16 5000 80000 the promotion of optimal system

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

infant and child-care Barazas 16 10,000 160000 practices to ensure Allowances 16 3500 56000 that food has maximum impact on the beneficiary Transport and fuel 8 100000 800000 each sub- county gets 1 fuel for the approx 60 day emergency period

Increased Support Sanitation facilities 16 100000 1600000 Porta-latrines IMAM program for the SCs

Shades 16 100000 1,600,000

Each sub- Stabilization 16 100,000 16,00,000 county gets 2 centres tents each

Outreach activities one month Vehicles and fuel 8*30 12000 2,880,000 including health vehicle hire education Collapsible water 16 50,000 800,000 tank for SCs

Hand wash 2 handwash 16 5,000 80,000 facilities for SCs facilities per SC

NFIs 8*2000 10,000 160,000,000 2000 households per sub-county

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

receive NFIs

each Sub- Allowances 16 25000 400,000 county gets 2

Chairs and table 16 500 8000

Total 3,937,000

EMG2 Blanket supplementary Identification of Corn Soya Blend 6000 bags 5,000 30,000,000 This can be feeding program(This beneficiary household purchased in intervention will be done including the elderly case there is both in agro pastoralist no donor who

and pastoralist can donate livelihoods)

Staff allowance 200 2000 400,000 This is the distribution team

Fuel 1000 140 140,000

Vehicle Hire 3 vehicles 35,000 1,050,000 These are for transporting CSB

Total 31,560,000

EMG3 General food distribution Procurement of food Cereals and oil 10,000MT 15,000 NDMA to liaise 150,000,000 with all (This intervention will be stakeholders done both in agro

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

pastoralist and pastoralist Distribution Hire 15 lorries 45500 21,157,500 livelihoods) Food distributors 5 people x31 sites 1000 155,000

Total 171,312,500

EMG4 Provision of non food Community Chujio (Water 31 hotspotsx35 3500 3797500 items for sanitation and mobilization filters) Chujio water borne diseases control (This intervention Supply of non food Leaky tins 31 hotspotsx 20 3500 2170000 l.t-leaky tins will be done both in agro items l.ts pastoralist and pastoralist Soaps 31x20l.t 3500 2170000 livelihoods) Distribution team 5pax x15 days 2000 150000

Fuel 100litres x15 days 140 210,000

Driver 1 driver x15 days 500 7500

Total 8,505,000

EW PHASE RECOVERY

Rec1 Upscale of integrated Mobilization Community 45 500 67500 PUBLIC HEALTH mobilizers outreaches of community

(This intervention will be done both in agro • Outreach Allowances 240 2000 148,000 pastoralist and pastoralist

livelihoods) Fuel 300 140 42,000

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CODE PROPOSED ACTIVITIES ITEM QUANTITY UNIT COST TOTAL COST NOTES INTERVENTION

Maintenance 2500 15 37,500

Total 227,500

Grand Total For Health Sector

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5.6: EDUCATION SECTOR

5.6.1 Introduction The county has 175 public primary schools, 32 public secondary schools with 264 teachers and ten private secondary schools and three operational youth polytechnics and one mid level College that offers Diploma and Certificate courses in the county. The county has no public college but has two private colleges Border Point Teachers College and Maarifa College. Teacher pupil ratio is 1:88 (808 teachers). School dropout rates are 6.6%. Secondary school enrollment was 5,401 (boys: 6,592 and girls 2,206). They are 175 ECD centre with 209 teachers and enrollment of 1632 children. Teacher pupil ratio is 1: 78.

Since the introduction of FPE, the County has recorded an increase in enrolment, reduced dropout rates and improvement in infrastructure mainly supported through devolved funding. Generally the pupils, teacher ratio and the pupils toilet ratio are average. However, retention, completion and performance in national exams have been very poor mainly due to myriad of factors such as:

. Inadequate girl- child education support mechanisms to enable girls’ access quality education and complete schooling satisfactorily. Absenteeism among adolescent girls especially during their monthly menstruations is slowly going down since the start of the government project on provision of the sanitary towels. Girls lack role models to inspire them to perform better since female teaching staff comprises only 1/3 of the teachers’ population. . The harsh environment, drought, insecurity and long distances to school which are common in making learning and teaching difficult. These also inhibit early entry to school. . Weak school management and governance institutions resulting in poor performance and provision of quality education. . . Unbalanced staffing with most teachers concentrated in towns and trading centers, due to insecurity and bad terrain, has contributed to understaffing in most remote schools in the district . FGM and early marriages are some of the cultural practices still practiced in the district. These cultural practices have adverse effects on access, retention and completion of education in general. . Poor road infrastructure and communication. . Inadequate ECD centers and shortage of ECD teachers was compounded by the fact that there was no steady employer for the ECD teachers hence development of the institutions was slow. In addition high illiteracy levels and poor attitude of education in general by the communities led to many children of school going age remain at home. . High poverty levels experienced in some parts of the district leads parents to force children to work in order to add to the family income. The work includes herding, selling charcoal, milk etc. this affects enrolment as some children are forced to drop out early. . Since a low percentage of the population take to formal learning, there is general lack of educated role models and this coupled with shortage of job opportunities where the few who have attended school are still unemployed, discourage parents from taking their children to school because they see no difference.

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. Inadequate tertiary learning institutions e.g. polytechnics, etc to absorb school leavers and train them to take up vocational courses puts the youth to disadvantage and make them easily attracted to unproductive activities hence need for strengthening TIVET activity in the district. . Most schools have Illiterate SMC members this makes them not perform their roles effectively. Secondary schools suffer the same fate with illiterate PTA members and ineffective BOGs due to absenteeism, conflict of interest, political interference etc. . Non- functional TACs and secondary TRC besides irregular teacher in-servicing and inadequate curriculum coverage leads to poor performance in national exams. . There is no structure in place for effective coordination of education stakeholders e.g. DEB, NGOs, FBOs, etc. This leads to duplication of services like in bursary allocation where an individual may benefit from more than four sources at the same time when other very needy persons are left out, or, more than one organization offer identical services in the same area

The enrolment is steadily increasing on term basis, though it is dependent on availability of the school meals programme food. The enrolment has increased by over two thousand pupils in both ECD and primary schools. Cultural practices that perceive boys to be of more importance in the society than girls have continued causing discrepancies among girls and boys leading to high dropout for girls than boys due to pregnancies and early marriages.

DROUGHT CYCLE SCENARIO During normal seasons, school attendance is optimal, transition rates are high, cooking 5.6.2 occurs daily and transfers are minimal. As drought progresses, school attendance gradually decrease as pupils abandon school in search of water and food. Migration of livestock and households also contributes to poor attendance and in severe cases drop outs. Water scarcity during drought also leads reduced preparation meals in schools, which further aggravates poor school attendance, drop outs as well as increased risk of outbreak of communicable diseases in schools. Migrating households exerts additional pressure on existing infrastructure in some critical schools, especially in terms of food, desks and bedding. Poor livestock body condition experienced during drought episodes reduces livestock market value compromises parent’s ability to pay school fees.

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5.6.3 Drought Cycle Scenario - Sequence of events and related indicators Table 7.3.1

Alert Alarm Emergency Recovery

Early Stages Early Stages

• Low attendance 8% • Dropout rate increases to 15 – 20% • Dropout rate increases to 30 – • Dropout rate • Drop out in schools at 3-5% • Attendance rate reduce to 80% 50% decreases to 30% • • • High transition 95% • Transition rate reduce to 70% Attendance rate reduce to 50% Attendance rate • reduce to 70% • Water shortage in some schools • Water shortage in some schools that lead to Transition rate reduce to 40% • that lead to reduction of cooking 5-10% problem in cooking to 20-25% • Water shortage in some schools Transition rate reduce to 60% • Minimal transfers due to • Increase in transfers to 20-25% that lead to problem in cooking to 40-60% • Water shortage in migration causing high enrolment in • Increase in transfers to 50-70% some schools that some schools 5-10 % Late Stages lead to problem in Late Stages cooking to 40-60% • Dropout rate increases to 20 – 30% • decrease in transfers • Drop out in schools at 7-10% • Attendance rate reduce to 60% to 20% • Low attendance 10% • Transition rate reduce to 500% • High transition 90% • Water shortage in some schools that lead to • Water shortage in some schools problem in cooking to 25-30% that lead to problem in cooking 15% • Increase in transfers to 25-35% • Minimal transfers due to migration causing high enrolment in some schools 12 %

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5.6.4 SWOT Analysis Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats

. Supportive stakeholders . Inadequate teaching staff . Partnership with other . Poverty index Fast growing urban centre – . Teacher government agencies . Persistent drought Manderatown(also County headquarter) , distribution/unbalance . Trained teachers and . Insecurity staffing (more teachers Competent field staff . High level of illiteracy . Trained teachers and Competent field concentrated in town . New constitution with a *(73%)* staff centres) devolved government . Adverse cultural practises . School feeding programme . Weak School governance . New constitution with a FGM, Early marriages) . Basic infrastructure in school and . Food shortages devolved government . Youth exposed to Boarding facilities . Teacher management . Vision 2030 immoral content . Support from the government on Free . Most schools not . Tourism (economic /literature Primary Education and Free Day connected to electricity empowerment) . Poor road network Secondary Education Funds. supply . Commercial farming . Adoption of information technology at . IT/ICT the DEO’s office and secondary schools . Pastoralist education policy . Improved educational services, awareness of the value of education and adequate instructional material

