Panicumamarum E11. - Bitter ;Beach Panicgrass

Figures27, 32; Plate X!

Note: Recent taxonomic revision has placed Panicum amarulum Hitchc. and Chase in synonymywith Panicum amancm. Dif'ferences in seed production result from differences in the number of sets of chromosomes;Panicum amuum has six sets hexaploid! and Panicum amuulum has four sets tetraploid!. The form with six sets of chromosomes shouldbe avoidedbecause of low seedset; it is recognizableby being more prostrateand open-growing,and the inflorescenceis narrower and sparsely flowered. Northern populationsof P. amarulumare more erect and clumpy and have probably crossedwith Panicum virgatum L

LANT

EcologicalFunction/User Applications- sandtrapping and stabilization;food sourceand cover for birds and small mammals.

Natural GeographicDistribution/Cold Hardiness- coastaldunes; Connecticut to Florida and Gulf states;tolerates lowest temperaturesthroughout Florida; zones2-7.

Optimum Soil Type - well-drained, sandy soils.

Resistance to Erosion - good, once established.

Potential Growth Rate - rapid densecoverage in two to three growing seasons!.

A AILAB

NurserySources - liners,two- and four-inchpots; advancenotice of quantitiesand/or a growingcontract is necessaryfor the hexaploidform.

Natural Sources- cuttings,seeds tetraploid form only!.

PLANTIN E

Elevation - abovelimit of waveuprush and highestspring tides.

Ground Slope- up to 30' to 2!.

Depth - top of root-ball four inches below sand surface.

37 Panicum amarum continued!

PlantingWindow - March through November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April throughOctober northward. Density- small one and one-half feet O.C., large plants three feet O.C.

NAN Watering- when planted, and during the first month unless heavy rainfall occurs. Fertilization- incorporate one teaspoon per plant of a balanced,time-release fertilizer 4- 14-14!when planted. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- lateralspread improved by clipping.

[RelevantLiterature - 6, 18,20, 22, 46, 59, 64, 81, 92]

38

Paspalumvaginatum continued!

MAINTENAN Watering- not required in moistsoils, but periodically during the first few weeks in drier soils if rain is lacking. Fertilization- responds well to balancedfertilizers. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- mowingresults in a low, densemat.

[RelevantLiterature - 11, 18, 40]

40 Rhizophoramangle L. - Red Mangrove

Figures5, 9; Plate I!

PLANT RI EcologicalFunction/User Applications - shoreline protection and sediment stabilization; nurseryhabitat for birdsand marine life; contributionto detrital-basedfood web; aesthetics; water-quality maintenance. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - low-energy, coastal wetlands; throughout southernFlorida and tropicsnorth on the Atlantic coastto Poncede Leon Inlet and on the Gulf coastto CedarKey; difficult to establishnorth of Melbourneon the Atlantic coastand north of TampaBay on the Gulf coast,due to freezedamage in colderwinters; zones 4- 7. OptimumSoil Type - mixtureof sandand organics inundated regularly by tides. Resistanceto Erosion - poor for propagulesand small plants; large plants more resistant. Initial useof smoothcordgrass to stabilizeshorelines may encourage establishment of naturally colonizedand broadcastpropagules. PotentialGrowth Rate - shoot-lengthincrease of sixto twelveinches per year in nutrient- richsoils; moderate-nutrient substrates promote branching; low-nutrient substrates promote flower production.

IDENT AVAILAB NurserySources - readilyavailable in two-inchpots up to three-galloncontainers; availability decreasesas plant size increases. NaturalSources - transplants rare dueto governmentregulations regarding natural populations;propagules available in early fall floatingor removed from trees!. Vegetative propagation possible, but difficult.

PLANTIN E Elevation- just below MHW to summerspring-tide elevations for smallerplants; check localelevation range for naturallyestablished propagules to confirmoptimum elevation range. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!, but lessthan 10' to 5! is preferable.

41 Rhisophommangle continued!

Depth- insertpropagules two to threeinches into soil surface;for rootedpropagules and large plants, root-ball evenwith soil surface. PlantingWindow - propagulesAugust through November correspondsto natural availability!;nursery plants after the lastfrost of the winter,and no later thanNovember; plantingin the northernmostpart of its rangeis not recommended zone 4!. Density- historically, three feet O.C. or lessfor smallplants legalrequirements will dictate maximumdistance!; denser plantings emulate natural recruitment and may improve overall quality of planting.

