Experiencing Technology (4th Edition)

Table of Contents David Brian Williams and Peter Richard Webster

Preface: Experiencing , 4th Edition

o Welcome to the Fourth Edition of Experiencing Music Technology o Why Did We Write This Book? o Important Changes in the Music Technology Landscape o So, What’s New with the Fourth Edition? Creative, Entrepreneurial, and Community-Based Work Desktop & Laptop, Internet, and Mobile Realities Competencies Other Important Changes What is Disappearing? o Experiencing Music Technology Online Support Website o Icons in the Margin of the Book o So Welcome! o About the Authors o Acknowledgments

Viewport I: Musicians and Their Use of Technology

• Overview o Project Suggestions for Viewport I o Music Technology in Practice Students at USC Thornton School of Music in Recording Session Email Interviews with Brittany May and Rob Dunn

• Module 1: People and Music: Technology’s Importance in Changing Times o Why Study This Module? o The Importance of Human Creation o Changing Patterns of Music Curricular in Higher Education o Technology Adoption and Change

• Module 2: People Making Technology: The Dance of Music and Technology o Why Study This Module? Sidebar: Cassettes to CDs to Music in the Cloud o Music Tools Driven by the Technology at Hand The Mechanical Age: 1600s to Mid-1800s Powered by Electricity: Mid-1800s to Early 1900s Vacuum Tubes: Early 1900s to Mid-1900s Transistors and Miniaturization: 1950s to 1970s Personal Computers: 1970s to 2000s Internet, the Cloud, and Digital Anywhere: 2000 to the Present Big Things Come in Little Technology Boxes

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o Back to the Future: Key Technologies of the Present

• Module 3: People Competencies for Music Technology o Why Study This Module? o People, Procedures, Data, Software, and Hardware o Core Competencies and Solving Problems 1. Demonstrate setting up a workstation and problem-solve technical issues 2. Describe importance principles of copyright, creative commons, and fair use 3. Demonstrate an understanding of acoustics and audiology 4. Create a streaming audio file 5. Explain the basics of analog and and how to edit digital audio files 6. Demonstrate an understanding of MIDI and its applications including performing with electronic, digital, and non-traditional instruments 7. and mix a performance with digital audio software 8. Enter, edit, and print music using notation software 9. Create and edit a simple music video 10. Create a music presentation with production software and appropriate hardware 11. Demonstrate how to use and manage a variety of social music sharing tools

• Module 4: Getting Help o Why Study this Module? o Online Support o People with Technical Knowledge and Skills o Printed Materials o Professional Associations o Professional Conferences

• Module 5: Finding Your Experience Level o Why Study this Module? o Experience Level o Platform and Choices o Hardware Choices o Software Choices

Viewport II: Platforms, Operating Systems, and Internet Concepts for Musicians

• Overview o Project Suggestions for Viewport II o Music Technology in Practice Frank Ticheli: Composer Working with Score

• Module 6: Operating Systems, Digital Work Habits, and Internet Use o Why Study This Module? o Devices and Their Operating Systems What is an Operating System and What is its Purpose? • OSs and Software/Hardware Choice for Music Technology

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• Keeping Current • Human Interaction and the Graphical User Interface Keeping Devices Organized and Understood • Setting Up a New Device • Drives • Files and Folders • Organizing Your Digital Environment • Location of Files and Folders • Pathname • Properties of the Device Itself Connecting Hardware and Internet Connections • Desktop/Laptop Computers • Tablets/Smartphones Look and Feel of Your Device • Background • Interface • Accessibility o Digital Work Habits Naming and Saving on All Devices • A Few Do’s and Don’ts • Importance of Saving Often! • Approaches to File Saving Viruses, Malware and Device Security Choosing and Managing Passwords • Tips for Choice • Password Manager Backing Up • Desktop/Laptop Computer • Mobile Devices Complexities of Copyright • Registration • Length of Copyright • of "Covers" • Performance Rights • Streaming Services • Fair Use • Future of Copyright o Internet-Based Software for Personal and Professional Development Service and Hosting Web Browsers • Different Strengths • Key Features Email File Sharing Digital Audio Services: Sharing, Streaming, and Purchasing • Digital Audio Sharing • Digital Audio Streaming • Digital Audio Purchasing

