DOCSLIB.ORG

Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Epsilonproteobacteria Encode a Conserved and Widespread Nitrate Reduction Pathway (Nap)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vent Epsilonproteobacteria Encode a Conserved and Widespread Nitrate Reduction Pathway (Nap) The ISME Journal (2014) 8, 1510–1521 & 2014 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/14 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Deep-sea hydrothermal vent Epsilonproteobacteria encode a conserved and widespread nitrate reduction pathway (Nap) Costantino Vetriani1,2,4, James W Voordeckers1,2,4,5, Melitza Crespo-Medina1,2,6, Charles E O’Brien1,2, Donato Giovannelli1,2,3 and Richard A Lutz2 1Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; 2Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA and 3Institute of Marine Science - ISMAR, National Research Council of Italy, CNR, Ancona, Italy Despite the frequent isolation of nitrate-respiring Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydro- thermal vents, the genes coding for the nitrate reduction pathway in these organisms have not been investigated in depth. In this study we have shown that the gene cluster coding for the periplasmic nitrate reductase complex (nap) is highly conserved in chemolithoautotrophic, nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Furthermore, we have shown that the napA gene is expressed in pure cultures of vent Epsilonproteobacteria and it is highly conserved in microbial communities collected from deep-sea vents characterized by different temperature and redox regimes. The diversity of nitrate-reducing Epsilonproteobacteria was found to be higher in moderate temperature, diffuse flow vents than in high temperature black smokers or in low temperatures, substrate-associated communities. As NapA has a high affinity for nitrate compared with the membrane-bound enzyme, its occurrence in vent Epsilonproteobacteria may represent an adaptation of these organisms to the low nitrate concentrations typically found in vent fluids. Taken together, our findings indicate that nitrate reduction is widespread in vent Epsilonproteobacteria and provide insight on alternative energy metabolism in vent microorganisms. The occurrence of the nap cluster in vent, commensal and pathogenic Epsilonproteobacteria suggests that the ability of these bacteria to respire nitrate is important in habitats as different as the deep-sea vents and the human body. The ISME Journal (2014) 8, 1510–1521; doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.246; published online 16 January 2014 Subject Category: Microbial ecology and functional diversity of natural habitats Keywords: Epsilonproteobacteria; nitrate reduction; deep-sea vents; napA Introduction or ammonium (Blochl et al., 1997; Vetriani et al., 2004; Voordeckers et al., 2008; Perez-Rodriguez The contribution of deep-sea vent microorganisms et al., 2010, 2012). In most cases, nitrate reduction to the sulfur cycle has been extensively investigated is coupled to the oxidation of molecular hydrogen (Jannasch, 1995; Karl, 1995; Reysenbach et al., (and less frequently of formate or thiosulfate), and 2002). However, the isolation and characterization these organisms have a shorter doubling time when of a number of novel bacteria and archaea from nitrate, rather than sulfur, is supplemented as the deep-sea hydrothermal vents revealed that most of terminal electron acceptor (Vetriani et al., 2004; them can use nitrate in addition to sulfur as their Voordeckers et al., 2005; Perez-Rodriguez et al., terminal electron acceptor. During growth, these 2010, 2012). In particular, most of the Epsilonpro- microorganisms reduce nitrate to dinitrogen (Takai teobacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal et al., 2004; Nakagawa et al., 2005; Takai et al., 2006) vents conserve energy by reducing nitrate (reviewed in Campbell et al., 2006). Epsilonproteobacteria Correspondence: C Vetriani, Institute of Marine and Coastal have been found to be abundant in geographically Sciences, Rutgers University, 71 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, distant deep-sea vent sites, and colonization experi- NJ 08901, USA. ments that were carried out in the vicinity of active E-mail: [email protected] 4These authors contributed equally to this work. deep-sea vents revealed that between 66 and 98% of 5Current address: Department of Botany and Microbiology, the microorganisms associated with these substrates Institute for Environmental Genomics, University of Oklahoma, belonged to this group of bacteria (Lopez-Garcia Norman, OK 73019, USA et al., 2003; Takai et al., 2003; Alain et al., 2004). 