MAINTENAN E

Watering - not required. Fertilization- top growth increasedby light applicationof time-release,nitrogenous fertilizer incorporated when planted. Weeding- remove accumulated drift materialduring the first yearfollowing planting; some sea-grasswrack is desirable. Pruning- doesnot survivesevere pruning; even regular long-term clipping can cause death of plants;see state and local regulationsin GuidelineCategory Descriptions pp. 15-16!.

[RelevantLiterature - 10,11, 13, 14, 21, 27, 32-35, 39, 41, 47-54, 57, 58, 62, 65, 66, 74, 76- 78, 80, 85-91, 96]

42

Spurfinaalternigom continued!

Watering - not required. Fertilization- respondswell to time-release,nitrogenous fertilizer incorporated when planted. Weeding- removeaccumulated drift material during the first six monthsfollowing planting. Pruning- careful clipping can stimulate vegetative growth and spread of ;pruning while the plant is in flower can extendthe period of vegetativegrowth into late autumnand early winter; pruning during late winter or early springto removefrost-killed material can stimulatespring growth by reducingthe shadingof new tillers.

[RelevantLiterature - 7, 8, 11, 13, 14,26, 27, 28, 31, 39, 45, 47-53,55, 56, 61, 66, 73, 75, 78, 85-91, 96]

44 Spartinapatens Ait.! Muhl. - Marsh-hay;Saltmeadow Cordgrass

Figures26, 31; Plate IX!

LAN'I

EcologicalFunction/User Applications - shoreline protection and soil stabilization;forage.

NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastalhigh-marsh margins and dunes; Canada to Florida and Gulf states, but less common in south Florida; tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones 2-7.

OptimumSoil Yype - loose,sandy soils; toleratesa wide range of soils exceptvery fine- grained soils such as clay, mud and muck!.

Resistanceto Erosion - good, once established.

PotentialGrowth Rate - moderatelyrapid but tends to clump in wet soils; densecover possible in two growing seasons.

PLANT A AILABILI'IV

Nurser Sources- two- and four-inch pots.

Natural Sources- bare-root, plugs, larger transplants;may be mistakenvegetatively for Spartina spartinae Grin.! Merr.

PLANTIN E

Elevation- above MHW to highestspring-tide elevation in marshareas; on uplandside of primary dune and in swales between dunes.

GroundSlope - up to 15' to 4!.

Depth - top of root-ball slightly below soil surface. PlantingWindow - Marchthrough November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April through October northward. Density- smallplants one foot O.C.,increased spacing with plant sizeup to two andone- half feet O.C. for four-inch plugs.

45 Spartinapattens continued!

Watering- whenplanted in dune areasand until plantsare established;not generally required in high-marshareas. Fertilization- in dunes,one teaspoon per plant of a balanced,time-release fertilizer e.g., 14-14-14!,incorporated when planted; in marsh,incorporate one teaspoonper plant of a nitrogenous,time-release fertilizer when planted. Weeding- remove accumulated drift materialduring the first sixmonths following planting in marsh areas; remove and control exotics in dune areas. Pruning- respondswell to clippingor mowing,when done properly.

[RelevantLiterature - 2, 6, 11,18, 26, 27, 30, 39, 46, 70-72, 81, 96]

46 Spombolusvirginicus L! Kunth - SeashoreDropseed

Figures24, 30, 35; Plate VIII!

LANT

EcologicalFunction/User Applications - soil stabilization;food sourcefor birds and small mammals.

NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastal dunes, high marsh, and transition areas;Virginia to Floridaand Gulf states, and south to Brazil;tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones 2-7.

ColdHardiness - very good. OptimumSoil Type - moderatelywell-drained, silty sand.

Resistanceto Erosion- very good, once established. PotentialGrowth Rate - rapid;dense cover possible in twogrowing seasons provided initial spacingis not greater than two feet O.C.!.

PLANT A AIIABIIJTY NurserySources - limited availabilityin two- andfour-inch pots. Natural Sources- bare-root, plugs, seeds; vegetative state may be confusedwith some growth forms of Paspalumvaginatum and Distichlisspicata.

