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Hadoop: the Definitive Guide THIRD EDITION Hadoop: The Definitive Guide wnload from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com> o D Tom White Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo Hadoop: The Definitive Guide, Third Edition by Tom White Revision History for the : 2012-01-27 Early release revision 1 See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781449311520 for release details. ISBN: 978-1-449-31152-0 1327616795 For Eliane, Emilia, and Lottie Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................. xiii Preface ..................................................................... xv 1. Meet Hadoop ........................................................... 1 Data! 1 Data Storage and Analysis 3 Comparison with Other Systems 4 RDBMS 4 Grid Computing 6 Volunteer Computing 8 A Brief History of Hadoop 9 Apache Hadoop and the Hadoop Ecosystem 12 Hadoop Releases 13 What’s Covered in this Book 14 Compatibility 15 2. MapReduce ........................................................... 17 A Weather Dataset 17 Data Format 17 Analyzing the Data with Unix Tools 19 Analyzing the Data with Hadoop 20 Map and Reduce 20 Java MapReduce 22 Scaling Out 30 Data Flow 31 Combiner Functions 34 Running a Distributed MapReduce Job 37 Hadoop Streaming 37 Ruby 37 Python 40 iii Hadoop Pipes 41 Compiling and Running 42 3. The Hadoop Distributed Filesystem ....................................... 45 The Design of HDFS 45 HDFS Concepts 47 Blocks 47 Namenodes and Datanodes 48 HDFS Federation 49 HDFS High-Availability 50 The Command-Line Interface 51 Basic Filesystem Operations 52 Hadoop Filesystems 54 Interfaces 55 The Java Interface 57 Reading Data from a Hadoop URL 57 Reading Data Using the FileSystem API 59 Writing Data 62 Directories 64 Querying the Filesystem 64 Deleting Data 69 Data Flow 69 Anatomy of a File Read 69 Anatomy of a File Write 72 Coherency Model 75 Parallel Copying with distcp 76 Keeping an HDFS Cluster Balanced 78 Hadoop Archives 78 Using Hadoop Archives 79 Limitations 80 4. Hadoop I/O ........................................................... 83 Data Integrity 83 Data Integrity in HDFS 83 LocalFileSystem 84 ChecksumFileSystem 85 Compression 85 Codecs 87 Compression and Input Splits 91 Using Compression in MapReduce 92 Serialization 94 The Writable Interface 95 Writable Classes 98 iv | Table of Contents Implementing a Custom Writable 105 Serialization Frameworks 110 Avro 112 File-Based Data Structures 132 SequenceFile 132 MapFile 139 5. Developing a MapReduce Application .................................... 145 The Configuration API 146 Combining Resources 147 Variable Expansion 148 Configuring the Development Environment 148 Managing Configuration 148 GenericOptionsParser, Tool, and ToolRunner 151 Writing a Unit Test 154 Mapper 154 Reducer 156 Running Locally on Test Data 157 Running a Job in a Local Job Runner 157 Testing the Driver 161 Running on a Cluster 162 Packaging 162 Launching a Job 162 The MapReduce Web UI 164 Retrieving the Results 167 Debugging a Job 169 Hadoop Logs 173 Remote Debugging 175 Tuning a Job 176 Profiling Tasks 177 MapReduce Workflows 180 Decomposing a Problem into MapReduce Jobs 180 JobControl 182 Apache Oozie 182 6. How MapReduce Works ................................................ 187 Anatomy of a MapReduce Job Run 187 Classic MapReduce (MapReduce 1) 188 YARN (MapReduce 2) 194 Failures 200 Failures in Classic MapReduce 200 Failures in YARN 202 Job Scheduling 204 Table of Contents | v The Fair Scheduler 205 The Capacity Scheduler 205 Shuffle and Sort 205 The Map Side 206 The Reduce Side 207 Configuration Tuning 209 Task Execution 212 The Task Execution Environment 212 Speculative Execution 213 Output Committers 215 Task JVM Reuse 216 Skipping Bad Records 217 7. MapReduce Types and Formats .......................................... 221 MapReduce Types 221 The Default MapReduce Job 225 Input Formats 232 Input Splits and Records 232 Text Input 243 Binary Input 247 Multiple Inputs 248 Database Input (and Output) 249 Output Formats 249 Text Output 250 Binary Output 251 Multiple Outputs 251 Lazy Output 255 Database Output 256 8. MapReduce Features .................................................. 257 Counters 257 Built-in Counters 257 User-Defined Java Counters 262 User-Defined Streaming Counters 266 Sorting 266 Preparation 266 Partial Sort 268 Total Sort 272 Secondary Sort 276 Joins 281 Map-Side Joins 282 Reduce-Side Joins 284 Side Data Distribution 287 vi | Table of Contents Using the Job Configuration 287 Distributed Cache 288 MapReduce Library Classes 294 9. Setting Up a Hadoop Cluster . ........................................... 