6Current address: Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA Overall, these observations indicate that Epsilon- Received 14 September 2013; revised 1 December 2013; accepted proteobacteria represent a large fraction of the 3 December 2013; published online 16 January 2014 primary producers at deep-sea hydrothermal vents Nitrate reductase in vent Epsilonproteobacteria C Vetriani et al 1511 at temperatures between 25 and 60 1C, and imply several Epsilonproteobacteria isolated from marine that the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor geothermal environments (Inagaki et al., 2003; in these environments may be more common than Voordeckers et al., 2005; Nakagawa et al., 2007; previously thought. Campbell et al., 2009; Sikorski et al., 2010; Data on the nitrogen chemistry of hydrothermal Giovannelli et al., 2011). The genome sequence of fluids indicate a depletion of both nitrate and nitrite these organisms showed that Epsilonproteobacteria in vent fluids. Nitrate, however, is present in bottom encode the periplasmic nitrate reductase, NapA, and seawater (Millero, 1996) and it is therefore available not for the membrane-bound enzyme, NarG (in to be used by vent bacteria both as an electron contrast to, for example, E. coli, which encodes acceptor and as a nitrogen source. More recently, both enzymes). Bourbonnais et al. (2012a, b) found that the rates for The napA gene represents the core entity of the nitrate reduction to dinitrogen gas and ammonium periplasmic nitrate reductase gene cluster. The in fluids from diffuse flow vents on the Juan de Fuca napDAB genes encode the molybdopterin-contain- Ridge were up to B1000 and 150 nmol N l À 1 per day, ing reductase (NapA), the diheme component of respectively, and that the isotopic composition of the periplasmic electron transfer system (NapB, the nitrate and ammonium suggested a role for vent redox partner of NapA) and a putative chaperone microorganisms in nitrogen cycling. involved in the maturation of NapA (NapD). Prokaryotes are able to synthesize three distinct In Epsilonproteobacteria, the role of individual types of nitrate reductases. All three enzymes products of the nap gene cluster has been investigated reduce nitrate to nitrite, but they are involved in in W. succinogenes (Kern et al., 2007). Consistent different physiological processes (reviewed in Lin with the lack of the NapC (Simon et al., 2003), the and Stewart, 1998; Moreno-Vivian et al., 1999; electron transfer to NapAB in W. succinogenes is Potter et al., 2001; Richardson et al., 2001). The mediated by the NapGH membrane-bound iron– Nas enzyme is located in the cytoplasm and sulfur periplasmic quinone dehydrogenase complex participates in nitrogen assimilation, whereas the (Kern and Simon, 2008). NapL is an iron–sulfur other two nitrate reductases (Nar and Nap) are both periplasmic protein present in all epsilonproteobac- linked to respiratory electron transport systems. The terial genomes. Although the function of NapL and Nar enzyme is a three-subunit complex attached to NapF is currently unclear, recent data indicate that the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. The Nap in W. succinogenes the NapGHF complex is enzyme is a two-subunit complex located in the involved in menaquinol oxidation, electron transfer periplasmic space of Gram-negative bacteria. All to periplasmic NapA and maturation of the cyto- three types of nitrate reductases contain molybde- plasmic NapA precursor (Kern et al., 2007; Kern and num bound to the bis-molybdopterin guanine Simon, 2009b). dinucleotide cofactor at the active site. However, Although surveys of genes involved in nitrate although the assimilatory enzyme (Nas) uses reduction have been carried out in soils and NAD(P)H or ferredoxin as reductant, the respiratory estuarine environments (Bru et al., 2007; Smith Nar and Nap enzymes ultimately take electrons from et al., 2007; Dong et al., 2009), the distribution and the membranous quinone pool. diversity of the nitrate reductase in natural micro- The periplasmic nitrate reductase (NapA, bial communities from deep-sea geothermal envir- encoded by the napA gene) has been described in onments are scarce. Recently, Perez-Rodriguez et al. several different organisms, and its physiological (2013) identified Gamma- and Alphaproteobacteria- functions may vary in different bacteria (Moreno- related, membrane-bound nitrate reductases, NarG, Vivian et al., 1999; Potter et al., 2001; Richardson in vent microbial communities. However, there is no et al., 2001). Although in some bacteria NapA has a information on the distribution and diversity of the dissimilatory function to maintain redox balance periplasmic nitrate reductase, NapA, in deep-sea during growth on highly reduced carbon sources environments. In this study we have reconstructed (for example, in Rhodobacter and Paracoccus spp.; the structure of the nap gene cluster in Epsilonpro- Richardson et al., 2001), in some enteric and rumen teobacteria isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Wolinella vents whose genomes have been sequenced; we succinogenes, NapA is expressed during