Elevation- above MHW; tolerates occasional inundation, but maysuffer with regular inundation. GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!, but plantswill growon steeperslopes. Depth- root-ballapproximately two inches below soil surface in moistsoil, deeper in dry soil; larger plants slightly deeper. PlantingWindow - March to Novembersouth of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April to October northward.

47 Spombolusviq,inicus continued!

Density- bare-root six inches O.C., increased spacing for largerplants up to twofeet O.C. for six-inch plugs.

Watering- when planted and periodically for thefirst fewweeks in drysoils, unless heavy rainfall occurs;not required in moist soils. Fertilization- incorporate one teaspoon per plant of a time-release,balanced fertilizer, e.g., 14-14-14!in dunesand nitrogenous fertilizer in wet soils.

Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- clipping or mowingstimulates vegetative growth and controls exotics.

[RelevantLiterature - 2, 5, 8, 11,18, 23, 29, 39, 81, 92]

48 UnioEupaniculata L Sea-oats

Figures28, 29, 32; PlateX!

EcologicalFunction/User Applications - sand stabilization; food sourceand coverfor birds and small mammals; aesthetics. NaturalGeographic Distribution/Cold Hardiness - coastal dunes; Virginia to Floridaand Gulf states;tolerates lowest temperatures throughout Florida; zones2-7.

OptimumSoil Yype - well-drained,sandy or calcareoussoils. Resistanceto Erosion- good,once established; withstands wind erosionwell, but waves wash away soil and plants. PotentialGrowth Rate - highlydependent on environmentalconditions and maintenance; plantscan grow laterally up to fourfeet per year after establishment; dense cover possible in threegrowing seasons; flowers in secondor third year.

PLANT A AHA,BII XIV

NurserySources - liners,two- andfour-inch pots, one- and three-gallon pots. NaturalSources - generally not availablein largequantities; protected by law. Available as seedsor transplantson private property behind the CCCL.

PI%.NTING

Elevation- abovelimits of waveuprush.

GroundSlope - up to 30' to 2!.

Depth- top of root-ballfour inchesbelow soil surface many planting failures have been attributed.to not planting deeplyenough!. PlantingWindow - March through November south of TampaBay/Cape Canaveral and April through October northward. Density- one- and two-inch pots one and one-half feet O.C., increased spacing to threefeet O.C. for large plants three-gallon!.

49 Uniolapuniculata continued!

MAIN TEN E Watering- when planted, and weekly for first fewmonths depending on rainfall. Fertilization- one teaspoon per plant of a balanced,time-release fertilizer e.g.,14-14-14!, incorporatedwhen planted. Weeding- removeand control exotics. Pruning- after establishment may respond to carefulclipping by producingmore tillers.

[RelevantLiterature - 1-3,15, 18-20, 22, 37, 38, 46, 64, 69, 81, 83, 92, 93, 95-97]

50 RELEVANT L1TEIWTURE

The following referencesrepresent a varietyof technicalreports, agencypublications, conferenceproceedings, journal articles, and other reports of relevanceto salt-tolerant vegetation.This list shouldnot be considereda completecollection of referencematerials; 3,» HlgHglgg Pl f I 2 g f fgl ,functional relationships, and habitat restorationefforts that addressmany of the speciesdiscussed in this guide.

1! Baker,R.L and B.E. Dahl. 1981. Determiningvigor of natural and planted standsof sea oats on the Texas Gulf coast. Southwest Naturalist 26:117-123.

2! Barbour, M.G., T.M. DeJongand B.M. Pavlik. 1985. Marine beach and dune plant Pp. 233-322 ' ~ Cg 3, BP. d Hg. M I 2 d .2, Bghid E 1 f N r h Am ri n Pl n mm ni i, Chapmanand Hall, NY. 351 pp.

3! Bell, F.W. and V.R. Leeworthy. 1986. An economicanalysis of the importanceof saltwater beachesin Florida. Report Number 82, Florida Sea Grant College, Gainesville, FL. 166 pp.

4! Bradley,J.T. 1972. Climatesof the States. Pp. 20-25in lim r h f 5iaim, No. 60-8. U.S.Department of Commerce,National Oceanicand Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD.