295 Cluster Specification 295 Network Topology 297 Cluster Setup and Installation 299 Installing Java 300 Creating a Hadoop User 300 Installing Hadoop 300 Testing the Installation 301 SSH Configuration 301 Hadoop Configuration 302 Configuration Management 303 Environment Settings 305 Important Hadoop Daemon Properties 309 Hadoop Daemon Addresses and Ports 314 Other Hadoop Properties 315 User Account Creation 318 YARN Configuration 318 Important YARN Daemon Properties 319 YARN Daemon Addresses and Ports 322 Security 323 Kerberos and Hadoop 324 Delegation Tokens 326 Other Security Enhancements 327 Benchmarking a Hadoop Cluster 329 wnload from Wow! eBook <www.wowebook.com> Hadoop Benchmarks 329 o User Jobs 331 D Hadoop in the Cloud 332 Hadoop on Amazon EC2 332 10. Administering Hadoop . ................................................ 337 HDFS 337 Persistent Data Structures 337 Safe Mode 342 Audit Logging 344 Tools 344 Monitoring 349 Logging 349 Metrics 350 Java Management Extensions 353 Table of Contents | vii Maintenance 355 Routine Administration Procedures 355 Commissioning and Decommissioning Nodes 357 Upgrades 360 11. Pig ................................................................. 365 Installing and Running Pig 366 Execution Types 366 Running Pig Programs 368 Grunt 368 Pig Latin Editors 369 An Example 369 Generating Examples 371 Comparison with Databases 372 Pig Latin 373 Structure 373 Statements 375 Expressions 379 Types 380 Schemas 382 Functions 386 Macros 388 User-Defined Functions 389 A Filter UDF 389 An Eval UDF 392 A Load UDF 394 Data Processing Operators 397 Loading and Storing Data 397 Filtering Data 397 Grouping and Joining Data 400 Sorting Data 405 Combining and Splitting Data 406 Pig in Practice 407 Parallelism 407 Parameter Substitution 408 12. Hive ................................................................ 411 Installing Hive 412 The Hive Shell 413 An Example 414 Running Hive 415 Configuring Hive 415 Hive Services 417 viii | Table of Contents The Metastore 419 Comparison with Traditional Databases 421 Schema on Read Versus Schema on Write 421 Updates, Transactions, and Indexes 422 HiveQL 422 Data Types 424 Operators and Functions 426 Tables 427 Managed Tables and External Tables 427 Partitions and Buckets 429 Storage Formats 433 Importing Data 438 Altering Tables 440 Dropping Tables 441 Querying Data 441 Sorting and Aggregating 441 MapReduce Scripts 442 Joins 443 Subqueries 446 Views 447 User-Defined Functions 448 Writing a UDF 449 Writing a UDAF 451 13. HBase ............................................................... 457 HBasics 457 Backdrop 458 Concepts 458 Whirlwind Tour of the Data Model 458 Implementation 459 Installation 462 Test Drive 463 Clients 465 Java 465 Avro, REST, and Thrift 468 Example 469 Schemas 470 Loading Data 471 Web Queries 474 HBase Versus RDBMS 477 Successful Service 478 HBase 479 Use Case: HBase at Streamy.com 479 Table of Contents | ix Praxis 481 Versions 481 HDFS 482 UI 483 Metrics 483 Schema Design 483 Counters 484 Bulk Load 484 14. ZooKeeper ........................................................... 487 Installing and Running ZooKeeper 488 An Example 490 Group Membership in ZooKeeper 490 Creating the Group 491 Joining a Group 493 Listing Members in a Group 494 Deleting a Group 496 The ZooKeeper Service 497 Data Model 497 Operations 499 Implementation 503 Consistency 505 Sessions 507 States 509 Building Applications with ZooKeeper 510 A Configuration Service 510 The Resilient ZooKeeper Application 513 A Lock Service 517 More Distributed Data Structures and Protocols 519 ZooKeeper in Production 520 Resilience and Performance 521 Configuration 522 15. Sqoop ............................................................... 525 Getting Sqoop 525 A Sample Import 527 Generated Code 530 Additional Serialization Systems 531 Database Imports: A Deeper Look 531 Controlling the Import 534 Imports and Consistency 534 Direct-mode Imports 534 Working with Imported Data 535 x | Table of Contents Imported Data and Hive 536 Importing Large Objects 538 Performing an Export 540 Exports: A Deeper Look 541 Exports and Transactionality 543 Exports and SequenceFiles 543 16. Case Studies ......................................................... 545 Hadoop Usage at Last.fm 545 Last.fm: The Social Music Revolution 545 Hadoop at Last.fm 545 Generating Charts with Hadoop 546 The Track Statistics Program 547 Summary 554 Hadoop and Hive at Facebook 554 Introduction 554 Hadoop at Facebook 554 Hypothetical Use Case Studies 557 Hive 560 Problems and Future Work 564 Nutch Search Engine 565 Background 565 Data Structures 566 Selected Examples of Hadoop Data Processing in Nutch 569 Summary 578 Log Processing at Rackspace 579 Requirements/The Problem 579 Brief History 580 Choosing Hadoop 580 Collection and Storage 580 MapReduce for Logs 581 Cascading 587 Fields, Tuples, and Pipes 588 Operations 590 Taps, Schemes, and Flows 592 Cascading in
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