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Inactivation of CRISPR-Cas Systems by Anti-CRISPR Proteins in Diverse Bacterial Species April Pawluk1, Raymond H.J
    LETTERS PUBLISHED: 13 JUNE 2016 | ARTICLE NUMBER: 16085 | DOI: 10.1038/NMICROBIOL.2016.85 Inactivation of CRISPR-Cas systems by anti-CRISPR proteins in diverse bacterial species April Pawluk1, Raymond H.J. Staals2, Corinda Taylor2, Bridget N.J. Watson2, Senjuti Saha3, Peter C. Fineran2, Karen L. Maxwell4* and Alan R. Davidson1,3* CRISPR-Cas systems provide sequence-specific adaptive immu- MGE-encoded mechanisms that inhibit CRISPR-Cas systems. In nity against foreign nucleic acids1,2. They are present in approxi- support of this hypothesis, phages infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa mately half of all sequenced prokaryotes3 and are expected to were found to encode diverse families of proteins that inhibit constitute a major barrier to horizontal gene transfer. We pre- the CRISPR-Cas systems of their host through several distinct viously described nine distinct families of proteins encoded in mechanisms4,5,17,18. However, homologues of these anti-CRISPR Pseudomonas phage genomes that inhibit CRISPR-Cas function4,5. proteins were found only within the Pseudomonas genus. Here, We have developed a bioinformatic approach that enabled us to we describe a bioinformatic approach that allowed us to identify discover additional anti-CRISPR proteins encoded in phages five novel families of functional anti-CRISPR proteins encoded in and other mobile genetic elements of diverse bacterial phages and other putative MGEs in species spanning the diversity species. We show that five previously undiscovered families of Proteobacteria. of anti-CRISPRs inhibit the type I-F CRISPR-Cas systems of The nine previously characterized anti-CRISPR protein families both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pectobacterium atrosepticum, possess no common sequence motifs, so we used genomic context to and a dual specificity anti-CRISPR inactivates both type I-F search for novel anti-CRISPR genes.
    [Show full text]
  • Lipid Analysis of CO2-Rich Subsurface Aquifers Suggests an Autotrophy-Based Deep Biosphere with Lysolipids Enriched in CPR Bacteria
    The ISME Journal (2020) 14:1547–1560 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41396-020-0624-4 ARTICLE Lipid analysis of CO2-rich subsurface aquifers suggests an autotrophy-based deep biosphere with lysolipids enriched in CPR bacteria 1,2 3,4 1,3 3 3 Alexander J. Probst ● Felix J. Elling ● Cindy J. Castelle ● Qingzeng Zhu ● Marcus Elvert ● 5,6 6 1 7,9 7 Giovanni Birarda ● Hoi-Ying N. Holman ● Katherine R. Lane ● Bethany Ladd ● M. Cathryn Ryan ● 8 3 1 Tanja Woyke ● Kai-Uwe Hinrichs ● Jillian F. Banfield Received: 20 November 2018 / Revised: 5 February 2020 / Accepted: 25 February 2020 / Published online: 13 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020. This article is published with open access Abstract Sediment-hosted CO2-rich aquifers deep below the Colorado Plateau (USA) contain a remarkable diversity of uncultivated microorganisms, including Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria that are putative symbionts unable to synthesize membrane lipids. The origin of organic carbon in these ecosystems is unknown and the source of CPR membrane lipids remains elusive. We collected cells from deep groundwater brought to the surface by eruptions of Crystal Geyser, sequenced 1234567890();,: 1234567890();,: the community, and analyzed the whole community lipidome over time. Characteristic stable carbon isotopic compositions of microbial lipids suggest that bacterial and archaeal CO2 fixation ongoing in the deep subsurface provides organic carbon for the complex communities that reside there. Coupled lipidomic-metagenomic analysis indicates that CPR bacteria lack complete lipid biosynthesis pathways but still possess regular lipid membranes. These lipids may therefore originate from other community members, which also adapt to high in situ pressure by increasing fatty acid unsaturation.