5! Breen, C.M., C. Everson and K. Rogers. 1977. Ecological studies of Sporobolus viry'nicus L.! Kunth with particular reference to salinity and inundation. Hydrobiologia 54:135-140. 6! Broome,S.W., E.D. Senecaand W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1982.Building and stabilizing coastal duneswith vegetation. University of North Carolina Sea Grant College PublicationUNC-SG-82-05, Raleigh, NC. 18 pp.

7! Broome,S.W., E.D. Senecaand W.W. Woodhouse,Jr. 1983. The effectsof source, rate and placementof nitrogen and phosphorusfertilizers on growth of Spartina alterniflora transplants in North Carolina. Estuaries 6:212-226.

8! Broome, S.W., E.D. Seneca and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr. 1988. Tidal salt marsh restoration. Aquatic Botany 32:1-22.

9! Brotherson, J.D. and S.R. Rushforth. 1985. Invasion and stabilization of recent beachesby salt grass Distichlisspicata! at Mono Lake, Mono County, California. Great Basin Naturalist 45:542-545.

51 10! Carlton, J. 1974. Land building and stabilization by mangroves. Environmental Conservation 1:285-294.

Carlton, J. 1975. A guide to commonFlorida salt marshand mangrovevegetation. Florida Marine Research Publication Number 6, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, St. Petersburg, FL 30 pp.

12! Clark, R.R. 1989. Beach conditions in Florida: A statewide inventory and identification of the beacherosion problem areasin Florida. Division of Beaches andShores Technical and Design Memorandum 89-1, Florida Departmentof Natural Resources,Tallahassee, FL 167 pp. 13! Cole,D.P. ed.!. 1980. r in h ixh Ann nf r n n W 1 n r i n i n. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 357 pp. 14! Cole,D.P. ed.!. 1981.Pr in f h v n h Ann 1 onf r n n W 1 n R r i n n r i n. Hillsborough Community College, Tampa, FL. 293 pp.

15! Colosi,J.C. 1979. Seedgermination as a functionof provenancein Iva imbricata and Uniolapaniculata, two wide rangingcoastal dune dominants. Ph.D. Thesis,North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. 204 pp.

16! Colosi,J.C. and J.F. McCormick. 1978. Populationstructure of Iva imbricata in five coastaldune habitats. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 105:175-186. 17! Cowardin,L.M., V. Carter,F.G. Golet and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classificationof wetlandsand deepwater habitats of theUnited States. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, FWS/OBS-79/31. 103pp. 18! Craig,R.M. 1984.Plants for coastaldunes of the Gulf andSouth Atlantic coastsand PuertoRico. AgricultureInformation Bulletin 460, Soil ConservationService, U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Washington,DC. 41 pp.

19! Crewz, D.W. 1987. The reproductiveresponse of natural populations of sea oats Uniolapaniculata L.: !to fertilizer amendment.Final Report,Florida Departmentof NaturalResources, Bureau of MarineResearch, St. Petersburg,FL. 124 pp. 20! Dahl,B.E. and D.W. Woodard. 1977. Construction of Texas,USA coastalforedunes with seaoats, Uniola paniculata, and bitter panicum,Panicum amarum. International Journal of Biometeorology 21:267-275. 21! Davis,J.H.1940. TheecologyandgeologicroleofmangrovesinFlorida. Papersfrom theTortugas Laboratory, Vol. 32. CarnegieInstitute Publication NN517, Washington, DC. 412 pp.

52 22! Davis,J.H., Jr. 1975. Stabilizationof beachesand dunesby vegetationin Florida. ReportNumber 7, FloridaSea Grant CollegeProgram, Gainesville, FL. 52 pp. 23! Donovan,L.A. andJ.L. Gallagher. 1984. Anaerobic substrate tolerance in Sporobo1us viry'nicus L! Kunth. AmericanJournal of Botany 71:1424-1431.

24! Eleuterius,L.N. 1975. The life history of the salt marsh rush,Juncus roemerianus. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 102:135-140.

25! Eleuterius,L.N. 1978.Population variation in the salt marshrush, Juncus roemerianus. Journal of the MissississippiAcademy of Sciences23 suppl.!:6.

26! Eleuterius, L.N. 1980. An Ill r i Ti M r h Pl n f Mi i i i n A~ ~ . Mi i ippi-Alb S CI C i Pbli i ~ b MASGP-77-039,Ocean Srings, MS. 128pp.

