Appendix 16-A
Socio-economic Baseline Report
KEMESS UNDERGROUND PROJECT Application for an Environmental Assessment Certificate
Prepared for: KEMESS UNDERGROUND PROJECT Socio-economic Baseline Report August 2015
The world’s leading sustainability consultancy AuRico Metals Inc.
KEMESS UNDERGROUND PROJECT Socio-economic Baseline Report
August 2015
Project #0196303-0012
Citation: ERM. 2015. Kemess Underground Project: Socio-economic Baseline Report. Prepared for AuRico Metals Inc. by ERM Consultants Canada Ltd.: Vancouver, British Columbia.
ERM ERM Building, 15th Floor 1111 West Hastings Street Vancouver, BC Canada V6E 2J3 T: (604) 689-9460 F: (604) 687-4277
ERM prepared this report for the sole and exclusive benefit of, and use by, AuRico Metals Inc. Notwithstanding delivery of this report by ERM or AuRico Metals Inc. to any third party, any copy of this report provided to a third party is provided for informational purposes only, without the right to rely upon the report. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
AuRico Metals Inc. (AuRico) proposes to develop the Kemess Underground Project (the Project), an underground gold-copper mine located in north-central British Columbia (BC). The Project is located approximately 250 km north of Smithers, 430 km north-northwest of Prince George, and 6.5 km north of the past-producing Kemess South (KS) Mine, which is currently under care and maintenance.
The Project is situated on provincial Crown land within the Peace River Regional District and is accessed from the Omineca Resource Access Road; Mackenzie is the closest town by road to the Project and is located approximately 300 km southeast of the Project. The Project is located in the traditional territories of the Takla Lake First Nation (TLFN), Tsay Keh Dene Nation (TKDN), and adjacent to the traditional territory of the Kwadacha Nation.
This report describes the prevailing socio-economic conditions for the seven communities and regional districts that comprise the socio-economic study areas. Study area communities considered in this report are referred to as Potentially Affected Communities (PACs) and include four incorporated municipalities and three Aboriginal communities, all within the province of BC. The three Aboriginal communities are Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, and Takla Landing. The municipalities are Mackenzie, Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace. The regional study area (RSA) is defined by the regional districts of Peace River, Fraser-Fort George, Bulkley-Nechako, and Kitimat-Stikine.
As typical of economies tied to natural resource industries, the populations of the PACs have both risen and fallen over the past two census periods (Section 4.3.2 and 4.4.4). Services and economic opportunities are typically focused in the larger service centres of the region, including Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace. A relatively high proportion of PAC populations identify as Aboriginal in comparison to the provincial average; in other words, Aboriginal people comprise a relatively large proportion of the population of communities near the proposed Project. Population data and trends for the PACs indicated that they have relatively young populations and low rates of population growth, in comparison to the province (Statistics Canada 2012).
The Aboriginal communities of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, and Takla Landing are the closet communities to the Project by air. Road access is limited to unpaved forest service roads, up to 400 km long (approximately 12 hours travel time) in the case of Kwadacha; as such, air access is important, although it can be limited in poor weather. These communities have relatively small populations (in the range of 200 to 300 people) and local education, employment, and health services are limited and typically based in larger centers. Prince George is the largest community and main service centre for northern BC, and includes a full range of hospital, educational and other services. Smithers and Terrace are also regional service centres, and are hubs for logistics, transportation and other services related to mining and other resource industries throughout northwestern BC.
Unemployment in the remote Aboriginal communities is generally high (above 20%) and job opportunities are limited and often seasonal. However, the respective First Nations are working to develop local economic capacity and opportunities, and members from these First Nations have a
AURICO METALS INC. i SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT history of employment with the Kemess South mine (which represented a source of training and employment during its operation), as well as exploration during 2013 and 2014 1.
A high proportion of PAC residents have experience in trades, and this reflects the regional resource-based economy and available employment opportunities. Apprenticeship and trades certificates are notably more common in the PACs (30 to 35%) in comparison to the provincial average (19%). Correspondingly, employment in trades, transport and equipment operations as well as in the natural resources and agriculture sectors were generally higher in the PACs (Section 4.7.3).
Community access to health, social, and emergency services varies by community. In the Aboriginal PACs, there are fewer services and facilities. Residents rely, at least in part, on scheduled visits from health care professionals and transport (as needed) to larger service centres. However, the First Nations are working to develop programs suited to the needs of these communities and incorporating traditional approaches to healing and wellness. Programs include cultural camps and youth programs, support for local Elders, developing nutrition and healthy lifestyles, and counselling services. A broader range of services, including emergency services are available in the larger PACs, including Prince George, although the Northern Health authority reports that regional health services are operating at or beyond capacity.
1 Recent employment of members of the Kwadacha Nation, TKDN, and TLFN has included: in 2013, 17 TKN people were employed by Project exploration activities, and two were employed as seasonal environmental monitors at the KS mine; and in 2014, there were 21 TKN people were employed by Project exploration activities and two were employed as seasonal environmental monitors at the KS mine (Craig, S. pers. comm. 2015).
ii ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was produced for AuRico Metals Inc. by ERM. It was written by Heather Henley (M.N.R.M., B.A. Hons.), Klaudia Sieminska (M.A.), Maurice DePaoli (B.A., CAHP). Technical review and guidance was provided by Anna Sundby (M.Sc.). Mark Branson (M.Sc.) is the Project Manager and Korina Houghton (B.Sc.) is the Project Coordinator. Anne Currie (B.A., MPA) is the Partner-in-Charge of the Project.
AURICO METALS INC. iii KEMESS UNDERGROUND PROJECT Socio-economic Baseline Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary ...... i
Acknowledgements ...... iii
Table of Contents ...... v List of Figures ...... xi List of Tables ...... xi
Glossary and Abbreviations ...... xiii
1. Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 Project Description ...... 1-1 1.2 Project Location and Setting ...... 1-1 1.3 Project Proponent ...... 1-2 1.4 Objectives ...... 1-2 1.5 Baseline Study Areas and Potentially Affected Communities ...... 1-2 1.5.1 Provincial Study Area ...... 1-3 1.5.2 Regional Study Area (RSA) ...... 1-3 1.5.3 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 1-3
2. Legislation, Regulations, and Guidelines ...... 2-1 2.1 Local and Regional Context ...... 2-1 2.2 Provincial Context ...... 2-2 2.3 Federal Context ...... 2-2 2.4 Taxation and Economic Development Policies ...... 2-2 2.5 Socio-economic Objectives and Management ...... 2-3
3. Methodology ...... 3-1 3.1 Information and Data Sources ...... 3-1 3.2 Limitations and Assumptions ...... 3-2 3.2.1 Limitations ...... 3-2 3.2.1.1 Statistics Canada Data ...... 3-2 3.2.1.2 Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada Data ...... 3-3 3.2.1.3 Statistical Data and First Nations Communities ...... 3-3 3.2.2 Assumptions ...... 3-4
AURICO METALS INC. v SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
4. Results and Discussion ...... 4-1 4.1 Socio-economic Overview and Context ...... 4-1 4.1.1 National and Provincial Overview ...... 4-1 4.1.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-2 4.1.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-2 4.1.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-3 4.1.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-3 4.1.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-3 4.1.3 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-3 4.1.3.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-3 4.1.3.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-5 4.1.3.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-6 4.1.3.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-7 4.1.3.5 Prince George ...... 4-7 4.1.3.6 Smithers ...... 4-8 4.1.3.7 Terrace ...... 4-8 4.2 Governance and Government Revenues ...... 4-8 4.2.1 National and Provincial Overview ...... 4-8 4.2.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-8 4.2.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-9 4.2.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-9 4.2.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-9 4.2.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-10 4.2.3 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-10 4.2.3.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-10 4.2.3.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-11 4.2.3.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-11 4.2.3.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-12 4.2.3.5 Prince George ...... 4-12 4.2.3.6 Smithers ...... 4-13 4.2.3.7 Terrace ...... 4-13 4.3 Population...... 4-14 4.3.1 Provincial Overview ...... 4-14 4.3.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-14 4.3.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-14 4.3.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-16 4.3.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-16
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4.3.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-16 4.3.3 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-16 4.3.3.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-16 4.3.3.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-17 4.3.3.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-17 4.3.3.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-18 4.3.3.5 Prince George ...... 4-19 4.3.3.6 Smithers ...... 4-19 4.3.3.7 Terrace ...... 4-19 4.4 Age and Gender ...... 4-19 4.4.1 Provincial Overview ...... 4-19 4.4.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-20 4.4.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-20 4.4.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-20 4.4.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-20 4.4.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-21 4.4.3 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-21 4.4.3.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-21 4.4.3.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-21 4.4.3.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-22 4.4.3.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-22 4.4.3.5 Prince George ...... 4-22 4.4.3.6 Smithers ...... 4-22 4.4.3.7 Terrace ...... 4-23 4.5 Education Facilities and Services...... 4-23 4.5.1 Elementary and Secondary Education ...... 4-23 4.5.1.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-23 4.5.1.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-23 4.5.1.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-24 4.5.1.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-24 4.5.1.5 Prince George ...... 4-24 4.5.1.6 Smithers ...... 4-24 4.5.1.7 Terrace ...... 4-25 4.5.2 Post-Secondary Programs and Skills Training ...... 4-25 4.5.2.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-26 4.5.2.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-26 4.5.2.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-26
AURICO METALS INC. vii SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
4.5.2.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-27 4.5.2.5 Prince George ...... 4-27 4.5.2.6 Smithers ...... 4-28 4.5.2.7 Terrace ...... 4-29 4.6 Educational Attainment ...... 4-29 4.6.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-33 4.6.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-33 4.6.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-33 4.6.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-33 4.6.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-33 4.6.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-34 4.6.2.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-34 4.6.2.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-36 4.6.2.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-36 4.6.2.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-36 4.6.2.5 Prince George ...... 4-36 4.6.2.6 Smithers ...... 4-38 4.6.2.7 Terrace ...... 4-38 4.7 Labour Force and Economy ...... 4-38 4.7.1 Provincial Overview ...... 4-38 4.7.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-39 4.7.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-40 4.7.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-41 4.7.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-42 4.7.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-42 4.7.3 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-42 4.7.3.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-43 4.7.3.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-46 4.7.3.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-47 4.7.3.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-48 4.7.3.5 Prince George ...... 4-48 4.7.3.6 Smithers ...... 4-48 4.7.3.7 Terrace ...... 4-49 4.8 Business Activity ...... 4-49 4.8.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-49 4.8.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-49 4.8.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-49
viii ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.8.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-50 4.8.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine ...... 4-51 4.8.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-51 4.8.2.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-53 4.8.2.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-54 4.8.2.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-54 4.8.2.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-55 4.8.2.5 Prince George ...... 4-55 4.8.2.6 Smithers ...... 4-56 4.8.2.7 Terrace ...... 4-56 4.9 Income Levels and Sources ...... 4-57 4.9.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-57 4.9.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-58 4.9.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-59 4.9.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-59 4.9.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-59 4.9.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-60 4.9.2.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-60 4.9.2.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-61 4.9.2.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-62 4.9.2.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-62 4.9.2.5 Prince George ...... 4-62 4.9.2.6 Smithers ...... 4-62 4.9.2.7 Terrace ...... 4-62 4.10 Housing ...... 4-63 4.10.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-63 4.10.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-63 4.10.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-65 4.10.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-65 4.10.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-65 4.10.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-66 4.10.2.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-66 4.10.2.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-66 4.10.2.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-66 4.10.2.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-68 4.10.2.5 Prince George ...... 4-68 4.10.2.6 Smithers ...... 4-69
AURICO METALS INC. ix SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
4.10.2.7 Terrace ...... 4-69 4.11 Community Health and Well-being ...... 4-69 4.11.1 Measuring Well-being ...... 4-69 4.11.2 Physical Health and Well-being ...... 4-70 4.11.2.1 Data Collection Boundaries ...... 4-70 4.11.2.2 Perceptions of Health ...... 4-71 4.11.2.3 Indicators of Well-being ...... 4-71 4.11.2.4 Health Behaviors, Hospitalization, and Injury Rates ...... 4-72 4.11.3 Aboriginal Perceptions of Health and Indicators of Well-being ...... 4-73 4.11.3.1 BC First Nations Health Authority ...... 4-74 4.11.3.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-75 4.11.4 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-75 4.12 Health and Social Services ...... 4-76 4.12.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-77 4.12.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-77 4.12.2.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-78 4.12.2.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-80 4.12.2.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-83 4.12.2.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-85 4.12.2.5 Prince George ...... 4-86 4.12.2.6 Smithers ...... 4-87 4.12.2.7 Terrace ...... 4-89 4.13 Emergency Services: Medical Transport, Police, and Firefighting ...... 4-90 4.13.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-90 4.13.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-90 4.13.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-90 4.13.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako ...... 4-90 4.13.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine ...... 4-91 4.13.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-91 4.13.2.1 Kwadacha ...... 4-91 4.13.2.2 Tsay Keh ...... 4-91 4.13.2.3 Takla Landing ...... 4-92 4.13.2.4 Mackenzie ...... 4-92 4.13.2.5 Prince George ...... 4-92 4.13.2.6 Smithers ...... 4-93 4.13.2.7 Terrace ...... 4-93
x ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.14 Crime ...... 4-94 4.14.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 4-94 4.14.1.1 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) ...... 4-94 4.14.1.2 Peace River Regional District (PRRD) ...... 4-95 4.14.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) ...... 4-95 4.14.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS) ...... 4-95 4.14.2 Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-95 4.14.2.1 Kwadacha and Tsay Keh ...... 4-95 4.14.2.2 Takla Landing ...... 4-95 4.14.2.3 Mackenzie ...... 4-96 4.14.2.4 Prince George ...... 4-96 4.14.2.5 Smithers ...... 4-96 4.14.2.6 Terrace ...... 4-96
5. Summary ...... 5-1
References ...... R-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.5-1. Potentially Affected Communities (PACs) and the Socio-economic Regional Study Area ...... 1-4
Figure 4.3-1. Population in BC and the RSA, 1986 to 2013 ...... 4-15
Figure 4.6-1. Enrolment for Public Schools in BC, 2013 and 2023 ...... 4-32
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.1-1. Contribution of Resource Industries to the British Columbia Economy, 2013 ...... 4-2
Table 4.1-2. Overview of Potentially Affected Communities ...... 4-4
Table 4.3-1. Regional Study Area Population, as Reported by the Census of Canada, 2006 to 2011 ...... 4-14
Table 4.3-2. PAC Populations, as Reported by the Census of Canada, 2006 to 2011 ...... 4-17
Table 4.3-3. Tsay Keh Dene Band Membership, 2009 to 2013 ...... 4-18
Table 4.3-4. TLFN Band Membership 2009 to 2014 ...... 4-18
Table 4.4-1. Age Distribution and Median Age in the RSA, 2011 ...... 4-19
Table 4.4-2. Age Distribution and Median Age by PAC, 2011 ...... 4-21
AURICO METALS INC. xi SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
Table 4.4-3. Male to Female Ratios by PAC, 2011 ...... 4-22
Table 4.6-1. Educational Attainment within the RSA, 2011 ...... 4-30
Table 4.6-2. Major Field of Study in the RSA, 2011 ...... 4-31
Table 4.6-3. Educational Attainment in PACs, 2011 ...... 4-35
Table 4.6-4. Major Field of Study in PACs, 2011 ...... 4-37
Table 4.7-1. Labour Force Characteristics in the RSA, 2011 ...... 4-39
Table 4.7-2. Work Weeks in the RSA, 2011 ...... 4-40
Table 4.7-3. Labour Force by Occupation in the RSA, 2011 ...... 4-41
Table 4.7-4. Labour Force Characteristics in PACs, 2011 ...... 4-43
Table 4.7-5. Seasonal Employment: Work Weeks in PACs, 2011 ...... 4-44
Table 4.7-6. Labour Force by Occupation in the PACs, 2011 ...... 4-45
Table 4.8-1. Labour Force by Industry in the RSA, 2011 (NHS) ...... 4-50
Table 4.8-2. Labour Force1,2 by Industry in the PACs, 2011 (NHS) ...... 4-52
Table 4.8-3. Business Activity Aboriginal Communities ...... 4-53
Table 4.9-1. Median and Average Individual and Household Income in the RSA, 2010 ...... 4-57
Table 4.9-2. Sources of Income in the RSA, 2010 ...... 4-58
Table 4.9-3. Median and Average Employment Income in the RSA, 2010 ...... 4-59
Table 4.9-4. Median and Average Individual and Household Income in the PACs, 2010 ...... 4-60
Table 4.9-5. Sources of Income in the PACs, 2010 ...... 4-61
Table 4.9-6. Median and Average Employment Income (for Persons who Worked Full-year, Full-time) in the PACs, 2010 ...... 4-61
Table 4.10-1. Housing in the RSA, 2011 ...... 4-64
Table 4.10-2. Housing in the PACs, 2011 ...... 4-67
Table 4.11-1. Well-being and Perceptions of Health (2011/2012) ...... 4-70
Table 4.11-2. Indicators of Well-being (2011/2012) ...... 4-71
Table 4.11-3. Health Behaviors, Suicide, and Premature Mortality (2011/2012) ...... 4-72
Table 4.11-5. Health Indicators in the RSA ...... 4-76
xii ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
Terminology used in this document is defined where it is first used. The following list will assist readers who may choose to review only portions of the document.