    [Show full text]
  • (Batch Learning Self-Organizing Maps), to the Microbiome Analysis of Ticks
    Title A novel approach, based on BLSOMs (Batch Learning Self-Organizing Maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks Nakao, Ryo; Abe, Takashi; Nijhof, Ard M; Yamamoto, Seigo; Jongejan, Frans; Ikemura, Toshimichi; Sugimoto, Author(s) Chihiro The ISME Journal, 7(5), 1003-1015 Citation https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2012.171 Issue Date 2013-03 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/53167 Type article (author version) File Information ISME_Nakao.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP A novel approach, based on BLSOMs (Batch Learning Self-Organizing Maps), to the microbiome analysis of ticks Ryo Nakao1,a, Takashi Abe2,3,a, Ard M. Nijhof4, Seigo Yamamoto5, Frans Jongejan6,7, Toshimichi Ikemura2, Chihiro Sugimoto1 1Division of Collaboration and Education, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20, Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan 2Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan 3Graduate School of Science & Technology, Niigata University, 8050, Igarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi- ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan 4Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany 5Miyazaki Prefectural Institute for Public Health and Environment, 2-3-2 Gakuen Kibanadai Nishi, Miyazaki 889-2155, Japan 6Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands 7Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, 0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa aThese authors contributed equally to this work. Keywords: BLSOMs/emerging diseases/metagenomics/microbiomes/symbionts/ticks Running title: Tick microbiomes revealed by BLSOMs Subject category: Microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions Abstract Ticks transmit a variety of viral, bacterial and protozoal pathogens, which are often zoonotic.
    [Show full text]
  • Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella Taxonomy: Emendation of Generic Descriptions and Proposal of Arcobacter Gen
    INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, Jan. 1991, p. 88-103 Vol. 41, No. 1 0020-7713/91/010088-16$02.00/0 Copyright 0 1991, International Union of Microbiological Societies Revision of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, and Wolinella Taxonomy: Emendation of Generic Descriptions and Proposal of Arcobacter gen. nov. P. VANDAMME,l* E. FALSEN,2 R. ROSSAU,’t B. HOSTE,l P. SEGERS,l R. TYTGAT,l AND J. DE LEY’ Laboratorium voor Microbiologie en Microbiele Genetica, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium,’ and Culture Collection, Department of Clinical Bacteriology, University of Goteborg, S-413 46 Goteborg, Sweden2 Hybridization experiments were carried out between DNAs from more than 70 strains of Campylobacter spp. and related taxa and either 3H-labeled 23s rRNAs from reference strains belonging to Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter coli, and Campylobacter nitrofigilis, an unnamed Campylobacter sp. strain, and a Wolinella succinogenes strain or 3H- or 14C-labeled23s rRNAs from 13 gram-negative reference strains. An immunotyping analysis of 130 antigens versus 34 antisera of campylobacters and related taxa was also performed. We found that all of the named campylobacters and related taxa belong to the same phylogenetic group, which we name rRNA superfamily VI and which is far removed from the gram-negative bacteria allocated to the five rRNA superfamilies sensu De Ley. There is a high degree of heterogeneity within this rRNA superfamily. Organisms belonging to rRNA superfamily VI should be reclassified in several genera. We propose that the emended genus Campylobacter should be limited to Campylobacter fetus, Campylobacter hy ointestinalis , Campylobacter concisus, Campylobacter m ucosalis , Campylobacter sputorum, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari, and “Campylobacter upsaliensis.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies on the Detection Methods of Campylobacter and Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Drinking Water