27! Evans,R.K. 1981. i h W l n Pl n f m r n Tr nii nalZ n ~n~. FloridaDepartment of EnvironmentalRegulation, Tallahassee, FL original 1979!. 294 pp. 28! Gallagher,J.L. 1975. Effectof an ammoniumnitrate pulse on the growthand elementalcomposition of riatural standsof Spartinaalterniflora and Juncus roemerianus.American Journal of Botany 62:644-648.

29! Gallagher,J.L and D.M. Decker. 1985. Effect of herbivory,macronutrient fertilization,and salinity on primary productivity of twoforms of Sporobolusviqpnicus L.! Kunth. AmericanJournal of Botany72:852-853. 30! Gallagher,J.L., D. Grantand M. Siegel.1982. Effect of temperatureand day length on the growth of four species of halophytes. Abstract, 33rd Annual AIBS Conference,University Park, PA., 8-12August.

31! Gallagher, J.L., R.J. Reimold, R.A. Linthurst and W.J. Pfeiffer. 1980. Aerial production,mortality, and mineral accumulationexport dynamicsin Spartina alternigoraand Juncus roemerianus plant stands in Georgia,USA salt marsh. Ecology 61:303-312. 32! Gill, A.M. and P.B.Tomlinson. 1969. Studieson the growthof red mangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 1. Habit andgeneral morphology. Biotropica 1:1-9. 33! Gill, A;M. and P.B.Tomlinson. 1971. Studieson the growthof red mangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 2. Growthand differentiation of aerialroots. Biotropica 3:63-77. 34! Gill, A.M. and P.B.Tomlinson. 1971. Studieson the growthof red mangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 3. Phenologyof the shoot. Biotropica3:109-124.

53 35!Gill, A.M. and P.B. Tomlinson. 1977. Studies onthe growth of redmangrove Rhizophoramangle L.!. 4.The adult root system. Biotropica 9:145-155. Hansen,D.J., P. Dayanandan, P.B.Kaufman andJ.D. Brotherson. 1976. Ecological 36! adaptationsofsalt marsh grass, Distichlis spicata Gramineae!, andenvironmental factorsaffecting itsgrowth and distribution. American Journal ofBotany 63:635- 650. 37!Harper, J.R. and E.D. Seneca. 1973. A preliminarystudyof flowering in Uniola paniculataalong the North Carolina coast. Bulletin ofthe Torrey Botanical Club 101:7-13. Hester,M.W. and I.A. Mendelssohn. 1987.Seed production andgermination response 38! offour Louisiana populations ofUniola paniculata Gramineae!. American Journal of Botany 74:1093-1101. 39!Hoffman, W.E., M.J. Durako and R.R. Lewis. 1985. Habitat restoration inTampa Bay.Pp. 658-661 inS.F. Treat, J.L. Simon, R.R. Lewis and R.L. Whitman, Jr. eds.!, Pr e in s T m B Ar i n ifi Inf rm ion si m [May1982]. BurgessPublishing Co., Minneapolis, MN. 663pp. 40!Jimenez, J.A. 1985.Laguncularia racemosa L.! Gaertn.f., whitemangrove: Combretaceae,Combretum family. U. S.Forestry Service, Institute of Tropical Forests,Silvies Manual, Issue3: 4 pp. 41!Jiminez, J.A. 1985. Rhizophora mangle L.,red mangrove: Rhizophoraceae, mangrove family.U.S. Forestry Service, Institute ofTropical Forests, Silvies Manual, Issue 2: 7 pp. 42!Jiminez, J.A. and A.E. Lugo. 1985. Avicennia germinans L.!L., black mangrove: Avicenniaceae,Verbena family. U.S. Forestry Service, Institute ofTropical Forests, Silvies Manual, Issue 4: 6 pp. 43!Johnson, A.F.and M.G. Barbour. Inpress. Dune and maritime forests. InMyers, R.L.and J.J. Eivel eds.!,E s m f Fl rid . AcademicPress. 44!Kemp, P.R. and G.L. Cunningham. 1981.Light, temperature andsalinity effects on growth,leafanatomy andphotosynthesis ofDistichlis spicata L.!Greene. American Journal of Botany 68:507-516. Knutson,P.L.and W.W. Woodhouse, Jr.1983. Shoreline stabilization withsalt marsh 45! vegetation.Special Report 9, Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers,Fort Belvoir, VA. 95pp. Kurz,H. 1942.Florida dunes and scrub-vegetation andgeology. Florida Geological 46! SurveyBulletin No. 23, Florida Department ofConservation, Tallahassee, FL.154 PP

54 47! Kusler,J.A. andM.E. Kentula eds.!. 1989. 1 EPA/6/0/3-89/03L H ' 6 R h I Corvallis, OR.