Developing a Personal Learning Network (PLN)

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• Social Media • Bookmarking • Blogs • • Website Design How It All Might Fit Together

• Module 7: Concepts of Computers, Networking, and the Internet o Why Study This Module? o Analog to Digital: Computers and the Analog World Counting and Thinking with 1 and 0 Computer Bits and Bytes Serial and Parallel: Computers and Their Peripherals • Expressing Data in Parallel Form • Expressing Data in Serial Form o Network Protocols: Communicating Among Computer Devices Internet’s Primary Protocol: TCP/IP Sidebar: How Did the Design of the Internet Develop? • How Are Data Shared Over the Internet? • How Are Packets Addressed and Sent Over the Internet? Domain Names and IP Addresses Sorting Out Domain Names Email Internet Protocols: POP, IMAP, and SMTP Sidebar: Firsts Downloading and Streaming Protocols: FTP and RTSP o The World Wide Web: URL, HTTP, HTML, and More Web Internet Addresses and Protocols: URLs and HTTP • What If You Want to Create a Personal Website? Constructing Web Documents: HTML Web 2.0: HTML5, CSS, XML, and More Extending Web 2.0 o File Formats: Sharing Files Packaging and Compressing Sets of Files: ZIP, TAR, Z, DMG, and EXE Exchanging Documents and Media with Universal File Formats Exchanging Text Documents: ASCII, RTF, DOC, PAGES, ODT, and PDF Exchanging Music and Audio: WAV, AIF, MIDI and more Exchanging Graphics and Video Sidebar: Advanced Audio and Video Codecs and Containers Advanced Audio and Video Codecs and Containers o Safe Computing: Backup and the Cloud Clone Backup Incremental Backup of Critical Files Synchronized Backup Sidebar: Caution When Using Synchronized Backup! What Backup or Backups to Use?

• Module 8: EMT Workstation Designs: Internals and Connectivity o Why Study This Module? o The Five Components of a Computer System o The Internal Process of Computer Devices CPU, GPU, and the Clock

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• Central Processing Unit (CPU) • The Clock and Processor Speed • Graphic Processing Unit (GPU) • Applying Processors to Commercial Computing Devices Memory: RAM and ROM Sidebar: Deeper into RAM and ROM Internal Connectivity: SATA and PCIe Audio Codecs Internal Storage: HDD and SSD • Hard Disk Drives or HDDs • Solid-State Drives or SSDs Sidebar: Storage and Bus Speeds o Internal Processes o What’s Different with the Internals of Mobile Devices? Mobile: CPU, GPU, the Clock and More Mobile: RAM, SSD and No HDD o Wired Connectivity The Wires: USB and Thunderbolt • Universal Serial Bus (USB) Connectors • Thunderbolt Connectors • USB Type-C The Protocols: USB and Thunderbolt • USB Protocols Sidebar: The Mix of USB Protocols and Numbering • Thunderbolt Protocols Sidebar: Common Network Topologies USB and Thunderbolt Topologies Applying USB And Thunderbolt to Desktop and Mobile Devices o Designing Wired and Wireless Networks Peer-to-Peer and Client-to-Server Local and Wide Area Networks Internet Service Provider (ISP) o Wired: The Internet Ethernet Internet Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Internet Cable Internet Fiber Internet Sidebar: Virtual Private Network Applications for Wired Internet o Wireless Connectivity NFC and Bluetooth • Near Field Communication (NFC) • Bluetooth • Applications of NFC and Bluetooth Wi-Fi and Cellular Internet • Wi-Fi • Cellular Sidebar: Cellular Acronyms! • Applications for Wi-Fi and Cellular o Takeaways

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• Module 9: EMT Workstation Designs: Internals and Connectivity o Why Study This Module? o Input Devices Keyboards Mouse Devices Touch Pads and Screens Pencils and Styluses Sidebar: Hal, the Virtual Assistant Virtual Assistants Sidebar: A Peak into the Design of Virtual Assistants • Acoustic Modeling • Pattern Matching Algorithms • Language Modeling (LM) • N-gram Modeling (N-gram) o Output Devices External Storage: HDDs, SSDs, Flash and SD, and CD and DVD • External HDD Storage • External SSD Storage • Flash and Secure Digital (SD) Storage • CD and DVD Storage Video: VGA, HDMI, DVI, Thunderbolt and More • Screen Technology • Screen Resolution • Screen Connectivity • Thunderbolt and USB-C for Video • Lightning and USB for Mobile Video Audio Output • Speakers, , or Earbuds • Wired or Wireless o Internet Hardware o EMT-1 Applications Wrap Up The Desktop Workstation The Mobile Workstation