    Tarja Pitkänen Tarja Pitkänen Tarja Studies on the Detection Tarja Pitkänen Methods of Campylobacter RESEARCH Studies on the Detection Methods of RESEARCH Campylobacter and Faecal Indicator Bacteria and Faecal Indicator in Drinking Water Bacteria in Drinking Water Indicator Bacteria in Drinking Water Drinking in Bacteria Indicator Methods Detection the on Studies Faecal contamination of drinking water and subsequent waterborne gastrointestinal infection outbreaks are a major public health concern. In this study, faecal indicator bacteria were detected in 10% of the groundwater samples analysed. The main on-site hazards to water safety at small community water supplies included inadequate well construction and maintenance, an insufficient depth of the protective soil layer and bank filtration. As a preventive measure, the upgrading of the water treatment processes and utilization of disinfection at small Finnish groundwater supplies are recommended. More efficient and specific and less time-consuming methods for enumeration and typing of E. coli and coliform bacteria from non-disinfected water as well as for cultivation and molecular detection and typing of Campylobacter were found in the study. These improvements in methodology for the analysis of the faecal bacteria from water might promote public health protection as they Campylobacter could be anticipated to result in very important time savings and improve the tracking of faecal contamination source in waterborne outbreak investigations. and Faecal Faecal and .!7BC5<2"HIGEML! National Institute for Health and Welfare P.O. Box 30 (Mannerheimintie 166) FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: +358 20 610 6000 39 ISBN 978-952-245-319-8 39 2010 39 www.thl.fi Tarja Pitkänen Studies on the Detection Methods of Campylobacter and Faecal Indicator Bacteria in Drinking Water ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented with the permission of the Faculty of Science and Forestry of the University of Eastern Finland for public examination in auditorium, MediTeknia Building, on October 1st, 2010 at 12 o’clock noon.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Carbon Metabolism Associated with Electrogenic Sulphur Oxidation in Coastal Sediments
    The ISME Journal (2015) 9, 1966–1978 & 2015 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/15 OPEN www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE Microbial carbon metabolism associated with electrogenic sulphur oxidation in coastal sediments Diana Vasquez-Cardenas1,2, Jack van de Vossenberg2,6, Lubos Polerecky3, Sairah Y Malkin4,7, Regina Schauer5, Silvia Hidalgo-Martinez2, Veronique Confurius1, Jack J Middelburg3, Filip JR Meysman2,4 and Henricus TS Boschker1 1Department of Marine Microbiology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Yerseke, The Netherlands; 2Department of Ecosystem Studies, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Yerseke, The Netherlands; 3Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 4Department of Environmental, Analytical and Geo-Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium and 5Centre of Geomicrobiology/Microbiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Recently, a novel electrogenic type of sulphur oxidation was documented in marine sediments, whereby filamentous cable bacteria (Desulfobulbaceae) are mediating electron transport over cm- scale distances. These cable bacteria are capable of developing an extensive network within days, implying a highly efficient carbon acquisition strategy. Presently, the carbon metabolism of cable bacteria is unknown, and hence we adopted a multidisciplinary approach to study the carbon substrate utilization of both cable bacteria and associated microbial community in sediment incubations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed rapid downward growth of cable bacteria, concomitant with high rates of electrogenic sulphur oxidation, as quantified by microelectrode profiling. We studied heterotrophy and autotrophy by following 13C-propionate and -bicarbonate incorporation into bacterial fatty acids. This biomarker analysis showed that propionate uptake was limited to fatty acid signatures typical for the genus Desulfobulbus.
    [Show full text]
  • Potential of Bacterial Cellulose Chemisorbed with Anti-Metabolites, 3-Bromopyruvate Or Sertraline, to Fight Against Helicobacter Pylori Lawn Biofilm
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Potential of Bacterial Cellulose Chemisorbed with Anti-Metabolites, 3-Bromopyruvate or Sertraline, to Fight against Helicobacter pylori Lawn Biofilm Paweł Krzy˙zek 1,* , Gra˙zynaGo´sciniak 1 , Karol Fijałkowski 2 , Paweł Migdał 3 , Mariusz Dziadas 4 , Artur Owczarek 5 , Joanna Czajkowska 6, Olga Aniołek 7 and Adam Junka 8 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] 2 Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland; karol.fi[email protected] 3 Department of Environment, Hygiene and Animal Welfare, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] 4 Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, 50-353 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] 6 Laboratory of Microbiology, Polish Center for Technology Development PORT, 54-066 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] 7 Faculty of Medicine, Lazarski University, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] 8 Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 November 2020; Accepted: 11 December 2020; Published: 14 December 2020 Abstract: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium known mainly of its ability to cause persistent inflammations of the human stomach, resulting in peptic ulcer diseases and gastric cancers. Continuous exposure of this bacterium to antibiotics has resulted in high detection of multidrug-resistant strains and difficulties in obtaining a therapeutic effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Campylobacteriosis: a Global Threat
