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A Century of WWV
Volume 124, Article No. 124025 (2019) https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.025 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology A Century of WWV Glenn K. Nelson National Institute of Standards and Technology, Radio Station WWV, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA [email protected] WWV was established as a radio station on October 1, 1919, with the issuance of the call letters by the U.S. Department of Commerce. This paper will observe the upcoming 100th anniversary of that event by exploring the events leading to the founding of WWV, the various early experiments and broadcasts, its official debut as a service of the National Bureau of Standards, and its role in frequency and time dissemination over the past century. Key words: broadcasting; frequency; radio; standards; time. Accepted: September 6, 2019 Published: September 24, 2019 https://doi.org/10.6028/jres.124.025 1. Introduction WWV is the high-frequency radio broadcast service that disseminates time and frequency information from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), part of the U.S. Department of Commerce. WWV has been performing this service since the early 1920s, and, in 2019, it is celebrating the 100th anniversary of the issuance of its call sign. 2. Radio Pioneers Other radio transmissions predate WWV by decades. Guglielmo Marconi and others were conducting radio research in the late 1890s, and in 1901, Marconi claimed to have received a message sent across the Atlantic Ocean, the letter “S” in telegraphic code [1]. Radio was called “wireless telegraphy” in those days and was, if not commonplace, viewed as an emerging technology. -
BT-Based Landlines 2019-06-07
utilityoptions BT-based Landlines Call costs are in pence per minute (ppm) and base call costs are in pence (p), all excluding VAT. A connection call charge of 1p + base call cost, or an access charge (for 087, 084, 09 and 118 numbers) of 7ppm (included in the call costs quoted), applies. Calls are billed by the second, and are rounded to the nearest 0.1p. Destination Call cost Threshold Threshold Base call (ppm) From (sec) To (sec) cost (p) UK Local 1.4 UK National 1.4 UK National 1.4 1471 Call Return 0 19.16 Speaking Clock 0 65.9 Operator Services 0 130.34 Emergency Call 0 200 Non Emergency Number 0 32.34 Call Return 1.5 1571 Call Return 1.5 Vodafone 6.2 Orange 6.2 O2 6.2 T-Mobile 6.2 Hutchison 3G Mobile 6.2 Inquam Mobile 50.52 BT Mobile 50.52 UK Mobile fm10 41.76 12.22 VPN - Office 2 Office 0 Mobile fw1 34.54 12.22 Mobile fw2 32.74 12.22 Mobile fw3 25.02 Mobile fw4 35.32 12.22 NGN Freephone 0 NGN Local 0845 6.5 NGN National 0870 3.1 Mobile fw5 33 12.22 NGN Rate: i16 - Internet Services 11.02 NGN Rate: i15 - Internet Services 9.5 Page 1 of 38 Destination Call cost Threshold Threshold Base call (ppm) From (sec) To (sec) cost (p) NGN Rate: i17 - Calls To Internet Services 10.9 NGN Rate: ff10 - Calls To Paging Services 0 56.22 NGN Rate: ff3 - Calls To Paging Services 0 55.12 NGN Rate: ff5 - Calls To Paging Services 0 131.16 NGN Rate: ff8 - Calls To Paging Services 0 41.04 NGN Rate: ff9 - Calls To Paging Services 0 93.62 NGN Rate: G21 - Calls to 03 and 05 numbers 3.78 NGN Rate: ff1 - Calls To Premium Rate Services 0 50.92 NGN Rate: ff11 -
Mulighetsstudie Veteranflysenter Kjeller
1 MULIGHETSSTUDIE VETERANFLYSENTER KJELLER UTARBEIDET AV KJELLER FLYHISTORISKE KULTURPARK, KFK DESEMBER 2015 2 INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE 0. FORORD ................................................................................................................................... 3 1. SAMMENDRAG ....................................................................................................................... 4 2. OPPGAVEFORSTÅELSE ...................................................................................................... 5 3. ORGANISASJON .................................................................................................................... 6 Tradisjon, behov og referanser .............................................................................................. 7 4. DAGENS SITUASJON .......................................................................................................... 10 Dagens bygningsmasse........................................................................................................ 17 AIM ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Behov for kulturtiltak på Kjeller, arealer: ............................................................................. 19 5. LØSNINGSFORSLAG .......................................................................................................... 22 Grunnlagsdata ....................................................................................................................... -