AANDC Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
AIDP Aboriginal Infant Development Program
AIR Application Information Requirem ents
AuRico AuRico Metals Inc.
BC British Columbia
BC EAA British Columbia Environmental Assessment Act (2002)
BC EAO British Columbia Environmental Assessment Office
BC EDA British Columbia Economic Development Association
CEA Agency Canadian Envir onmental Assessment Agency
CEAA, 2012 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012
CHR Community Health Representative
COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CPHA Canadian Public Health Association
CSI Crime Severity Index
CSTC Carrier Sekani T ribal Council
EA Environmental Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
ENT Ear, Nose, Throat
FNHA First Nations Health Authority
GDP Gross National Product
HSDA Health Service Delivery Area
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ICU Intensive Care Unit
AURICO METALS INC. xiii SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
IR Indian Reserve
IRA Indian Registry Administrator
IRS Indian Registry System
KES Kwadacha Education Society km Kilometer
KS Kemess South
LHA Local Health Area
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas
LP Limited Partner
LSA Local Stu dy Area
M Million or Mega
Mb/s Megabit per second
MCFD Ministry of Children and Family Development
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Mt Million tonnes
MW Mega Watts
NCCAH National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health
NGO Non -Governmental Orga nization
NHS National Household Survey
NWCC Northwest Community College
OCPs Official Community Plans
ORAR Omineca Resource Access Road
PACs Potentially Affected Communities
Project, the the Kemess Underground Project
Proponent, the AuRico Metal s Inc.
PRRD Peace River Regional District
PYLL Potential Years of Life Lost
xiv ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police
RD Regional District
RDBN Regional District of Bulkley Nechako
RDFFG Regional District of Fraser Fort George
RDKS Regional District of Kitimat Stikine
RSA Regional Study Area
SFU Simon Fraser University
STI Sexually Transmitted Infection t/d tonne per day t/y tonne per year
TKDN Tsay Keh Dene Nation
TLFN Takla Lake First Nation
UHNBC University Hospital of Northern British Columbia
UNBC University of Northern British Columbia
WHMIS Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
AURICO METALS INC. xv 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
AuRico Metals Inc. (AuRico) proposes to develop the Kemess Underground Project (the Project), an underground gold-copper mine located in north-central British Columbia (BC). The purpose of the proposed Project is the economic extraction of gold and copper ore from the underground deposit using block caving techniques and processing approximately 9 Mt/year (24,650 tonne per day (t/d) equivalent) with an average annual production rate estimated at 105,000 ounces of gold and 44 million pounds of copper, for a total of 1.3 million ounces of gold and 563 million pounds of copper over a mine life of approximately 12 years.
The Kemess South (KS) Mine, a former open pit mine was owned and operated by Northgate Minerals, and acquired by AuRico Gold Inc. in 2011. In July 2015, AuRico Gold Inc. merged with Alamos Gold Inc. and the Kemess Project was transferred to AuRico Metals Inc. (AuRico). The site is currently under care and maintenance. Most of the KS mine infrastructure will be used for the proposed Project, including the mill, KS open pit (which will be used for the tailings storage facility for the Project), and administrative/service complex/accommodation. Minor upgrades to KS mine infrastructure will be required for the Project. The Project will use the existing airstrip and road access to the site, and power will be provided by the existing 380 km, 230 kV transmission line.
The underground deposit will be accessed using three declines. Mining will take place on a single extraction level that includes 640 drawpoints over a 540-m-wide and 230-m-long footprint. Ore will be recovered using load-haul-dump machines and delivered to the underground crusher, located immediately south of the ore body. Once material is crushed, it will be placed on conveyor belt which rises through one of the dedicated declines and transfers the ore to surface conveyor, which will transport the crushed material to the existing, reclaimed stockpile area, directly north of the existing KS mill.
The new surface disturbance from the Project will be approximately 100 ha compared to 1,900 ha of surface disturbance at the KS Mine, of which a substantial portion has since been reclaimed.
1.2 PROJECT LOCATION AND SETTING
The Project is located on provincial Crown land within the Peace River Regional District, approximately 250 km north of Smithers, 430 km north-northwest of Prince George, and 6.5 km north of the past-producing KS Mine (coordinates: 57º0′N; 126º45′W). The Project is accessed by the Omineca Resource Access Road (ORAR) which connects to Highway 97 at one of Tsay Keh Dene’s reserve community’s, Parsnip 5. The town of Mackenzie is approximately 25 km north of Parsnip 5 via a forest service road.
Mackenzie is the closest town by road to the Project. By air, the closest communities are Kwadacha (alternately known as Fort Ware), Tsay Keh (alternately known as Ingenika), and Takla Landing. The Project is located within the traditional territories of the Tsay Keh Dene Nation (TKDN) and Takla
AURICO METALS INC. 1-1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
Lake First Nation (TLFN), and adjacent to the traditional territory of the Kwadacha Nation. These communities and First Nations are described further in Section 1.5.3.1, and throughout this report.
1.3 PROJECT PROPONENT
AuRico Metals Inc. (AuRico) proposes to develop the Kemess Underground Project (the Project). AuRico is a Canadian gold producer with operating mines in Ontario (Young-Davidson) and Sonora, Mexico (El Chanate) and mineral exploration and development opportunities in Canada and Mexico. AuRico’s common shares are listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX: AUQ) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE: AUQ). Further information about AuRico Metals Inc. and the Project can be found at www.kemessunderground.com.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this report is to provide a baseline of regional and local socio-economic conditions to support the effects assessment of the Project to be presented in the Application for an Environmental Assessment Certificate / Environmental Impact Statement (Application). This assessment will evaluate the potential adverse socio-economic effects of the proposed Project on local and regional communities and identify measures to mitigate adverse effects.
Specific objectives of this report are to:
• present information about the past and present social and economic conditions and context within the local and regional area of the Project;
• describe local and regional community dynamics and trends;
• identify current and future community interests and concerns about the changes to the social setting in which people live; and
• inform the assessment of potential Project effects, including cumulative effects.
This report is not intended to consider the past effects of resource development or colonization apart from the notion that past events have shape current conditions. A different type of study would be required to assess the impact of resource development and colonization in shaping present day community dynamics. This report describes the social and economic contexts of areas and communities that characterize the socio-economic setting of the Project (as defined in Section 1.5). Topics of focus include governance and government revenues, population and select demographics, education facilities and services, educational attainment, labour force and economy, business activity, income, housing, community health and well-being, health and social services, and crime.
1.5 BASELINE STUDY AREAS AND POTENTIALLY AFFECTED COMMUNITIES
The regional study area and PACs were selected based on their proximity to the proposed Project and transportation routes that will be used by the Project, and their anticipated interaction with Project development and operation. Consideration was given to the potential economic effects of the Project, as Project-induced changes to employment and other economic conditions (e.g., labour
1-2 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 INTRODUCTION supply, demand, and production systems) are often pathways to the related changes in social conditions. The spatial boundaries for the socio-economic baseline study are described below and are followed by a discussion of the naming protocols used within this report to refer to PACs that are Aboriginal communities.
1.5.1 Provincial Study Area
The province of BC is a study area as the Project has broad implications for the provincial economy and labour force.
1.5.2 Regional Study Area (RSA)
The socio-economic Regional Study Area (RSA) is intended to characterize regional social and economic conditions in the vicinity of the Project, and includes four regional districts (RDs): the Fraser-Fort George RD, Peace River RD, Bulkley-Nechako RD, and Kitimat-Stikine RD. These RDs may provide labour, contracting to and supplies for Project.
1.5.3 Potentially Affected Communities
Potentially affected communities (PAC) are communities that may provide labour and supplies for the Project. PAC communities include Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, Takla Landing, Mackenzie, Prince George, Smithers and Terrace (see Figure 1.5-1). PACS are described in Table 4.1-2.
Standardized Naming Conventions for Aboriginal PACs
The use of traditional place names for Aboriginal communities in Canada is now commonplace. In the past, communities and settlements occupied by Aboriginal people were given non-Aboriginal names by various parties (e.g., explorers, government). For many communities, these given names remain attached to Aboriginal communities through maps, government standardized data collection, and other means. The naming conventions used in this report aim to provide a consistent use of names while providing consideration for implications of such naming standards in the interpretation of statistical and other data. Further discussion of the statistical implications of standardized naming conventions is provided in Section 3.3.1.
Kwadacha/Fort Ware, and the Kwadacha Nation
The geographic community of Kwadacha is alternately known as Fort Ware. Some data presented in this report (e.g. data from Statistics Canada) is collected for the “Fort Ware 1” Indian Reserve. The community is commonly known by its residents as Kwadacha. This report uses the name “Kwadacha” in reference to this community.
The Kwadacha Nation is a First Nation, and has three reserves: Fort Ware 1, Weissener Lake and Sucker Lake; the community is based at Fort Ware 1. Some data presented in this report (e.g. data from Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada [AANDC]) is collected for the Kwadacha Nation, which is a registered Indian Band with members who may live outside of Kwadacha. References to the First Nation will specifically identify the “Kwadacha Nation”.
AURICO METALS INC. 1-3 Figure 1.5-1 Potentially Affected Communities (PACs) and the Socio-economic Regional Study Area
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AURICO GOLD INC. - Kemess Underground Project Proj # 0196303-0003 | GIS # KUG-16-001 INTRODUCTION
Tsay Keh, Ingenika Point, and Tsay Keh Dene Nation
The geographic community of Tsay Keh is alternately known as Ingenika Point based on data as presented by Statistics Canada. Some data presented in this report (e.g. data from Statistics Canada) is collected for the “Ingenika Point” Indian Settlement. The community is commonly known by its residents as Tsay Keh. This report uses the name “Tsay Keh” in reference to this community.
Tsay Keh Dene Nation (TKDN) is a First Nation with approximately half of the members based in the community of Tsay Keh. Some data presented in this report (e.g. data from AANDC) is collected for TKDN, which is a registered Indian Band with members who may live outside of the main community of Tsay Keh. References to the First Nation will specifically identify the “Tsay Keh Dene Nation” or “TKDN”.
Takla Landing, Takla Lake, and the Takla Lake First Nation
The geographic community of Takla Landing is located on the eastern shore of Takla Lake. Some data presented in this report (e.g. data from Statistics Canada) is collected for the “North Tacla Lake” Indian reserves. The community is typically identified on maps, and known to residents, as Takla Landing. This report uses the name “Takla Landing” in reference to this community.
The Takla Lake First Nation (TLFN) has 17 federal Indian Reserves, although the main community is Takla Landing (located within North Tacla Lake Indian Reserve No. 7 and 7A). Some data presented in this report (e.g. data from AANDC) is collected for the Takla Lake First Nation, which is a registered Indian Band with members who may live outside of Takla Landing. References to the First Nation will specifically identify the “Takla Lake First Nation” or “TLFN”.
AURICO METALS INC. 1-5 2. LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, AND GUIDELINES
The Project is subject to the BC Environmental Assessment Act (2002) (BC EAA) and the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, 2012 (CEAA; 2012). The BC EAA requires an assessment of social and economic effects. Section 5(1) of the CEAA, 2012 requires an assessment of indirect effects that stem from the Project’s environmental effects, on the socio-economic health of Aboriginal peoples.
There is currently no federal or provincial legislation that stipulates socio-economic requirements for mine developments. Social conditions are often the responsibility of one or more of the three levels of government (local, provincial, and federal), as described below.
2.1 LOCAL AND REGIONAL CONTEXT
Local governments in BC include municipalities, RDs and improvement districts. The Local Government Act (1996b) is the primary legislation for RDs and improvement districts, setting out the governance and structure as well as the main powers and responsibilities. Certain municipal provisions remain in effect for matters not covered by the Community Charter (Ministry of Community and Rural Development 2015). The Act sets out statutory requirements for elections, planning and land use. The Community Charter identifies broad powers for municipalities relating to taxation, financial management and bylaw enforcement. Certain provisions of the Act apply to RDs (Ministry of Community and Rural Development 2015).
Regional Districts provide an administrative and political framework for:
• providing region-wide services such as regional parks and emergency telephone services such as 9-1-1;
• providing inter-municipal or sub-regional services such as recreation facilities where residents of a municipality and residents in areas outside the municipality benefit from the service; and
• acting as the general local government for the electoral areas and providing local services such as waterworks and fire protection to incorporated communities within the electoral areas (Ministry of Community Sport and Cultural Development 2015).
Community services are largely the responsibility of local governments as empowered through the Local Government Act (1996d) and the Community Charter. Key community services under local jurisdiction include fire protection (under the Fire Services Act (1996b)); engineering services (including water supply, waste management, and transportation); parks and recreation; and housing as affected by zoning, Official Community Plans (OCPs), and other plans. Local governments are also empowered to form committees and task forces to address specific community issues. Several community services are the responsibility of regional-level local governance, including health care services (Health Authorities under the Health Authorities Act (1996c)), education (School Districts under the School Act (1996h)), services provided by a RD in the absence of a municipality, and housing as affected by regional planning initiatives.
AURICO METALS INC. 2-1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
The Project is located in an unincorporated area and does not fall within an OCP. The Project is located within the PRRD and is responsible to pay taxes to the province which collects taxes on properties not located in a city, town, or district or village in order to support the services such as those provided by RDs (Province of BC 2015).
2.2 PROVINCIAL CONTEXT
Provincial ministries are responsible for delivering services within provincial jurisdiction. The Ministry of Health is responsible for health service delivery to BC residents (key legislation includes the Ministry of Health Act (1996g), the Medicare Protection Act (1996e), and the Pharmaceutical Services Act (2012b). The BC Ambulance Service, under BC Emergency Health Services, provides ambulance services. The Ministry of Education supervises the administration of school districts, administers provincial funding of the districts, and supervises finances under the School Act . The BC Ministry of Advanced Education provides funding to post-secondary institutions under the University Act (1996j) and the College and Institute Act (1996a). The Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations is responsible for wildfire suppression on Crown land. Social and family services are principally the responsibility of the Ministry of Children and Family Development.