Viewport III: Analog and Digital Audio Basics • Big Picture: Digital Music Production and Live Performance • Overview of Viewport III o Project Suggestions for Viewport III o Music Technology in Practice Email Interview with Dr. Henry Panion III Email Interview with Ian Keel

• Module 10: Concepts of Acoustics, Audiology, and Digital Audio o Why Study This Module? o Two Dimensions of Sound: Acoustical and Perceptual o Acoustical Properties of Sound Vibrations Frequency Amplitude

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Envelopes Harmonic Spectrum Overtones Harmonic Spectrum and Fourier’s Theorem Sidebar: Experiment Summary of the Acoustic Properties of Sound o Audiology and the Human Ear (New) Components of the Human Ear Protecting Our Ears o Digital Audio: Analog to Digital and Back Sampling Rates and Quantizing Optimizing the Quality of Digital Audio • Nyquist and S/N Ratios • Frequency Range • The Dynamic Range or Signal-to-Noise Ratio Aliasing, Filters, and Oversampling Going Higher: 24 Bits at 96 kHz and Beyond o Formats and Compression for Storing Digital Audio Files Sound Compression Lossy Audio: Increasing Compression While Fooling the Ear Streaming Audio Files for the Internet

o Music Synthesis Techniques Analog Synthesis: Additive, Subtractive, and Distortive Physical Modeling Digital Wave Synthesis • Single-Cycle Waveform • Single-Tone Sample • Complete Sample • Wave Shaping Granular Synthesis

• Module 11: Building a Basic Analog and Digital Music Studio o Why Study This Module? o Introducing EMT-2 and EMT-3 Music Studio Models Sorting Out Plugs and Ports Tip, Rig, and Sleeve Balanced and Unbalanced Impedance o Analog Audio Studio with EMT-2 Simple Analog and USB Audio Interfaces (New) Connecting to the Outside World: Input and Output • Solution 1: Using the Analog Mini-Jack Port on the Computer • Solution 2: Using the USB Port on the Computer The Role of the Mixer • Mixer Input Channels • Mixer Output Buses • Physical Operation • Choices EMT-2 Mobile and Chromebook Considerations

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• Mobile with Smartphones and Tablets • and Web-based Music Apps • Web Audio and Web MIDI o Digital Audio Studio with EMT-3 Features of Digital Audio Interfaces • Entry-level USB Audio Interfaces • Increasing Features of Audio Interfaces Integrating a USB Audio Interface with the EMT-3 Design • Fitting the Four Audio Interfaces into the EMT-3 Digital Studio Sound Drivers and Latency: Why is My Computer Behind the Beat? • Zero/Low-Latency and Direct Monitoring • Latency with Mobile Devices • Latency’s Coda o EMT-3 Mobile and Chromebook Considerations Mobile and Portable Audio Interfaces Adding a Mobile Audio Interface to EMT-3 o Storage and Sharing Digital Audio Work Digital Music Players and Smartphones CD/DVD-R Storage Flash Memory and SD Cards Cloud-based Storage

• Module 12: Wave Editing and Basic-Level DAW Software o Why Study This Module? o Preliminaries Mono, Stereo, Channel and Track Wave Editors vs. Basic-Level Digital Audio Workstations (DAWs) Installation, Space, and Plug-ins • Installation • Working Space • Plug-ins and Other Extensions Importing Pre-Existing Audio • Direct Import • CD Import • Recording Audio from Streamed Sources Recording Live Audio and Auditing Audio Playback • Device Preparation • Desktop/Laptop Devices • Mobile Devices • Monitoring Recording Choosing the Right Platform o Exemplar Software: Wave Editors (macOS/Windows/) • Waveform Displays • Timing/Record and Playback • Menus WavePad (Windows, macOS, iOS, iPadOS, Android) TwistedWave (macOS, iOS, iPadOS, web-based) o Introduction to Audio Effects Processing Critical Role of Effects

