NCI/CTEP Simplified Disease Classification
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Pancreatic Cancer
PANCREATIC CANCER What is cancer? Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of control. Although there are many kinds of cancer, they all start because of out-of-control growth of abnormal cells. Normal body cells grow, divide, and die in an orderly fashion. During the early years of a person's life, normal cells divide more rapidly until the person becomes an adult. After that, cells in most parts of the body divide only to replace worn-out or dying cells and to repair injuries. Because cancer cells continue to grow and divide, they are different from normal cells. Instead of dying, they outlive normal cells and continue to form new abnormal cells. Cancer cells develop because of damage to DNA. This substance is in every cell and directs all its activities. Most of the time when DNA becomes damaged the body is able to repair it. In cancer cells, the damaged DNA is not repaired. People can inherit damaged DNA, which accounts for inherited cancers. Many times though, a person’s DNA becomes damaged by exposure to something in the environment, like smoking. Cancer usually forms as a tumor. Some cancers, like leukemia, do not form tumors. Instead, these cancer cells involve the blood and blood-forming organs and circulate through other tissues where they grow. Often, cancer cells travel to other parts of the body, where they begin to grow and replace normal tissue. This process is called metastasis. Regardless of where a cancer may spread, however, it is always named for the place it began. -
The SOLID-TIMI 52 Randomized Clinical Trial
RM2007/00497/06 CONFIDENTIAL The GlaxoSmithKline group of companies SB-480848/033 Division: Worldwide Development Information Type: Protocol Amendment Title: A Clinical Outcomes Study of Darapladib versus Placebo in Subjects Following Acute Coronary Syndrome to Compare the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) (Short title: The Stabilization Of pLaques usIng Darapladib- Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 52 SOLID-TIMI 52 Trial) Compound Number: SB-480848 Effective Date: 26-FEB-2014 Protocol Amendment Number: 05 Subject: atherosclerosis, Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, acute coronary syndrome, SB-480848, darapladib Author: The protocol was developed by the members of the Executive Steering Committee on behalf of GlaxoSmithKline (MPC Late Stage Clinical US) in conjunction with the Sponsor. The following individuals provided substantial input during protocol development: Non-sponsor: Braunwald, Eugene (TIMI Study Group, USA); Cannon, Christopher P (TIMI Study Group, USA); McCabe, Carolyn H (TIMI Study Group, USA); O’Donoghue, Michelle L (TIMI Study Group, USA); White, Harvey D (Green Lane Cardiovascular Service, New Zealand); Wiviott, Stephen (TIMI Study Group, USA) Sponsor: Johnson, Joel L (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Watson, David F (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Krug-Gourley, Susan L (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Lukas, Mary Ann (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Smith, Peter M (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Tarka, Elizabeth A (MPC Late Stage Clinical US); Cicconetti, Gregory (Clinical Statistics (US)); Shannon, Jennifer B (Clinical Statistics (US)); Magee, Mindy H (CPMS US) Copyright 2014 the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies. All rights reserved. Unauthorised copying or use of this information is prohibited. 1 Downloaded From: https://jamanetwork.com/ on 09/24/2021 RM2007/00497/06 CONFIDENTIAL The GlaxoSmithKline group of companies SB-480848/033 Revision Chronology: RM2007/00497/01 2009-OCT-08 Original RM2007/00497/02 2010-NOV-30 Amendment 01: The primary intent is to revise certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. -
Pembrolizumab in Vaginal and Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma: a Case Series from a Phase II Basket Trial Jefrey A
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Pembrolizumab in vaginal and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma: a case series from a phase II basket trial Jefrey A. How 1, Amir A. Jazaeri 1, Pamela T. Soliman1, Nicole D. Fleming1, Jing Gong2, Sarina A. Piha‑Paul2, Filip Janku 2, Bettzy Stephen 2 & Aung Naing 2* Vaginal and vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are rare tumors that can be challenging to treat in the recurrent or metastatic setting. We present a case series of patients with vaginal or vulvar SCC who were treated with single‑agent pembrolizumab as part of a phase II basket clinical trial to evaluate efcacy and safety. Two cases of recurrent and metastatic vaginal SCC, with multiple prior lines of systemic chemotherapy and radiation, received pembrolizumab. One patient had signifcant reduction (81%) in target tumor lesions prior to treatment discontinuation at cycle 10 following confrmed progression of disease with new metastatic lesions (stable disease by irRECIST criteria). In contrast, the other patient with vaginal SCC discontinued treatment after cycle 3 due to disease progression. Both patients had PD‑L1 positive vaginal tumors and tolerated treatment well. One case of recurrent vulvar SCC with multiple surgical resections and prior progression on systemic carboplatin had a 30% reduction in her target tumor lesions following pembrolizumab treatment with a PD‑L1 positive tumor. Treatment was discontinued for grade 3 mucositis after cycle 5. Pembrolizumab may provide some clinical beneft to some patients with vaginal or vulvar SCC and is overall safe to utilize in this population. Future studies are needed to evaluate the efcacy of pembrolizumab in these rare tumor types and to identify predictive biomarkers of response. -