IFE ANNUAL REPORT 2018 1 Årsrapport for Institutt for Energiteknikk
Research for a better future YEAR www.ife.no IFE ANNUAL REPORT 2018 1 Årsrapport for Institutt for Energiteknikk. Med forbehold om trykkfeil. Grafisk design og trykk: CopyCat AS Foto: Mick Tully, Image Communication Layout: Copycat AS 2 RESEARCH FOR A BETTER FUTURE Contents 04 About IFE 05 Key figures 07 From the President 11 Organisation chart 12 IFE’s strategic research focus 16 Materials and Process Technology 20 Centres for Environment-friendly Energy Research (FME) 23 Fluid Flow and Environmental Technology 26 Digital Systems 28 Radiopharmacy 31 IFE’s nuclear research activities 34 Nuclear Waste Management and Decommissioning 38 Environment and safety 41 Innovation and commercialisation 42 Income statement 43 Report of the Board of Directors IFE ANNUAL REPORT 2018 3 About IFE The Institute for Energy Technology (IFE) conducts research for a better future. Since 1948, we have been a frontrunner in international energy research. The knowledge we have developed has saved the petroleum industry several hundred billion kroner. We have contributed to the development of ground-breaking cancer medicine, new solutions in renewable energy, more energy-efficient industrial processes, zero-emission transport solutions and future-oriented energy systems. Our research and expertise have led to safer use of nuclear power, and we have developed methods for verifying the disarmament of nuclear weapons. The research at IFE has created jobs in Norway, facilitated business development and generated important expertise for the Norwegian trade and industry sector. At IFE, we build bridges between research, education and industry. We have extensive infrastructure and full-scale laboratories where theoretical models are transformed into commercial activities. -
3Rd OECD Roundtable on Cities and Regions for Sdgs 16-17 November 2020 Virtual Conference List of Participants
3rd OECD Roundtable on Cities and Regions for SDGs 16-17 November 2020 Virtual Conference List of Participants # Name Institution 1 Abra Walsh Onavance 2 Adnane Founoun Université Hassan 2 3 Adriana Agrimi Puglia Regione 4 Adriana Domingos Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Paraná 5 Adriano Greco da Fonseca Adriano Greco da Fonseca 6 Afsane Moeeni DOE 7 Agnes Lüdicke DeLoG 8 Agnes Rivet City and Eurometropolis of Strasbourg 9 Agustín Castillo-Martínez Ayuntamiento de Granada 10 Aissata M.B. Camara City of New York 11 Aïssatou N'Diaye-Sydnei European Commission (DG DEVCO) 12 Akrem Haddad H-Corp 13 Alessandra Norcini Regione Lombardia 14 Alessandro Santini Università IUAV di Venezia 15 Alessia Secci Università Iuav di Venezia 16 Alexander Hay University of Toronto 17 Alexander Trepelkov UN DESA 18 Alexandra Descôteaux #Meet4Impact 19 Alexandra Posypanková City of Bratislava 20 Alexandra Van Milink sciencespo 21 Alexandre Cesar Motta de Castro Procompetence Consultoria 22 Alexandre Gross 23 Alexandre Mohamedaly Ecorys 24 Ali Belgith 25 Alice Siragusa EC JRC 26 Alina Barysnikova Viken fylkeskommune Ministry of Public Works, Development and 27 Alina Huzui-Stoiculescu Administration 28 Aline Calefi Lima Fiep 29 Alys Solly Politecnico di Torino 30 Amalie Hilde Viken 31 Amie Figueiredo UNECE 32 Amit Yagur-Kroll Central Bureau of Statistics Israel 33 Ana Figueirôa Permanent Delegation of Portugal to the OECD 34 Ana Maria Mouro de Oliveira Gomes 1 Ana Rita Duarte Vacas Unidade Avaliação 35 Secretaria Ministério Ambiente - POSEUR e Monitorização 36 -
NO9600038 Organization Chart/Department Heads: January 1996
NO9600038 Organization Chart/Department Heads: January 1996 Board Halden Board Managing Director Haiden Ass. Managing Programme Group Director Adm. and Tech. Support Project Manager Ass. Project Manager Process Adm. and Physics Simulation Tech. Support Arne Skjeltorp Arild Ek Man-Machine Test Rig Design Energy Isotope Communication and Production Systems Laboratories Kjell Haugset Olav Aarrestad PerO. Finden Per 0. Bremer Control Room Experiment Reservoir- and Materials Systems Engineering Exploration Technology Technology Thorbjorn J Bjorlo Yoji Minagawa Tor Bjornstad Knut Lunde Simulation and Data Production Fluid Flow- and Health System Engineering and Evaluation Corrosion Technology and Safety Age Sten Solie Erik Kolstad Liv Lunde Gordon Christensen Electric Reactor Operation Power Systems and Engineering Reactor Operation Kjell Caspersen Knut H. Johansen Rune Oyan Radiation Protection Evelyn Foshaug IFEs Board of Management and Executives Tlie Board Arve Jolinscn (Chairman) Page Lawyer I/A I Roll Wicdswaiifj; (I ice Chairman) from the Board 4 Manaptiji Director Eurokraft iSor^e a.s and lo-s account 16 Anna In^cr Kidc Section Head Oljedirektoratet activities Ellen Morch lhialand in ll 20 Special Advisor Saga Petroleum a.s IU">'*;arrh am vide* Trond T. Olscn .si hjHSf*r 26 Section Head, HE Jon P. Ramba'k a\ publications and Section Head, HE 32 John Rokstad Professor, I i() Management Kjell TT. Bemliksrn Managing Director A me Raheim Assistant Managing Director ''$.,•< >i.-!ff- WvrncUM KieJl H. Bendiksen, flalden Froiect Jtiii Olav Ber}; war- Mnna};iiifl Director i <si<i \;\H\,/.U 4»vi»tari| Managing Dirucior Arne Raheim. till lie (lied in april I')1*,"). The Halden Project Carlo Vitanza l^oject Manager Iridtjov Owre Assistant Project Manager Information Roll 0. -