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5.6.5: Education Sector Intervention Plan

5.6.5.1 Intervention Plan for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

Early Alert:EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

EALT1 Access to -Carry rapid Early alert To ensure One month SPI Between 5000 Community education, asseseement. access to -0.83 and - role: enrolment education, 1.27.Rainfall increase, retention and Anomaly -Give retention and sustainability Between 10 information

capacity in our and 25%. on alert development. schools. situation. Livestock Body -Participate in condition disaster preparedness 500,000 between 5 forums. and 4 GoK role: -Drop out in schools at • DCF 3-5% County Government -Low role: attendance 8% • Provision of Funds. -High

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

transition Donors role: 95% • Provide -Water funding. shortage in some schools that lead to reduction of cooking 5- 10%

-Minimal transfers due to migration causing high enrolment in some schools 5-10 %

Late Alert Stage

EW PHASE: ALARM

EALM1 Reducing Payment of Alart To 2 months -Dropout 500 15,000,000 Community school’s school Fees accommodate rate role: dropouts in for needy students from increases to • primary and students drought hit 15 – 20% Taking their

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

secondary areas, -Attendance children schools’ rate reduce to to 80% boarding schools -Transition GoK role: rate reduce to 70% • Funds • MCG -Water funds shortage in LNGOs/INGOs some role: schools • Provide Increase in funds transfers to 20-25%

10 – 20 %could not pay fees

EW PHASE: EMERGENCY

Ensure Support Emergency To save lives 3 months All primary 50,000,000 GOK, WFP, continued for school and schools UNICEF EMG1 learning is feeding education of intensified program the students through school feeding

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

programme

Hygiene Provide Emergency Create 3 months 5% of 500 pupils 12,00,000 CGM, Donors detergents conducive children ,GOK , sanitary environment infected pads and for learning with hygiene washing related kits diseases

Bursary fees Bursary Emergency Enhance 3 months 50-70 % of 4000 20,000,000 CGM, donors , food for enrolment student GOK fees affected waivers

EW PHASE: RECOVERY

REC1 Improve Initiate Recovery Enhance 4 months • Dropout 10 schools 25,000,000 CGM, GOK, school boarding enrolment rate Donors

infrastructure schools decrease s to 30% • decrease in transfers to 20%

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5.6.6. Intervention Plan for Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

Early Alert:EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

EALT1 Access to -Carry rapid Early alert To ensure One month SPI Between - 60 schools Community education, asseseement. access to 0.83 and - role: enrolment education, 1.27.Rainfall increase, - retention and Anomaly -Give retention and sustainability Between 10 information

capacity in our and on alert development. schools. 25%.Livestock situation. Body -Participate in condition disaster between 5 preparedness and 4 forums.

-Drop out in 500,000 GoK role: schools at 3- • DCF 5% County -Low Government attendance role: 8% • Provision -High of Funds. transition Donors role: 95% • Provide -Water funding. shortage in

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

some schools that lead to reduction of cooking 5- 10%

-Minimal transfers due to migration causing high enrolment in some schools 5-10 %

EW PHASE: ALARM

EALM1 Reducing Payment of Alart To 3 months -Dropout 500 15,000,000 Community school’s school Fees accommodate rate role: dropouts in for needy students from increases to • primary and students drought hit 15 – 20% Taking secondary areas, their schools’ -Attendance children rate reduce to to 80% boarding schools -Transition GoK role: rate reduce

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

to 70% • Funds • MCG -Water funds shortage in LNGOs/INGOs some role: schools • Provide Increase in funds transfers to 20-25%

10 – 20 %could not pay fees

EW PHASE: EMERGENCY

Ensure Support Emergency To save lives 3 months All primary 50,000,000 GOK, WFP, continued for school and schools UNICEF EMG1 learning is feeding education of intensified program the students through school feeding programme

Hygiene Provide Emergency Create 3 months 5% of 500 pupils 12,00,000 CGM, Donors detergents conducive children ,GOK , sanitary environment infected

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Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost (Ksh) Define roles Intervention Population and responsibility

pads and for learning with hygiene washing related kits diseases

Bursary fees Bursary Emergency Enhance 3 months 50-70 % of 4000 20,000,000 CGM, donors , food for enrolment student GOK fees affected waivers

EW PHASE: RECOVERY

REC1 Improve Initiate Recovery Enhance 4 months • Dropout 10 schools 25,000,000 CGM, GOK, school boarding enrolment rate Donors

infrastructure schools decrease s to 30% • decrease in transfers to 20%

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5.6.7.0 Budget for Education Sector

5.6. 7.1 Budget for Agro Pastoral Livelihood Zone Code Alert Proposed Activities Item Quantity Unit Cost Total Cost Notes Intervention

LALT1 Improved access to Carry rapid assessment. Allowance 20 4000 80,000 education Fuel 400 140 56,000

Maintenance 1500 15 37,500

Sub Total 173,500

Alert

EALM1 Reducing school’s Payment of school Fees for Fees 5000 30,000 15,000,000 10-20% of dropouts in primary needy students. students and secondary schools’

Sub total 15,000,000

EMERGENCY PHASE

EMG1 Ensure continued Support for school feeding Maize 5000 4000 20,000,000 learning is intensified program through school Beans 1000 5000 5,000,000 feeding programme Oil 500 1000 5,000,000

Transport 5000 50,000 25,000,000

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Sub total 55,000,000

Provide detergents , Detergents 3000 150 450,000 sanitary pads and washing kits Sanitary pads 3000 1200 360,000 Hand washing 3000 80 240,000 kits

Transport Hire 1 300,000

Sub total 1,350,000

Bursary food for fees Assorted Food 4000 5000 20,000,000 waivers Fees

Total for Emergency 20,000,00 0

Total for RECOVERY 76,350,000

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5.6.8 Education Sector Budget for Pastoral livelihood Zone LALT1 Improved access to Carry rapid assessment. Allowance 20 4000 80,000 education Fuel 400 140 56,000

Maintenance 1500 15 37,500

Sub Total 173,500

Alert

EALM1 Reducing school’s Payment of school Fees for Fees 5000 30,000 15,000,000 10-20% of dropouts in primary needy students. students and secondary schools’

Sub total 15,000,000

EMERGENCY PHASE

EMG1 Ensure continued Support for school feeding Maize 5000 4000 20,000,000 learning is intensified program through school Beans 1000 5000 5,000,000 feeding programme Oil 500 1000 5,000,000

Transport 5000 50,000 25,000,000

Sub total 55,000,000

Provide detergents , Detergents 3000 150 450,000 sanitary pads and washing Sanitary pads 3000 1200 360,000

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kits Hand washing 3000 80 240,000 kits

Transport Hire 1 300,000

Sub total 1,350,000

Bursary food for fees Assorted Food 4000 5000 20,000,000 waivers Fees

Sub Total 20,000,000

Total for pastoral 76,350,000

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5.7.0 SECURITY SECTOR

5.7.1 SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths Weakness Opportunities Threats

. Capacity to mount . Inadequate resources . Reconciliation . Language barrier proactive measures to . Impassable roads . Inventory of peace actors . Policy frame work of an institution inform people about . High illiteracy levels among . Willingness of leaders to dialogue about conflicts peace through public marginalized communities . Lack of women participation in peace barazas ,etc building. . Lack of community participation in conflict prevention & resolution . Capacity to identify and . Limited resources . Existing conflict resolution methods . Suspicion & doubts promote traditional . Emerging issues . Political goodwill- Devolved . Traditional conflict handling practices that promote Government. mechanisms are never recognized. peace . Capacity to detect early . Lack of expertise on issues . Capacity to understand root causes of . Rumors warning indicators/signs of conflict conflicts . Recurring droughts . Poor Network coverage . Establishment of a conflict Early . Unresolved Land issues/matters- . Cultural diversity Warning Response unit Historical injustice. . Intelligence gathering . Vastness of the area/County . Giving incentives to informers . Lack of Trust (informers) through GOK structure, . Inadequate personnel . Confidence building by interacting . Tribalism/ clannism Elders systems freely with members of the publics . Involvement of . Interaction between human . Promotion of community ownership . Terrorism communities living next & wildlife often results in and collaboration in wildlife to parks & other negative impacts on either conservation initiatives conservancies in wildlife side. . Good compensation scheme in case of conservation matters injury, destruction of property or loss of life occasioned by wild life.s

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5.7.2 Security Sector Intervention AGROPASTORAL LIVELIHOOD EW PHASE: ALERT

Early Alert:EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention Population (Ksh)

ALT 1 Undertakin -Activate conflict Alert -To protect 2 months - early migration -hot spot 5,000,000 - Community: mobilize elders g peace management stage livelihoods & areas - GOK/CGM- facilitation ( DCF, building & teams their essential - scarce resource funds ) conflict components, - Donors: funds manageme especially -Cross-border nt activities capital disagreement -Support conflict investments, early warning and the - clan clashes systems economic and social -Border disputes

networks that

-Intensify peace characterize building efforts in particular conflict prone forms of points. livelihood

Sustain conflict management campaigns through festivals(dramas,

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music dances, games, caravan )

Support development of resource plans by neighboring user groups

-Develop resource use agreements

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention Population (Ksh)

EW PHASE: ALARM

-Intensify -Activation of Alarm -To forestall 3 -Increase in stock General KSH. -Security Agencies, peace peace conflict stage present, past & months theft community 1,350,000 committee members & Village ALM1 building prevention, early future conflicts elders to collect, analyze and efforts in warning and through -Competition over share information with various conflict peace building involvement of little pasture & water stakeholders and take action to points forums in all all players in prevent violent conflicts -Influx of pastoralist using Administrative peace building. from neighboring trusted units Counties mediators -Encouragement of joint community elders

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‘meetings

Support peace committees on monitoring of natural resource uses in conflict prone areas.