Eye Neoplasm
Eye neoplasm Origin and location Eye cancers can be primary (starts within the eye) and metastatic cancer (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are breast cancer and lung cancer. Other less common sites of origin include the prostate, kidney, thyroid, skin, colon and blood or bone marrow. Types Tumors in the eye and orbit can be benign like dermoid cysts, or malignant like rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma. Signs and symptoms • Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an ophthalmologist or optometrist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, double vision, eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumor can break past the retina causing retinal detachment. Sometimes the tumor can be visible through the pupil. • Nevus - Are benign, freckle in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it hasn't turned into a melanoma. • Iris and conjuctival tumors (melanomas) - Presents as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should be checked out. • Retinoblastoma - Strabismus (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. -
Gynecological Malignancies in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano: a 3 Year Review
Original Article Gynecological malignancies in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano: A 3 year review IA Yakasai, EA Ugwa, J Otubu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano and Center for Reproductive Health Research, Abuja, Nigeria Abstract Objective: To study the pattern of gynecological malignancies in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study carried out in the Gynecology Department of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano, Nigeria between October 2008 and September 2011. Case notes of all patients seen with gynecological cancers were studied to determine the pattern, age and parity distribution. Results: A total of 2339 women were seen during the study period, while 249 were found to have gynecological malignancy. Therefore the proportion of gynecological malignancies was 10.7%. Out of the 249 patients with gynecological malignancies, most (48.6%) had cervical cancer, followed by ovarian cancer (30.5%), endometrial cancer (11.25%) and the least was choriocarcinoma (9.24%). The mean age for cervical carcinoma patients (46.25 ± 4.99 years) was higher than that of choriocarcinoma (29 ± 14.5 years) but lower than ovarian (57 ± 4.5years) and endometrial (62.4 ± 8.3 years) cancers. However, the mean parity for cervical cancer (7.0 ± 3) was higher than those of ovarian cancer (3 ± 3), choriocarcinoma (3.5 ± 4) and endometrial cancer (4 ± 3). The mean age at menarche for women with cervical cancer (14.5 ± 0.71 years) was lower than for those with choriocarcinoma (15 ± 0 years), ovarian (15.5 ± 2.1 years) and endometrial (16 ± 0 years) cancers. -
Clinical Radiation Oncology Review
Clinical Radiation Oncology Review Daniel M. Trifiletti University of Virginia Disclaimer: The following is meant to serve as a brief review of information in preparation for board examinations in Radiation Oncology and allow for an open-access, printable, updatable resource for trainees. Recommendations are briefly summarized, vary by institution, and there may be errors. NCCN guidelines are taken from 2014 and may be out-dated. This should be taken into consideration when reading. 1 Table of Contents 1) Pediatrics 6) Gastrointestinal a) Rhabdomyosarcoma a) Esophageal Cancer b) Ewings Sarcoma b) Gastric Cancer c) Wilms Tumor c) Pancreatic Cancer d) Neuroblastoma d) Hepatocellular Carcinoma e) Retinoblastoma e) Colorectal cancer f) Medulloblastoma f) Anal Cancer g) Epndymoma h) Germ cell, Non-Germ cell tumors, Pineal tumors 7) Genitourinary i) Craniopharyngioma a) Prostate Cancer j) Brainstem Glioma i) Low Risk Prostate Cancer & Brachytherapy ii) Intermediate/High Risk Prostate Cancer 2) Central Nervous System iii) Adjuvant/Salvage & Metastatic Prostate Cancer a) Low Grade Glioma b) Bladder Cancer b) High Grade Glioma c) Renal Cell Cancer c) Primary CNS lymphoma d) Urethral Cancer d) Meningioma e) Testicular Cancer e) Pituitary Tumor f) Penile Cancer 3) Head and Neck 8) Gynecologic a) Ocular Melanoma a) Cervical Cancer b) Nasopharyngeal Cancer b) Endometrial Cancer c) Paranasal Sinus Cancer c) Uterine Sarcoma d) Oral Cavity Cancer d) Vulvar Cancer e) Oropharyngeal Cancer e) Vaginal Cancer f) Salivary Gland Cancer f) Ovarian Cancer & Fallopian -
What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor?