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Historical Note Amplitude • Amplify • Normalize • Compression • Fading Sound Quality (Timbre) • • Distortion, , Vibrato, and Wah-Wah • Noise Reduction Pitch/Time • Echo and • Reverb • and Pitch Change o Exemplar Software: Basic-Level DAWs GarageBand (macOS) • Interface • Multiple Tracks, Loop Library, Building a Project • Simple Editing of Regions • Effects Processing • Track Automation Home Studio (Windows) • Interface • Effects Processing and Automation Soundation Chrome Studio (Web-Based) • Main Interface • Adding Tracks and Editing Audio Content Audio Evolution Mobile (iOS, iPadOS, Android) • Main Interface • Adding Tracks and Editing Audio Content

• Module 13: Concepts of Modular Analog Synthesis and o Why Study This Module? o A Bit of Analog History o Analog Synthesizers Modules The Primary Components Four Basic Modules Adding Elements of Control and Modulation Global Controls and Effects o Virtual Renaissance of Analog Synthesizers Minimoog Virtual Analog Synth Setting a Patch for the Minimoog Synth o Getting Started: A Sample of Physical and Virtual Analog Synths MonoStereo LH Rubbing Synthesizer Common Analog Synthesizer (AN Synth) ARP ODYSSEi o Eurorack Revisited: Open Source Virtual Modular Systems and VCV Rack

Viewport IV: Adding MIDI to the Mix

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• Overview o A Potpourri of Audio and MIDI Effects o Music Technology in Practice: Online chat with Dr. V. J. Manzo

• Module 14: Concepts of MIDI o Why Study This Module? o How MIDI Works? o Understanding MIDI Performance Codes MIDI Device Configurations Channel Messages • Channel Voice Messages Sidebar: Panic: My MIDI Device Has Gone Berserk! • Program Change Messages • Control Change Messages • Channel Mode Messages Channels and MIDI Traffic Flow System Messages o General MIDI Sidebar: Web MIDI o Mapping MIDI Codes: Hardware Meets Software Sidebar: MIDI 2.0 o MIDI Connectivity and Networking Physical Virtual Wired Solutions: USB and More Virtual Wireless Solutions: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and More Inter-App Solutions: IAC, AU, VST and More • Desktop Inter-App • Mobile Inter-App Sidebar: Open Sound Control (OSC): An Alternative to MIDI o Storing and Exchanging MIDI Files o Managing MIDI and Audio Resources Apple Resources Microsoft and Other Resources o MIDI and Audio Timing: SMPTE, MIDI Time Codes, ADAT, and Word Clock Who’s Conducting This Group? Keeping the Tape Time SMPTE (Society for Motion Picture and Television Engineers) Coding Keeping the MIDI Time: MIDI Time Codes ADAT and Word Clock o Experiencing MIDI Software and Hardware

• Module 15: Beginning Work with MIDI Editing and Basic-Level DAW Software o Why Study This Module? o Preliminaries MIDI Versus Digital Audio MIDI Messages and Channels General MIDI and Hardware to Software Synchronization

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MIDI Hardware and Connectivity Issues o Exemplar Software: Basic Level DAWs and MIDI GarageBand (macOS) • MIDI Setup and Data Entry  Setup • Sidebar: Representation of Audio and MIDI Tracks  Data entry-import  Data entry-recording • Sidebar: Flavors of DAW Loops • MIDI Editing and Effects for Final Rendered Sound  Editing  Quantizing  Effects Mixcraft Home Studio (Windows) • MIDI Setup and Data Entry • MIDI Editing and Effects for Final Rendered Sound Artist (macOS/Windows) • MIDI Setup • MIDI Editing and Effects for Final Rendered Sound • MIDI Effects (MIDI FX) (Web-Based) • MIDI Setup • MIDI Editing and Effects for Final Rendered Sound Audio Evolution Mobile (Android/iOS, iPadOS) • MIDI Setup • Sidebar: MIDI SoundFonts • MIDI Track with SoundFonts • MIDI Track with External MIDI Hardware • Sidebar: Why a hardware MIDI sound module? • Drum Pattern MIDI Tracks • MIDI Editing and Effects for Final Rendered Sound GarageBand (iPadOS) • Main Interface • Live Loops • Tracks and Track Setup • Recording Tracks with Smart Instruments: Keyboards • Record Tracks with Smart Instruments: Drum Sets • Extending Track Content • External Resources Using AU and IAA • MIDI Editing and Effects for Final Rendered Sound • MIDI Effects (MIDI FX) o Specialized Software for Music Production with Mobile Platforms Specialized DAWs • Korg Gadgets 2 (iOS, macOS) • NanoStudio 2 (iPadOS)  Song editor  Core instruments  MIDI editing and effects for final rendered sound