48! Lewis,R.R. ed.!. 1976. in f n Ann 1 r i n f 1 i n in Fl ri . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 203 PP.

49! Lewis, R.R. ed.!. 1982. i n R r i n f 1 Pl InIn nl 1 CRC Press,Inc., Boca Raton, FL. 219 pp.

50! Lewis,R.R. and D.P. Cole eds.!. 1977. r ' f h Thir R r i Fl ri . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 147 pp.

51! Lewis,R.R. and D.P. Cole eds.!. 1978.Pr in f h F r r i n f 1V i n in Fl ' . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 166 pp.

52! Lewis,R.R. and D.P. Cole eds.!. 1979. in f h i Ann nf r n r i n f i n in ri . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa,FL 255 pp.

53! Lewis,R.R. and J. Thomas eds.!. 1975. r in s f h Fir 1 nf r n nR r i n f 1V i ninF1 ri . Tampa,FL. 55pp. 54! Lugo,A.E. andS.C. Snedaker. 1974. The ecologyof mangroves.Annual Review of Ecologyand Systematics5:39-64.

55! McKee,K.L. and W.H. Patrick,Jr. 1988. The relationshipof smoothcordgrass Spartinaalferniflora! to tidal datums:a review. Estuaries11:143-151. 56! Odum,W.E. 1988.Comparative ecology of tidal freshwaterand saltmarshes. Annual Review of Ecologyand Systematics19:147-176.

57! Odum, W.E., C.C. McIvor and TL Smith, III. 1982. Th Ec 1 f r v h Fl ri A mm ni Pr ll . U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service,Office of BiologicalServices. FWS/OBS-81/24. Washington, DC. 58! Olexa,M.T. 1976.The distribution, etiology, and importance of redmangrove diseases in Florida.Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Florida,Gainesville, FL 81pp. 59! Palmer,P.G. 1975. A biosystematicstudy of the Panicumamancm - P. amarulum complex Gramineae!. Brittonia 27:142-150. 60! Powell,G.V.N. 1987. Habitatuse by wadingbirds in a subtropicalestuary: implicationsof hydrography.The Auk 104:740-749.

55 61! Provost,M.W. 1973.Mean high water mark and use of tidelandsin Florida. Florida Scientist 36:50-66.

62! Pulver,T.R. 1976. Transplanttechniques for saplingmangrove trees, Rhizophora mangle,Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia germinans, in Florida. Florida Marine ResearchPublication Number 22, Florida Departmentor Natural Resources,Marine ResearchLaboratory, St. Petersburg,FL 14 pp. 63! Rozas,L.P. and C.T. Hackney. 1983. The importance of oligohaline wetland habitats to fisheries resources. Wetlands 3:77-89.

64! Salmon,J., D. Henningsenand T. McAlpin.1982. Dune restoration and revegetation manual.Report Number 48, Florida Sea Grant College, Gainesville, FL. 60pp.

65! Savage,T. 1972. Floridamangroves: A review. FloridaDepartment of Natural ResourcesMarine Research Laboratory Leaflet Series Vol. III, Contribution211. 14 pp. 66! Seaman,W.,Jr. ed.!.1985. Fl ri A i H i n Fi h R r . Florida Chapterof the AmericanFisheries Society, Kissimmee, FL. 543pp. 67! Semple,J.C. 1977. Chromosome numbers and karyotypes in Bomchia Compositae!. SystematicBotany 2:287-291.

68! Semple,J.C. and K.S.Semple. 1977. BomchiaX cubana B. frutescensX B. arborescens!:Interspecific hybridization in the Florida Keys. Systematic Botany 2:292- 301.

69! Seneca,E.D. 1972. Germinationand seedlingresponse of Atlantic and Gulf coast populationsof Uniolapaniculata. American Journal of Botany59:290-296.

