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Masqueraders of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
COVER STORY Masqueraders of Age-related Macular Degeneration A number of inherited retinal diseases phenocopy AMD. BY RONY GELMAN, MD, MS; AND STEPHEN H. TSANG, MD, PHD ge-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of central visual loss among the elderly population in the developed world. The Currently, there are no published A non-neovascular form is characterized by mac- guidelines to prognosticate ular drusen and other abnormalities of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) such as geographic atrophy (GA) and Stargardt macular degeneration. hyperpigmented areas in the macula. The neovascular form is heralded by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), with subsequent development of disciform scarring. ABCA4 defect heterozygote carrier may be as high as This article reviews the pathologic and diagnostic char- one in 20.11,12 An estimated 600 disease-causing muta- acteristics of inherited diseases that may masquerade as tions in the ABCA4 gene exist, of which the three most AMD. The review is organized by the following patterns common mutations account for less than 10% of the of inheritance: autosomal recessive (Stargardt disease and disease phenotypes.13 cone dystrophy); autosomal dominant (cone dystrophy, The underlying pathology of disease in STGD involves adult vitelliform dystrophy, pattern dystrophy, North accumulation of lipofuscin in the RPE through a process Carolina macular dystrophy, Doyne honeycomb dystro- of disc shedding and phagocytosis.14,15 Lipofuscin is toxic phy, and Sorsby macular dystrophy); X-linked (X-linked to the RPE; furthermore, A2E, a component of lipofuscin, retinoschisis); and mitochondrial (maternally inherited causes inhibition of 11-cis retinal regeneration16 and diabetes and deafness). complement activation. -
URGENT/EMERGENT When to Refer Financial Disclosure
URGENT/EMERGENT When to Refer Financial Disclosure Speaker, Amy Eston, M.D. has a financial interest/agreement or affiliation with Lansing Ophthalmology, where she is employed as a ophthalmologist. 58 yr old WF with 6 month history of decreased vision left eye. Ache behind the left eye for 2-3 months. Using husband’s contact lens solution made it feel better. Seen by two eye care professionals. Given glasses & told eye exam was normal. No past ocular history Medical history of depression Takes only aspirin and vitamins 20/20 OD 20/30 OS Eye Pressure 15 OD 16 OS – normal Dilated fundus exam & slit lamp were normal Pupillary exam was normal Extraocular movements were full Confrontation visual fields were full No red desaturation Color vision was slightly decreased but the same in both eyes Amsler grid testing was normal OCT disc – OD normal OS slight decreased RNFL OCT of the macula was normal Most common diagnoses: Dry Eye Optic Neuritis Treatment - copious amount of artificial tears. Return to recheck refraction Visual field testing Visual Field testing - Small defect in the right eye Large nasal defect in the left eye Visual Field - Right Hemianopsia. MRI which showed a subacute parietal and occipital lobe infarct. ANISOCORIA Size of the Pupil Constrictor muscles innervated by the Parasympathetic system & Dilating muscles innervated by the Sympathetic system The Sympathetic System Begins in the hypothalamus, travels through the brainstem. Then through the upper chest, up through the neck and to the eye. The Sympathetic System innervates Mueller’s muscle which helps to elevate the upper eyelid. -
Oct Institute
