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Occurrence of the Plant Pathogen Phytophthora Cinnamomi at Dharawal National Park

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Occurrence of the Plant Pathogen Phytophthora Cinnamomi at Dharawal National Park Occurrence of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi at Dharawal National Park Phil Craven1 and Keith McDougall2 May, 2015 1 Office of Environment and Heritage, P.O. Box 707 Nowra NSW 2541 2 Office of Environment and Heritage, P.O. Box 733 Queanbeyan 2620 Executive Summary Soil samples were collected systematically at 110 sites in Dharawal National Park during March, April, May and September, 2014 to test for the presence or absence of Phytophthora cinnamomi, an exotic microscopic water mould inhabiting the soil/water environment. Phytophthora infects plant roots and has the effect of slowly killing susceptible plants and degrading habitat for fauna. Infection of native plants by Phytophthora cinnamomi is a listed key threatening process under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995. A Statement of Intent has been prepared in NSW as a response to the key threatening process listing. Dieback caused by the root-rot fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi is a listed key threatening process under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). A Threat abatement plan for disease in natural ecosystems caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi has been prepared by the Commonwealth Department of the Environment. Sampling sites were located in each of the 12 vegetation communities modelled to occur in the reserve. Vegetation communities occupying larger areas were sampled more frequently. For example Coastal Sandstone Ridgetop Woodland occupying nearly 50% of the reserve was sampled at 36 sites whilst Lower Blue Mountains Wet Forest and Coastal Rock Plate Heath occupying a few hectares had one sample each. Samples were collected according to Royal Botanic Gardens (RBG) guidelines for collecting root disease soil samples and forwarded to the RBG Plant Diagnostic Laboratory, Sydney for analysis of Phytophthora presence/absence. 55 soil samples returned a Phytophthora-positive result and 55 soil samples returned a Phytophthora- negative result. Several observations regarding patterns of distribution of Phytophthora are made in the report. Not all infected sites showed dieback symptoms associated with Phytophthora. The spatial patterns of risks to vegetation posed by P. cinnamomi have been developed by combining a habitat suitability model for the pathogen with a vegetation community susceptibility model. Risk is defined as a function of the susceptibility of vegetation to and the likelihood of infection with Phytophthora. The models depict valley bottoms and riparian areas in Dharawal NP providing the most suitable habitat for P. cinnamomi, although ridges and upper slopes also have high suitability. Lower slopes have the lowest suitability for P. cinnamomi. Park management recommendations are made to manage the threat of Phytophthora to biodiversity values in the Park and minimise risk of export of the pathogen from the Park. Further work is required to refine the risk models and to sample for the presence or absence of Phytophthora in Dharawal Nature Reserve, Dharawal SCA and crown lands that may be added to the Dharawal reserves. Cover Photo Dieback in a Xanthorrhoea sp. plant located near Minerva Rd - 10T Fire Trail park entrance gate (site DL86A). Phytophthora cinnamomi was present in the soil sample and root material taken from the base of this plant. 2 Table of Contents Contents Executive Summary ............................................................................................................... 2 Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... 3 Table of Figures ................................................................................................................. 4 Tables ................................................................................................................................ 4 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 2 Project Objectives ........................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Study Area ............................................................................................................... 7 3 Methods .......................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Project Design ......................................................................................................... 8 3.2 Field Sampling Equipment .................................................................................... 9 3.3 Field Sampling Procedure .................................................................................... 9 3.4 Field data sheet – site data collected .................................................................. 10 3.5 Sample & Data checking and compilation........................................................... 10 4 Results .......................................................................................................................... 11 4.1 Observations arising from Results ............................................................................. 13 5 Discussion .................................................................................................................... 15 6 Interim Park Management Recommendations .............................................................. 17 7 Risk Spatial Model Development .................................................................................. 20 7.1 Methods ................................................................................................................. 20 7.1.1 Model of habitat suitability ............................................................................... 20 7.1.2 Ranking species and mapping susceptibility of vegetation .............................. 20 7.1.3 Risk mapping .................................................................................................. 21 7.2 Results ................................................................................................................... 21 7.2.1 Habitat suitability ............................................................................................. 21 7.2.2 Susceptibility of vegetation .............................................................................. 23 7.2.3 Spatial patterns of risk .................................................................................... 26 7.2.4 Fire frequency ................................................................................................. 26 3 8. Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 29 9. References ................................................................................................................ 30 APPENDIX 1 Presence or Absence of Phytophthora species in soil samples from Dharawal National Park, 2014 .......................................................................................... 31 APPENDIX 2 Example of a Field Data sheet for Soil sample collection ........................... 47 APPENDIX 3 Plant Disease Diagnostic Unit Soil Test results ........................................... 48 IMAGES ........................................................................................................................... 51 Table of Figures Figure 1 Dharawal National Park Phytophthora study area ................................................... 7 Figure 2 Phytophthora cinnamomi presence/absence by observed Vegetation Community 11 Figure 3 Phytophthora occurrence at sampled sites in vegetation communities at Dharawal National Park ...................................................................................................................... 12 Figure 4 Frequency chart of Species Infected with Phytophthora spp. at Dharawal NP ....... 14 Figure 5 Habitat suitability model produced using MaxEnt .................................................. 22 Figure 6 Susceptibility of vegetation communities based on species of moderate to high susceptibility ....................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 7 Susceptibility of vegetation communities based on all species susceptibilities ...... 25 Figure 8 Risk combining layers of habitat suitability and susceptibility based on scores of moderately to high susceptibility species. ............................................................................ 27 Figure 9 Risk combining layers of habitat suitability and susceptibility based on scores of all species ............................................................................................................................... 28 Tables Table 1 Extant Native Vegetation communities and soil sampling density Dharawal NP ........ 8 Table 2 Overall Visual Site health and Phytophthora occurrence ......................................... 14 Table 3 MaxEnt output of the importance of predictor variables ........................................... 21 Table 4 Susceptibility scores in each community present in Dharawal NP for 1) all taxa, 2) taxa of moderate to high susceptibility ................................................................................. 23 4 1 Introduction Phytophthora cinnamomi is an exotic microscopic water mould inhabiting the soil/water environment. It infects plant roots and stem
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