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 MIDI effects (MIDI FX) Software Sound Synthesizer: AudioKit Synth One • Top Menu Options • Bottom Menu Options • Middle View Options • Workflow Beatboxes/Drum Machines: DM1-The (iOS, iPadOS, macOS) • Main View • Other Views Workflow Environment Utilities for Music Apps • Introduction to Music App Workflow • AudioBus • AUM-Audio Mixer • Sidebar: AUM Audio Mixer versus AudioBus as Understood by AUM-Audio Mixer Staff o Mixing, Mastering, and Distribution for Basic-Level DAWs File Formats and Distribution Mixing and Mastering Capabilities Mixing and Mastering: Are They the Same? • Mixing • Mastering Sidebar: Personal Choices with Mixing and Mastering: A Few Hints

• Module 16: MIDI Hardware: Interfaces and a Cornucopia of Controllers o Why Study This Module? o MIDI Interface Basics Sidebar: Attributes of a MIDI Interface Traditional MIDI Networks MIDI THRUs, Mergers, and Patchbays • MIDI THRU Interfaces • MIDI Merge Interfaces • MIDI Patchbay Interfaces o EMT-4 Music Studio with MIDI The Mobile Version of EMT-4 Keyboard Controllers Sidebar: Acoustic and Synthetic MIDI Controllers Pad Controllers o EMT-5 Enhanced MIDI Music Studio Sidebar: Features of the Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) Micro Express o Controller Cornucopia: Drums, Guitars, Winds, and More Drum Controllers Sidebar: Guitarists Playing Synthesizers Guitar and String Controllers • MIDI Guitar Controllers Sidebar: Analog to MIDI Conversion • Acoustic or Electric MIDI Guitars Voice Controllers Wind Controllers o Mixer or Virtual Control Surfaces

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Mixer Controls DAW Software Compatibility • Mackie HUI and MCU Protocols • Selected Review of MIDI and Mackie Protocols Automated Mixing Computer Interface Tablets and Smartphones as Mixer Control Surfaces • Tablet Controlled Mixers • DAW and Mixer Mobile Controllers: General • DAW Mobile Control Apps: Traditional • DAW Mobile Control Apps: Design Your Own Interface • Mixer Mobile Controllers o Creating New Modes of Expression Pioneers Experimenting Sweat, Body Movement, and Biofeedback Controllers Let the Experiment Continue: MIDI and Music Learning Advanced Hardware Tools for the DIY Composer/Performer Sidebar: The Future of Embedded Systems for DIY Music Instruments o Subjective Factors for MIDI Controllers

Viewport V: More Advanced Digital Audio Workstations

• Overview o Project Suggestions for Viewport V o Music Technology in Practice Email Interview with Steve Morrell

• Module 17: Multichannel Audio Hardware and Concepts o Why Study This Module? o Superheroes: The DSP Algorithms, Chips, and Plug-ins o Audio Mixer Concepts and Design Routing and Channels Summing, Buses, and Mixes Processing: Effects, Dynamic Processors, and More • Time-based and Modulation Effects • Amplitude/Dynamic Effects • Spectral/Sound Quality Effects • Pitch Effect Processors Effect Mixes: Aux and Insert Buses • Channel Insert Effects • Aux Send and Receives More on Mixes for Groups and Effects o The EMT Digital Audio Workstation Goes Multichannel Inputs for Recording or Performing Sidebar: Impedance (Z) Outputs for Recording, Monitor-Studio Audio, and Stage Audio o EMT-6A: Analog Mixers Midas 12-Channel Analog Mixer • Input Channels • Output Channels • Inserts and Aux Send/Returns