Low Vision, Visual Dysfunction and TBI – Treatment, Considerations, Adaptations Andrea Hubbard, OTD, OTR/L, LDE Objectives • In this course, participants will: 1. Learn about interventions involving specialized equipment to adapt an environment for clients with low vision. 2. Learn about the most typical low vision presentations/conditions. 3. Gain increased knowledge of eye anatomy and the visual pathway. Overview of TBI Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Overview of TBI Risk Factors for TBI Among non-fatal TBI-related injuries for 2006–2010: • Men had higher rates of TBI hospitalizations and ED visits than women. • Hospitalization rates were highest among persons aged 65 years and older. • Rates of ED visits were highest for children aged 0-4 years. • Falls were the leading cause of TBI-related ED visits for all but one age group. – Assaults were the leading cause of TBI-related ED visits for persons 15 to 24 years of age. • The leading cause of TBI-related hospitalizations varied by age: – Falls were the leading cause among children ages 0-14 and adults 45 years and older. – Motor vehicle crashes were the leading cause of hospitalizations for adolescents and persons ages 15-44 years. Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Overview of TBI Risk Factors for TBI Among TBI-related deaths in 2006–2010: • Men were nearly three times as likely to die as women. • Rates were highest for persons 65 years and older. • The leading cause of TBI-related death varied by age. – Falls were the leading cause of death for persons 65 years or older. -
Visual Dysfunction in Optic Chiasm Syndrome an Atomy
1 4/12/2019 Optic chiasm, most important Arrangement of visual fibers Characteristic of visual field VISUAL DYSFUNCTION Bitemporal defects: IN OPTIC CHIASM SYNDROME Superior Inferior Complete Peripheral, central M.HIDAYAT FACULTY OF MEDICINE, A N DALAS UNIVERSITY /M .DJAMIL HOSPITAL PADANG AN ATOMY OF CHIASM OPTIC CHIASM Width : 12 mm 53% fiber from nasal retina crossed to opposite — Length : 8 mmfantero posterior) contra lateral. ■ Inclined : 45 0 Inferior nasal fibers cross anterior loop in to contra lateral (Willbrand's knee) Location : anterior hypothalamus & anterior third Macular fiber cross posterosuperior ventricle 10 mm above sella Vascular supply: Anterior communicating artery Anterior cerebri artery Circle of Willis ANTERIOR ANGLE OF CHIASM Compression to anterior angle of chiasm Small lesion damages the crossing fibers of ipsilaferal eye -> field defect: monocular and temporal Damage of macular crossed fibers: monocular, temporal defects and parasentral scotoma Damage fiber from nasal contralateral, anterior extension : central ipsilateral scotoma and contralateral upper temporal quadrant {"Willbrand’s Knee") 1 4/12/2019 Chiasmal compression from below defects stereotyped pattern : bitemporal defect Example: pituitary adenoma Peripheral fiber damage, defects begin from superior quadrants of both eyes Can be not similar Similar defects causes from tubercullum sellae, meningioma, craniopharyngiomas, aneurysm t Sella or supra sella lesion : damage superior fiber defect bitemporal inferior Bitemporal Hemianopsia Example: angioma -
Eye Neoplasm
Eye neoplasm Origin and location Eye cancers can be primary (starts within the eye) and metastatic cancer (spread to the eye from another organ). The two most common cancers that spread to the eye from another organ are breast cancer and lung cancer. Other less common sites of origin include the prostate, kidney, thyroid, skin, colon and blood or bone marrow. Types Tumors in the eye and orbit can be benign like dermoid cysts, or malignant like rhabdomyosarcoma and retinoblastoma. Signs and symptoms • Melanomas (choroidal, ciliary body and uveal) - In the early stages there may be no symptoms (the person does not know there is a tumor until an ophthalmologist or optometrist looks into the eye with an ophthalmoscope during a routine test). As the tumor grows, symptoms can be blurred vision, decreased vision, double vision, eventual vision loss and if they continue to grow the tumor can break past the retina causing retinal detachment. Sometimes the tumor can be visible through the pupil. • Nevus - Are benign, freckle in the eye. These should be checked out and regular checks on the eye done to ensure it hasn't turned into a melanoma. • Iris and conjuctival tumors (melanomas) - Presents as a dark spot. Any spot which continues to grow on the iris and the conjunctiva should be checked out. • Retinoblastoma - Strabismus (crossed eyes), a whitish or yellowish glow through the pupil, decreasing/loss of vision, sometimes the eye may be red and painful. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes. This tumor occurs in babies and young children. It is called RB for short. -