EW PHASE: EMERGENCY

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Interventio frame Population n (Ksh)

EMG1 -Intensify -Intensify mobile Emerge -Prevention of 3 -Competition over General 2,850,000 -Security agencies to coordinate peace police patrols. ncy violent conflicts months little pasture & water community rescue operations building Stage which can lead left efforts in -Evacuating the to loss of lives, -Kenya Red Cross- evacuate the conflict Affected Persons destruction of -Political incitements causalities flash points property and -Intensify peace -Proliferation of small -Police to manage crowd control using displacement meetings & light arms trusted of people &barazas. mediators -Negative Ethnicity -Joint barazas - Recovery of to promote stolen property healing & e.g Animals Deploymen reconciliation through t of security negotiation for -Mobilizing the return/ use of personnel key parties to conflict force involved to a hotspots secluded place -Carrying out for

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synchronized Negotiations disarmament exercise to mop -Provide Food illegal arms. to the Affected Persons Support peace committees to facilitate inter- communities dialogues.

EW PHASE: RECOVERY

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timefram Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention e Population (Ksh) LREC1 Promote -Resettlement of Recover -Liaise with the 3 -Illegal grazing -Victims KSH. - Government State Agencies to peaceful Affected Persons y Stage State Agencies / months 5Million spear resettlement of the coexistenc Institutions on -Stock theft -Faith Affected people e between -Holding Inter- the provision of Based humanitarian -Influx of small & light warring County Peace Organizatio -Kenya Red Cross to be the lead meetings to assistance to weapons into the communiti ns Agency in distribution of promote healing & those who need County. es humanitarian Aid to those reconciliation. it. -Human/ Wildlife -Peace conflicts Affected -Recover the -Prevent violence Actors stolen property which can lead to -Agro-Pastoralist conflicts -Security Agencies to provide e.g Animals loss of lives, -Security destruction o f -Absentee Landlords security during the resettlement Agencies of the displaced people besides -Capacity building property and other engagements of Peace displacement of -Kenya Red people Committees. Cross

-NGOs -NYS

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5.7.3 SECURITY BUDGET AGROPASTORAL LIVELIHOOD Alert phase Proposed activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes Code intervention LALT1 Undertake Peace Organize peace workshop of conflict Workshop 8 200,000 1,600,000 One workshops per 6 Building & Conflict mitigation Teams sub counties Management activities Conduct assessment Assessment 4 300,000 1,200,000 In critical spots Creating community awareness on Baraza 4 300,000 1,200,000 retrogressive cultural practices e.g clan clashes Media 4 15,000 60,000 Sustain conflict management campaigns Campaigns 4 150,000 800,000 4 sub counties through festivals(dramas, music dances, games, caravan ) Support development of resource plans Plans 4 50,000 200,000 by neighboring user groups Develop resource use agreements Meetings 4 100,000 400,000 Support conflict Organized peace mediation forums Forums 8 50,000 560,000 8 forums within the warning system County/Cross border Community policing and surveillance 4 50,000 200,000 Subtotal 6,220,000 Alarm stage Intensify peace Activation of conflict prevention, early Forums 4 250,000 1,000,000 building efforts in warning & peace building forums at conflict prone grass root levels points using trusted mediators Organized community dialog meetings meetings 10 150,000 1,500,000 Meetings across/county borders Support peace committees on Meetings 8 150,000 1,200,000 monitoring of natural resource uses in conflict prone areas. Subtotal 3,700,000

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Emergency Proposed activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes Code intervention EMG1 Intensify peace Deployment of security personnel to Allowances 200 2000 400,000 building efforts conflict hot spots Fuel 1000 140 140,000 in conflict flash Peace meetings Meetings 4 150,000 600,000 points using trusted mediators Evacuation and Security coverage 500,000 support to IDPs Procure HH NFI Kits 3000 10,000 3,000,000 Beneficiary identification and distribution Allowance 12 4000 480,000 Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Subtotal 5,470,000 Recovery evaluations of Assessment Allowance 12 4000 480,000 LREC1 response Fuel 2500 140 350,000 interventions Promotion of Cultural sport week Forums 10 150,000 1,500,000 Peaceful inter clan coexistence sporting Resettlement of IDPs HH 3000 35,000 1,050,000 activities Joint inter-community & inter- County Meetings 4 150,000 600,000 peace meetings to promote healing & reconciliation Fuel 2500 140 350,000 LREC1 Training of chiefs, village elders & Allowances 400 2000 800,000 peace committee on conflict Fuel 2500 140 350,000 management Stationeries 400 100 40,000 Transport 100 2000 200,000 refund Meals 400 1000 400,000 Sub total 1,790,000

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5.7.4 Security Sector Intervention plan pastoral livelihood EW PHASE: ALERT

Early Alert:EW phase triggers: SPI-3month: <-1; VCI: <25; Weather forecast: no significant rainfall expected in the next 3 months

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention Population (Ksh)

ALT 1 Undertakin -Activate conflict Alert -To protect 3 months - early migration -hot spot 5,000,000 - Community: mobilize elders g peace management stage livelihoods & areas - GOK/CGM- facilitation ( DCF, building & teams their essential - scarce resource funds ) conflict components, - Donors: funds manageme especially -Cross-border nt activities capital disagreement -Support conflict investments, early warning and the - clan clashes systems economic and social -Border disputes

networks that

-Intensify peace characterize building efforts in particular conflict prone forms of points. livelihood

Sustain conflict management campaigns through festivals(dramas,

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music dances, games, caravan )

Support development of resource plans by neighboring user groups

-Develop resource use agreements

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timeframe Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention Population (Ksh)

EW PHASE: ALARM

-Intensify -Activation of Alarm -To forestall 3 -Increase in stock General KSH. -Security Agencies, peace peace conflict stage present, past & months theft community 1,350,000 committee members & Village ALM1 building prevention, early future conflicts elders to collect, analyze and efforts in warning and through -Competition over share information with various conflict peace building involvement of little pasture & water stakeholders and take action to points forums in all all players in prevent violent conflicts -Influx of pastoralist using Administrative peace building. from neighboring trusted units Counties mediators -Encouragement of joint community elders

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‘meetings

Support peace committees on monitoring of natural resource uses in conflict prone areas.

EW PHASE: EMERGENCY

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Interventio frame Population n (Ksh)

EMG1 -Intensify -Intensify mobile Emerge -Prevention of 3 -Competition over General 2,850,000 -Security agencies to coordinate peace police patrols. ncy violent conflicts months little pasture & water community rescue operations building Stage which can lead left efforts in -Evacuating the to loss of lives, -Kenya Red Cross- evacuate the conflict Affected Persons destruction of -Political incitements causalities flash points property and -Intensify peace -Proliferation of small -Police to manage crowd control using displacement meetings & light arms trusted of people &barazas. mediators -Negative Ethnicity -Joint barazas - Recovery of to promote stolen property healing & e.g Animals Deploymen reconciliation through t of security negotiation for -Mobilizing the return/ use of personnel key parties to conflict force involved to a hotspots secluded place -Carrying out for

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synchronized Negotiations disarmament exercise to mop -Provide Food illegal arms. to the Affected Persons Support peace committees to facilitate inter- communities dialogues.