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• Group Mixes • Adding USB for a Hybrid-Analog Mixer Advantages and Disadvantages of an Analog Mixer Solution • Analog Advantages • Analog Disadvantages o EMT-6B: Digital Mixers PreSonus StudioLive 16.0.2 Digital Mixer • Inputs and Outputs • Aux Sends/Return and Effects Buses • Programming • Scenes • Wireless and Wired Mixer Applications • Multichannel Recording • Mix Bus Examples • Summary Sidebar: Audio connectivity beyond USB: HDMI, S/PDIF, ADAT, AES/EBU, & AoIP • HDMI • S/PDIF • ADAT • AES/EBU • AoIP Allen & Heath Qu-24 Digital Mixer • Features in Common with the Studiolive 16.0.2 • Output Features • Program Control Through the Superstrip • Motorized Faders • Digital Input-Output Options • Groups and Matrix Mixes Advantages and Disadvantages of a Digital Mixer Solution • Advantages • Disadvantages o EMT-6C: Virtual or In-the-Box Mixers Hardware Mixer Control Surfaces Tascam Celesonic US-20x20 USB 3.0 Audio/MIDI Interface • Input and Output Channels: Analog, Digital, and MIDI • Effects and More • DAW Compatibility Behringer X-Touch Mixer Controller Advantages and Disadvantages of a Virtual, In-the-Box Mixer Solution • Advantages • Disadvantages o Three Mixer Solutions Wrap Up Just Getting Started Ready to Move Up A Good Fit for ITB Mixing? o Mixers for Special Recording Needs Mixers for All Occasions • Wireless Multichannel Portable Mixers • Podcasting

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• Small Mixers for Small Jobs DJ Mixers o Portable Recorder/Players in the Digital Realm Two Scenarios for Portable Application Features in Common Features That Differ o Moving up to Surround Sound

• Module 18 Software for More Advanced Work with Digital Audio Workstations o Why Study This Module? o The Advanced DAW Landscape Eleven Advanced DAWs Notable Characteristics Which Advanced DAW is Best? o Exemplar Software X (macOS) • Setup/Interface • Digging Deeper  Making a Patch from Scratch  Smart Controls  Track Stacks  Advanced Drum Tracks/Drum Designer  Large Collection of Advanced Virtual Instruments  Using Notation  Scoring for Video  Surround Sound • Mixing and Mastering  Mixing Window.  Panning  Effects Processing at the Mixing Stage  Selective-Based Processing  Track Stacks for Mixing  Automation • Sidebar: Check CPU Overload before Mastering and Distribution  Mastering • Distribution • Sidebar: Newest Additions to Logic Pro X to Support Electronic Music Production Software Similar to Logic Pro X Auria Pro (iPadOS) • Sidebar: Gestures • Getting Started  File Management  Support for Audio and MIDI Capture • Interface  Mixer View  Edit View • Editing  Audio  MIDI

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• Effects Processing for Audio and MIDI  Standard Effects  Presets  Special Inserts  Order of Choice  Freezing  Saturation and Phase  MIDI effects  Automation for Pan and Volume • Mixing, Mastering, and Distribution  Mixing  Mastering  Distribution 10 (macOS, Windows) • Getting Started  Preferences for connected hardware  Other preferences  File structure organization  Keyboard shortcuts and contextual menus • Interface  Common elements  Session view  Arrangement view  Workflow between session and arrangement views • Editing  Editing MIDI  Editing audio • Audio/MIDI Effects and Automation  Effects  Automation • Mixing and Exporting Software Similar to Ableton Live 10 o Concluding Perspective: Advanced DAWs and Hardware Mixers DAWs Examples of DAW/Hardware Tradeoffs Audio Production Timeline

Viewport VI: Music Notation Production

• Overview o Project Suggestions for Viewport VI o Music Technology in Practice: Email interview with Chia-Yu Hsu Email interview with Jenni Brandon

• Module 19: Representing Music on the Printed or Digital Page o Why Study This Module? o How Is Symbolic Music Notation Represented in a Computer? Data Structures for Performing and Display