Mcardle Disease Associated Maculopathy and the Role of Glycogen in the Retina
Marques JH and Beirão JM, J Ophthalmic Clin Res 2020, 7: 067 DOI: 10.24966/OCR-8887/100067 HSOA Journal of Ophthalmology & Clinical Research Case Report demanding tissues like the RPE depend on glycogen phosphoryla- McArdle Disease associated tion to produce energy and, on the other hand, glycogen erroneous accumulation may impair cellular functions. Probably due to higher Maculopathy and the Role of photoreceptor concentration and subsequent energy demand in the macula, this is the primary site for degeneration in our patient. The Glycogen in the Retina present report reinforces the role of the glycogen pathway as a pos- sible player in the pathophysiology of RPE pathologies, genetically and/or environmentally determined. Keywords: Age-related macular degeneration; Geographic atrophy; João Heitor Marques1* and João Melo Beirão1,2 Glycogen; McArdle; Retinal pigmented epithelium 1Serviço de Oftalmologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário do Porto, Portugal Introduction 2Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal Intracellular glycogen works as a buffer for glucose metabolism. Glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen, making glucose available for aerobic and anaerobic energetic pathways. It can be rapidly metabolized without ATP requirement. A deficit in glycogen phosphorylation results, not only in energy shortage, but also in its Abstract intracellular accumulation, which may further interfere with other Purpose: To report a case of maculopathy with pattern dystrophy cellular functions. and geographic atrophy in a patient with McArdle disease and to review the glycogen pathway’s disorders as a source of energy but Glycogen Storage Disease type V (GSDV), also known as McAr- also cause of disease in the retina. -
Central Serous Choroidopathy
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.66.4.240 on 1 April 1982. Downloaded from British Journal ofOphthalmology, 1982, 66, 240-241 Visual disturbances during pregnancy caused by central serous choroidopathy J. R. M. CRUYSBERG AND A. F. DEUTMAN From the Institute of Ophthalmology, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands SUMMARY Three patients had during pregnancy visual disturbances caused by central serous choroidopathy. One of them had a central scotoma in her first and second pregnancy. The 2 other patients had a central scotoma in their first pregnancy. Symptoms disappeared spontaneously after delivery. Except for the ocular abnormalities the pregnancies were without complications. The complaints can be misinterpreted as pregnancy-related optic neuritis or compressive optic neuropathy, but careful biomicroscopy of the ocular fundus should avoid superfluous diagnostic and therapeutic measures. Central serous choroidopathy (previously called lamp biomicroscopy of the fundus with a Goldmann central serous retinopathy) is a spontaneous serous contact lens showed a serous detachment of the detachment of the sensory retina due to focal leakage neurosensory retina in the macular region of the from the choriocapillaris, causing serous fluid affected left eye. Fluorescein angiography was not accumulation between the retina and pigment performed because of pregnancy. In her first epithelium. This benign disorder occurs in healthy pregnancy the patient had consulted an ophthal- adults between 20 and 45 years of age, who present mologist on 13 June 1977 for exactly the same with symptoms of diminished visual acuity, relative symptoms, which had disappeared spontaneously http://bjo.bmj.com/ central scotoma, metamorphopsia, and micropsia. after delivery. -
Clinical Study on Hypotony Following Blunt Ocular Trauma
