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<I>Dolomedes Tenebrosus</I> University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences Biological Sciences, School of 4-6-2013 Spontaneous male death and monogyny in the dark fishing spider Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz, 1843 (Araneae, Pisauridae) Steven K. Schwartz University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss Part of the Behavior and Ethology Commons, Biology Commons, and the Evolution Commons Schwartz, Steven K., "Spontaneous male death and monogyny in the dark fishing spider Dolomedes tenebrosus Hentz, 1843 (Araneae, Pisauridae)" (2013). Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences. 50. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss/50 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences, School of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses in Biological Sciences by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1 SPONTANEOUS MALE DEATH AND MONOGYNY IN THE DARK FISHING SPIDER, DOLOMEDES TENEBROSUS HENTZ, 1843 (ARANEAE, PISAURIDAE) by Steven K. Schwartz A DISSERTATION Presented to the FaCulty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major: BiologiCal SCienCes (ECology, Evolution, and Behavior) Under the Supervision of Professors Eileen A. Hebets and William E. Wagner Jr. LinColn, Nebraska April, 2013 2 SPONTANEOUS MALE DEATH AND MONOGYNY IN THE DARK FISHING SPIDER, DOLOMEDES TENEBROSUS HENTZ, 1843 (ARANEAE, PISAURIDAE) Steven K. Schwartz, Ph.D. University of Nebraska, 2013 Advisors: Eileen A. Hebets and William E. Wagner Jr. Male animals typiCally attempt to mate with multiple females in order to inCrease their reproduCtive suCCess. In some speCies, however, males instead invest in fertilizing the eggs of a single female. Monogyny (male monogamy) is found in a diverse assemblage of taxa, and reCent theoretiCal work reveals that a male-biased sex ratio Can favor the evolution of this relatively rare mating system. We integrate this theoretiCal framework with field observations and laboratory experiments involving the sexually size dimorphic fishing spider, Dolomedes tenebrosus. Results from mating trials revealed a novel form of self-saCrifiCe behavior where males spontaneously die when they Copulate, thus all males are monogynous. SinCe all males experienCe obligate death when they mate, we set out to determine if male self-saCrifiCe in D. tenebrosus is adaptive. Self-saCrifiCe behavior (compliCity in Cannibalism or spontaneous death assoCiated with Copulation) Can be adaptive if it facilitates sexual Cannibalism, and if sexual Cannibalism results in reproduCtive benefits for the self-saCrifiCing male. In a first series of experiments, we examine variation in female Cannibalistic behavior and variation in female mating rate. We test the hypothesis that spontaneous male death faCilitates postCopulatory sexual Cannibalism and that sexual cannibalism reduces the likelihood of female remating. We found that spontaneous male death does indeed faCilitate sexual Cannibalism, as all females Cannibalize males 3 postCopulation. However, sexual cannibalism does not reduCe the likelihood of female remating, thus D. tenebrosus males do not appear to reCeive a paternity advantage from postCopulatory sexual Cannibalism. In a seCond series of experiments, we examine how sexual Cannibalism affeCts female feCundity. We test the hypothesis that the Consumption of a male by a female postCopulation results in an inCrease in the quantity and/or quality of offspring. We found that sexual Cannibalism Causes females to produCe more and higher quality offspring. SpeCifiCally, when females were allowed to consume their mating partner, it resulted in a significant inCrease in the number, the size, and the survivorship of offspring. Our results doCument a novel Case of adaptive self-saCrifiCe in the first non-araneoid spider, D. tenebrosus, providing evidenCe that males benefit from sexual cannibalism through paternal effort. [349] iv Copyright by Steven K. SChwartz © 2013 v ~ Dedicated to all the males who sacrificed their lives (literally). ~ vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was funded by fellowships from the U.S. Department of EduCation - Graduate AssistanCe in Areas of National Need (GAANN), and grants from the Initiative for EcologiCal and Evolutionary Analysis (IEEA) and the SChool of BiologiCal SCiences at the University of Nebraska. I would like to thank Dave Allder and the LinColn Parks and ReCreation Department for granting me permission to ConduCt researCh in Pioneers and Wilderness parks. I would like to thank my Committee members Drs. Alex Basolo, Chad Brassil, and Dan Leger for their adviCe, questions, and above all else, their willingness to think about sexual Cannibalism and self-saCrifiCe for so many years. I am especially grateful to my advisors Drs. Eileen Hebets and Bill Wagner for giving me the freedom to make mistakes and to get me back on track when I would get off Course. I am also extremely thankful for being given my own laboratory spaCe, where I Could run my experiments with minimal interruptions. I would like to thank all of my aCademiC friends for sitting through my R&D seminars eaCh year and for asking questions that would ultimately improve my research. I would also like to thank all of my non-academiC friends (e.g. RC Dub) for helping me esCape academia and for asking questions, very different questions, whiCh would also improve my research. Finally, I would like to thank my family for supporting me intelleCtually and finanCially all these years, and for literally putting a roof over my head. I would like to thank my wife for being my wife. And with my most important researCh tools (i.e. headlamp, Chest waders, and a walking stiCk) I hope to Continue to play around with spiders and Call it research for many more years to Come. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - x CHAPTER 1: SPONTANEOUS MALE DEATH AND MONOGYNY IN THE DARK FISHING SPIDER - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 AbstraCt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Key words - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 IntroduCtion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Results and DisCussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5 Acknowledgments - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 Tables and Figures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 ReferenCes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 Supplementary Material - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Animal Collections - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 MatinG Trials - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 Heartbeat Measurements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 Palpal Dissections - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 Field MonitorinG - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 Silk Trials - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 viii CHAPTER 2: MALE SELF-SACRIFICE IN THE DARK FISHING SPIDER DOES NOT AFFECT FEMALE REMATING - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 AbstraCt - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 Key words - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 IntroduCtion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 Methods - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Animals - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Experiment 1: Sexual Cannibalism and Female RematinG - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 31 Statistical Analysis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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