2.3 FEDERAL CONTEXT
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police currently provide police services to several municipalities pursuant to the Municipal Police Service Agreement, signed by the province and federal government. This agreement allows the Province to sub-contract the RCMP provincial force to municipalities for police services. To contract RCMP municipal services, a municipality must sign a Municipal Police Unit Agreement with the Province. Currently there are 63 Municipal Police Unit Agreements in place.
The federal government is also responsible for Aboriginal services under the Constitution Act (1867) and Indian Act (1985b), including health care, housing, education and social development programs, and land management and economic development.
Under the Indian Act (1985b) Aboriginal communities have the authority to enact bylaws and to create boards, societies, commissions, and committees on Indian Reserves (IRs). The Indian Act (1985b) governs matters pertaining to Indian status, bands, and IRs. The Act defines who is an “Indian” and contains certain legal rights and acknowledgements for registered Indians. Further, the Act sets out rules for governing IRs, defines how bands can be created, and spells out the powers of “band councils”. Bands are not required to have reserve lands to operate under the Act. The Act is intended to support Aboriginal peoples’ cultural and social relationships to their traditional territories.
2.4 TAXATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
The proposed Project will be subject to the Income Tax Act (1985a). Federal income tax will be levied on a mining operation’s taxable income (generally net of operating expenses, depreciation on capital assets and the deduction of exploration and pre-production development costs). The Project will also be subject to the BC Mineral Tax Act (1996f) and the BC Taxation (Rural Area) Act (1996i).
2-2 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, AND GUIDELINES
Federal and provincial economic development policies guiding resource development include the Government of Canada’s Economic Action Plan 2012 (Government of Canada 2014), BC’s Mineral Exploration and Mining Strategy (MEM n.d.) and the BC Jobs Plan (Province of BC 2012a).
Canada’s Economic Action Plan includes measures and programs related to job creation and grow the economy. The BC Jobs Plan focuses on BC’s unique competitive advantages and identifies a targets and government actions that help drive new investments and job opportunities (Province of BC 2014). Further, the BC Economic Development Association (BC EDA) is an association of economic development practitioners in BC which provides services to help member communities grow and expand new and existing businesses; attract new business investments; and work towards strategic infrastructure investment, land use planning, and community enhancement (BC Economic Development Association 2015).
2.5 SOCIO -ECONOMIC OBJECTIVES AND MANAGEMENT
Legislation and regulations relating to social areas generally do not set out specific objectives, standards, or guidelines for the measurement of social conditions. British Columbia ministries outline performance metrics in their service plans and report progress in their annual reports, as required under the Budget Transparency and Accountability Act (2000). Some of these metrics are applicable to the assessment of social effects. In addition, the Community Charter, section 98(2)(f), requires local governments to specify objectives and measures in their annual reports. Local government planning documents, including land and resource management plans, OCPs, and regional growth strategies also specify objectives that may be relevant. Where regulatory guidance is lacking, a variety of other bodies, such as professional associations and academic research institutions, provide relevant standards, benchmarks, and best practices. Broad direction may be found in provincial ministries’ policies, initiatives, and plans.
Although there is no federal or provincial legislation that specifically applies to the management of socio-economic effects, several government institutions, as enabled by legislation and policies, set out specific objectives, standards, or guidelines for the enhancement of economic conditions and the overall management of development to, indirectly, avoid adverse economic effects.
AURICO METALS INC. 2-3 3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 INFORMATION AND DATA SOURCES
The collection of baseline information focused on generating a profile of key social characteristics for communities within the RSA and PACs. Existing information (i.e., secondary data) from Statistics Canada, BC Stats, and other sources was compiled and analyzed, and a literature review of relevant published material was conducted.
Desk-based research consisted of reviewing previously conducted studies and provincial databases to identify and compile available information. Initially, a review of existing documentation as well as internet and bibliographic searches were completed to identify potential information sources. The identified sources were then reviewed and applicable information extracted. Sources that were accessed included publically available statistics from government agencies, government reports, private sector and non-governmental organization (NGO) reports, academic literature, and internet publications. Socio-economic reports related to other resource development proposals in the Project area were reviewed. Data for the study was also informed by Health Canada’s The Canadian Handbook on Health Impact Assessment , which promotes a holistic approach to health and well-being, and recognises the inter-connected relationships between communities and the physical environment.
Previous socio-economic studies have been conducted in relation to the Kemess South mine (1995) and the previously proposed Kemess North mine (2010). More recently, a report pertaining specifically to the Kwadacha Nation, TKDN and TLFN was produced in 2012. This report, “ The Proposed Kemess Underground Mine: A Socio-economic Review of the Impacted Tse Keh Nay Communities ” (SNC Lavalin 2013) considered potential socio-economic impacts that may be related to the proposed Project. Some of the baseline information provided in these reports has been incorporated into this report.
The socio-economic information for Takla Landing, Tsay Keh, and Kwadacha draws primarily on Statistics Canada Census and National Household Survey data. Due to a lack of alternative, publicly available information, sections of this report rely on data from government statistics; however, statistical data describing the First Nations communities should be interpreted with caution 2 and with an understanding of the limitations of this data. It is widely acknowledged that the socio-economic conditions of Aboriginal communities are often not adequately characterized by national census data due to small sample sizes, incomplete enumeration, higher-than-average non-response rates, data suppression, and random rounding. To address this, additional data sources are used to provide a more accurate socio-economic context. Additional data sources include AANDC First Nations profiles and community websites.
There is limited publicly available information regarding community health and wellbeing, particularly for the communities of Takla Landing, Tsay Keh, and Kwadacha; this was identified as a
2See Section 3.2.1.1.
AURICO METALS INC. 3-1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT gap early in the baseline data collection process. As such, interviews with locally based health and social service providers in these communities were requested through the First Nations. In March, 2015, interviews were held with the directors of Health and Wellness for the Kwadacha Nation, and the TKDN. At the time of writing, interviews with TLFN had not yet taken place; however, if further information is obtained it will be incorporated into the assessment of potential effects on community wellbeing, in the Project’s Environmental Assessment Application.
An early draft of this report was provided in December 2014 to the Kwadacha Nation, TKDN and TLFN for review and comment. Comments were provided by consultants representing these First Nations, and have been considered and incorporated into this report.
3.2 LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS
3.2.1 Limitations
Data limitations are described below and considered throughout this report.
3.2.1.1 Statistics Canada Data
In 2006, Statistics Canada released data on a variety of topics (such as population, housing, and employment) obtained from the Census of Canada (Census), which is conducted every five years. As a result of changes to the Census that occurred prior to the most recent round of data collection (2011), an additional product called the National Household Survey (NHS) was established. The NHS now provides information similar to the previous Canadian census long form 3, while the Census is a ‘short form’ which includes eight questions related to population, family characteristics, and language 4. While participation in the Census of Canada is mandatory, the NHS is a voluntary survey that provides information about people in Canada by their demographic, social, and economic characteristics. Generally, response rates for the voluntary NHS in 2011 were lower in comparison to the past Canadian Census.
Data from the 2011 NHS (Statistics Canada 2013c) should be considered with caution, particularly in making comparisons with 2006 or earlier census years because of changes in the survey methodology and reliability, with the primary concern being the response rates achieved and the representativeness of the data. This is particularly an issue for the Aboriginal communities of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, and Takla Landing, where participation in national census activities is known to be low, and small community populations require some results to be masked (i.e. unavailable) to alleviate privacy concerns. As a result, official census information for these communities is largely incomplete and/or unreliable, and is therefore a priority for further investigation through local interviews.
3 Prior to Census 2011, completion of the Canadian census was mandatory for all Canadians and those who failed to comply faced penalties ranging from fines to jail time. 4 As a result of changes to legislation that occurred prior to the last round of data collection in 2011, routinely collected data (employment, education, income, housing, etc.) is now gathered as part of NHS.
3-2 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 METHODOLOGY
Statistics Canada employs the technique of random rounding to ensure confidentiality by rounding a value (including table totals) either up or down to a multiple of ‘5’ or ‘10’ (Statistics Canada 2014a).
To understand these data, you must be aware that each individual value is rounded. As a result, when these data are summed or grouped, the total value may not match the individual values since totals and sub-totals are independently rounded. Similarly, percentages, which are calculated on rounded data, may not necessarily add up to 100% (Statistics Canada 2014a).
For example, when Statistics Canada indicates that 95% of people within a given community are of Aboriginal identity, this could actually mean that 99% (or even 100%) reported Aboriginal identity, but random rounding techniques were utilized and the value was rounded down to 95%.
3.2.1.2 Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada Data
Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) provides information that describes the population of Aboriginal communities in Canada, based on the Band, First Nation and/or Tribal Council. This data includes the number of Band members registered to a community and the number of members residing on and off-reserve. It would not include any residents who are not registered Band members.
This data is drawn from the Indian Registry System (IRS) which is the official record identifying registered Indians in Canada. AANDC notes that an individual's information on the IRS is usually updated on the reporting of a life event to the First Nation's Indian Registry Administrator (IRA), although some bands may update the system more frequently. This data is limited in that it is self-reported by IRAs in each community and often involves the late reporting of these life events (E. McGregor, pers. comm., 2014). 5
A second limitation to the AANDC data relates to residency codes. Similar to life events, residency codes tend to be updated by the IRA when a life event is reported (although some bands may again update the system more frequently). This makes it possible for an individual to move back and forth between on and off reserve, and never have his/her information updated if a life event was not reported (E. McGregor, pers. comm., 2014).
3.2.1.3 Statistical Data and First Nations Communities
Baseline socio-economic information pertaining to the First Nations PACs of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, and Takla Landing is complicated by different but overlapping definitions of distinct First Nations groups and geographic communities. Some of these considerations are outlined in Section 1.5.3.1; below are some additional points to keep in mind with respect to statistical data.
5 According to recent history, about 70% of all births reported in any particular year actually occurred in a prior year. This is not out of the ordinary since it is common practice for children to be registered between the ages of 1 to 5. Besides births, individuals can remain on the Indian register for some time after they are deceased. A certificate of death or a confirmation of presumed death is normally required to remove a name from the system (E. McGregor, pers. comm.).
AURICO METALS INC. 3-3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
• Kwadacha Nation is based in the settlement of Kwadacha, which is alternately known as Fort Ware. Statistics Canada collects information for the “Fort Ware 1” IR (a geographic place), whereas AANDC collects data for the Kwadacha Nation, which is a registered Indian Band with both on- and off-reserve members. • Tsay Keh Dene Nation is based in the settlement of Tsay Keh, which is alternately known as Ingenika Point. Statistics Canada collects data for the “Ingenika Point” Indian Settlement (a geographic place) whereas AANDC collects data for the Tsay Keh Dene Nation, which is a registered Indian Band with both on- and off-reserve members. • Takla Lake First Nation is based in the settlement of Takla Landing. Statistics Canada collects data for “North Tacla Lake”, which is identified as an IR in the Bulkley-Nechako Regional District. In contrast, AANDC collects data for the Takla Lake First Nation, which is a registered Indian Band with both on- and off-reserve members.
As a result of the differences between Statistics Canada’s geographic/settlement focus, and AANDC’s focus on the broader Band/cultural group, these sources of data are not always directly comparable. Data sources and applicability are identified throughout this report.
Furthermore, as noted above, there are significant limitations to statistical data, including the Census of Canada, for Aboriginal communities. Reserve populations in northern BC are small, and participation in census activities is known to be low. In particular, TKDN representatives have indicated the information provided by Statistics Canada and other sources does not accurately represent the characteristics of TKDN or the community of Tsay Keh. Official census information for these communities may be largely incomplete and/or unreliable, and is therefore a priority for further investigation through local interviews.
3.2.2 Assumptions
The study assumes the following:
• Census and other statistical information, with consideration to relevant temporal constraints, and other constraints noted in the text, adequately reflect the general characteristics of each community. • The Project will derive a portion of its workforce from the PACs. • The Project will use the ORAR to transport construction materials (an average of three trucks per day during Project construction) and concentrate and supplies (an average of 18 trucks per day during operation). The ORAR connects to a loadout facility in Mackenzie located at CN rail spur maintained by AuRico, from which point concentrate will be shipped by rail (7.5 rail-cars per day during operation). Materials required for Project construction and operation will be hauled to the site via the ORAR. However, in accordance with the Application Information Requirements, the Project’s use of the ORAR is not included in the scope of the environmental assessment process. • Concentrate from the Project will be shipped from a loadout facility in Mackenzie to a smelting location (to be determined). This could be outside of BC, and possibly outside of Canada. However, in accordance with the Application Information Requirements, these activities are not included the scope of the environmental assessment process.
3-4 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 SOCIO -ECONOMIC OVERVIEW AND CONTEXT
4.1.1 National and Provincial Overview
Canada’s natural resources sector is a notable component of national and provincial economies and contributes to high standards of living for Canadians. In 2011, the natural resources sector directly accounted for 15% of nominal GDP and 790,896 jobs (NRCan 2014). Canada’s real GDP grew by 1.8% in 2012; however, long-term growth in the realm of 2% to 2.5% is needed for Canadians to maintain their standard of living (Service Canada 2013). In 2012, growth was predicted to be 1.6% in 2013, 2.3% in 2014, and 2.6% in 2015.
BC’s economy has historically relied on natural resource industries. Mining and forestry were important economic drivers throughout the early twentieth century. Over the course of the last few decades, the provincial economy has increasingly diversified. Natural resource industries have remained important within the province, although the balance has shifted to include value-added manufacturing and services. Direct employment in natural resource sectors (forestry, fishing, mining, and oil and gas) declined from 3.3% of the provincial labour force in 1990 to 1.8% in 2011 (BC Stats 2012a). This has had a notable effect on many communities in BC, many of which were founded upon resource based industries. At the same time, BC has become increasingly urbanized, and more socially and economically diverse.
Since the mid-2000s, strong international commodity prices—especially for minerals and energy, and driven by strong growth in China and elsewhere—have rejuvenated parts of BC’s resource sector industries. A 7% increase in natural resource sector employment in the province between June 2012 and June 2013 signaled the continuation of this trend (Statistics Canada 2013a).
Today, the constantly evolving provincial economy directly affects the types of jobs available. The provincial economy is expected to change based on efforts to develop the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector and attract major project investment, and by becoming increasingly focused on small business and services, with the service sector providing approximately four of five BC jobs (WorkBC 2013). Services-producing industries accounted for 76% of BC’s real GDP and 80% of all BC jobs in 2013 (BC MOF 2013). Notably, small businesses comprise 98% of all business in BC; this is more than any other province in Canada (JTSTRL 2015).
BC’s economy accounted for 12.4% of Canada’s GDP in 2013 6 (Statistics Canada 2014b). The goods sector comprises “primary” resource-based industries (i.e. extractive and harvesting industries such as mining, forestry, fishing, and agriculture) and “secondary” manufacturing industries (construction, utilities, and product manufacturing and processing). As shown in Table 4.1-1, resource-based industries provide an important source of employment in BC (1.3% of all BC jobs).
6 GDP as of April 2013.
AURICO METALS INC. 4-1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
Table 4.1-1. Contribution of Resource Industries to the British Columbia Economy, 2013
Number of People Percent of Total BC GDP Percent of Total
Employed 2013 Employment (2013) 1 GDP (2013) Good Sector - Primary Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 29,500 1.3% 11,412 5.8% Agriculture 27,600 1.2% 1,789 0.9% Forestry and Logging 18,700 0.8% 1,725 0.9% Fishing, hunting, and trapping 1,700 0.1% 114 0.1% Good Sector – Secondary Construction 192,200 8.3% 15,573 7.9% Manufacturing 163,500 7.1% 13,820 7.0% Utilities 13,100 0.6% 3,879 2.0% Totals Total (Goods Sector) 446,200 19.3% 48,173 24.5% Total (Services Sector) 1,861,900 80.7% 148,458 75.6% Total (All industries) 2,308,100 100.%% 196,519 100.0%
Source: BC Stats (2013) Notes: 1- Millions of Chained 2007 dollars.