EW PHASE: RECOVERY

Code Proposed Activities When Objectives Timefram Trigger Target Cost Define roles and responsibility Intervention e Population (Ksh) LREC1 Promote -Resettlement of Recover -Liaise with the 3 -Illegal grazing -Victims KSH. - Government State Agencies to peaceful Affected Persons y Stage State Agencies / months 5Million spear resettlement of the coexistenc Institutions on -Stock theft -Faith Affected people e between -Holding Inter- the provision of Based humanitarian -Influx of small & light warring County Peace Organizatio -Kenya Red Cross to be the lead meetings to assistance to weapons into the communiti ns Agency in distribution of promote healing & those who need County. es humanitarian Aid to those reconciliation. it. -Human/ Wildlife -Peace conflicts Affected -Recover the -Prevent violence Actors stolen property which can lead to -Agro-Pastoralist conflicts -Security Agencies to provide e.g Animals loss of lives, -Security destruction o f -Absentee Landlords security during the resettlement Agencies of the displaced people besides -Capacity building property and other engagements of Peace displacement of -Kenya Red people Committees. Cross

-NGOs -NYS

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5.7.5 SECURITY BUDGET PASTORAL LIVELIHOOD Alert phase Proposed activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes Code intervention LALT1 Undertake Organize peace workshop of conflict Workshop 8 200,000 1,600,000 One workshops Peace Building & mitigation Teams per 6 sub counties Conflict Management Conduct assessment Assessment 4 300,000 1,200,000 In critical spots activities Creating community awareness on Baraza 4 300,000 1,200,000 retrogressive cultural practices e.g clan Media 4 15,000 60,000 clashes Sustain conflict management campaigns Campaigns 4 150,000 800,000 4 sub counties through festivals(dramas, music dances, games, caravan ) Support development of resource plans by Plans 4 50,000 200,000 neighboring user groups Develop resource use agreements Meetings 4 100,000 400,000 Support conflict Organized peace mediation forums Forums 8 50,000 560,000 8 forums within the warning system County/Cross border Community policing and surveillance 4 50,000 200,000 Subtotal 6,220,000 Alarm stage Intensify peace Activation of conflict prevention, early Forums 4 250,000 1,000,000 building efforts warning & peace building forums at grass in conflict prone root levels points using trusted Organized community dialog meetings meetings 10 150,000 1,500,000 Meetings mediators across/county borders Support peace committees on monitoring Meetings 8 150,000 1,200,000 of natural resource uses in conflict prone areas. Subtotal 3,700,000

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Emergency Proposed activities Item Quantity Unit cost Total cost Notes phase intervention Code EMG1 Intensify peace Deployment of security personnel to Allowances 200 2000 400,000 building efforts conflict hot spots in conflict flash Fuel 1000 140 140,000 points using Peace meetings Meetings 4 150,000 600,000 trusted mediators Evacuation and Security coverage 500,000 support to IDPs Procure HH NFI Kits 3000 10,000 3,000,000 Beneficiary identification and distribution Allowance 12 4000 480,000 Fuel 2500 140 350,000

Subtotal 5,470,000 Recovery evaluations of Assessment Allowance 12 4000 480,000 LREC1 response Fuel 2500 140 350,000 interventions Promotion of Cultural sport week Forums 10 150,000 1,500,000 Peaceful inter clan coexistence sporting Resettlement of IDPs HH 3000 35,000 1,050,000 activities Joint inter-community & inter- County Meetings 4 150,000 600,000 peace meetings to promote healing & Fuel 2500 140 350,000 reconciliation

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LREC1 Training of chiefs, village elders & peace Allowances 400 2000 800,000 committee on conflict management Fuel 2500 140 350,000 Stationeries 400 100 40,000 Transport 100 2000 200,000 refund Meals 400 1000 400,000 Sub total 6,120,000

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CHAPTER SIX: SOCIAL PROTECTION

6.0: DROUGHT VULNERABILITY AND SOCIAL PROTECTION The objective is to ensure effective and well targeted financial support to those who are most vulnerable during emergency, to protect their lives and livelihoods from chocks. The safety net and cash transfer programme will enhance the capacity of and opportunities for the poor and vulnerable to improve and sustain their lives, livelihoods, and welfare of the beneficiaries and their dependants to maintain a reasonable level of income.

6.1: CURRENT INTERVENTIONS

HSNP is part of the National Safety Nets Programme which is coordinated by the National 6.1.1. HUNGER SAFETY NET PROGRAMME (HSNP II) Social Protection Secretariat and reflects the Government of Kenya’s commitment to improving social welfare systems as outlined in the National Social protection Policy. The objective of the HSNP is to ensure effective, financially secure and well targeted use of safety net and cash transfer programme to support some of the most vulnerable.

NDMA which falls under the Ministry of Devolution and Planning is the institutional home of HSNP II through which the Government will support the programme. NDMA will be responsible for the implementation and oversight of the programme and will have support from FSD who will manage the payments component while HelpAge will manage the right and grievances component. Currently 22,231 Beneficiaries are targeted in Mandera County.

CASH TRANSFER FOR ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN (CT-OVC) PROGRAMME 6.1.2. The Cash Transfer for Orphans and Vulnerable Children (CT-OVC) Programme was launched by the Government of Kenya (GOK) in 2004. The broad objective of the Programme is to strengthen households’ capacities to provide a social protection system through regular cash transfers to families with OVC, in order to encourage fostering and retention of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in their families within the communities and to promote their human capital development. The Programme provides regular support to poor households caring for OVCs in programme areas.

PROTRACTED RELIEF AND RECOVERY OPERATIONS PROGRAMMES The County has been under Emergency Operation Programme (EMOP) since October 2004 6.1.3 with the highest caseload recorded between March and September 2006 targeting 241,720 beneficiaries. Since then, the number of people requiring food aid had been on a continuous downward trend until early 2008. The poor rainfall experienced in the last three seasons has led to a gradual increase of people requiring food aid from 115,885 (March – September 2008), to 117,791(October 2008 to March 2009) and 123,509 (April to September 2009) 117,000 (October 10 to February 2011) 132,480 (May 2011 to September 2011), 167,600 (October 11 to April 12) , 138,038 (May 2012 to September 12 ) and 133,621 (October 12- March 13) 115,000(April 13 to September 13 ) 108900(October 2013 to March 2014) under Protracted Relief and Recovery Operations (PRRO).

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The Protracted Relief and Recovery Operations currently targets 80,538 through General Food Distribution (GFD) and 28,362 beneficiaries under Food for Assets (FFA). Supplementary feeding programme currently targets 5,971 children under than five years, pregnant and lactating mothers. The Government of Kenya (GOK) relief continued to be supplied under parallel food distribution but with several pipeline breakages. The target for GOK food includes IDPs and other vulnerable persons not targeted under protracted relief and recovery operations.

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6.1.4 SOCIAL PROTECTION INTERVENTION PLAN FOR ALL LIVELIHOOD ZONES CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Amount Roles and interventio frame populatio (ksh) responsibility n for the n early alert stage

Late Aarm STAGE

EALT1 prepositioni Food situation Early alert To save lives Throug SPI: 0.09 to +0.83 County 500,000 GOK/County Government ng of food assessment with and hout VCI (1 month): 35 wide relief to seasonal livelihoods the to 65 Funds; 260,000 (i.e. Purchase of food relief forecast of of the most alert Social Economic 260,000 Indicators: All 30 %) depressed vulnerable stage (35%) 291,000,000 vulnerable Distribution of relief rains population Refer to table stakeholders 4.3.1; food population WFP at 70% ration

Sub total 291,500,000

NHSP • Up scaling of HNSP Recovery Improve 1 Social Economic 40,000 920,000,000 GOK/Donor Indicators: beneficiaries stage livelihoods month Refer to table

Supervision/ Beginning Throug SPI: >= 0.84 County 3,000,000 GOK,Donor monitoring of hout wide VCI (1 month): emergency the >=65 emerg Social Economic ency Indicators: Refer to table

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CODE Proposed Activities When Objectives Time Trigger Target Amount Roles and interventio frame populatio (ksh) responsibility n for the n early alert stage

4.3.1;

Emergency Stage

EMG1 Provision of Assessment to Beginning Supply food Throug Social Economic 37.4% 500,000 GOK/County Indicators: determine relief food Government food relief of to the hout Refer to table requirement emergency vulnerable the 4.3.1; Funds; households emerg

Purchase of food relief to save lives ency 260,000 291,000,000 All stakeholders • Distribution of WFP relief food

HSNP Cash transfer to poor 22,231 57,800,600 GOK/ donor persons

Sub total 349,300,600

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6.1. 5: BUDGET FOR SOCIAL PROTECTION ALL LIVELIHOOD ZONE

Code Proposed intervention Activities Items Quantit Unit Cost Amount (ksh) Notes y

Late alarm Stage

EALT1 Provision of food relief to Rapid Assessment to Allowances 25 5000 125,000 260,000 (i.e. 35%) determine level of need vulnerable population at and beneficiaries. Fuel 2500 140 62,500 65% ration Purchase of food relief for Rice (bags) 46800 4000 187,200,000 35% of LZ population. 65% ration comprise of 7.5kg Beans(bags) 9360 6000 56,160,000 maize; 1.5kg beans and Oil (ltrs) 8667 3200 27,734,400 0.45ltrs oil

Distribution cost, logistics Transport 20,000,000

Allowances for distribution 100 5000 500,000 days

Sub Total 291,781,400

Emergency stage

LALT1 Provision of food relief to Rapid Assessment to Allowances 25 5000 125,000 260,000 (i.e. 5%) determine level of need vulnerable population at and beneficiaries. Fuel 2500 140 62,500 65% ration Purchase of food relief for Rice (bags) 46800 4000 187,200,000

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Code Proposed intervention Activities Items Quantit Unit Cost Amount (ksh) Notes y

35% of LZ population. 65% Beans(bags) 9360 6000 56,160,000 ration comprise of 7.5kg maize; 1.5kg beans and Oil (ltrs) 8667 3200 27,734,400 0.45ltrs oil Transport 20,000,000 Distribution cost

Distribution cost Allowances for distribution 100 5000 500,000 days

Sub Total 291,594,400

LALM1 HSNP Cash transfer to poor Cash transfer 22,231 2300 57,800,600 persons M & E 1000 3000 3,000,000

Fuel 3000 140 420,000

61,220,600

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CHAPTER SEVEN: OVERALL MANAGEMENT AND COORDINATION

7.0 Standard Operating Procedures This part of the contingency plan outlines the relationships various stakeholders and structures are supposed to sustain both vertically and horizontally throughout the drought cycle. The section takes cognizance of the need for strong relationship among various actors in drought management. The Government provides leadership through NDMA while other actors that include; County Governments, INGOs, NGOs, FBOs, and community DRR structures playing their respective roles in drought effects mitigation. Specific roosters and inventories can further be developed by the sector working groups at all phases of drought. Particular sector standard operating procedure articulating procedures are accessible in the NDMA drought response manual and other manuals such as LEGS for the livestock sector and SPHERE. Drought response manuals attempt to provide this guidance while at the same time other standards can be adopted for effective response as developed by other organizations to complement the NDMA drought response manual. The working groups enumerated below are critical in successful implementation of drought contingency plan.