    ISSN: 2574-1241 Volume 5- Issue 4: 2018 DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002165 Muhammad Hanif Mughal. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res Review Article Open Access Campylobacteriosis: A Global Threat Muhammad Hanif Mughal* Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi, Islamabad, Pakistan Received: : November 30, 2018; Published: : December 10, 2018 *Corresponding author: Muhammad Hanif Mughal, Homeopathic Clinic, Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract Campylobacter species account for most cases of human gastrointestinal infections worldwide. In humans, Campylobacter bacteria cause illness called campylobacteriosis. It is a common problem in the developing and industrialized world in human population. Campylobacter species extensive research in many developed countries yielded over 7500 peer reviewed articles. In humans, most frequently isolated species had been Campylobacter jejuni, followed by Campylobactercoli Campylobacterlari, and lastly Campylobacter fetus. C. jejuni colonizes important food animals besides chicken, which also includes cattle. The spread of the disease is allied to a wide range of livestock which include sheep, pigs, birds and turkeys. The organism (5-18.6 has% of been all Campylobacter responsible for cases) diarrhoea, in an estimated 400 - 500 million people globally each year. The most important Campylobacter species associated with human infections are C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis. Campylobacter colonize the lower intestinal tract, including the jejunum, ileum, and colon. The main sources of these microorganisms have been traced in unpasteurized milk, contaminated drinking water, raw or uncooked meat; especially poultry meat and contact with animals. Keywords: Campylobacteriosis; Gasteritis; Campylobacter jejuni; Developing countries; Emerging infections; Climate change Introduction of which C. jejuni and 12 species of C. coli have been associated with Campylobacter cause an illness known as campylobacteriosis is a common infectious problem of the developing and industrialized world.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY Volume 45 September 2007 No. 9 MINIREVIEW 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing for Bacterial Identification in J. Michael Janda and Sharon L. 2761–2764 the Diagnostic Laboratory: Pluses, Perils, and Pitfalls Abbott BACTERIOLOGY Is the Volume of Blood Cultured Still a Significant Factor in Emilio Bouza, Dolores Sousa, 2765–2769 the Diagnosis of Bloodstream Infections? Marta Rodrı´guez-Cre´ixems, Juan Garcı´a Lechuz, and Patricia Mun˜oz Reclassification of Phenotypically Identified Staphylococcus Takashi Sasaki, Ken Kikuchi, 2770–2778 intermedius Strains Yoshikazu Tanaka, Namiko Takahashi, Shinichi Kamata, and Keiichi Hiramatsu Evaluation of Gen-Probe APTIMA-Based Neisseria Erik Munson, Vivian Boyd, Jolanta 2793–2797 gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis Confirmatory Testing Czarnecka, Judy Griep, Brian Lund, in a Metropolitan Setting of High Disease Prevalence Nancy Schaal, and Jeanne E. Hryciuk Convenient Test Using a Combination of Chelating Agents Soo-Young Kim, Seong Geun Hong, 2798–2801 for Detection of Metallo-␤-Lactamases in the Clinical Ellen S. Moland, and Kenneth S. Laboratory Thomson Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin-Resistant Bo Zheng, Haruyoshi Tomita, Yong 2813–2818 Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Mainland China Hong Xiao, Shan Wang, Yun Li, and Yasuyoshi Ike Bacteriology of Moderate-to-Severe Diabetic Foot Infections Diane M. Citron, Ellie J. C. 2819–2828 and In Vitro Activity of Antimicrobial Agents Goldstein, C. Vreni Merriam, Benjamin A. Lipsky, and Murray A. Abramson Outbreak of Pseudomonas
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Information for Microbial Electrochemical Systems Outperform Fixed-Bed Biofilters for Cleaning-Up Urban Wastewater