In the BC Ministry of Finance’s Financial and Economic Review (2014), the ministry notes that BC’s economy grew 2.0% in 2013, a slight improvement from the 1.8% growth that occurred in 2012; however lower than the 2.6% growth observed in 2011. The report also notes that most indicators of economic performance increased in 2013 and that international merchandise exports made a notable recovery, growing by 6.3 percent in 2013 (BC MOF 2014).
4.1.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
The RSA is defined by the Regional Districts of Peace River, Fraser-Fort George, Bulkley-Nechako, and Kitimat-Stikine. Regional districts typically include incorporated municipalities and surrounding rural areas (broadly defined “Electoral Areas”), and are responsible for varying levels of government service provision throughout the district. Regional districts provide certain municipal services to areas outside (or across) municipalities, as well as regional services such as emergency response and regional park management. Service provision varies depending on the needs of each RD, which is governed by a board comprising representatives of each municipality and electoral area (BC MCS 2006).
4.1.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
The Project is located within the PRRD which is the largest RD by area in the province (119,000 km 2), located south of the 58 th parallel and east of the Rocky Mountains. The PRRD comprises seven incorporated municipalities: the District of Chetwynd, City of Dawson Creek, City of Fort St. John, District of Hudson’s Hope, Village of Pouce Coupe, District of Taylor and the District of Tumbler Ridge, and four Electoral Areas: Electoral Areas B, C, D and E. The PRRD has a population of
4-2 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION approximately 58,000 people including those in seven municipalities and four Electoral Areas (Statistics Canada 2012). The PRRD’s economy is focused on primary industry including oil and gas, mineral exploration and mining, hydro-electric and wind power generation, forestry, and agriculture; as well as tourism and manufacturing to a lesser extent (HD Mining 2013).
4.1.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
The Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG) includes the City of Prince George, District of Mackenzie, Village of Valemount, Village of McBride, and seven Electoral Areas (RDFFG 2014c). About 100,000 people reside within the RDFFG’s boundaries (Statistics Canada 2012).
4.1.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
The Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN) provides a wide variety of services to approximately 39,000 residents (Statistics Canada 2012). The RDBN includes the districts of Fort St. James, Houston, Vanderhoof; the Town of Smithers; and the villages of Burns Lake, Fraser Lake, Granisle, Telkwa, and seven Electoral Areas. The RDBN economy is focused on forestry, mining, agriculture and tourism industries (RDBN 2014a).
4.1.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS)
The Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS) provides local government services to approximately 37,000 residents (Statistics Canada 2012) within an area of 100,000 km 2 in northwestern BC including residents of the City of Terrace, District of Kitimat, District of Stewart, Village of Hazelton, and District of New Hazelton as well as six Electoral Areas. Services range from rural land use planning to community water systems, fire protection, and library services, among others. The RDKS economy is focused on mining, forestry, fishing, and transportation industries (RDKS 2014a).
4.1.3 Potentially Affected Communities
An overview of the socio-economic characteristics of the seven PACs is provided below, including the three First Nations communities and four municipalities (Table 4.1-2).
4.1.3.1 Kwadacha
Kwadacha is located approximately 450 km northwest of Mackenzie and 580 km northwest of Prince George, by road. Land travel between Kwadacha and Mackenzie is via the unpaved Finlay Forest Service Road; 4x4 or heavy duty vehicles are recommended for the 410 km journey along the forest service road (BC Curious Ltd. n.d.). Travel time from Kwadacha to Prince George by road is 10 to 12 hours, depending on road and weather conditions. Kwadacha may also be reached by a one hour flight from Prince George, and scheduled charter flights are arranged by the Kwadacha Nation three times per week. Telephone and internet service relies on satellite connection; household internet connections are noted to be low (below 1.5 Mb/s) speed (AANDC 2013a).
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Table 4.1-2. Overview of Potentially Affected Communities
Community Located in Notes Kwadacha Peace River Kwadacha Nation is a First Nation based in the community of Kwadacha Regional District (alternately known as Fort Ware or Fort Ware 1 Indian Reserve). It is part of the broader Kaska Dene cultural group, which spans northern BC and the southern Yukon, and is represented by the Kaska Dene Council. The community of Kwadacha had a population of 238 on reserve in 2012 (SNC Lavalin 2013) and is the closest community to the Project by air, although the distance by road is longer (459 km). The community is accessible by air or by forest service road from Mackenzie. Tsay Keh Peace River Tsay Keh Dene Nation (TKDN) is a First Nation based in the community of Regional District Tsay Keh (alternately known as Ingenika Point Indian Settlement).Tsay Keh had a population of 219* in December 2014 (AANDC 2014d) and is 386 km from the Project by road. The community is accessible by air or by forest service road from Mackenzie. Takla Landing Bulkley-Nechako Takla Lake First Nation (TLFN) is a First Nation based in the community Regional District of Takla Landing (alternately known as North Tacla Lake Indian Reserve 7/7A). TLFN is member nation of the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council. Takla Landing had a population of 397 on reserve in December 2014 (AANDC 2014c) and is 473 km from the Project by road. The community is accessible by forest service road from Fort St James, and access many community services in Fort St James. Mackenzie Fraser-Fort The District of Mackenzie is a municipality comprising the township of George Regional Mackenzie and surrounding area of 155 ha. It is the closest community to District the Project by road (414 km). Mackenzie had a population of approximately 3,500 in 2011. Prince George Fraser-Fort The City of Prince George is the largest city and service centre in northern George Regional BC. Prince George had a population of approximately 72,000 in 2011 and District is 538 km from the Project by road. Smithers Bulkley-Nechako The Town of Smithers is a service centre for the mining industry and other Regional District services. Smithers is located 907 km from the Project by road and had a population of approximately 5,400 in 2011. Terrace Kitimat-Stikine The City of Terrace is a service centre for the mining industry and other Regional District services. Terrace had a population of approximately 11,500 in 2011 and is 1,112 km from the Project by road.
Note: Population estimates are based on the 2011 Census of Canada (2012), AANDC (AANDC 2014c, 2014d), and SNC Lavalin (2013). (*) Population includes ‘on own reserve’ and ‘on own crown land’.
Located 79 km (as the crow files) from the Project, Kwadacha is the nearest of the PACs. It is home to the Kwadacha Nation. Local employment is often seasonal and typically based on the resource industry. Some community members continue to participate in and rely on subsistence harvesting (Littlefield 2007). The community is located at the confluence of the Fox, Kwadacha, and Finlay rivers in the Rocky Mountain Trench.
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Until recently, Kwadacha homes and buildings were powered by diesel generators. Community buildings also use propane to heat main buildings. Recent reports indicate the community is no longer powered by diesel (S. Case. pers. com. 2015).
The community is in the third year of a plan to develop a biomass project that would replace diesel as the source producing heat and electricity in the community, which would reduce the cost per kilowatt hour to 42 cents (The Working Forest 2013). Construction of the biomass project is expected to commence in 2015 (BC Bioenergy Network 2015). The community has also initiated a program to improve energy efficiencies in local homes, which has resulted in average savings of 37% among pilot households (Kwadacha Nation 2014a). In 2013, Kwadacha also benefited from a BC Hydro initiative to implement modular diesel generating stations in the community as part of the BC Hydro’s Remote Community Electricity Program . The new generating stations are reported to have improved the reliability of the electrical supply and resulted in a reduction of greenhouse gases and noise emissions (Canadian Electricity Association 2014).
Although remote, the Kwadacha community has a small community-owned store, a café, a nine-bedroom motel, the eight-bedroom Whitehouse, and a church. The local school provides education to students from kindergarten to grade 12. A new health centre recently opened in 2013; while basic services are provided locally, urgent or more complex medical needs may require transfer to hospitals in Mackenzie or Prince George. There are no ambulance or firefighting resources in the community.
4.1.3.2 Tsay Keh
The community of Tsay Keh is located at the north end of the Williston Reservoir approximately 350 km northwest of Mackenzie and 520 km northwest of Prince George (Littlefield 2007). As the crow flies, the community is 74 km from Kwadacha and 111 km from the Project (Figure 1.5-1). Land travel between Tsay Keh and Mackenzie is via the unpaved Finlay Forest Service Road; 4x4 or heavy duty vehicles are recommended for the 330 km journey along the forest service road. Tsay Keh is also accessible by air from Prince George, with a flight time of approximately one hour; the community arranges scheduled charter flights three times per week. Flights are organized through Ootsa Air, which is partially owned by the TKDN through TKDN's Economic Development Corporation. Travel time by road from Prince George to Tsay Keh is eight to ten hours depending on road and weather conditions. Telephone and internet service relies on satellite connection; household internet connections are noted to be low (below 1.5 Mb/s) speed.
Tsay Keh is the main community for TKDN. Approximately half of TKDN members reside in Tsay Keh. Residents primarily live on settlement lands rather than reserve lands, as the original reserve communities (and part of the Tsay Keh Dene traditional territory) were flooded and relocated in the 1960s as a result of the development of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam and the creation of the Williston Reservoir (TKD et al. 2006). The affected area included homes at Fort Grahame, Finlay Forks, Pine Creek, and Ingenika. In 2010, Tsay Keh Dene reached a final settlement with the Province and BC Hydro regarding claims arising from the Bennett Dam and Williston Reservoir (BC Hydro Power Authority and Fasken Martineau 2012).
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The TKDN directly employs 62 full-time staff and 9 part-time employees. Of these positions, 31 are held by Tsay Keh Dene members. To augment its capacity, the TKDN also employs the services of professional advisors and consultants under long-term contracts. The TKDN has a number of initiatives supporting employment and training opportunities for its members, including those in the mining and forestry sectors.
Despite the community’s proximity to the W.A.C. Bennett Dam, the hydroelectric facility does not supply power to Kwadacha; rather the community relies on a diesel generator (TKD et al. 2006). However, Tsay Keh was also recently included in BC Hydro’s initiative to implement modular diesel generating stations in the community as part of the Remote Community Electricity (RCE) Program (Canadian Electricity Association 2014).
The Tsay Keh community includes a local school providing education for students from K4 up to grade 12. Adults can pursue an adult curriculum to receive a high school certificate at Tsay Keh's Learning Centre which provides teachers through an agreement with the College of New Caledonia (CNC) that is funded by TKDN. The local health centre provides basic health services and a broad spectrum of programming related to community health and well-being. More serious health needs are transferred to hospitals in Mackenzie or Prince George. Tsay Keh has a local ambulance and a volunteer fire department. Groceries and other supplies are available locally through the Ingenika Trading Post, which also coordinates postal deliveries.
4.1.3.3 Takla Landing
On the eastern shore of Takla Lake, Takla Landing is located approximately 315 km northwest of Mackenzie and 440 km northwest of Prince George; the community is 182 km from the Project (as the crow flies). The community is accessible from Fort St. James via a combination of Tachie Road (paved, approximately 50 km) and the Leo Creek and Driftwood forest service roads (unpaved, approximately 150 km). Residents of Takla Landing access physical, health, education, employment and training services directly from Fort St. James (L. Krebs, pers. comm. 2015). The road is not always well maintained and can be impassible during winter snows. Travel time from Prince George to Takla Landing is approximately seven hours by road and travel to Fort St. James is approximately five hours by road.
Takla Landing is home to the TLFN, which comprises members of the former Fort Connelly First Nation and North Takla Lake Bands. Takla Landing includes North Tacla Lake IRs No. 7 and 7A, as well as the Takla ferry landing on the south end of the community. The TLFN band office has 45 staff positions in eight departments, including: administration; social development and health; health; capital and housing; community development; lands and resources; education; and economic development (Takla Lake First Nation 2013). TLFN also has a band office in Prince George. In addition to employment in the Band Office, TLFN members are employed by the Takla Trading Post, Takla Development Corporation and resource development companies.
Electricity is provided to the community through the provincial electricity grid operated by BC Hydro (NovaTec Consultants Inc. 1989); however, recent reports indicate that service can be unreliable and result in power outages (SNC Lavalin 2013). Telephone and internet service in the community relies on satellite connection (AANDC 2013b). In the past, some TLFN reserve lands
4-6 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were lost due to railway development. In compensation, approximately 860 acres are to be allocated to the First Nation under an agreement made in the 1970s (Littlefield 2007).
Local supplies are available at the Takla Trading Post, which also includes a motel, gas station and restaurant. The local school provides education up to grade nine, and students must pursue grades 10 to 12 in Fort St James or Prince George. The community’s health centre provides basic services and receives monthly visits from a doctor; the health centre has also been the subject of a successful tele-health pilot project which provides continuing physician services via video-conferences. Patients requiring urgent and more serious medical treatment are transferred to hospitals in Prince George or Fort St James. There are no ambulance or firefighting resources in the community.
4.1.3.4 Mackenzie
Mackenzie was originally settled in the 1960s alongside the construction of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam and in conjunction with two sawmills that supported the development of the areas vast forest resources (Mackenzie 2014). However, settlement in the area dates back to some of the earliest trading posts in the Province: the Northwest Company and First Nations people and trappers were active in the area in the early part of the 1800s, and the Hudson’s Bay Company arrived in the 1820s and established many successful trading posts (Mackenzie 2014).
Located on Highway 39, the town is 184 km northwest of Prince George, 552 km northeast of Smithers (by road), and 297 km southeast of the Project (as the crow flies). The District of Mackenzie includes the main township and surrounding 155 ha area.
Major industries in the Mackenzie area include forestry and forest products, and mining. Mackenzie was, in many ways, founded as single-industry town dependent on forestry and has subsequently had a turbulent economic history that can be characterized as “boom-and-bust”; the last notable “bust” in 2008 resulted in the loss of 1800 jobs (Crosby. B. 2010). Halseth (2003) notes that the Mackenzie mill experienced an approximate 31% turnover of employees within the first 18 months of operation.
4.1.3.5 Prince George
Prince George was incorporated in 1914 (City of Prince George 2014c) and is situated at the crossroads of highways 16 (east-west) and 97 (north-south) and at the confluence of the Fraser and Nechako rivers. One of the largest cities in northern BC, Prince George is 434 km from the Project as the crow flies (538 km by road).
Located within the traditional territory of the Lheidli T’enneh First Nation, Prince George is known as BC’s northern capital. The local economy is centered on forestry and forest product manufacturing, and has 12 sawmills and three pulp mills. Other industry in the area includes two chemical plants, an oil refinery, brewery, dairy, machine shops, aluminum boat building, log home construction, value-added forestry products and speciality equipment manufacturing (City of Prince George 2014c).
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4.1.3.6 Smithers
Smithers is located on Highway 16. It is 369 km northwest of Prince George and 205 km northeast of Terrace by road. The town is located 255 km from the Project as the crow flies, though over 900 km by road. Established in 1916 within the area inhabited by the Wet’suwet’en along the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, Smithers’ economy has benefited from primary industry, specifically mining, agriculture, and forestry; this is a trend that has continued today (Town of Smithers 2014a).
4.1.3.7 Terrace
Terrace is situated on a key freight corridor at the junction of three major highways: Highway 16 (the Yellowhead Highway), Highway 37, and Highway 113 (the Nisga’a Highway). The city is located 307 km from the Project, as the crow flies, and over 1,100 km by road.