High-Ozone Layers in the Middle and Upper Troposphere Above Central Europe: Potential Import from the Stratosphere Along the Subtropical Jet Stream
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 9343–9366, 2011 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/11/9343/2011/ Atmospheric doi:10.5194/acp-11-9343-2011 Chemistry © Author(s) 2011. CC Attribution 3.0 License. and Physics High-ozone layers in the middle and upper troposphere above Central Europe: potential import from the stratosphere along the subtropical jet stream T. Trickl1, N. Bartsch-Ritter¨ 2, H. Eisele1, M. Furger2, R. Mucke¨ 1, M. Sprenger3, and A. Stohl4,* 1Karlsruher Institut fur¨ Technologie, Institut fur¨ Meteorologie und Klimaforschung (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 2Paul Scherrer Institut, Labor fur¨ Atmospharenchemie,¨ 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland 3Eidgenossische¨ Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich,¨ Institut fur¨ Atmosphare¨ und Klima, Universitatsstr.¨ 16, 8092 Zurich,¨ Switzerland 4Lehrstuhl fur¨ Okoklimatologie,¨ Technische Universitat¨ Munchen,¨ Am Hochanger 13, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany *now at: Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, Instituttveien 18, 2027 Kjeller, Norway Received: 28 July 2010 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 15 December 2010 Revised: 14 July 2011 – Accepted: 30 August 2011 – Published: 9 September 2011 Abstract. Specific very dry high-ozone layers, starting important mechanism for stratosphere-to-troposphere trans- roughly two days after the onset of high-pressure periods port (STT) and also confirm the model predictions of pro- during the warm season, have been reproducibly observed nounced and persistent STT along the subtropical jet stream. in the middle and upper troposphere with the ozone lidar in Garmisch-Partenkirchen (Germany). These episodes, previ- ously not understood, were recently analysed based on ex- 1 Introduction tending backward simulations with the FLEXPART particle dispersion model to as many as twenty days and on jet-stream Very dry air masses with peak ozone mixing ratios of 80 analyses including calculations with the LAGRANTO trans- to 150 ppb were consistently detected in all six ozone lidar port model. -
KHF 950/990 HF Communications Transceiver PILOT’S GUIDE and DIRECTORY of HF SERVICES
KHF 950/990 HF Communications Transceiver PILOT’S GUIDE AND DIRECTORY OF HF SERVICES A Table of Contents INTRODUCTION KHF 950/990 COMMUNICATIONS TRANSCEIVER . .I SECTION I CHARACTERISTICS OF HF SSB WITH ALE . .1-1 ACRONYMS AND DEFINITIONS . .1-1 REFERENCES . .1-1 HF SSB COMMUNICATIONS . .1-1 FREQUENCY . .1-2 SKYWAVE PROPAGATION . .1-3 WHY SINGLE SIDEBAND IS IMPORTANT . .1-9 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) . .1-9 SINGLE SIDEBAND OPERATION . .1-10 SINGLE SIDEBAND (SSB) . .1-10 SUPPRESSED CARRIER VS. REDUCED CARRIER . .1-10 SIMPLEX & SEMI-DUPLEX OPERATION . .1-11 AUTOMATIC LINK ESTABLISHMENT (ALE) . .1-11 FUNCTIONS OF HF RADIO AUTOMATION . .1-11 ALE ASSURES BEST COMM LINK AUTOMATICALLY . .1-12 SECTION II KHF 950/990 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION. .2-1 KCU 1051 CONTROL DISPLAY UNIT . .2-1 KFS 594 CONTROL DISPLAY UNIT . .2-3 KCU 951 CONTROL DISPLAY UNIT . .2-5 KHF 950 REMOTE UNITS . .2-6 KAC 952 POWER AMPLIFIER/ANT COUPLER .2-6 KTR 953 RECEIVER/EXITER . .2-7 ADDITIONAL KHF 950 INSTALLATION OPTIONS .2-8 SINGLE KHF 950 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION .2-9 KHF 990 REMOTE UNITS . .2-10 KAC 992 PROBE/ANTENNA COUPLER . .2-10 KTR 993 RECEIVER/EXITER . .2-11 SINGLE KHF 990 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION . .2-12 Rev. 0 Dec/96 KHF 950/990 Pilots Guide Toc-1 Table of Contents SECTION III OPERATING THE KHF 950/990 . .3-1 KHF 950/990 GENERAL OPERATING INFORMATION . .3-1 PREFLIGHT INSPECTION . .3-1 ANTENNA TUNING . .3-2 FAULT INDICATION . .3-2 TUNING FAULTS . .3-3 KHF 950/990 CONTROLS-GENERAL . .3-3 KCU 1051 CONTROL DISPLAY UNIT OPERATION . -
Time Signal Stations 1By Michael A