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Translating Data Between Performance and Display Sidebar: A Simple Music Code o Tour of Computer Music-Coding Systems Pre-1960s: Music Typography and Mechanical Coding • Automated Processes Mid-1960s to Mid-1970s: Friendlier Text-Based Music Coding • Experimentation and Graphic Display of Notation Late 1970s to Early 1980s: Enter the Personal Computer or PC Sidebar: Mockingbird Set the Standard for Years to Come Mid-1980s: The Democratization of Desktop Music Publishing • Music Data Structures Go Underground Late 1980s and 1990s: Intelligent Rule-Based Music-Coding Systems 1990s: Seeking Interchangeable Notation-Coding Systems • Standard MIDI Files (SMF) • Notation Interchange File Format (NIFF) • MuseData and GUIDO • Sidebar: Along the Path: SGML, HTML, and XML o End of the Path: MusicXML Recordare's MusicXML and Michael Good MusicXML and MakeMusic Deciphering MusicXML Tags • MusicXML Document Overarching Tags Note Element Tags o File Formats for Notation Applications More on File Formats for Notation Applications o Music Notation Import and Export Formats by Example Sidebar: Digital Music Reader Apps for Mobile Devices o Music Fonts for Notation Bitmapped Versus Outline Fonts Designing Music-Font Symbols Solving Music Font Problems Standard Music Font Layout (SMuFL) Potpourri of Music Fonts Lots of Music Fonts

o Is WYPWYP Music Software Possible? • Module 20: Entry Techniques for o Why Study This Module? o Entry of Symbols Sidebar: Variegated Choices for Scorewriters Alphanumeric Keyboards, Key Shortcuts, and Numeric Keyboards Mouse with Icons, Palettes, and Ribbon Step-time with MIDI Keyboard and Virtual Keuyboards Real-Time MIDI Recording Real-time Recording with Tap or Foot Pedal Live or Recorded Audio Handwritten Notation o Closing Thoughts on Entry Techniques for Music Notation

• Module 21: Software for Scorewriting, Scanning, and Digital Music Readers o Why Study This Module

EMT 4th TOC Oct 18, 2020dbw - 17 o Scorewriters for Desktop Computers Six Exemplar Scorewriters Other Software Software Choice • Music Content Requirements • Other Requirements  Sound generation  File formats  Sharing  Scanning/intelligent accompaniment  Teaching o What is to Come Basic Operational Features • Support for Use  Help  Hardware add-ons  Shortcuts • Score Display and Workflow  Layouts  Sizing and color  Fonts  Sound and printing  External sound devices Note Entry Basic Editing Editing Music Details • Time and Key Signatures • Clefs • Barlines and Measures • Chord Symbols and Guitar Tabs • • Expression, Text, and Dynamic Markings • Lyrics • Transposition of Notes, Passages, and Scores • Brackets and Braces • Fine-Tuning Beams, Stems, and Other elements • Creating Triplets and Other Tuplets Playback, Printing, and Saving/Sharing • Common Features for the Exemplars  Playback  Printing  Saving/Sharing • Specialized Features of Importance Found in Exemplars  Playback  Printing  Saving/Sharing Specialized Capabilities Overall • Suggest New Musical Ideas • Community Sharing/Marketplace/Learn Views

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• Condensing /Exploding • Plug-Ins o Scorewriters for Mobile Devices Notion 6 (iOS/iPadOS) StaffPad (iPadOS, Windows) Other Scorewriters for Mobile Devices o Optical and Audio Music Scanning Software Characteristics of Optical and Audio Music Scanning Software SmartScore X2 (masOS, Windows) Music-to-XML (macOS, Windows) PhotoScore Ultimate & NotateMe Ultimate 2020 (macOS, Windows) AudioScore Ultimate 2020 (macOS, Windows) ScanScore (macOS, Windows) Playscore 2 Professional (iOS, iPadOS, Android) o Digital Music Reader Applications Characteristics of Digital Music Readers forScore (iOS, iPadOS) Newzik (iOS, iPadOS) TomPlay (iOS, iPadOS, Android, Windows, MacOS, web-based) Other Digital Music Readers