Terrace is a key service hub or regional business centre for the area. Terrace was originally a sawmill community, incorporated in 1927. Terrace began to grow in the 1950s as Terrace became an important wood processing centre and began to serve as a distribution centre for the new town of Kitimat (City of Terrace 2014a). The population of Terrace has grown from 350 in 1951 to approximately 11,500 in 2011 (Statistics Canada 2012; City of Terrace 2014a).
4.2 GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNMENT REVENUES
4.2.1 National and Provincial Overview
The provincial government is based in Victoria and is represented by regional offices across the province, including Terrace, Smithers, and Prince George. Provincial ministries and services underwent extensive restructuring in the mid-1990s that included a centralization of many government employees and services in regional centres.
The federal government provides mail (Canada Post) services as well as policing (RCMP). In Aboriginal communities, the federal government is also engaged in community affairs through AANDC and Health Canada.
4.2.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
Regional districts were instituted in the 1960s to fulfil three basic roles: i) to provide regional representation, governance, and services at a broader level than that of the municipality; ii) to enable groups of municipalities to work together either to leverage funds or capacity or take advantage of economies of scale to meet local and/or regional needs; and iii) to provide a vehicle for local governance for rural areas, unincorporated communities, and other settlements that would otherwise have no representation or capacity to plan or administer local affairs and services (BC MCS 2006).
Of the PACs, Terrace, Smithers, Prince George, and Mackenzie are all incorporated municipalities, governed by the BC Local Government Act (1996) and Community Charter with an elected mayor and council.
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4.2.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
The PRRD governs seven municipalities (District of Chetwynd, City of Dawson Creek, City of Fort St. John, District of Hudson’s Hope, Village of Pouce Coupe, District of Taylor, and District of Tumbler Ridge) and four electoral areas 7. The regional government is made up of four Electoral Area Directors elected for a three-year term and eight municipal directors appointed by the councils of the eight member municipalities of the RD (city of Fort St. John has two directors). Services provided by the PRRD include: emergency planning, fire protection, 9-1-1 emergency call services, parks and recreation, administration of the grant-in-aid program, community infrastructure and enhancement projects, and maintaining a heritage registry (PRRD 2014).
Revenue for the PRRD was $70.6 million in 2012. The main revenue sources included fair share grants ($35.3 million) and requisitions from members ($22.1 million). Other sources included conditional transfers from member municipalities, government grants, and others (PRRD 2014). In 2012, expenditures totaled $69.7 million including $33.2 spent on the fair share grants, $14.2 million spent on environmental health services, $7.8 million spent on recreation and culture, $4.0 million spent on general government services, $3.1 spent on protective services and the remaining spent on debt, environmental development, and infrastructure (sewer, water; PRRD 2014).
4.2.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
The RDFFG includes four municipalities (City of Prince George, District of Mackenzie, Village of McBride, and Village of Valemount) and seven electoral areas Electoral Areas A (Salmon River-Lakes), C (Chilako River-Nechako), D (Tabor Lake - Stone Creek), E (Woodpecker-Hixon), F (Willow River-Upper Fraser Valley), G (Crooked River-Parsnip), and H (Robson Valley-Canoe)(RDFFG 2014b). The RDFFG Board consists of 14 directors, each for one of the areas, including four directors for the City of Prince George (RDFFG 2014a). Some of the services RDFFG is responsible for relate to arts, culture and heritage, community infrastructure and development, economic opportunities and land development, and public safety (RDFFG 2014d).
In 2012, the RDFFG had total revenue of $38.8 million, with $17.3 million derived from requisition and parcel taxes, $11.6 million obtained from municipal debt recovery, $6.2 million from the sale of services, utilities and rentals and $1.0 million from government transfers (operating). Other sources of revenue included government transfers (capital), grants-in lieu, permit fees, return of investment and other (RDFFG 2013). Expenditures for 2012 totaled $36.8 million, with $11.6 million in expenditures on fiscal services, $10.0 million spent on environmental health services, $4.7 million spent on general government services; the remaining expenses included expenditures on protective and transportation services, public health, recreation and culture, and other service areas (RDFFG 2013).
4.2.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
The RDBN provides services to both rural and municipal residents; the district provides the political and administrative framework for eight municipalities including the Town of Smithers, District of Houston, District of Vanderhoof, Village of Burns Lake, Village of Fraser Lake, District of
7 Electoral Areas B, C, D and E
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Fort St. James, Village of Telkwa, Village of Granisle and seven electoral areas including Electoral Areas A (Smithers Rural), B (Burns Lake Rural), C (Fort St. James Rural), D (Fraser Lake Rural), E (Francois/Ootsa Rural), F (Vanderhoof Rural), and G (Houston Rural)(RDBN 2012). The governing body in the RDBN is comprised of a Board of Directors which includes 15 elected representatives of the municipalities and electoral areas; the board meets on a monthly basis to oversee and provide policy direction for the operations (RDBN 2012). The RDBN provides 64 services to 39,208 residents within its boundaries; the vast majority of services are requested and approved by the taxpayers (RDBN 2012).
In 2012, the total revenue for the RDBN was $11.7 million, with $3.1 million from municipal property tax requisition and $4.2 million from electoral area property tax requisition. Other sources of revenue included federal grants ($1.1 million), municipal debt payments ($1.0 million), and grants in lieu of taxes (RDBN 2013). Further, for 2012, expenditures totaled $13.7 million, with $4.8 million spent on environmental services and $3.2 million spent on government (general, rural and local commissions); other expenses included recreation and culture, fire protection and emergency responses, and infrastructure related services (RDBN 2013).
4.2.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS)
The RDKS governs five municipalities (District of Kitimat, City of Terrace, District of Stewart, Village of Hazelton, and District of New Hazelton) and six electoral areas including Electoral Areas A (Nass Valley, Meziadin), B (Hazeltons rural areas, Kispiox Valley, Moricetown through Cedarvale), D (Telegraph Creek, Iskut, Bob Quinn), E (Thornhill), F (Dease Lake), and C (Rural Terrace area, south coast) and administers 40 local government services or “functions”, such as rural land use planning, community water system, fire protection, libraries and public marina. The RD’s Board of Directors is composed of six municipal councillors or mayors, appointed annually from their respective municipal councils, and six directors, elected from the rural "electoral areas" for three year terms (RDKS 2014a).
In 2013, the revenue for the RDKS was approximately $12.2 million; of that, $4.9 million was from tax levy, $3.7 million represented revenue from own sources, and $1.3 was revenue from grants. Other sources of revenue included tax levy (parcel tax, rail tax mitigation, RD parcel tax), grants in lieu, accrued interest, transfer from other functions or funds, and transfer from member municipalities. For 2014, revenue is projected at $17.7 million (RDKS 2014c). Further, for 2013, expenditures totaled $11.1 million, with main outflows for MK Bay Marina ($1.9 million), refuse sites ($1.8 million), general government expenditures ($1.1 million), municipal debenture payments ($0.8 million) and Skeena fire protection ($0.7 million; (RDKS 2014c)). The budget of the Economic Development Commission was $92,123 in 2013 (RDKS 2014c).
4.2.3 Potentially Affected Communities
4.2.3.1 Kwadacha
The Kwadacha Nation resides at Kwadacha and is governed by a band council comprising a Chief and a Deputy Chief as well as three council members (Kwadacha Nation 2014c). There is a custom election
4-10 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION system (AANDC 2014c). The last election was held in March 2014 (Kaska Dena Council 2014). The Band has two offices, one in Prince George and the other in Kwadacha (Kwadacha Nation 2014c).
The Kwadacha Nation is a member of the Kaska Nation which includes three BC First Nations (Kwadacha Nation, Dease River First Nation and Daylu Dena Council) and two Yukon First Nations (Liard First Nation and Ross River Dena Council). The Kaska Dena Council represents the BC Kaska and is negotiating a comprehensive treaty on behalf of its members under the BC treaty process. Negotiations are currently in Stage 4 (Agreement in Principle) of the six-stage negotiation process.
According to the Schedule of Federal Government Funding, for the year ended March 31, 2011, federal funding for the Kwadacha Nation totaled $9.5 million (AANDC 2011b). Details describing funding sources for the Kwadacha Nation are not available from AANDC.
In 2008, the Kwadacha Nation reached an agreement with the Province and BC Hydro to address historical damages resulting from the construction and operation of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam. Benefits included a one-time $15 million payment and annual payments of approximately $1.6 million during operation of the Dam (Kwadacha First Nation, BC Hydro, and Province of BC 2008).
4.2.3.2 Tsay Keh
The main Tsay Kay Dene community is Tsay Keh. The TKDN is governed by a band council consisting of a Chief and four council members elected for four year terms (AANDC 2014b). The Band is the membership authority and there is a custom electoral system. The last election took place in 2012; the next elections are scheduled for June 2016 (AANDC 2014b). The TKDN has two offices, one in Prince George and the other in Tsay Keh.
In 2011, according to the Schedule of Federal Government Funding, federal funding was provided to TKDN towards services, infrastructure, and institutions (AANDC 2011a). Approximately 70% of band revenue came from federal and provincial funding; revenue sharing and private sector/revenue sharing represented 8% of funding (SNC Lavalin 2013).
The TKDN is currently in Stage 4 of the BC treaty process and has initiated negotiations of an Agreement-in-Principle, which is then ratified through a community vote (Tsay Keh Dene 2015).
In 2009, the TKDN reached an agreement with the Province and BC Hydro to address historical damages arising from the construction of the W.A.C Bennett Dam, Williston Reservoir and associated infrastructure. The subsequent flooding of the reservoir displaced communities (including Fort Grahame) and destroyed traditional hunting, gathering and burial grounds (BC Hydro 2009).
4.2.3.3 Takla Landing
The Takla Lake First Nation reside at Takla Landing and is governed by the Takla Lake Band Council consisting of a Chief and four Council members elected for a two year period (TLFN 2014a). The Band is the membership authority and there is a custom electoral system (AANDC 2014a). The last election took place in 2015, with the next election planned for 2017/9 (L. Krebs. pers. com. 2015). The Band has a working committee, with each elected member assuming direct management responsibility for key
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Band departments. The Band has two offices; the main office is located on reserve in Takla Landing and the other in Prince George (TLFN 2014a). Changes were made to Takla Lake First Nation’s electoral system in early 2015 that mainly focused on the duration of Council positions but also created a ‘Deputy Chief’ position. Going forward, there will be one Chief Councillor, one Deputy Chief Councillor, and three Council positions, each with a four- year term. The election of two of the three council positions will be staggered, meaning there will be a one-time election in 2017 followed by an election every four years for two of the council positions (L. Krebs. pers. com. 2015).
The TLFN is nominally a member of the Carrier Sekani Tribal Council (CSTC;(CSTC; CSTC 2015). Formed in 1979, the CSTC provides services to member Nations to assist in land use planning, mapping, and other land and physical development initiatives. The CSTC also works to further the recognition of Aboriginal Rights and Title and to advocate on behalf of members Nations in economic and environmental justice issues (L. Krebs. pers. com. 2015). The CSTC has not engaged in treaty negotiations in many years (L. Krebs. pers. com. 2015). Other support services offered by the CSTC are in the areas of: economic development; education; fisheries; forestry; financial management; natural resources; and community management and planning (CSTC 2014).
Funding for the TLFN to maintain the community includes federal funding (61%) provided by AANDC. Community revenues for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2011 included federal funding (61%), private sector initiatives and revenue sharing (12%), funding from health, education, and employment partners (11%) as well as program revenues (2%) and other sources of revenue (7%) (SNC Lavalin 2013) AANDC (2011c).
4.2.3.4 Mackenzie
Mackenzie is governed by a mayor and a municipal council consisting of six councillors. The mayor and council establish policy, set budgets, and levy taxes on local residents for the provision of services (District of Mackenzie 2014b). The current mayor is elected for a four year term beginning December 2014. The District is also responsible for the provision of services related to: public works and services; taxes and payments; planning and permits; the fire department; emergency preparedness; health services; recreation centres; facilities and amenities; community services; schools; a wood stove exchange program; and bylaw enforcement and animal control (District of Mackenzie 2014c).
For the year ended December 2013, the total revenue for the Mackenzie was $8.2 million and main sources of revenue included net taxation revenue ($3.9 million), government transfers ($2.4 million). Other sources of revenue included the sale of services, investment and penalties, licenses and permits, user fees, and others (District of Mackenzie 2014a). Expenses for the year totaled $8.8 million: including community services ($2.6 million), transportation services ($2.4 million), general government expenditures ($1.6 million), and protective services ($1.0 million; District of Mackenzie 2014a).
4.2.3.5 Prince George
Prince George is governed by a municipal council with a mayor and eight councillors that are elected every three years (City of Prince George 2011). The current mayor was elected in November 2014. In 2012, the Council submitted a Core Services Review for the City of Prince George that outlined the city’s plan for changes to the provision of city services (City of Prince George 2012). The purpose of the plan
4-12 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION was to reduce expenses, increase revenues, ensure investment in replacing or repairing the city infrastructure, and determine what services the city can afford (City of Prince George 2012). Currently, the city is responsible for asset management, billing and taxes, the cemetery, finance, fire and rescue, real estate, solid waste, transit and transportation, and utilities (City of Prince George 2014a).
For the year ended December, 2012, revenue for the City of Prince George totaled $159.6 million. The main sources of revenue included taxation and grants in lieu ($86.6 million), sales of services, user rates and rentals ($39.6 million), contribution from other government agencies ($15.4 million), development cost charges contributions ($2.6 million) and other revenue (City of Prince George 2013). Expenses in 2012 were $129.3 million, with highest expenditures on protective services ($37.7 million); transportation services ($25.9 million); parks, recreation, and cultural services ($20.0 million); and water and sewer ($13.4 million; City of Prince George 2013).
4.2.3.6 Smithers
Smithers is governed by a town council that consists of a mayor and six councillors; the current mayor was re-elected in November 2014. Committees are assigned to each councillor based on interest, ability, and need (Town of Smithers 2013a). In total, the mayor and the councillors are responsible for or participate in 15 committees or organizations including the Northern Development Initiative Trust, North West Regional Hospital Board, Chamber of Commerce, North West Regional Advisory Committee, Omineca Beetle Action Coalition and others (Town of Smithers 2013a). The council is also responsible for the provision of services including: community planning and development, fire department and emergency services, prevention and community safety, administration, town’s infrastructure, financial services, bylaws and animal control, and other policies (Town of Smithers 2013b).
In 2013, revenue for Smithers totaled $12.1 million. The major sources of revenue included property taxes and grants in lieu ($5.7 million), service charges and user fees ($4.1 million), and government transfer and grants ($1.5 million). Other sources of revenue included investment income, net gain on disposal of tangible capital assets, and revenue from fundraising and donations (Town of Smithers 2014b). Expenses for the year totaled $12.4 million, with main expenditures on protective services ($2.5 million), airport services ($2.2 million), transportation ($1.9 million), recreation and culture ($1.8 million), general government services ($1.5 million), and utilities ($1.5 million). Other expenses included waste management ($0.2 million) and economic development and tourism ($0.9 million; Town of Smithers 2014b).
4.2.3.7 Terrace
Terrace is governed by a mayor and six councillors elected for a three year period; the current mayor was elected in November 2014 (City of Terrace 2014c). Council meetings are held twice per month. The city is responsible for economic development, animal control, building and business licencing, finance and taxation, bylaws enforcement, planning, sustainability, RCMP, fire department, public works, and leisure services (City of Terrace 2014b).