7.1 Response Taskforces/ Working groups

1. NATIONAL DROUGHT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY (NDMA) Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Provide policy and legal • Activate preparedness • Facilitate recovery guidelines on integrating DRR measures at a very early and livelihoods into national developmental alert stage reconstruction. policies. • Stock pile fast moving items • Document lessons • Provide timely and relevant and acquiring required learnt and share drought information human resources with other • Facilitate strengthening of • Repair and maintenance of stakeholders for drought preparedness and the available emergency better drought mitigation structures at all infrastructure. management levels. • Constitute drought rapid • Facilitates review and updates assessment teams to collect, of drought contingency plans analyze and disseminate • Strengthen community drought information with resilience through clear thresholds coordination of medium to • Ensure early drought long term resilience building response mechanisms by programmes (ending drought disbursing DCF to the emergency) affected counties. • Coordinate drought • Coordinate drought response management at both national to ensure use of best and county levels practices and standards • Strengthen drought • Coordinate and provide information systems. leadership to KFSM, KFSSG, • Resource mobilization to build and sector working groups the capacities of National, on emergency response county and communities • Advice the President who in disaster preparedness teams turn declares the drought a • Facilitate inter communities and national disaster if it reaches inter-counties agreements for beyond set thresholds. better natural resources access and control.

2.Kenya Food Security Meeting(KFSM) • Strengthen drought • Provide updated information • Facilitate and management structures on drought status throughout support recovery • Strengthen drought information the drought period. activities for management and sharing • Continuous vulnerability livelihoods mechanisms update reconstruction. • Support community resilience • Monitor drought response initiatives activities with a clear focus on • Support DCF and strengthen mitigating drought effects. disbursement mechanism • Support KFSSG on rapid assessments and continuous drought monitoring 3.Kenya Food Security Steering Group(KFSSG) • Support drought management • Constitute rapid assessment • Carry out post information teams and carry out drought drought • Review and update livelihood effects assessments assessments in zones maps • Provide drought status collaboration • Conduct bi-annual food security overview to stakeholders and with CSGs assessments KFSM • Facilitate • Recommend resilience • Prioritize key intervention recovery and strategies to KFSM for support. areas by sector working livelihoods • Review and update on groups reconstruction. contingency plans across the • Review and recommend counties targeting levels for support by • Strengthen drought KFSM management structures both at • Provide monitoring and national and local levels evaluation on drought through necessary capacity response through sector building initiatives. working groups. • Strengthen sector working • Work closely with the county groups and DISC steering groups 4. County Planning Units • Building on the work of the • During a drought the CPUs are • Continue to community, County NDMA and part of the rapid teams that update CPUs refine and consolidate the carry out rapid food security contingency ‘drought management risks’ and assessments to update plans based on map the likely drought contingency plans in to EW information progression and impact for each actions plans for request of climate and livelihood zone DCF • In collaboration with NDMA drought response officers, sector working groups of CSG and community DRR structures, the CPUs support the development and updating of drought contingency and resilience plans • CPUs in collaboration with county NDMA ensure that county contingency plans and budgets are updated regularly, to reflect significant changes in

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weather, food security and other pertinent data that are revealed by the Early warning System • CPUs with support from NDMA ensure that DRR issues are mainstreamed in the county development planning and resource allocation 4.County Steering Group ( CSG )

Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Analysis of exact details of the • Coordinate/ continuously • Advocacy for implications of the warning / monitor all preparedness/ mainstreaming ensuring that warnings especially response activities. of drought for vulnerable groups are passed • Policy recommendations to mitigation through the fastest means of the central government, measures in communication and checked for humanitarian/ development development accuracy partners, county political plans • Activation of all response / leadership, lower local • Continuous preparedness teams/ taskforces governments, and sectoral coordination of and clear directions for each emergency response teams activities to ones responsibility spelt out as based on assessment findings, provide outlined in contingency plan. relief/ rehabilitation needs. sustainable • Carry out capacity assessment of • Provide drought information means of relevant response teams and communication channels livelihood to ensure they are fully trained and • Strengthen community most vulnerable aware of their roles and readiness systems for communities. responsibilities as per drought effective response. • Strengthening of contingency plan • Develop and adopt targeting disaster • Collaborate with county NDMA framework based on the management and CPUs to review and update vulnerability levels. structures at all county drought contingency • Ensure proper coordination of levels. plans before drought onset. drought response activities • Document • Monthly (or as necessary) CSG for effective and efficient lessons learnt review meetings attended by all response. during the government line departments in • Ensure timely utilization of drought period respect of all drought DCF for effective and timely for preparedness/ mitigation response mechanism. improvements in activities. • Provide technical future droughts. • Facilitate communities to backstopping to community • Facilitate develop and review their institutions through sector interventions contingency plans for working groups. that enhance mainstreaming in county • Monitor and evaluate livelihoods contingency planning. response activities and recovery. • Support resilience initiatives identify associated impacts • Facilitate (ending drought emergencies). • Identify and focus on drought community • Sustain capacity building to hot spots. institutions to community institutions on • Develop comprehensive review and draw drought risk reduction. drought response plan in lessons learnt for • Advocacy for mainstreaming of cooperating multi-hazard better drought drought mitigation measures in approach(Conflict response development plans management initiatives) • Assess the capacity requirements and identify gaps • Strengthen conflict management

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initiatives 6. Community disaster risk reduction structures (federation at division/ward level) • Carry out community • Identify the most vulnerable • Facilitate participatory drought risk households and individuals recovery of reduction assessment and for targeting through relief livelihoods. identify the most vulnerable and safety net programs • Coordinate groups • Contribute to disseminate implementation • Establish and strengthen drought information on drought status of recovery risk reduction committees at and response initiatives at the village level • Coordinate drought response community level • Facilitate community process for interventions at cluster or review and update of drought villages levels through sector risk reduction and contingency committees plans. • Work in collaboration with • Play a lead role in drought risk CSG in monitoring and reduction measures planning evaluating the drought and implementation. response activities. • Navigate communities to • Facilitate awareness creation resilience through medium and to the community to actively long term strategies participate drought response • Conduct community awareness activities for effective on drought risk reduction mitigation efforts. campaigns • Work with sector working • Sustain resource mobilization groups to develop sector within the community and from rosters for various organized their development supporters interventions. • Strengthen conflict management initiatives • Facilitate intra and inter community agreements development. • Stockpile food, and equipments for drought period • Provide necessary linkages for resilience especially with county governments. 7.Drought information management teams (KFSSG and CSG working groups) Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Conduct bi-annual drought • Closely monitor disaster • Continuous assessments progress. monitoring of • Continue updates on livelihoods • Continuous flow of weather zones review and mapping information to the CSG/KFSSG situation / • Prepare and update vulnerability relevant stakeholders and information mapping, if there be any change communities on latest details. dissemination. in classification of areas shown • Provide regular drought • Compilation/ in the map prepared for disaster vulnerability updates to the dissemination of affected areas. stakeholders drought trend for • Disseminate drought warning • Strengthen community early future reference/ alerts to all relevant warning institutions and planning. stakeholders and communities. information dissemination • Identify and • In case of warning that the channels at community level. facilitate post drought has abated/ conditions drought have changed course, information for information should be purposes of immediately shared with all livelihoods

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relevant stakeholders and the reconstruction communities. • Strengthen drought early warning information collection, analysis, sharing and dissemination mechanisms • Capacity builds drought information stakeholders for better drought information management. • Strengthen traditional drought early warning system 8.Public relations and communication team (NDMA drought information and CSG information sector group) Pre- Drought (preparedness) During Drought Post Drought (Recovery) • Work closely with drought • Alert all relevant stakeholders • Restore information management team on the warning and maintain equipments and and visit to drought affected close contact with county tools. areas. governments. • Arrange for • Assessment of publicity • Check personnel and publicity requirements of the affected equipment and arrange materials in areas depending on extent of publicity through available consultation with drought vulnerability in the means regarding drought concerned county. status. departments on • Develop communication policy • As part of the rapid necessary post and framework for drought assessment teams visit drought and information management with drought affected areas and recovery clear objectives. ascertain publicity publicity needs. • Mobilize all required logistics for requirements. • Documentation / publicity works. • Deploy fully equipped dissemination of • Keep close liaison with county publicity units in affected lessons learnt to governments and all concerned areas. support future heads of departments, sector • Issue relevant press messages planning. working groups and community by all available means, timely • Collect and disaster management and regularly. disseminate committees for giving advance • Frequently visit drought drought publicity. affected areas to ensure mitigation good • Train and capacity build other effectiveness of practices stakeholders on effective communication mechanisms. adopted by communication strategies at all • NDMA will provide drought communities and share across levels. briefing information to the • Develop and disseminate other resilience building messages. public during emergency stakeholders. • Maintain close liaison with the stage through drought local press and all media heads bulletin stationed in the national and local levels. 9.Food items coordination teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal During Disaster (Late alarm and Post and alert stage) emergency stage) Disaster(Recovery) • Coordination meeting of • Inter sectoral coordination/ • Compilation of a stockiest is held every quarter coordination as well as ensure multi sectoral and levels of emergency supplies that coordination with NGOs post disaster by each stockiest (relief food, is complete and each NGO is report starting water, medicines, vaccines etc) aware of their areas of from disaster