• Module 22: Hardware for Music Printing, Scanning, and Mobile Music Reading o Why Study This Module? o Printers for Music Notation Overview of Printer Concepts and Operation • Printer Features and Data Structures  Page description language Sidebar: The Mechanics of Inkjet and Laser Printing • Inkjet Printers • Laser Printers Physical Properties in Common with Inkjet and Laser Printers • Paper Sizes, Grades, and Weight  Standard paper sizes  Paper grades and weight • Resolution • Printer Connectivity Printing Music Parts and Scores • Size • Weight or Thickness • Best Compromise  Example laser music: Make-do printing  Example laser music: Near-professional printing  Example laser music: Make-do printing  Example laser music: Near-professional Printing Setting Up Music Page Sizes for Printing from a Scorewriter Final Notes on Laser and Inkjet Printers for Music o OMR and Scanners • Optical Music Recognition (OMR) • The Mechanics of a Scanner o Accessories for Digital Music Reader Apps

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• Page Turners • Tablet Mounts • Pencil or Stylus

Viewport VII. Software for Music Teaching and Learning

• Overview o Project Suggestions for Viewport VII o Music Technology in Practice • Email Interview with Barbara Freedman

• Module 23: Software and Resources for Music Teaching and Learning o Changing Landscape of Music Pedagogy Scenarios to Consider Underlying Themes Pedagogical Skill and Knowledge to Use Technology • TPACK • U.S. 2014 National Music Standards • People Competencies for Music Technology o Resources Dedicated to Music Teaching and Learning Choices for Exemplars • Listening/Conceptual Study: Younger Learners  Chrome Music Lab  Music Ace Maestro  Music First Junior  Groovy Music  Mort Subotnick Music Academy  Instruments First  Quaver Music  Sydney Opera House  DSO Kids  Inside the Orchestra

 Classics for Kids/Cincinnati Public Radio • Listening/Conceptual Study: More Advanced Learners  MusicFirst Classroom  Focus on Sound (USA Edition)  Auralia and Musition  Practica Musica  MusicTheory.net/Tenuto/Theory Lessons  Artusi/MacGamut  edX MOOCs • Performance: Younger Learners  Virtual Instruments: iBone, Real Drum, and more  Sidebar: Music Ensembles Using Digital Resources  eMedia Guitar Method  Yoursician/flowkey  Marty Music from YouTube • Performance: More Advanced Learners

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 Tonora  TonalEnergy Tuner & Metronome  Sing&See  Transcribe!  ArtistWorks  Coursera/Berklee Online  mfClassrooms  Sight Reading Factory  PracticeFirst  SmartMusic  iReal Pro  Band-in-a-Box • Composition: Younger Learners  Groove Pizza and aQWERTYon  Subotnick Pitch Painter  Hyperscore  Online Sequencer and Incredibox • Composition: More Advanced Learners  BandLab/BandLab for Education  Music-COMP  O-Generator  Inside Music and Teaching Music Through Composition  Soundation 4 Education, Soundtrap Education, GarageBand, Noteflight and Flat.

• Module 24: Further Technology Resources for Teaching and Learning o Why Study This Module? o Extended Support for Music Teaching and Learning Music-Based Teaching Support • Interdisciplinary Resources  MathScienceMusic and Music Through the Curriculum  Scratch and EarSketch  WebQuest • Podcasts  Profiles in Teaching with Technology  Talking Up Music Education  Music Education Podcasts • Portals of Music Teaching Resources  Elementary Music Technology  Midnight Music  Carnegie Hall Toolbox and ArtsEdge • Portals for Audio/Printed Music  Smithsonian Folkways  Naxos Music Library  ClassicalArchives  IMSLP • Music Education Blogs  MusTech  Music Education Works

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 Music Ed Mentor  Music Creativity Through Technology General Technological Resources • Sidebar: Useful Blog • Distance Learning and Conferencing  Zoom  Microsoft Teams • Learning Management Systems • Portfolio Management • Video Applications  Flipgrid  Nearpod  Stop Motion Studio  Screencasto-matic  Adobe Spark for Education • Assessment Aids  Google Forms  Rubistar  TED-Ed  Kahoot! o Social Media and Building a Personal Learning Network (PLN) Social Media in Action for Music Teaching and Learning Personal Learning Networks o Music Production Content in Service to Music Teaching and Learning o Experiencing Music Technology: Final Reflections

Postlude Appendices EMT Workstation Equipment Codes EMT Competency Checklist

EMT 4th TOC Oct 18, 2020dbw - 22