70! Silander,J.A., Jr. 1979. Microevolutionand clone structurein Spartinaparens. Science 203:658-660.

71! Silander,J.A., Jr. 1985. The geneticbasis of the ecologicalamplitude of Spartina patens.II. Varianceand correlation analysis. Evolution 39:1034-1052.

72! Silander,J.A., Jr. and J. Antonovics. 1979. The geneticbasis of the ecological amplitudeof Spartinaparen. I. Morphometricand physiological traits. Evolution 33:1114-1127.

73! Smart,R.M. andJ.W. Barko. 1980. Nitrogennutrition and salinitytolerance of Distichlisspicata and Spartina alterniflora. Ecology 61:630-638. 74! Snedaker,S.C. 1982. Mangrove species zonation: why? Pp. 111-125 ~i Sen,D.N. and K. Rajpurohit eds.!, n ri i ns h E l f H l h . Dr. Junk Publishers, The Hague.

56 75! Somers,G.F. andD. Grant. 1981. Influenceof seedsource upon phenology of floweringof Spartinaalterniflora Loisel. and the likelihoodof crosspollination. American Journal of Botany 68:6-9. 76! Stern,W.L. and G.K. Voigt. 1959.Effect of saltconcentration on growthof red mangrove in culture. Botanical Gazette 121:36-39.

77! Stevely,J. and L. Rabinowitz. 1982. Mangroves- a guide for planting and maintenance.Florida CooperativeExtension Service, Marine AdvisoryBulletin MAP-25,Florida SeaGrant College,Gainesville, FL 8 pp.

78! Stovall, R.H. ed.!. 1982. r in f h nf R r i n ' n r i n. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 200pp. 79! St. John,H. 1970. Classificationand distributionof Ipomoeapcs-caprae group Convolvulaceae!.Botanische Jahrbuch 89:563-583. 80! Teas,H.J. 1976. Herbicidetoxicity in mangroves.U.S. EnvironmentalProtection AgencyResearch Report Series, EPA-600/3-76-004. Atlanta, GA. 34 pp. 81! Travis,R. 1977.The effects of aspectand exposure on thegrowth of dunegrasses in Cape Hatteras National Sea Shore, North Carolina, USA. International Journal of Biometeorology 21:217-226.

82! Wadsworth,F.H. 1959.Growth and regeneration of whitemangrove in PuertoRico. Caribbean Forester 20:59-71.

83! Wagner,R.H. 1964. The ecology.of Uniolapaniculata L in the dune-strandhabitat of North Carolina. EcologicalMonographs 34:79-96. 84! Wain,R.P. 1982.Genetic differentiation in theFlorida subspecies of Helianthusdebilis Asteraceae!. AmericanJournal of Botany 69:1573-1578.

85! Webb, F.J. ed.!. 1983. r in f ' Annu nfrn '% 1 R rtin n r in. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 277pp.

86! Webb, F.J. ed.!. 1984. Pr in f h Ann n nW R i n n r i n. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 239pp.

87! Webb,F.J. ed.!. 1985. Pr in f v nhAnn r n R r in n r in. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 200pp.

88! Webb, F.J. ed.!. 1986. P in w 1 h r n R r in n r in. HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL 220pp.

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57 90! Webb,FL ed.!. 1988. ' f h nf r i . Hillsborough CommunityCollege, Tampa, FL 218 pp. 91! Webb,F.J. ed.!. 1989. i l nfr 1 n i r i . HillsboroughCommunity College, Tampa, FL. 258 pp. 92! Webb,J.W,, J.D. Dodd and B.H. Koerth. 1980.Establishment and growth of grass speciestransplanted on dredgedmaterial. TexasJournal of Science32:247-258. 93! Westra,R.N. and W.E. Loomis. 1966. Seed dormancy in Uniolapaniculata. American Journal of Botany 53:407-411. 94! Wilson,D.E. 1977.Ecological observations on'the tropical strand plants, Ipomoea pes- caprae L.! R. Br. Convolvulaceae!and Canavaliamaritima Aubl.! Thous. Fabaceae!. Brenesia10/11:31-42. 95! Woodhouse,W.W., Jr., E.D. Senecaand A. W. Cooper. 1968. Useof seaoats for dune stabilization in the southeast. Shore and Beach 35:15-21.

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