    Electronic Supplementary Material (ESI) for Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology. This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Supplementary information for Microbial Electrochemical Systems outperform fixed-bed biofilters for cleaning-up urban wastewater AUTHORS: Arantxa Aguirre-Sierraa, Tristano Bacchetti De Gregorisb, Antonio Berná, Juan José Salasc, Carlos Aragónc, Abraham Esteve-Núñezab* Fig.1S Total nitrogen (A), ammonia (B) and nitrate (C) influent and effluent average values of the coke and the gravel biofilters. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Fig. 2S Influent and effluent COD (A) and BOD5 (B) average values of the hybrid biofilter and the hybrid polarized biofilter. Error bars represent 95% confidence interval. Fig. 3S Redox potential measured in the coke and the gravel biofilters Fig. 4S Rarefaction curves calculated for each sample based on the OTU computations. Fig. 5S Correspondence analysis biplot of classes’ distribution from pyrosequencing analysis. Fig. 6S. Relative abundance of classes of the category ‘other’ at class level. Table 1S Influent pre-treated wastewater and effluents characteristics. Averages ± SD HRT (d) 4.0 3.4 1.7 0.8 0.5 Influent COD (mg L-1) 246 ± 114 330 ± 107 457 ± 92 318 ± 143 393 ± 101 -1 BOD5 (mg L ) 136 ± 86 235 ± 36 268 ± 81 176 ± 127 213 ± 112 TN (mg L-1) 45.0 ± 17.4 60.6 ± 7.5 57.7 ± 3.9 43.7 ± 16.5 54.8 ± 10.1 -1 NH4-N (mg L ) 32.7 ± 18.7 51.6 ± 6.5 49.0 ± 2.3 36.6 ± 15.9 47.0 ± 8.8 -1 NO3-N (mg L ) 2.3 ± 3.6 1.0 ± 1.6 0.8 ± 0.6 1.5 ± 2.0 0.9 ± 0.6 TP (mg
    [Show full text]
  • Westchester County Restaurants
    RESTAURANTS THAT ARE ENOUGH TO MAKE YOU SICK: AN ANALYSIS OF UNSANITARY CONDITIONS AT NEW YORK CITY AND WESTCHESTER COUNTY RESTAURANTS STATE SENATOR JEFF KLEIN RANKING MINORITY MEMBER CONSUMER PROTECTION COMMITTEE RESTAURANTS ENOUGH TO MAKE YOU SICK: AN ANALYSIS OF UNSANITARY CONDITIONS AT NEW YORK CITY AND WESTCHESTER COUNTY RESTAURANT S How Consumers Are At Risk There is little reason why eating a meal in a restaurant should be any more dangerous than eating a meal in your own home. The volume and variety of foods prepared in a restaurant kitchen makes sanitation more critical, but the basic rules of cleanliness, temperature control and pest control are universal. The major difference is that the restaurant patron cannot usually see the kitchen where his or her meal is prepared. These unseen risks are present and they can pose a serious threat to the public. Worse, they may go undetected and unaddressed for extended periods of time. Although inspections are the first step toward catching these problems before they become public health hazards, many problems linger long after they have been cited by inspectors because restaurants can continue to operate with ongoing violations, with no warning to consumers. Many of the violations we have looked at, and many of the most common violations, are easily correctable, and if eradicated, greatly reduce the probability of an outbreak of food borne illness. By simply ensuring that potentially hazardous foods are properly stored, that they do not come into contact with other ready-to-eat foods, and ensuring that employees wash their hand or change their gloves after handling such foods would almost eliminate the risks posed by these foods.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gut Microbiome of the Sea Urchin, Lytechinus Variegatus, from Its Natural Habitat Demonstrates Selective Attributes of Micro
    FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 92, 2016, fiw146 doi: 10.1093/femsec/fiw146 Advance Access Publication Date: 1 July 2016 Research Article RESEARCH ARTICLE The gut microbiome of the sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, from its natural habitat demonstrates selective attributes of microbial taxa and predictive metabolic profiles Joseph A. Hakim1,†, Hyunmin Koo1,†, Ranjit Kumar2, Elliot J. Lefkowitz2,3, Casey D. Morrow4, Mickie L. Powell1, Stephen A. Watts1,∗ and Asim K. Bej1,∗ 1Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA, 2Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA, 3Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA and 4Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ∗Corresponding authors: Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Blvd, CH464, Birmingham, AL 35294-1170, USA. Tel: +1-(205)-934-8308; Fax: +1-(205)-975-6097; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] †These authors contributed equally to this work. One sentence summary: This study describes the distribution of microbiota, and their predicted functional attributes, in the gut ecosystem of sea urchin, Lytechinus variegatus, from its natural habitat of Gulf of Mexico. Editor: Julian Marchesi ABSTRACT In this paper, we describe the microbial composition and their predictive metabolic profile in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus gut ecosystem along with samples from its habitat by using NextGen amplicon sequencing and downstream bioinformatics analyses. The microbial communities of the gut tissue revealed a near-exclusive abundance of Campylobacteraceae, whereas the pharynx tissue consisted of Tenericutes, followed by Gamma-, Alpha- and Epsilonproteobacteria at approximately equal capacities.
    [Show full text]