陨灶贼允韵责澡贼澡葬造皂燥造熏灾燥造援 5熏晕燥援 6熏 Dec.18, 圆园12 www.IJO.cn 栽藻造押8629原愿圆圆源缘员苑圆 8629-83085628 耘皂葬蚤造押ijopress岳员远猿援糟燥皂 窑Monograph窑 ClinicalstudyonHypotonyfollowingbluntocular trauma DepartmentofOphthalmology, theSecondXiangya INTRODUCTION HospitalofCentralSouthUniversityandInstitutionof ypotonyfollowingbluntoculartraumaisasevere OphthalmicCenter,Changsha410011,HunanProvince, H complicationwhoseexactpathogenesisisnotclear. China Ocular hypotension canbeassociatedwithseveral Correspondenceto: JunZeng.DepartmentofOphthalmo- complications suchasmacularedema,discedema, logy,theSecondXiangyaHospitalof CentralSouth hypotonymaculopathy,cornealedema,shallowanterior UniversityandInstitutionofOphthalmicCenter,139# chamber,choroidaleffusionorhemorrhage,exudative RenminMiddleRoad,Changsha410011,HunanProvince, retinaldetachment,orcataractformation,ultimatelyleading [email protected] tophthisisbulbi [1-3].Anyofthesecomplicationscanbe Received:2012-04-15 Accepted:2012-11-01 associatedwithvisualsymptomsorareductioninvisual acuity.Thereisrelativelylessdataontheriskfactorsfor Abstract hypotonyafterbluntoculartrauma.Sothisarticlebriefly · AIM:Toevaluatetheincidenceandriskfactorsof discussestheriskfactorsofhypotonyfollowingbluntocular hypotonyinpatientswithbluntoculartrauma. trauma. MATERIALSANDMETHODS ·METHODS:Themedicalrecordsof145patientswithblunt StudyDesign Thiswasaretrospectivestudyofpatients oculartraumawerereviewed.Hypotonywasdefinedasan seenintheophthalmologydepartmentattheSecond averageintraocularpressure(IOP)of5mmHgorlessfor threetimes. XiangyaHospital'semergencyserviceovertwoandahalf -
Intracranial Mass Lesion in a Patient Being Followed up for Amblyopia
DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2020.36360 Turk J Ophthalmol 2020;50:317-320 Case Report Intracranial Mass Lesion in a Patient Being Followed up for Amblyopia Ali Mert Koçer, Bayazıt İlhan, Anıl Güngör Ulucanlar Ophthalmology Trainig and Research Hospital, Clinic of Ophthalmology, Ankara, Turkey Abstract A 12-year-old boy being followed up for amblyopia presented to our hospital with visual disturbance in the left eye. The patient’s best corrected visual acuity on Snellen chart was 1.0 in the right eye and 0.3 in the left eye. Increased horizontal cup-to-disc ratio was detected on dilated fundus examination. Retinal nerve fiber layer measurement showed diffuse nerve fiber loss and visual field test showed bitemporal hemianopsia. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion that filled and widened the sella and suprasellar cistern and compressed the optic chiasm. The patient was operated with transcranial approach. The pathologic examination revealed craniopharyngioma. Keywords: Amblyopia, craniopharyngioma, hemianopsia Introduction cylindrical refractive errors of 1.5-2 diopters (D) or more and is more common in hyperopic eyes than in myopia.2 Amblyopia is poor best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in one Craniopharyngioma is a benign tumor that develops from or both eyes due to low vision or abnormal binocular interaction the remnant of Rathke’s pouch and is located in the sellar/ without any detectable structural defect in the eye or visual parasellar region.3 It shows a bimodal age distribution, with pathways. Amblyopic vision loss can be corrected if treated at patients usually diagnosed between the ages of 5 and 14 or after an early age. -
VISUAL FIELD Pathway Extends from the „Front‟ to the „Back‟ of the RETINA Brain
NOTE: To change the image on this slide, select the picture and delete it. Then click the Pictures icon in the placeholde r to insert your own image. Visual Pathway Disorders Amr Hassan, MD, FEBN Associate professor of Neurology - Cairo University Optic nerve • Anatomy of visual pathway • How to examine • Visual pathway disorders • Quiz 2 Optic nerve • Anatomy of visual pathway • How to examine • Visual pathway disorders • Quiz 3 Optic nerve The Visual Pathway VISUAL FIELD Pathway extends from the „front‟ to the „back‟ of the RETINA brain. ON OC OT LGN OPTIC RADIATIONS ON = Optic Nerve OC = Optic Chiasm OT = Optic Tract LGN = Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Thalamus VISUAL CORTEX 5 The Visual Pathway Eyes & Retina Light >> lens >> retina (inverted and reversed image). Eyes & Retina Eyes & Retina • Macula: oval region approximately 3-5 mm that surrounds the fovea, also has high visual acuity. • Fovea: central fixation point of each eye// region of the retina with