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are updated in the data base. operations and level of season , disaster • Plan awareness campaign participation. and post disaster strategy before the drought • Regular review meetings with period bringing onset in terms of warning line departments and out all aspects of dissemination procedures, food emergency response teams/ preparedness, stockpiling. taskforces. response, • Issue warning to the sectoral • Ensure continuous flow of restoration, emergency focal points to check information and national rehabilitation , their response mechanisms, authorities/ CSG / drought detailed causes materials and equipments as per response teams are kept of damages, checklist and in accordance with informed of latest details. casualties and drought contingency plan • Increase targeting levels deficiencies to aligning with needs assessment. considering the vulnerability support in future • Meeting with emergency team levels planning. focal points to review • Coordinate both relief and • Provision of mitigation/ response safety net programs in relief seed for requirements and minimum drought affected areas. early planting in resources/ logistics required for • Establish and strengthen the crop production each sectoral response. necessary logistics areas • Support community resilience arrangement for timely relief • Facilitate initiatives through promotion of food operations. recovery and livelihoods diversification • Basic trainings to relief livelihoods options committees on food reconstruction • Build capacity of relief food commodities handling value chain actors • Monitor the quality of • Strengthen community relief distributed food to avert committees incidences of food toxicities • Strengthen FFA activities to e.g. aflotoxicies bridge between general relief • Train households on basic operations. food utilization (preparation • Update and review targeting of supplementary feeds) levels as per the food security assessments • Mobilization of relevant stakeholders and stocking of resources for relief programs. 10. Conflict management teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal During Disaster (Late alarm and emergency stage) and alert stage) • Map all conflict hot spots and • Keep watch over the drought situation particularly in develop strategies to address livestock concentration areas that are conflicts long term conflict management hotspots. initiatives • Keep in readiness available personnel for community • Facilitate intra and inter policing. communities land uses • Provisions to be made to dispatch force rapid agreements to minimize friction response personnel as and when required. among user groups during • Ensure security of drought affected communities and drought periods. their livelihoods. • Disseminate information on • Maintenance of law and order. mapped conflicts hot spot to all • Detail security personnel for guarding relief materials stakeholders and county and at the time of distribution of relief items. governments. • Work in liaison with county governments and the CSG. • Collect all intelligence • Facilitate access to inaccessible areas and facilities for information of all important effective drought response matter pertaining to the drought warning and pass correct

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information to the county governments and relevant stakeholders. • Strengthen the county peace committees to integrate conflict management into planning. • Facilitate community resilience through livelihoods diversifications 11.Rapid assessment team Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal During Disaster (Late alarm and Post and alert stage) emergency stage) Disaster(Recovery) • Training of team members on • Carry out initial rapid • Arrange/ carry assessment modalities. assessments/draft out multi • In collaboration with line assessment report within 24 sectoral post departments, develop an hours. drought appropriate assessment tool that • Present assessment report to assessments. should be presented to the the KFSSG and CSG clearly • Provide KFSSG and CSG for approval. highlighting extent of necessary data • Draft an assessment work plan. damage, required responses. for lessons learnt • Mobilize all necessary • Arrange / conduct multi documentation. assessment resources/ logistics. sectoral detailed assessments • Participate in drought of damages, casualties, contingency plans updates resource shortfalls. • Develop and maintain inventories of drought affected assets and individuals • Provide essential data for targeting and timely response 12. Human health response teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal During Disaster (Late alarm and Post and alert stage) emergency stage) Disaster(Recovery) HEALTH • Enhance human diseases • Alert all doctors and • Restore surveillance mechanisms at all paramedical staff on receipt equipment and levels. of warning. stores. • Visit the generally drought • Check personnel, equipment • Repair or affected areas on the basis of and medical stores and replace vulnerability upgrade where necessary. damaged • Prepare a list of health facilities • Arrange for necessary equipments. located in the area vehicles, ambulances in • Arrange for • Prepare a list and contacts of consultation with the district disposal of medical personnel/ paramedics administration/ district utilized already available in the area health team. medicines and and the projected number of • Immediately visit the disinfectants. additional personnel of each affected areas. • Strengthen category that may be required • Start measures for health community in each of the areas in case of relief in the affected area disease acute drought conditions. through mobile clinics. surveillance • Prepare a list of medical • Make immediate mechanisms personnel and paramedical arrangements for staff of different categories that temporary/ mobile clinics if can be withdrawn from their necessary. places of work and their • Decide immediately on

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services utilized for emergency isolation of certain patients, relief work. if necessary and arrange for • Ensure that adequate stock of isolation wards. medicines, vaccines and • Frequently visit the drought disinfectants likely to be affected areas and ensure necessary are kept at the effectiveness of health county and sub-county health measures. facilities. • Keep ready materials for establishing an isolation unit for each of the very vulnerable areas. • Arrange for mobilizing at short notice medical relief teams. • Prepare a detailed plan for utilizing the doctors and staff from other health organization in the district if so required. • Sustain community awareness campaigns to reduce drought related diseases • Take measures for prevention of epidemic and arrange vaccinations against drought prone epidemics. 13 Nutrition Pre- disaster During/ Post Disaster • Activate/ operationalize • Alert personnel on receipt of drought warning and nutrition surveillance systems. keep constant touch with health teams and that of • Make arrangements for mobile food sector. units for maternal and child • Ensure that vulnerable groups received at welfare centers in vulnerable supplementary / TFC are properly taken care of. areas if necessary. • Ensure adequate supplies for nutrition programs. • Draw up nutrition program for children under 5 years and expectant/ nursing mothers in drought prone areas. • Assess requirements and make arrangements for supplementary feeding /therapeutic feeding • Community awareness on basic nutrition skills • Enhancing communities’ resilience through household food diversification options. 14. Water hygiene, and sanitation team Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal During Disaster (Late alarm and Post and alert stage) emergency stage) Disaster(Recovery) • Visit the generally drought • Alert lower local government • Restore tools affected areas. authorities on receipt of and equipments • Assess measures likely to be drought warning. • Repair or required for safe water supply in • Visit the affected areas replace those areas. immediately along with public damaged tools • Prepare list of WASH personnel health education team. and already available and the • Assess extent of water supply equipments.

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number of additional personnel measures required and deploy • Documentation that may be required in each necessary staff. / dissemination area. • Constantly visit the drought of lessons learnt • Prepare list of WASH personnel affected areas and ensure to support that may be withdrawn from adequate safe water supply future planning. other areas to be used for relief measures for both domestic • Re-train water work. and livestock requirements. user • Put arrangements in place for • Provide fuel subsidies for associations for deployment of public health motorized water sources effective water education teams at county and • Identify areas with acute water resource sub county levels for hygiene shortages for targeting in management. and sanitation awareness water trucking with clear campaign work. populations and needs. • Ensure adequate stock of • Other measures as per the equipment and materials for Kenyan public health act. emergency response/ preposition in appropriate places. • Stockpile fast moving spare parts for boreholes and other water sources • Stockpile water treatment agents for ease of access during drought period • Train and equip the water resource user associations with basic skills and equipments • Draw up tentative program of action 15.Crop and Livestock drought response teams Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal During Disaster (Late alarm and Post and alert stage) emergency stage) Disaster(Recovery) 13.I Crop • Based on meteorological reports, • Alert all relevant • Implementation and biophysical EWS indicators, stakeholders / community of agricultural advice the season with below on receipt of warning. livelihood normal rains and advice suitable • Draw a tentative program restorative crop varieties and cropping for emergency relief work. activities. patterns. • Render technical guidance • Disposal of • Assessment of acreage under to farmers for salvage and undistributed crops and number of farmers to be protection of surviving agricultural relief affected in each of the areas. crops and rising of such supplies that • Assessment of requirements of varieties of crops as may be cannot be used seeds and tools for drought suitable during the season/ beyond that recovery. in the next planting season. particular period. • Stockpile the right drought • Arrange for spraying of • Documentation / tolerant crop varieties for ease of pesticides if necessary. dissemination of access by farmers • Constantly visit the affected lessons learnt to areas to ensure support future effectiveness if agricultural planning relief and rehabilitation measures. 16. Livestock Pre- Disaster preparedness(normal During Disaster (Late alarm and Post and alert stage) emergency stage) Disaster(Recovery)

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• Assess requirements of • Alert all relevant stakeholders • Restore tools veterinary measures to be under / pastoralists on receipt of and equipments/ taken in the affected areas and warning. repair/replace arrange for required staff, • Draw up tentative program damaged equipments, vet drugs, vaccines for mass vaccinations and equipment. etc and materials for opening treatment. • Arrange for first aid centers and • Visit drought affected areas disposal of dispensaries. immediately with veterinary balance • Assessment of / make necessary relief team and start relief medicines or arrangements for access to dry measures. replenish stock season grazing areas/ water for • Arrange with help of district of medicines and livestock. authorities relocation of stores. • Mobilize veterinary teams at the livestock to refuge grazing • Take steps for county and sub county level for areas. repair of livestock sector response. • Constantly visit the livestock damaged • Arrange for prevention of wide concentration areas and veterinary spread of epizootics. ensure effectiveness of facilities. • Establish and maintain the vaccinations and treatments • Establish and necessary infrastructure undertaken. strengthen • Capacity building activities for • Carry out livestock off-takes community pastoral groups on livestock to cushion pastoralists against institutions as a production. losses readiness • Sustain access to livestock • Support provision of livestock mechanism. extension services by pastoral feeds and supplements • Review and groups. • Train and support hides and update • Prepare veterinary map showing skins groups on leather and development veterinary service areas and tannery plans on livestock population covered by • Provide necessary veterinary livestock sector each of the institution. services in key markets to with focus on • Arrange for short/ refresher sustain livestock trade. breeds trainings for veterinary medical improvement care and prevention of • Monitor livestock epizootics for veterinary staff/ market trends community animal health and advice workers. pastoralists the • Arrange for sufficient materials right time for for public awareness. destocking • Enhance communities’ livelihoods diversification options.