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 About Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors Overview and Types If you have been diagnosed with a gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor or are worried about it, you likely have a lot of questions. Learning some basics is a good place to start. ● What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor? Research and Statistics See the latest estimates for new cases of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor in the US and what research is currently being done. ● Key Statistics About Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors ● What’s New in Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor Research? What Is a Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumor? Gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors are a type of cancer that forms in the lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Cancer starts when cells begin to grow out of control. To learn more about what cancer is and how it can grow and spread, see What Is Cancer?1 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 To understand gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors, it helps to know about the gastrointestinal system, as well as the neuroendocrine system. The gastrointestinal system The gastrointestinal (GI) system, also known as the digestive system, processes food for energy and rids the body of solid waste. After food is chewed and swallowed, it enters the esophagus. This tube carries food through the neck and chest to the stomach. The esophagus joins the stomachjust beneath the diaphragm (the breathing muscle under the lungs). The stomach is a sac that holds food and begins the digestive process by secreting gastric juice. The food and gastric juices are mixed into a thick fluid, which then empties into the small intestine. -
Familial Occurrence of Carcinoid Tumors and Association with Other Malignant Neoplasms1
Vol. 8, 715–719, August 1999 Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention 715 Familial Occurrence of Carcinoid Tumors and Association with Other Malignant Neoplasms1 Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic, Costas L. Constantinou, tomies (3). The most frequent sites for carcinoid tumors are the Joseph Rubin, Charles M. Rowland, Daniel J. Schaid, gastrointestinal tract (73–85%) and the bronchopulmonary sys- and Pamela S. Karnes2 tem (10–28.7%). Carcinoids are occasionally found in the Departments of Medical Genetics [D. B-V., P. S. K.] and Medical Oncology larynx, thymus, kidney, ovary, prostate, and skin (4, 5). Ade- [C. L. C., J. R.] and Section of Biostatistics [C. M. R., D. J. S.], Mayo Clinic nocarcinomas and carcinoids are the most common malignan- and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 cies in the small intestine in adults (6, 7). In children, they rank second behind lymphoma among alimentary tract malignancies (8). Carcinoids appear to have increased in incidence during the Abstract past 20 years (5). Carcinoid tumors are generally thought to be sporadic, Carcinoid tumors were originally thought to possess a very except for a small proportion that occur as a part of low metastatic potential. In recent years, their natural history multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Data regarding and malignant potential have become better understood (9). In the familial occurrence of carcinoid as well as its ;40% of patients, metastases are already evident at the time of potential association with other neoplasms are limited. A diagnosis. The overall 5-year survival rate of all carcinoid chart review was conducted on patients indexed for tumors, regardless of site, is ;50% (5). -
Vaginal Cancer, Risk Factors, and Prevention Risk Factors for Vaginal
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Vaginal Cancer, Risk Factors, and Prevention Risk Factors A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Learn more about the risk factors for vaginal cancer. ● Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer ● What Causes Vaginal Cancer? Prevention There's no way to completely prevent cancer. But there are things you can do that might help lower your risk. Learn more here. ● Can Vaginal Cancer Be Prevented? Risk Factors for Vaginal Cancer A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer. Different cancers have different risk factors. Some risk factors, like smoking, can be changed. Others, like a person’s age or family history, can’t be changed. But having a risk factor, or even many, does not mean that you will get the disease. And 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 some people who get the disease may not have any known risk factors. Scientists have found that certain risk factors make a woman more likely to develop vaginal cancer. But many women with vaginal cancer don’t have any clear risk factors. And even if a woman with vaginal cancer has one or more risk factors, it’s impossible to know for sure how much that risk factor contributed to causing the cancer. Age Squamous cell cancer of the vagina occurs mainly in older women. It can happen at any age, but few cases are found in women younger than 40. Almost half of cases occur in women who are 70 years old or older. -
After Endometrial Cancer Treatment Living As a Cancer Survivor