highest visual acuity. Eyes & Retina • Optic disc: region where axons leaving the retina gather to form the Optic nerve. Eyes & Retina • Blind spot located 15° lateral and inferior to central fixation point of each eye. Object to be seen Peripheral Retina Central Retina (fovea in the macula lutea) 12 Photoreceptors © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002 Photoreceptors Cones • Cone-shaped • Less sensitive • Operate in high light • Color vision • Less numerous • Highly represented in the fovea >> have high spatial & temporal resolution >> they detect colors. © Stephen E. Palmer, 2002 Photoreceptors Rods • Rod-shaped • Highly sensitive • Operate at night • Gray-scale vision • More numerous than cons- 20:1, have poor spatial & temporal resolution of visual stimuli, do not detect colors >> vision in low level lighting conditions © Stephen E. -
A Clinical Study of Prevalence of Dry Eyes in Diabetes and Diabetic Retinopathy
International Journal of General Medicine and Pharmacy (IJGMP) ISSN(P): 2319-3999; ISSN(E): 2319-4006 Vol. 3, Issue 2, Mar 2014, 31-36 © IASET A CLINICAL STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF DRY EYES IN DIABETES AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY MURTUZA JHABUAWALA1 & A. P. AGASHE2 1Fellow in Phacoemulsifation and Refractive Surgery, Narayan Nethralaya, Bangalore, Karnataka, India 2Professor, MGM Medical College & Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is associated with a number of ocular complications which can even lead to blindness. Recently, problems involving the ocular surface, dryness in particular, have been reported in diabetic patients. These patients suffer from a variety of corneal complications, including superficial punctate keratopathy, corneal ulceration, and persistent epithelial defects. In addition, many diabetic patients complain of typical dry eye symptoms, such as burning and/or foreign body sensation, indicating a clear role of tear film abnormalities. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 100 diabetic patients who came to the department of Ophthalmology, MGM Hospital, Mumbai. These patients were examined to study the prevalence of dry eyes in patients with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. Results: The prevalence of dry eyes in diabetics was 14% with significant association with male gender. The prevalence of Retinopathy among diabetes patients was 18%. Around 55% patients of retinopathy patients suffer from dry eyes, the association was found to be statistically significant. -
R·Fermces Pres�Ure, Which Fluctuated Between 40 and 00 Mrnhg
Sir, Primary surgical management in a case of subtotal iridodialysis Iridodialysis is the separation of the iris bast' from the ciliary body and the scleral spm. The iris root is the thinnest and weakest part of iris anatomy, making it 1 \'Ulnerable to ocular trauma. \\'(, desnibe a case where traumatic iridodialysis was sustaim'd resulting in secondary glaucoma. Surgical interwntion invoh'ing an anterior chamber washout and removal of necrotic iris brought about control of the intraocular pressure. Case' rt?l'Mt A 66-year-old man susteHned blw)t trauma to his right eye whilst repairing his garage door. Visual al"uity in this eye WclS hand movements. On slit-lamp examinati('O an iridodialy!'is of 3300 W,)S pr('sC'nt, as was a microscopic hyphaema (Fig. 1). There was a vitreous haemorrhage, with no fundal view. The lens was subluxed postt'riorly and cataractous. ThE-' iris appeared to be ne':l'lltic 111ere Fig. I, C(l/ollr l'ilvt"grtll'iI <holL'l1IS �lIbt(}tal md(}dillly�is. was zonular d('hi�cenct' exCt'pt inferiorly \'Ilhen' the iris 4 :; was stll! attached. The intraocular pressure was 40 taUooing. , In cast's wht're a cataract has developed and e oc mmHg. An ultrasound scan showed a f1clt rC'tinel. '1 he thE.' l ns zonule is stablC', rrostC'd intra ular ll'nses have patient was treated with topical steroids emd beta been implanted v.ath �uccess." blockers, togl'ther with systemic aceta/.olamidl' emd mannitol. None of this served to rt'duce the intraocular R·fermces pres�ure, which fluctuated between 40 and 00 mrnHg.