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CHAPTER EIGHT: PROCEDURES FOR DISBURSEMENT OF DROUGHT CONTINGENCY FUND

8.1 Drought Contingency Fund (DCF) Business Process • Based on the new devolution process, this business process refers to county level structures, i.e. county, sub-county and division/ward. The DSG is replaced with the County Steering Group (CSG), which is a sub-committee of the County Development Committee and is mandated to coordinate various stakeholders involved in food security. A County Planning Unit (CPU) is involved in the planning process including mainstreaming of DRR and preparation of contingency plans, under the support of the County NDMA Office (CNDMA), which is a branch office of the NDMA. • The three drought response management systems of: contingency planning, early warning and drought contingency fund management shall be interlinked, so as to ensure the coherence of outputs from all of them. • Drought response activities are specific initiatives triggered by the stages of the drought cycle signaled by the EWS. Interventions are identified for each stage, and activities are implemented depending on five drought-warning stages based on drought monitoring data i.e. Normal, alert, alarm, emergency, and recovery warning stages. • Comprehensive, multi-sectoral Contingency (shelf) Plans are prepared and activated for rapid reaction to the early warning. They cover necessary interventions at each phase of drought (alert, alarm, emergency and recovery) together with detailed budget for each activity • The early warning information is used to determine the drought status in a given area. • Applications for NDCF funds are supported by detailed contingency plans and budgets that are mapped to each warning phase; • The parameters for early warning phase classification (normal, alarm, alert and emergency) are embedded in the early warning database so as to ensure consistent determination of status across the ASAL region. • Relevant baseline data on such aspects as population size, water resources, nutrition status, etc, will be captured into the livelihood zone database so that it may serve as a basis for activity planning. • The outcomes of the early warning activities should inform and be used to update the contingency action plans. • Comprehensive drought response intervention implementation plans and budgets that are linked to contingency plan and clearly demonstrate expected impact of interventions must be submitted together with the funds request. • The costing of interventions must be subject to standards costing rates that are already embedded in the contingency planning model. • The funds requisition must be a computer generated document that summarizes the implementation plan and budget. • Information on disbursement process, implementation and reporting must be stored in web- based software (DCF business process) • The proposed drought response and fund disbursement model is summarized in the following tables.

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Table 1: Contingency Planning and Funds Requisition Model

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8.2 Drought Contingency Process

A process initiated by the National Drought Management Authority Long-term developmental priorities identified by (NDMA) and coordinated by the Technical KFSSG and County Steering the community are validated by the county officers Group (CSG) at the county level map out each of the districts into representing key sectors at the county and referred climate and livelihood zones. (This is a one off process) to the relevant CPU for inclusion into the County

Division/ward development committees are facilitated by -County Division/ward drought vulnerability reports are NDMA and County Planning Unit (CPU) to identify factors that consolidated into a sub-county report and enriched by Building on the work of the community, render the community vulnerable to drought and the impact of such the county team to fully reflect historical data and County NDMA and CPU refine and consolidate drought on the community health and livelihoods, prioritise them weather projections. Actions proposed by the community the ‘drought management risks and map the likely drought progression and impact for each and propose both developmental and emergency responses. This are categorised between developmental (long term) and

The approved county A comprehensive and costed action plan that responds to each of The expected impact of the projected drought risks contingency plans are sent The contingency these scenarios is then put together. Types and quantities of required on the human and animal population at each to the NDMA. The NDMA plans are materials are also specified. drought phase is identified and the required reviews contingency plans submitted to the This information is then consolidated and used to draw up a county response specified, in each instance. The size of the drought contingency plan that indicates required actions and and consolidate them into County Steering population (human and animal) that is likely to be projected costs (use of contingency planning software to standardise a national drought Group (CSG) for the plans). Contingency plans are prepared during normal times (no impacted is also projected, based on the historical contingency plans which is review and drought times) submitted to the Board of l

County contingency plans National contingency plan and The NDCF consolidates Requirements for the and budgets are updated budget are also updated as the funding drought contingency regularly, to reflect needed to reflect information requirements into a funds are set and significant changes in from the early warning status. projected drought communicated to the weather, food security and management budget for Board of Trustees of other pertinent data that are inclusion in the national revealed by the Early

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8.3 Early Warning Process

The sentinel sites that are established at the locational/sub-locational level serve as the centre points of drought surveillance.

A summary of findings and The Field Monitor visits each sentinel site once a The Data Analyst captures The CDC proposed actions (drought month to collect data from each household and the data in the Early Warning consults with preparedness and response) selected groups of key informants while the System Database, analyses the Technical is compiled and forwarded to drought information officer visits each site once the information and County Steering community DRR structures a month to collect completed forms and generates reports. These Group (TCSG) and ward-level county offices reports are referred to the and obtains validates the results by carrying out interviews of for transmission to the County Drought their input on

the findings.

Discussions at TCSG If the early warning process The authority The bulletin is The CDM presents the level take note of and reveals a drought situation, it sends copies submitted to the report to the CSG which highlight any potential triggers a rapid food of the bulletin NDMA. Concurrently, validates it using its own or existing food security assessment to confirm the to Ministry copies are made and information regarding status on the ground. This is issues for action. This HQs to inform distributed to the Line the food security status information is then used done by the County team and action Ministries at the within the County and to generate a County in some cases by both planning by County and other finalises the Food

The NDMA then consolidates the reports from the various counties to a national drought early warning bulletin and distributes the same to all stakeholders. 255 | Page

8.4 Funds Requisitioning and Disbursement Process

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8.5 Fund Reporting Process

On a monthly basis, or at the end of the intervention, if earlier, all ministries and/or departments that are recipients of drought contingency funds submit

comprehensive implementation and expenditure reports to the CDC. Such reports include:

• The area of intervention. • The nature of the interventions, e.g provision of water, food, vaccination, etc. • The number of beneficiaries (both human and livestock) • The amount expended per activity • The stage of implementation – whether complete or partial • The impact of the implementation (the extent to which the impact of drought has been ameliorated). • Additional interventions required and planned, • Required funding for the next month.

The CDC carries out The CDC compiles a consolidated The NDMA The NDCF reviews Financial &

physical inspection report for the county on this basis reviews the the County Implementation of the County Financial reports, reports are and the County NDMA finance implementation manager carries out a reconciliation implementation carry out sample submitted to the funding activities by way of exercise and ensures that all funds reports, carries audit as required, validating the disbursed are accounted for. The out sample audit and consolidate agencies/bodies reports submitted report highlights key issues and as required and them into a by the County indicates required actions going consolidate them national report. Sector heads. forward. Funding requirements for into a national The report is then report. The submitted to the

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8.6 Proposed Drought Contingency processes Linkages

Early Warning Rapid needs Contingency Fund Contingency Planning Process Assessment • When a deteriorating • Contingency plans are • Early Warning • Rapid needs situation persists the standardized & developed via the monitoring are carried Assessment are CMC will request CP software funding based on the • The contingency planning process out monthly through conducted to ascertain plan defined at the assesses the expected Drought the year. the food security after Status, risk of food insecurity and1 • Early warning is guided an early warning contingency planning scale of impact on livelihoods. by the prescribed bulletin reports a stage. • Objective criteria for determining drought status deteriorating situation. • The requisition of drought status and risk are pre- definition criteria • They are coordinated funds must be defined. 2 (Normal/Alert/Alarm/E by the NDMA accompanied by The • For each drought status and risk Contingency Plan, category: (Normal (low risk) / mergency/Recovery). 3 Headquarters with the • Measurements are participation of county Early Warning Bulletin Alert (moderate risk) / Alarm (high risk) / Emergency a set of taken of indicators to officers. and the Rapid needs actions, expected impacts and Assessment Report. 4 establish if they have • The results are their corresponding costs are put exceed the set published in a food in place. thresholds to security report by the • The plan is approved, first by the CSG and secondly by the NDMA. necessitate a drought NDMA • The plans are developed at status change county/sub county level. • County plans are consolidated into a national plan and budget. 5

6

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Annex: 1 Stakeholder involvement in the Contingency plan development

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ANNEX 2: SOCIO ECONOMIC STATISTICS

This is a summary of statistics that describe the County at a glance, and was compiled using data obtained from various documents from various sources including Kenya National Bureau of statistics, DIDC, line ministries etc.

INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

County Area: Mandera

2 Total area KM (KPHC 2009) 25,991.5

2 Water mass KM River Daua 150Km stretch

2 Gazetted Forests KM 0

Non-gazetted Forests (Ha) 0

National Parks/ Game Reserves 1

2 Arable land KM 150,000 ( Ha)

2 Non-arable land KM 10,000(ha)

2 Total urban areas KM 2,204.3

No. of towns with population of over 2000 people 70

Proportion of county to land area of Kenya (%) -

Rank in terms of size to other counties 6

Topography and climate

Lowest altitude (M) 230

Highest (M) 950

Temperature range:

0 High 40 c

0 Low 24 c

0 Average temperature 30 c

Rainfall:

High (mm) 250

Low (mm) 60

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Average relative humidity (%) 45

Wind speed (Km/hr) Knots 9

Demographic profiles

Total Population( KPHC 2009) 1,025,756

Total Male population 559,943

Total female population 456,813

Dependency ratio (%) --

Sex ratio (M:F) -----

Projected population: 100:92

Mid plan period (2012) 1,152,506

End of plan period (2017) 1,399,503

Infant population:

Female 71,408

Male 73452

Total 15,530

Population under five: 144860

Female 73,452

Male 71,408

Total 144,860

Primary school age group(6-13 Yrs)

Female 52,022

Male 84,291

Total 136,313

Secondary School age group(14-17 yrs)

Female 39,103

Male 50,279

Total 89,382

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Youths population (15-29 Yrs)

Female 107,099

Male 147,440

Total 254,439

Labour force ( 15-64 Yrs)

Female 204,596

Male 250,789

Total 455285

Reproductive age group( 15-49 Yrs)-female 190,786

Aged population ( 65 + Yrs)

Female 9,140

Male 12,202

Total 21342

Eligible voting population ( 18 +Yrs)

Male 262,991

Female 211,936

Total (County) 474,927

Urban Population:

Female 58,242

Male 69,329

Total 127,571

Rural Population:

Female 407,571

Male 409,614

Total 898,185

Population density:

Highest 64

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Lowest 31

County 39

Crude Birth rate

Crude Death rate

Infant Mortality rate (IMR) 72/1000

Neo-Natal Mortality Rate (NNMR)

Child Mortality Rate (CMR)

Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) 128/1000

Life expectancy: Male Female

Total number of households 125,497

Average household size 6

Female headed households

Male headed household

Children in need of special protection:

Orphans

Physically disabled persons (No.) ---

Poverty Indicators

Absolute poverty:

Percentage (%) 68

Number 679,7514

Contribution to national poverty (%) 2.7

Urban poor:

Percentage (%) 42

Number 127,571

Rural poor:

Percentage (%) 58

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Number 345,064

Food poverty:

Percentage 68

Number 679,514

Income per capita Kshs) 913

Sectoral contribution to household income (%)

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 58.2

Crop farming:

Average farm size (Small scale) in ha 2.5

Average farm size (Large scale) in ha 15

Percentage of farmers with title deeds 0

Total acreage under food crops (Ha) 1004

Total acreage under cash crops (Ha) 0

Total acreage under soil/land conservation 0

Total acreage under farm forestry 0

Total acreage under organic farming 0

Main storage facilities Improved granaries, stores

On—farm Improved granaries, stores

Off-farm (Commercial) Godowns, Silos (Cereals Board)

Population working in agriculture 130,000

Livestock farming:

Number of Ranches

Company ranches 0

Group ranches 0

Total 0

Average size of ranches NIL

Main livestock bred and their numbers:

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Cattle 692,321 Sheep 986,632 Goats 2,314,939

Land carrying capacity

Total Number of Ranches 0

Beekeeping apiaries 0

Bee hives 1000

Honey Production: Quantity 10,000

Valu e 5,000,000

Fisheries production:

Fishermen (No.) 0

Fish farm families (No.) 0

Fish ponds 0

Area of fish ponds 2 M 0

Main species of fish catch: 0

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

0 0 0 Fish catch types (MT p.a) 0

Landing beaches (No.) 0

Fishing gear (No.):

Fishing nets: 0

Hooks: 0

Traps: 0

Boats 0

Fish harvest:

Weight (MT p.a) 0

Main forest products: Charcoal, Gums, esins(Aloe) Makuti , Firewood

No. of people engaged in forestry 0

INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Annual Seedlings production

100,000

Farms engaged in farm forestry 0

Average no. of trees per farm 0

Non-timber forest products harvested 0

Community Forest Associations (CFA) established 0

Quantity of timber produced 0

Environment

EIAs endorsed (No.) 3

Environment Audits executed: 0

Solid waste management sites: 0

Hill tops and slopes and mountain areas protected: 0

Rivers, lakes and wetlands protected: 1

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Number of coastal sites protected: 0

Number of quarry sites renovated: 0

Number of climate change adaptation projects/programmes: 0

Cooperatives

No. of cooperative societies 32 SACCOs 4 Marketing societies 11 Active cooperative societies 18

Dormant cooperative societies 14

Collapsed societies 5

Total Registered membership 1346 SACCOs 143 Marketing societies 1193 Total turn-over (Kshs.) 1,268,974 SACCOS 614,274 Marketing societies: Kshs. 654,700 Health

Number of health posts:

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

District hospitals 1

Sub-district hospitals 6

Hospitals (Mission/NGO) 0

Hospitals (Private) 0

Nursing homes (Private) 6

Health centres (Public) 13

Health centres (Private) 0

Dispensaries (Public) 24

Dispensaries (Mission/NGO) 0

Private clinics 4

Beds capacity: 300

Average distance to health facility in km 50

Doctor/population ratio 1:308,878

Nurse/ population ratio 1:25,000

HIV prevalence (%)

Children vaccination (%)

Contraceptive acceptance (%)

Antenatal care (ANC) (%)

Place of Delivery (%):

Hospital 2

Health Centre 2

Dispensary/clinic 2

Maternity home 0

At home 94

Delivery Assistant (%):

Doctor 0

Midwife/nurse 4

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

TBA 67

Trained TBA 1

Self 40

Other 0

Morbidity Rates (%):

Male 41.6

Female 48.2

Total (County 44.8

Malaria Control:

Children under 5 who sleep under bed net (%):

Untreated net 7.7

Treated net 1.2

Five most prevalent diseases (%):

Malaria/fever 41.8

Diarrhoea 2.6

Stomach-ache 6.0

Respiratory Diseases

Upper 18.5

Lower 1.7

Flu, etc 8.5

Education

Pre-school:

No. of ECD centres 175

No. of ECD teachers 209

Teacher/pupil ratio 1:78

Total enrolment Boys Girls Total 1632

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Drop-out rate (%)

Average years of attendance

Primary school:

Number of primary schools 175

Number of teachers 808

Teacher/pupil ratio 1:88

Drop-out rate (%) 6.6

Enrolment rates (%) 30

Average years of attendance 10

Transition rates (%) 30

Gross Enrolment ratio 67

Net Enrolment ratio 40

Communities’ distribution by distance to nearest public primary school (%):

0 – 1KM 15

1.1 – 4.9KM 20

5KM and more 75

Secondary schools:

Number of secondary schools 32

Number of teachers 264

Teacher/student ratio 1:33

Total enrolment : Boys 6,592 Girls 2,206 Total 4,501 Drop-out rate (%) 8

Average years of attendance 4

Gross Attendance ratio 3.1

Net Attendance ratio 0

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

Communities distribution by distance to nearest public Secondary school:

0 – 1KM 15

1.1 – 4.9KM 5

5KM and more 80

Tertiary institutions:

Science & Technology Institutes (No.) 0

Other Public Colleges (No. by type) 0

Youth Poly techniques 5

Private Accredited colleges by type 0

Private Non accredited college by type 0

Literacy: (Population aged 15+)

Ability to read:

Can Read (%) 25.4

Cannot read (%) 74.6

Ability to write:

Can write (%) 25.4

Cannot write (%) 74.6

Ability to read and write:

Can read and write (%) 25.4

Cannot read & write (%) 74.6

Water and sanitation

Households with access to piped water 15,000

HH with access to portable water 35,000

Number of permanent rivers 1

No. of shallow wells 150

No. of protected springs 0

No. of un-protected springs 0

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INFORMATION CATEGORY STATISTIC

No. of water pans 105

No. of Dams 0

No. of Bore holes 56

HH with roof catchment systems 4690

Mean distance to nearest water point (km) 25

Percentage distribution of households by source of safe drinking water.

Safe Source 25

Unsafe Source 75

Not stated 0

Households distribution by time taken (minutes, one way) to fetch drinking water (%)

0 0

1 – 4 0.9

5 – 14 11.8

15 – 29 17.9

30 – 59 30

60+ 29.5

Number of Water Resource User Associations (WRUA) Established 25

Households with Latrines 50,000

Energy

Trading centres with electricity 5

Health facilities with electricity 4

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