122 Time Signal Stations 1By Michael A. Lombardi I occasionally talk to people who can’t believe that some radio stations exist solely to transmit accurate time. While they wouldn’t poke fun at the Weather Channel or even a radio station that plays nothing but Garth Brooks records (imagine that), people often make jokes about time signal stations. They’ll ask “Doesn’t the programming get a little boring?” or “How does the announcer stay awake?” There have even been parodies of time signal stations. A recent Internet spoof of WWV contained zingers like “we’ll be back with the time on WWV in just a minute, but first, here’s another minute”. An episode of the animated Power Puff Girls joined in the fun with a skit featuring a TV announcer named Sonny Dial who does promos for upcoming time announcements -- “Welcome to the Time Channel where we give you up-to- the-minute time, twenty-four hours a day. Up next, the current time!” Of course, after the laughter dies down, we all realize the importance of keeping accurate time. We live in the era of Internet FAQs [frequently asked questions], but the most frequently asked question in the real world is still “What time is it?” You might be surprised to learn that time signal stations have been answering this question for more than 100 years, making the transmission of time one of radio’s first applications, and still one of the most important. Today, you can buy inexpensive radio controlled clocks that never need to be set, and some of us wear them on our wrists. -
Sydhavna (Sjursøya) – an Area with Increased Risk
REPORT Sydhavna (Sjursøya) – an area with increased risk February 2014 Published by: Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (DSB) 2015 ISBN: 978-82-7768-350-8 (PDF) Graphic production: Erik Tanche Nilssen AS, Skien Sydhavna (Sjursøya) – an area with increased risk February 2014 CONTENTS Preface ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8 01 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Mandat .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.2 Questions and scope ............................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.3 Organisation of the project ................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.4 -
STANDARD FREQUENCIES and TIME SIGNALS (Question ITU-R 106/7) (1992-1994-1995) Rec
Rec. ITU-R TF.768-2 1 SYSTEMS FOR DISSEMINATION AND COMPARISON RECOMMENDATION ITU-R TF.768-2 STANDARD FREQUENCIES AND TIME SIGNALS (Question ITU-R 106/7) (1992-1994-1995) Rec. ITU-R TF.768-2 The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) the continuing need in all parts of the world for readily available standard frequency and time reference signals that are internationally coordinated; b) the advantages offered by radio broadcasts of standard time and frequency signals in terms of wide coverage, ease and reliability of reception, achievable level of accuracy as received, and the wide availability of relatively inexpensive receiving equipment; c) that Article 33 of the Radio Regulations (RR) is considering the coordination of the establishment and operation of services of standard-frequency and time-signal dissemination on a worldwide basis; d) that a number of stations are now regularly emitting standard frequencies and time signals in the bands allocated by this Conference and that additional stations provide similar services using other frequency bands; e) that these services operate in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R TF.460 which establishes the internationally coordinated UTC time system; f) that other broadcasts exist which, although designed primarily for other functions such as navigation or communications, emit highly stabilized carrier frequencies and/or precise time signals that can be very useful in time and frequency applications, recommends 1 that, for applications requiring stable and accurate time and frequency reference signals that are traceable to the internationally coordinated UTC system, serious consideration be given to the use of one or more of the broadcast services listed and described in Annex 1; 2 that administrations responsible for the various broadcast services included in Annex 2 make every effort to update the information given whenever changes occur. -
Time and Frequency Users' Manual
,>'.)*• r>rJfl HKra mitt* >\ « i If I * I IT I . Ip I * .aference nbs Publi- cations / % ^m \ NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 695 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Time and Frequency Users' Manual 100 .U5753 No. 695 1977 NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS 1 The National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, a technical (3) basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to pro- mote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, the Office for Information Programs, and the Office of Experimental Technology Incentives Program. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consist- ent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essen- tial services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, and the following center and divisions: Applied Mathematics