In 2012, total revenue for the city was $21.5 million, including $12.5 million derived from net taxes, $4.6 million from government grants and transfers, and $4.0 million from user fees and sales of
AURICO METALS INC. 4-13 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT goods and services (City of Terrace 2013). The expenses for the year included $4.7 million for protective services, $3.6 million for leisure services, $2.6 million for transportation and transit, $1.7 million for development services, and $1.6 million for government services. Other expenses included waste management, water and sewer operations, interest or loss, and the provision of other services. Total expenditures for the year were $19.3 million (City of Terrace 2013).
4.3 POPULATION
Population and demographic data from Statistics Canada, BC Stats, and AANDC is provided for the regional study area and PACs. AANDC provides data for First Nations communities in Canada including the number of registered members. Additional sources are used where available for comparative purposes and additional context. Demographic data—including age and gender—is discussed in Section 4.4.
4.3.1 Provincial Overview
The population of British Columbia was approximately 4.4 million people in 2011, a 7.0% increase from 2006 (Table 4.3-1; Statistics Canada 2012). Table 4.3-1 shows the population of the province and relevant RDs in 2006 and 2011. Approximately 5% of the provincial population identifies as Aboriginal. The population has generally increased over the past three decades (Figure 4.3-1; BC Stats 2014e). For the first quarter of 2014, BC Stats estimated the provincial population to be 4.6 million (BC Stats 2014e). Over the next two decades, BC’s population is projected to grow, reaching 6.1 million people by 2036 (BC Stats 2013a).
Table 4.3-1. Regional Study Area Population, as Reported by the Census of Canada, 2006 to 2011
% Change from Previous Aboriginal Identity, 2011 Region 2011 2006 Census (% of pop.) 1 PRRD 60,082 58,264 3.4% 14% RDFFG 91,879 92,264 -0.4% 12% RDBN 39,208 38,243 2.5% 19% RDKS 37,361 38,476 -2.9% 33% BC 4,400,055 4,113,487 7.0% 5% Sources: Statistics Canada (2012), Statistics Canada (2007) Notes: 1 Estimated based on 2011 NHS.
4.3.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
4.3.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
The Peace River Regional District is the second most populous RD in the RSA with 60,082 residents in 2011 (26% of the RSA population), of which 14% were people of Aboriginal identity. This represented an increase in total population of 3.4% from 2006 – the largest growth in the RSA during that period (Table 4.3-1; Statistics Canada 2012). Overall, the RD’s population has increased modestly over the last three decades (Figure 4.3-1; BC Stats 2014e). In 2013, the RD was estimated to have a population of 63,553 (BC Stats 2014f) and by 2036, the population is projected to increase to 87,482, a growth of 37.6%; this is the largest projected population growth of the four RDs in the RSA (BC Stats 2013d).
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120,000 5,000,000
4,500,000
100,000 4,000,000
3,500,000 80,000 Population in BC 3,000,000
60,000 2,500,000
2,000,000
Population in the RSA 40,000 1,500,000
Fraser-Fort George 1,000,000 20,000 Peace River Bulkley-Nechako Kitimat-Stikine 500,000 British Columbia
0 0 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Year
AURICO METALS LTD. Proj # 0196303-0012-0002 | Graphics # KEM-0012-001 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
4.3.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
The Regional District of Fraser-Fort George is the most populous RD in the RSA, with over 40% of the RSA population; it also has the smallest proportion of people of Aboriginal identity in the RSA (12%). RDFFG’s population decreased between 2006 and 2011 by 0.4%, settling at 91,897 in 2011 (Table 4.3-1; Statistics Canada 2012). However, excepting a substantial but temporary spike in population at the end of 1990s, the population has been fairly stable (Figure 4.3-1; BC Stats 2014e). In 2013, the estimated population of the RD was 94,351 (BC Stats 2014f) and by 2036, the population is projected to increase modestly to 104,941; a growth of 11.2% (BC Stats 2013d).
4.3.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
The Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako had a population of 39,208 in 2011 (2.5% increase from 2006) with 19% of people reporting Aboriginal identity (Table 4.3-1; Statistics Canada 2012). The population was stable during the period of 1986 to 2013 (Figure 4.3-1). In 2013, the population was estimated to be 39,589 (BC Stats 2014f). By 2036, the population is projected to increase to 40,332, a growth of only 1.9% (BC Stats 2013d).
4.3.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS)
The Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine is the least populous RD in the RSA and has the highest proportion of Aboriginal people (33%). For the period of 1986 to 2013 the population of the RDKS experienced minor changes, reaching approximately 45,000 people in 1997, the highest population on record (Figure 4.3-1). In 2011, the population was 37,361, representing a decrease from 2006 of 2.9% (Table 4.3-1; Statistics Canada 2012). For 2013, the RD had an estimated population of 37,745 (BC Stats 2014f). By 2036, the population is projected to increase to 41,253, a growth of 9.3% (BC Stats 2013d).
4.3.3 Potentially Affected Communities
Population data and trends for PACs in 2006 and 2011 are provided in Table 4.3-2, as reported by the Census of Canada. PACs include three First Nations communities and four non-Aboriginal communities. Aboriginal people have a physical, cultural, and historical presence throughout the RSA, including the PACs, and it is evident that higher proportions of the population within the RSA and the PACs identify as Aboriginal compared to the Province. Notably, with the exception of Takla Landing, the growth rate of all PACs falls below the provincial growth rate of 7% (Table 4.3-2).
4.3.3.1 Kwadacha
In 2011, 250 people were reported to live in Kwadacha, an increase of 4.6% from 2006; all residents identified as Aboriginal (Table 4.3-2; Statistics Canada 2012, 2013c). The Kaska Dena Council reports that the community had a population of approximately 270 in 2013 (Kaska Dena Council 2013). In 2012 there were nearly 500 registered Kwadacha Nation members; 40% of whom reside off-reserve (200) and 60% who reside on reserve in Kwadacha or Tsay Keh (300; McCook and Case 2012).
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Table 4.3-2. PAC Populations, as Reported by the Census of Canada, 2006 to 2011
% change from previous Aboriginal Identity, 2011 Community 1 2011 2006 census (% of pop.) 2 Kwadacha 250 239 4.6% 100% Tsay Keh 3 102 not available not available 95% Takla Landing 4 183 131 39.7% 97% Mackenzie 3,507 4,539 -22.7% 12% Prince George 71,974 70,981 1.4% 13% Smithers 5,404 5,217 3.6% 11% Terrace 11,486 11,320 1.5% 21% BC 4,400,055 4,113,487 7.0% 4.8%
Sources: Statistics Canada (2012), Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Estimated based on 2011 NHS. 3 The TKDN reports a higher number of residents in Tsay Keh in 2011. Further details are provided in the text. 4 Statistics Canada notes a boundary change for Takla Landing between the 2006 census and the 2011 census.
4.3.3.2 Tsay Keh
According to Statistics Canada, Ingenika had 102 residents in 2011 with 95% identifying as Aboriginal (Table 4.3-2; Statistics Canada 2012). According to the AANDC and TKDN’s registry, there were 247 TKDN members on reserve and Crown land in TKDN territory in 2011. While the Ingenika Settlement does not have reserve status, AANDC includes the population resident at this location as part of the ‘on-reserve’ population. This report considers the TKDN’s estimate (i.e. 247 persons) to be accurate; however, for the purposes of comparison with other Statistics Canada data, both estimates have been documented. 8
AANDC reports a total of 465 registered TKDN members including 234 residing on reserve and 233 off-reserve as of June 2014 (AANDC 2014b). Written communication from TKDN indicates agreement with these numbers. Population trends of TKDN registered members from 2009 to 2013 are summarized in Table 4.3-3. The total TKDN registered population increased by 11.5% from 2009 to 2014. Annually, for the same period, the population grew by around 1% to 3%.
4.3.3.3 Takla Landing
The reported population of Takla Landing varies by source. Census data indicates there were 183 residents at Takla Landing in 2011, representing an increase of 40% from 2006, when the population was noted to be 131 (Table 4.3-2). However, Statistics Canada notes the 2006 population
8 The discrepancy between the 2011 population reported by Statistics Canada (102 persons) and by AANDC and the TKDN (247 persons) is recognized. The population of Aboriginal communities in Canada are acknowledged to have been under-reported by Statistics Canada even prior to the most recent Census of Canada (2011) in which participation is now voluntary, ultimately resulting in further potential under-representation of on-reserve populations. Further information about data limitations is provided in Section 3.3.
AURICO METALS INC. 4-17 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT has been adjusted as a result of a boundary change that took place between 2006 and 2011 (Statistics Canada 2012), which could influence comparison of population numbers.
Table 4.3-3. Tsay Keh Dene Band Membership, 2009 to 2013
All Residences On Reserve and On Crown Land Off Reserve Year Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 2014 465 233 232 231 115 116 234 118 116 2013 458 231 227 249 127 122 209 104 105 2012 447 224 223 250 128 122 197 96 101 2011 434 219 215 247 127 120 187 92 95 2010 423 214 209 245 124 121 178 90 88 2009 417 212 205 230 116 114 187 96 91
Source: McGregor (2014), AANDC (2014b)
AANDC reports that the TLFN has 753 registered members including 422 registered community members living on reserve in June of 2014, slightly more than half the total registered population; however, the number of people living at Takla Landing (as opposed to other on-reserve communities) is not identified. A number of community members currently also reside off-reserve (330; Table 4.3-4; AANDC 2014a). Previous studies also indicate that, due to current community housing, infrastructure, employment and education constraints, not all residents can remain on the reserve year-round, and as a result the population is lower in winter months (SNC Lavalin 2013).
Table 4.3-4. TLFN Band Membership 2009 to 2014
All Residences On Reserve and On Crown Land Off Reserve Year Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 2014 753 346 407 423 205 218 330 141 189 2013 741 340 401 421 204 217 320 136 184 2012 725 335 390 401 198 203 324 137 187 2011 705 326 379 404 199 205 301 127 174 2010 689 320 369 401 198 203 288 122 166 2009 681 317 364 398 193 205 283 124 159
Source: McGregor (2014), AANDC (2014a)
For the period of 2009 to 2014, TLFN membership increased by 10.6%. Annual growth rates have ranged from 1 to 3%, as shown in Table 4.3-4.
4.3.3.4 Mackenzie
The population of Mackenzie decreased by 22.7% between 2006 and 2011, settling at 3,507 in 2011 (Table 4.3-2; Statistics Canada 2012). For 2013, BC Stats estimated the population of Mackenzie at 3,498 (BC Stats 2014f).
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4.3.3.5 Prince George
Prince George has the largest population among the PACs. According to Statistics Canada, the city had 71,974 residents in 2011 (Table 4.3-2; Statistics Canada 2012). Latest data estimates the population at 74,133 in 2013 (BC Stats 2014f), indicating growth of more than 4% since 2006. Approximately 12% of the city’s population is of Aboriginal identity (Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.3.3.6 Smithers
As shown in Table 4.3-2, Smithers increased between 2006 and 2011, from 5,217 to 5,404, (Statistics Canada 2012). This indicates a leveling trend as the population in 1996 was 5,624 (Statistics Canada 1997), and in 2001 the population was approximately 5,600. Aboriginal residents comprise 11% of the population (Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.3.3.7 Terrace
In 2011, the population of Terrace was 11,486, representing an increase of 1.5% from 2006 (Table 4.3-2; Statistics Canada 2012). BC Stats, in 2013, estimated the population in Terrace to be 11,550 (BC Stats 2014f). Evidence indicates that the future growth of the city’s population is expected to be very modest (BC Stats 2013d).
4.4 AGE AND GENDER
4.4.1 Provincial Overview
In 2011, there were slightly more females (51%) than males in the province of BC. Approximately 15% of the population was 15 years of age or younger and 69% was 15 to 64 years of age; the median age was 41.9 (Table 4.4-1; Statistics Canada 2012). The proportion of the population who are of working age (15-64) is predicted to decrease from 69% in 2011 to 62% in 2036, potentially resulting in a shortage of labour within certain industries.
Table 4.4-1. Age Distribution and Median Age in the RSA, 2011
Population 1 Median Age Region Under 15 15 to 64 65+ (Years) PRRD 12,615 (21%) 41,765 (70%) 5,705 (9%) 34.3 RDFFG 16,245 (18%) 64,865 (71%) 10,775 (12%) 39.5 RDBN 8,125 (21%) 26,260 (67%) 4,825 (12%) 39.3 RDKS 7,210 (19%) 25,485 (68%) 4,675 (13%) 40.3 BC 677,360 (15%) 3,033,975 (69%) 688,715 (16%) 41.9
Sources: Statistics Canada (2012) Note: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
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Seniors (age 65 and over), who in 2011 represented 16% of the population, are expected to comprise 25% of the provincial population by 2036 (BC Stats 2013a, 2013e). This may impose pressures on the need for health care and government pension plans. The median age for the province is predicted to increase to 45.5 in 2036. Finally, the median age at death is projected to increase from 80.4 in 2012 to 83.7 in 2036; gains in life expectancy are often equated with greater access to health care and increased quality of life (BC Stats 2013a).
4.4.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
In 2011, residents in the RSA were younger, on average, compared to the province (Table 4.4-1). The population of the PRRD was the youngest in the RSA with a median age of 34.3, whereas the population of the RDKS had the highest median age in the RSA at 40.3 (Statistics Canada 2012). Further, the RDKS was the only RD with more women than men; all other RDs have slightly more men (Statistics Canada 2012).
4.4.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
In 2011, there were slightly more men than women in the PRRD (51.2%; Statistics Canada 2012). The RD had the youngest population in the RSA with a median age of 34.3, substantially below the provincial median age of 41.9, with only 9% of the population of age 65 and over. Notably, approximately 21% of the PRRD were under the age of 15 in comparison to 15% provincially (Table 4.4-1; Statistics Canada 2012). Current trends indicate that by 2036, 18% of the population will be 65 years of age and over, whereas 17% will be under the age of 15; therefore, the proportion of people of working age will decrease to 64% from the current rate of 71% (BC Stats 2013e).
4.4.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
In 2011, RDFFG had slightly more males (50.4%) than females (Statistics Canada 2012) and the median age was 39.5, slightly below the provincial average (41.9). Approximately 71% of the population were 15 to 64 years of age and 12% were 65 or over (Table 4.4-1; Statistics Canada 2012). Projections indicate that by 2036, those who are 65 and over will comprise 24% of the RD’s population while the portion of the population of working age (15 to 64) will decline to 62% (BC Stats 2013e). This trend indicates an aging population in the RDFFG and matches trends predicted for the Province.
4.4.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
In the RDBN, as in other RD’s in the RSA, there were slightly more men than women in 2011 (51.0%; (Statistics Canada 2012). The median age in the RDBN was 39.3 with only 12% of the population of age 65 and over. The proportion of the population under the age of 15 was higher in the RDBN (approximately 21%) in comparison to the province (15%) (Table 4.4-1; Statistics Canada 2012). Current trends indicate that by 2036, as much as 27% of the population will be 65 years of age and over, whereas 17% will be under the age of 15 (BC Stats 2013e). Essentially, almost half (44%) of the population is predicted to be either younger or older than the typical working age by 2036.
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4.4.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine (RDKS)
In 2011, RDKS had slightly more males (51.0%) than females (Statistics Canada 2012). The median age in the RD was highest in the RSA, at 40.3. Approximately 68% of population was 15 to 64 years of age and 16% was age 65 and over (Table 4.4-1; Statistics Canada 2012). Projections indicate that by 2036, those who are 65 and over will comprise 26% of the RD’s population and 15% will be under the age of 15 (BC Stats 2013e). Similarly to the province and other RD’s in the RSA, this points to an aging population.