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 After Endometrial Cancer Treatment Living as a Cancer Survivor For many people, cancer treatment leads to questions about the next steps as a survivor or about the chances of the cancer coming back. ● Living as an Endometrial Cancer Survivor Cancer Concerns After Treatment Treatment may remove or destroy the cancer, but it's very common to worry about the risk of developing another cancer. ● Second Cancers After Endometrial Cancer Living as an Endometrial Cancer Survivor For many women with endometrial cancer, treatment may remove or destroy the cancer. Completing treatment can be both stressful and exciting. You may be relieved to finish treatment, but find it hard not to worry about cancer coming back. (When cancer comes back after treatment, it's called recurrence1.) This is a very common concern in people who have had cancer. 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 For other women, this cancer may never go away completely2. They may get regular treatments with chemotherapy, radiation, or other therapies to try to help keep the cancer in check. Learning to live with cancer that doesn't go away can be difficult and very stressful. Follow-up care When treatment ends, your doctors will still want to watch you closely. It's very important to go to all of your follow-up appointments. During these visits, your doctors will ask questions about any problems you may have and may do physical exams, blood tests, or x-rays and scans to look for signs of cancer or treatment side effects3. -
Small Intestine Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis
cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Small Intestine Cancer Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging Detection and Diagnosis Catching cancer early often allows for more treatment options. Some early cancers may have signs and symptoms that can be noticed, but that is not always the case. ● Can Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Be Found Early? ● Signs and Symptoms of Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) ● Tests for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Stages and Outlook (Prognosis) After a cancer diagnosis, staging provides important information about the extent of cancer in the body and anticipated response to treatment. ● Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Stages ● Survival Rates for Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Questions to Ask About Small Intestine Cancer Get some questions you can ask your cancer care team to help you better understand your cancer diagnosis and treatment options. ● Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Small Intestine Cancer 1 ____________________________________________________________________________________American Cancer Society cancer.org | 1.800.227.2345 Can Small Intestine Cancer (Adenocarcinoma) Be Found Early? (Note: This information is about small intestine cancers called adenocarcinomas. To learn about other types of cancer that can start in the small intestine, see Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Tumors1, Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors2, or Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma3.) Screening is testing for diseases like cancer in people who do not have any symptoms. Screening tests can find some types of cancer early, when treatment is most likely to be effective. But small intestine adenocarcinomas are rare, and no effective screening tests have been found for these cancers, so routine testing for people without any symptoms is not recommended. For people at high risk For people with certain inherited genetic syndromes4 who are at increased risk of small intestine cancer, doctors might recommend regular tests to look for cancer early, especially in the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). -
Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia: a Therapeutical Dilemma
ANTICANCER RESEARCH 33: 29-38 (2013) Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia: A Therapeutical Dilemma ANTONIO FREGA1*, FRANCESCO SOPRACORDEVOLE2*, CHIARA ASSORGI1, DANILA LOMBARDI1, VITALIANA DE SANCTIS3, ANGELICA CATALANO1, ELEONORA MATTEUCCI1, GIUSI NATALIA MILAZZO1, ENZO RICCIARDI1 and MASSIMO MOSCARINI1 Departments of 1Gynecological, Obstetric and Urological Sciences, and 3Radiotherapy, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 2Department of Gynaecological Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy Abstract. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) thirds of the epithelium. Carcinoma in situ, which involves represents a rare and asymptomatic pre-neoplastic lesion. Its the full thickness of the epithelium, is included in VaIN 3. natural history and potential evolution into invasive cancer The natural history of VaIN is thought to be similar to that of are uncertain. VaIN can occur alone or as a synchronous or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), although there is metachronous lesion with cervical and vulvar HPV-related little information regarding this. The management of this intra epithelial or invasive neoplasia. Its association with intraepithelial neoplasia should be tailored according to the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia is found in 65% of cases, patient. After early treatment, VaIN frequently regresses, but with vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia in 10% of cases, while patients require careful long-term monitoring after initial for others, the association with concomitant cervical or therapy due to high risk of recurrence and progression. The vulvar intraepithelial neoplasias is found in 30-80% of cases. purpose of this review is to identify the best management of VaIN is often asymptomatic and its diagnosis is suspected in VaIN basing therapy on patients’ characteristics. cases of abnormal cytology, followed by colposcopy and colposcopically-guided biopsy of suspicious areas.