4.4.3 Potentially Affected Communities
4.4.3.1 Kwadacha
Kwadacha had a comparably young population with a median age of 26.7; over 32% of residents were under the age of 15 and only 6% were over the age of 65 (Table 4.4-2). In 2012, approximately 27% (80) of registered members living on reserve were students from daycare to grade twelve (McCook and Case 2012). Male and female populations were balanced (Table 4.4-3, Statistics Canada 2012).
Table 4.4-2. Age Distribution and Median Age by PAC, 2011
Population 2 Median Age Community 1 Under 15 15 to 64 65+ (Years) Kwadacha 80 (32%) 165 (66%) 15 (6%) 26.7 Tsay Keh 35 (33%) 65 (62%) 5 (5%) 26.0
Takla Landing 50 (27%) 125 (68%) 15 (8%) 30.2 Mackenzie 605 (17%) 2600 (74%) 310 (9%) 42.5 Prince George 12,945 (18%) 50,645 (70%) 8,355 (12%) 38.1 Smithers 1,110 (21%) 3,590 (66%) 705 (13%) 37.2 Terrace 3,050 (20%) 10,520 (68%) 1,975 (13%) 39.2 BC 677,360 (15%) 3,033,975 (69%) 688,715 (16%) 41.9
Source: Statistics Canada (2012) Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
4.4.3.2 Tsay Keh
Tsay Keh had the youngest population among PACs in 2011. Residents of the community had a median age of 26.0 and 33% of the population was under the age of 15. Five percent of the population was over the age of 65 (Table 4.4-2; Statistics Canada 2012). The gender balance was relatively equal (1.1 male-to-female ratio; Table 4.4-3).
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Table 4.4-3. Male to Female Ratios by PAC, 2011
Population 2 Male : Female Community 1 Total Male Female Ratio Kwadacha 250 125 120 1.0 Tsay Keh 105 55 50 1.1 Takla Landing 185 105 80 1.3 Mackenzie 3,510 1,885 1,620 1.2 Prince George 71,975 36,015 35,960 1.0 Smithers 5,405 2,625 2,780 0.9 Terrace 15,570 7,705 7,860 1.0 BC 4,400,055 2,156,600 2,243,455 1.0
Source: Statistics Canada (2012). Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
4.4.3.3 Takla Landing
In 2011, 27% of residents at Takla Landing were under the age of 15 and 8% were age 65 or over. The median age in the community was 30.2 years and was highest among the three Aboriginal communities designated as PACs—although young in comparison to the provincial median of 41.9 years of age (Table 4.4-2; Statistics Canada 2012). The community had a male-to-female ratio of 1.3 (Table 4.4-3).
4.4.3.4 Mackenzie
The population of the Mackenzie had a median age of 42.5, above the provincial average of 41.9, making it the oldest community among PACs (Table 4.4-2; Statistics Canada 2012). Approximately 74% of residents were 15 to 64 years of age, and only 17% (the lowest among the PACs) were under the age of 15 (Table 4.4-2). There are more males than females (Table 4.4-3).
4.4.3.5 Prince George
In 2011, approximately 17% of the population in Prince George was under the age of 15 whereas 74% were of working age (age group of 15 to 64); the median age was 38.1 (Table 4.4-2; Statistics Canada 2012). Further, on average, male and female populations were equal (Table 4.4-3).
4.4.3.6 Smithers
In 2011, Smithers’ population had a median age of 37.2. Twenty-one percent of the population were under the age of 15, and 13% were over the age of 65 (Table 4.4-2). There are slightly more women than men with a male-to-female ratio of 0.9 (Table 4.4-3).
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4.4.3.7 Terrace
In 2011, approximately 20% of the population in Terrace were under the age of 15 and 13% were over the age of 65; the median age was 39.2 (Table 4.4-2). There were more males than females (Table 4.4-3).
4.5 EDUCATION FACILITIES AND SERVICES
4.5.1 Elementary and Secondary Education
Primary education is available in all PACs; however, for some Aboriginal communities, students may need to travel to neighbouring communities to finish high school. Kwadacha is the only Aboriginal PAC that offers on-reserve education from kindergarten to grade 12 (SNC Lavalin 2013).
4.5.1.1 Kwadacha
The Kwadacha Education Society (KES) is a group of volunteers who act on behalf of the chief and council to oversee the education of band members of all ages, within and outside of the community. The KES provides education services for students attending kindergarten through grade 12 in Kwadacha (Kwadacha Nation 2014d). The KES is run by volunteers and aims to:
• provide education opportunities to all members of the Kwadacha Nation;
• promote educational excellence in Kwadacha; and
• take advantage of education funding opportunities available to a registered society (Kwadacha Nation 2014d).
Supplementing conventional education delivery, the Kwadacha Nation runs the Tsek’ene Awareness Program which facilitates the inter-generational transfer of traditional knowledge as younger and older generations spend time on the land together. Families and children attend camps twice each year as part of this program (SNC Lavalin 2013).
Adult education is also provided in the community for those 19 years of age and older, and includes high school completion via the provincial Adult Basic Education model; the Dogwood high school degree is also offered (Kwadacha Nation 2014b). In addition, recent community based research indicates that five community members have completed teacher training through the Simon Fraser University (SFU) at Aatse Davie School (SNC Lavalin 2013).
4.5.1.2 Tsay Keh
The school in Tsay Keh had 51 students enrolled in the 2014/2015 school year, in kindergarten (K4) through grade 12. There are seven teachers, two Sekani Language and Culture teachers, three education assistants, one Adult Education teacher, and one learning center coordinator working in the community (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
In 2011, there were 15 TKDN students enrolled in post-secondary education (SNC Lavalin 2013). The TKDN have a partnership with the College of New Caledonia (CNC) in Mackenzie.
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4.5.1.3 Takla Landing
In Takla Landing, the Nu Wadeezulh Community School provides education services for kindergarten to grade nine students. The number of students attending the school fluctuates; in 2013, there were approximately 36 to 40 students enrolled in primary and secondary schooling (SNC Lavalin 2013). For the school year of 2011/2012 there were no students in grade eight or nine. Students from Takla Landing need to travel to either Fort St. James or Prince George to attend grades 10 to 12; the TLFN provides support to member students in the form of funding for room and board (SNC Lavalin 2013).
In Takla Landing, school services are provided by three teachers, who teach kindergarten to grade three, grades four to six, and grades seven to nine. Some teaching is also provided by the school’s principal, plus up to five teaching assistants and a Carrier language teacher (SNC Lavalin 2013).
4.5.1.4 Mackenzie
Mackenzie has one elementary school (Morfee Elementary School) and one secondary school (Mackenzie Secondary School 2014). For the 2012/2013 school year, the Morfee Elementary School had 347 students, whereas in 2013/2014 the student population was 367 (Morfee Elementary 2014).
The Mackenzie Secondary School (School District No 57 – Prince George) was established in 1971 and has approximately 230 students in grades eight to 12. The school offers a variety of academic and practical elective with the opportunity to obtain a full Dogwood graduation certificate (Mackenzie Secondary School 2014). The school also offers the Learning Assistance Department, with peer tutoring program, and a Forestry Career Preparation program (Mackenzie Secondary School 2014).
4.5.1.5 Prince George
Prince George has a number of public and private schools. There are 26 public elementary schools within Prince George School District No. 57 (SD57 2014b), and five public secondary schools (SD57 2014a). The district also offers learning opportunities for adults, online courses and other alternate programing. SD57 has a current enrolment of 14,239 students (SD57 2014b). There are also several private elementary schools and high schools in Prince George.
4.5.1.6 Smithers
Smithers has three public elementary schools (Lake Kathlyn, Walnut Park, and Muheim Memorial, a French immersion school), while the Smithers Secondary School provides grades eight to 12 (School District No. 54 (Bulkley Valley) 2014b). Four private schools operate in the community.
Lake Kathlyn Elementary had a total enrolment of 66 students in 2011/2012; approximately 59% of students are Aboriginal (BC MOE 2012). Walnut Park Elementary had a total enrolment of 354 students in 2011/2012; approximately 21% of students are Aboriginal. Muheim Memorial had a total enrolment of 255 students in 2011/2012; nearly 24% of the students were Aboriginal (BC MOE 2012). During the 2011/2012 school year, there were 823 students enrolled in Smithers Secondary
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School; more than a quarter of the students (26%) were Aboriginal. Nearly all (95%) eligible Grade 12 students graduated in 2010/2011 (BC MOE 2012).
The Bulkley Valley Learning Centre provides an alternative setting for students that struggle in a classroom setting, including some Aboriginal students. In the 2009/10 school year, the Bulkley Valley Learning Centre had 25 graduates (School District 54 2010).
4.5.1.7 Terrace
Terrace has nine schools, including five elementary schools:
• Cassie Hall Elementary School provides kindergarten to grade six programming and had 260 students in the 2011/2012 school year; 70% of students were Aboriginal.
• Ecole Mountainview provides kindergarten to grade six programming and had 159 students in the 2011/2012 school year; 16% students were Aboriginal.
• Suwilaawks Community School provides kindergarten to grade six programming and had 268 students for the 2011/2012 school year; 78% were Aboriginal.
• Thornhill Elementary School provides kindergarten to grade six programming and had 108 students in the 2011/2012 school year; 36% were Aboriginal.
• The Uplands Elementary School provides kindergarten to grade six programming and had 356 students in the 2011/2012 school year; 13% were Aboriginal.
In addition, the Thornhill Primary School provides kindergarten to grade three programming and had 213 students in the 2011/2012 school year, 34% of whom were Aboriginal (BC MOE 2012).
There are two secondary schools in Terrace. The Caledonia Secondary School provides a grades 10 to 12 curriculum and had 515 students in the 2011/2012 school year. About one-third of students (34%) at the Caledonia Secondary School were Aboriginal. Parkside Secondary is an alternative school that had 155 students in the 2011/2012 school year, 67% of whom were Aboriginal (BC MOE 2012).
The graduation rate for all students has decreased by 3.3% between 2006 and 2010, while the number of students enrolled in Grade 12 decreased by approximately one-fifth. Graduation rates for Aboriginal students decreased by 18.3% over the same time period (BC MOE 2012).
4.5.2 Post-Secondary Programs and Skills Training
There is a wide range of adult education, post-secondary programs, and skills training opportunities throughout much of the RSA, although distribution and access is uneven due to challenges of geography and limited budgets. The most abundant resources are concentrated in the regional population hubs in Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace.
Post-secondary institutions in the RSA include various campuses of the CNC with campuses in Prince George and Mackenzie, as well as the Northwest Community College (NWCC) with campuses in Smithers and Terrace. The closest university is the University of Northern British Columbia (UNBC) in Prince George, which also has a campus in Terrace. Both NWCC and the CNC offer a variety of degree
AURICO METALS INC. 4-25 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT and training programs including those relevant to the mining industry. In addition, several independent and/or First Nations-run training or post-secondary institutions offer high school equivalency, industrial/technical and other speciality programmes.
4.5.2.1 Kwadacha
There is no post-secondary institution in Kwadacha; however, the Kwadacha Nation Post-Secondary Education program provides guidance and financial support for band members who are attending a post-secondary institution outside of Kwadacha (Kwadacha Nation 2014d). The objective of the program is to encourage the individual growth of band members through the pursuit of certified training and post-secondary studies (Kwadacha Nation 2014d).
The Kwadacha Nation Adult Education Program also cooperates with the CNC to offer short courses such as various levels of First Aid, FoodSafe programs, driver’s education and some safety courses with direct industrial application for workers in the forest industry (Kwadacha Nation 2014b). Notably, a survey conducted in 2012 indicated that almost 5% of Kwadacha Nation members hold technical certificates (McCook and Case 2012).
4.5.2.2 Tsay Keh
Various post-secondary opportunities are available at the Learning Centre in the community of Tsay Keh, which was built in 2012/2013 to accommodate trades, adult education, and workshops to help meet the needs of individual members in order to create a stronger and qualified workforce. Course offerings have included high school equivalency, adult education, first-aid, swift water rescue, environmental monitoring certification, and drivers education (L. Gleeson, pers., comm., 2014). The TKDN is also a member of the Indigenous Adult and Higher Learning Association and First Nation Education Steering Committee (FNESC 2013).
Adult education in Tsay Keh is provided to the TKND membership by an adult education teacher at the Learning Centre through an agreement with the CNC. Instructors may be brought in to facilitate specialist training programs. The Learning Center facility includes: accommodations for staff and education contractors, three full classrooms, one computer lab, two offices, photocopying and kitchen facilities, a boardroom, and two bathrooms (L. Gleeson, pers., comm. 2014).
4.5.2.3 Takla Landing
Residents of Takla Landing access post-secondary training and education through the CNC campus in Fort St. James (L. Krebs, pers. comm. 2015). For the 2015/2015 school year, the CNC campus at Fort St. James will provide three programs: Targeted Initiative for Older Workers; Community Support Worker Certificate; and Welding Foundations 1 & 2. Other continuing education programs offered at the Fort St. James campus of the CNC include Aboriginal Culture Competency, computer courses, certified first aid and safety training, as well as numerous online opportunities (e.g., WHMIS, safety training, and pleasure craft operator certifications (CNC 2015).
Previous studies in Takla Landing noted that although employment training programs have previously been offered in the community, success was limited; a more holistic and supportive
4-26 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION approach to future training was recommended (SNC Lavalin 2013). An employment and training network coordinator is available to TLFN members through the Prince George Nechako Aboriginal Employment and Training Association (PGNAETA 2014).
4.5.2.4 Mackenzie
The CNC offers post-secondary education in Mackenzie which offers certification in applied business technology (administrative assistant certificate), courses in college and career preparation (English, math and computer science), and trades and technical programs (heavy equipment operator program, and a mobile crane seven week apprenticeship program). Courses under development include automotive and home maintenance and repair (CNC 2014a).
The CNC also offers academic and career advising through the WorkBC office. Online and distance education programs are also available (and accessible to residents of other PACs as well) include: applied business technology certificates (office assistant, medical office assistant, and legal administrative assistant), Information and Communication Technology (ICT) certifications, Aboriginal Early Childhood Education, and various online personal and professional development courses (CNC 2014c).
For Aboriginal students, the CNC in Mackenzie offers students access to information on entering college, choosing career paths, and accessing funding to attend school (CNC 2014c). Further, the Mackenzie campus also works in partnership with local First Nation communities including Kwadacha, McLeod Lake Indian Band, and Tsay Keh Dene to offer a variety of courses (CNC 2014c). Recent courses delivered in those communities included: college and career preparation, computer training, entrepreneur training, first aid, babysitting, driver training, safety training, and forestry courses (CNC 2014c).
4.5.2.5 Prince George
There are several institutions in Prince George that offer post-secondary education including two campuses of the CNC and the UNBC (LearnLiveBC 2014).
College of New Caledonia (CNC)
The CNC offers a wide range of programs in business, health sciences, and trades. The college offers university credits, technical, career and vocational programs, as well as a broad array of continuing education and contract training programs throughout the region (CNC 2014b). Types of certifications include associate degrees, post-diploma credentials, diplomas, and certificates (CNC 2013). For the school year of 2012/13, the CNC served 3,323 full-time students. The majority of student hours were in trades programs, followed by applied health programs (CNC 2013).
The College targets its programs to prepare students for practical employment. Distance education is supported through online courses, and the CNC also offers courses through campuses in Quesnel, Mackenzie, Burns Lake, Fort St. James and Vanderhoof (CNC 2013). The CNC also has a number of programs and incentives designed to support Aboriginal students, including on-campus Aboriginal liaisons, and supportive housing for Aboriginal students from out of town (CNC 2013).
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The College also works closely with the natural resources sector to engage with developers and operators to understand their needs and support the development of an available and skilled workforce (CNC 2013).
University of Northern British Columbia
UNBC offers a wide variety of undergraduate and graduate degree programs in arts, commerce, education, fine arts, health sciences, science, applied science, nursing, planning, social work and medical programs (UNBC 2014c). The university has a dedicated First Nations Centre, which offers a year-long transitional program (and ongoing support) designed to support First Nations students from small rural communities, so that they can better adjust to the changes associated with university and city life, and improve overall success of these students (UNBC 2014b).
Between September 2012 to August 2013, there were 4,152 students enrolled in UNBC, the majority of whom (68%) were residents of northern BC (UNBC 2014a).
Other Education Services
Other specialised institutions in Prince George provide training and skills development specific to resource and infrastructure industries:
• O’Brien Training Ltd trains qualified equipment operators for the forestry, construction, transportation and other industries. Training is combined with support for recruitment, job placement and coaching (O'Brien Training 2014).
• The Pacific Trail Pipelines Aboriginal Skills to Employment Partnership (PTP ASEP) Training Society in a non-for-profit Aboriginal organization that provides training-to- employment programs for First Nations across Northern BC. Training areas have included an environmental technician program, heavy equipment operations, and trades training (PTP ASEP 2014). Estimates prepared in March of 2012 indicate that, between March of 2011 and March of 2012, 533 people were employed with PTP ASEP‘s assistance (PTP ASEP 2013).
First aid training, industrial worker safety courses, computer training and a variety of other training and skill development programs are also offered in Prince George.
4.5.2.6 Smithers
The NWCC is based in Terrace and operates campuses in communities across the northwest, including Smithers. In 2010, a new NWCC facility opened in Smithers, which includes a gathering area, expanded learning facilities, and improved video conferencing and distance education capabilities (NWCC 2014b).
The NWCC partners with School District 54 for training and post-secondary initiatives through which students can obtain dual high school/college credits. In recent years, related initiatives have been more focused on providing access to trades training (School District No. 54 (Bulkley Valley) 2014a).
Smithers is also home to the NWCC School of Exploration and Mining (SEM), which was established in response to the training needs of the mining industry. This specialised institution was established
4-28 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION in 2004 and provides training to support the minerals industry northern BC, so that workers from local communities can better access these opportunities (NWCC 2014b). Programs include Drill Core Technician Basic Training, Surface Diamond Driller’s Helper, Prospector Basic Training, Mining Exploration Field Assistant, and Introduction to Metal Leaching and Acid Rock Drainage. Internship programs are also available through the SEM, including exploration skills training, environmental monitoring courses, and camp operations building courses. Students also participate in a variety of safety training courses (NWCC 2014b).
4.5.2.7 Terrace
The NWCC was first established in Terrace and now operates campuses in communities across the northwest (NWCC 2014a). The NWCC has a strong vocational, trades, and technical focus. Regular NWCC programming includes special education assistant training, workplace skills training, career and college preparation, continuing education, university credit, and nursing. Many other part-time courses are available and are based on local needs. The campus provides both on-line and in-class courses (NWCC 2014a).
The Employment Skill Access (ESA) program at the NWCC in Terrace helps unemployed and low-skilled workers access training and transition into new jobs. This program has helped 400 residents of Northwest BC take advantage of new job opportunities in the region (NWCC 2012).
UNBC also has a campus in Terrace and offers university transfer courses at first and second year levels in natural resources, business administration, applied computer technology, and integrated human services. The campus also offers part-time graduate programs and undergraduate courses towards a general Bachelor of Arts and a minor in resource recreation and tourism (UNBC 2010).
Other training services available in Terrace include St. John Ambulance, which provides First Aid Services; Northwest Training Ltd., which provides Management Training and Development; On-site Computer Training and Development, which provides basic computer training; and the Cat Rental Store, which provides equipment and operator training (City of Terrace 2010a).
4.6 EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Education, training, and skills development are directly linked to the realization of certain socio-economic benefits associated with regional resource development (e.g., jobs, business opportunities). However, a lack of education, training, and skills development can be barriers or can limit employment prospects; this is particularly relevant for Aboriginal communities that have, in the past, experienced adverse effects of regional development without realizing the potential benefits.
According to the 2011 NHS, of the provincial population over the age of 15, 17% had no certificate, diploma or degree; 28% of the population had a high school certificate of equivalent; and 56% had postsecondary education (Table 4.6-1; Statistics Canada 2013c). Of those with a postsecondary degree, over 40% had a university degree (i.e. bachelor level of above). Major fields of study in the province include those related to architecture, engineering, and related technologies (12%); business, management, and public administration (11%); and health and related fields (8%; Table 4.6-2) Figure 4.6-1 provides enrolment estimates for BC for 2013 and projections for 2023.
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Table 4.6-1. Educational Attainment within the RSA, 2011
Total Population Aged 15 Years and Over 1 PRRD RDFFG RDBN RDKS BC Level of Education Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % No certificate, diploma, or degree 12,360 27% 16,035 22% 8,105 26% 8,245 28% 607,655 17% High school certificate or equivalent 13,520 29% 22,575 30% 9,650 31% 8,025 27% 1,009,400 28% Postsecondary certificate, diploma, or 20,585 44% 35,645 48% 13,020 42% 13,525 45% 2,029,785 56% degree • Apprenticeship or trades 7,290 35% 10,775 30% 4,260 33% 4,130 31% 387,455 19% certificate or diploma • College, CEGEP, or other non- 8,105 39% 13,110 37% 4,920 38% 5,125 38% 628,115 31% university certificate or diploma • University certificate or diploma 1,255 6% 2,330 7% 845 6% 1,015 8% 208,245 10% below the bachelor level • University certificate, diploma, or 3,925 19% 9,425 26% 2,995 23% 3,255 24% 805,965 40% degree at the bachelor level or above
Sources: Statistics Canada (2013c) Note: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
Table 4.6-2. Major Field of Study in the RSA, 2011
Total Population Aged 15 Years and Over 1 PRRD RDFFG RDBN RDKS BC Field of Study Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Total population 15 years and older 46,465 100% 74,255 100% 30,775 100% 29,800 100% 3,646,840 100% No postsecondary certificate, diploma, or degree 25,885 56% 38,615 52% 17,755 58% 16,270 55% 1,617,055 44% Education 1,365 3% 2,770 4% 1,165 4% 1,320 4% 149,980 4% Visual and performing arts, and communications 420 1% 660 1% 180 1% 320 1% 89,230 2% technologies Humanities 725 2% 1,295 2% 405 1% 485 2% 120,340 3% Social and behavioural sciences and law 1,115 2% 2,720 4% 890 3% 820 3% 209,655 6% Business, management, and public administration 3,585 8% 6,985 9% 2,250 7% 2,430 8% 412,335 11% Physical and life sciences and technologies 370 1% 960 1% 435 1% 355 1% 79,980 2% Mathematics, computer, and information sciences 275 1% 695 1% 230 1% 210 1% 72,705 2% Architecture, engineering, and related technologies 7,380 16% 9,750 13% 3,635 12% 3,965 13% 421,115 12% Agriculture, natural resources, and conservation 820 2% 1,605 2% 1,200 4% 650 2% 49,275 1% Health and related fields 2,745 6% 5,780 8% 1,745 6% 1,735 6% 308,880 8% Personal, protective, and transportation services 1,780 4% 2,405 3% 880 3% 1,225 4% 116,025 3% Other fields of study 0 0% 15 0% 0 0% 0 0% 270 0%
Sources: Statistics Canada (2013c) Note: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
Figure 4.6-1 Enrolment for Public Schools in BC, 2013 and 2023
60,000 Year 2013 - Actual Year 2023 - Projection
50,000
40,000
30,000
Number of Students 20,000
10,000
0
Grade
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4.6.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
4.6.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
In the PRRD, 27% did not have a certificate, diploma or degree; 29% had a high school degree; and 44% had a post-secondary degree. Of those with a post-secondary education, 35% had apprenticeship or trades certificates, another 39% had college or other non-university certificates or diploma’s, and 19% had a university degree. As shown in Table 4.6-1, there is array of post-secondary experience within the PRRD that is slightly concentrated (16%) within the architecture, engineering, and related technologies (16%) fields of study (Table 4.6-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.6.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
In 2011, of the four RDs included in the RSA, the RDFFG had the lowest proportion of population lacking a certificate, diploma or degree (22%), although this was still above the provincial average of 17% (Table 4.6-1). Approximately 30% had a high school certificate and 48% had a post-secondary degree. Of those with post-secondary education, 30% had apprenticeship or trades certificates, another 37% had college or other non-university certificates or diploma’s, and 26% had a university degree (Table 4.6-1; Statistics Canada 2013c). Overall, the population of the RDFFG had higher levels of educational attainment as compared to other RDs in the RSA. For those with post-secondary education, major fields of study in the RDFFG were in line with the provincial averages and included architecture, engineering, and related technologies (13%); business, management, and public administration (9%); and health and related fields (8%; Table 4.6-2).
4.6.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
In 2011, 26% of RDBN residents did not have a high school certificate, diploma or degree; 31% had a high-school degree; and 42% had a post-secondary education. Of those with a post-secondary education, 33% had apprenticeship or trades certificates, another 38% had college or other non-university certificates or diploma’s, and 23% had a university degree (Table 4.6-1; Statistics Canada 2013c). As elsewhere in the RSA, major fields of study included architecture, engineering, and related technologies (12%), business, management, and public administration (7%), and health fields (6%; Table 4.6-2).
4.6.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine (RDKS)
The RDKS had the highest proportion of the population in the RSA without a high school certificate (28%). Around the same proportion (27%) had completed high school, while 45% had post-secondary education. Of those with a post-secondary education, 31% had apprenticeship or trades certificates, another 89% had college or other non-university certificates or diplomas, and 24% had a university degree (Table 4.6-1; Statistics Canada 2013c). Major fields of study, in line with the RSA and the province as a whole, included architecture, engineering, and related technologies (13%); business, management, and public administration (8%); and health and related fields (6%; Table 4.6-2).
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4.6.2 Potentially Affected Communities
Educational attainment levels vary between the PACs, with a notable difference in educational attainment between residents of the smaller and more rural Aboriginal communities, compared with the larger centres (Table 4.6-3). The proportion of the population without a high school certificate is almost three times as high in the Aboriginal PACs. According to census statistics, in these communities, on average, only 25% to 35% of the workforce has high school certification or above (Statistics Canada 2013c).
The reasons for this discrepancy are varied and complex, but it is important to note the small population size and remoteness characterizing the communities of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, and Takla Landing. Knowledge and expertise in communities may relate to traditional activities and culture as these skills are historically valued. Lower-than-average high school completion rates in many northern communities are often correlated with a past (and current) lack of access to formal education. Small communities and low population density are challenges to maintaining schools, and education is often reported as one of the main drivers behind community out-migration, as many youth must travel or relocate to larger centres to pursue secondary and higher education. Compounding these factors, limited local job opportunities may also draw many of those who do complete higher levels of education away from their home communities, so that they are not represented in community statistics.
4.6.2.1 Kwadacha
In 2011, according to the NHS, approximately three-quarters of the population over the age of 15 had no certificate, diploma or degree, whereas 14% had a high school diploma and 9% a post-secondary certification 9 (Table 4.6-3; Statistics Canada 2013c). In 2012, a survey of Kwadacha Nation members (both on and off reserve) reported that 70% of members aged 15 and over had not completed high school, and less than 20% were undertaking educational training or classes. A number of respondents described leaving school early to help provide for families either through paid employment or hunting. Those who were students (17%) reported attending evening classes or participating in distance education programs (McCook and Case 2012). In 2014, three community members completed a heavy equipment operator course, one member completed a bachelor’s degree, and three members completed grade twelve (Kwadacha Nation 2014d).
School attainment is as a focus for social development and to increase the employment for members of the Kwadacha Nation (SNC Lavalin 2013). In 2011, one band member obtained a degree from the University of Lethbridge, and five people completed teacher training through SFU at the Aatse Davie School in Kwadacha (SNC Lavalin 2013).
9 Statistics Canada’s National Household Survey profile of Kwadacha (Fort Ware) does not specify the type of postsecondary certificates, diplomas, or degrees obtained by residents.
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Table 4.6-3. Educational Attainment in PACs 1, 2011
Total Population Aged 15 Years and Over Kwadacha Tsay Keh Takla Landing Mackenzie Prince George Smithers Terrace Level of Education Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % No certificate, diploma, or degree 135 77% 55 79% 85 65% 655 23% 12,165 21% 960 23% 2,120 24% High school certificate or equivalent 25 14% 10 14% 20 15% 895 31% 17,790 31% 1,375 33% 2,360 26% Postsecondary certificate, diploma, or 15 9% 10 14% 25 19% 1,365 47% 27,975 48% 1,875 44% 4,530 50% degree • Apprenticeship or trades certificate 0 0% 0 0% 15 60% 510 37% 7,775 28% 495 26% 1,140 25% or diploma • College, CEGEP, or other non- 0 0% 0 0% 10 40% 625 46% 10,310 37% 630 34% 1,845 41% university certificate or diploma • University certificate or diploma 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 105 8% 1,880 7% 180 10% 385 8% below the bachelor level • University certificate, diploma, or 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 120 9% 8,010 29% 575 31% 1,160 26% degree at the bachelor level or above
Sources: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
4.6.2.2 Tsay Keh
The 2011 NHS indicates that, similar to other Aboriginal communities in the RSA, 79% of the Tsay Keh population over the age of 15 had no certificate, diploma or degree (Table 4.6-3). Between one-quarter and one-third of residents had obtained high school or post-secondary education 10 (Table 4.6-3; Statistics Canada 2013c). No information was available regarding post-secondary fields of study.
4.6.2.3 Takla Landing
According to the 2011 NHS, approximately 65% of the total population aged 15 years and over in Takla Landing had no certificate, diploma or degree; 15% had a high school degree and almost 20% had obtained a post-secondary certificate, diploma, or degree (Table 4.6-3). Of those with a post-secondary education, the majority (60%) had an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma; the remaining 40% had college or other non-university certifications (Table 4.6-3; Statistics Canada 2013c). Fields of study included health and architecture, engineering, and related technologies (Table 4.6-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.6.2.4 Mackenzie
According to the 2011 NHS, approximately 23% of the total population of Mackenzie did not have a certificate, diploma or degree; 31% had a high school degree and 47% had completed a post-secondary certificate, degree, or diploma (Table 4.6-3). Of those with a post-secondary degree, 46% had a non-university certificate or diploma, 37% had an apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma, and 9% had a bachelor degree or above (Table 4.6-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Major fields of study in Mackenzie included architecture, engineering, and related technologies (18%); business, management, and public administration (9%); and personal, protective, and transportation services (5%). In addition, 4% of residents (the highest proportion within the PACs), had education in agriculture, natural resources, and conservation (Table 4.6-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.6.2.5 Prince George
Prince George, of all PACs, had some of the highest level of education attainment; nearly half of the population has completed some form of post-secondary education. This could be a result of the easy access to primary, secondary and post-secondary institutions, and the attraction of the larger city as a place to live and work. Of the total population aged 15 years and over, only 21% did not have a certificate, diploma, or a degree; 31% had completed high school and 48% had completed post-secondary studies (Table 4.6-3). Of those with a post-secondary education, 37% had a non-university (e.g. college) certificate or diploma and 29% had university degree (i.e. a bachelor degree or above) (Table 4.6-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
10 Statistics Canada’s National Household Survey profile of the Tsay Keh community (Igenika Point) does not specify the type of postsecondary certificates, diplomas, or degrees obtained by residents.
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Table 4.6-4. Major Field of Study in PACs 1, 2011
Total Population Aged 15 Years and Over 2 Kwadacha Tsay Keh Takla Landing Mackenzie Prince George Smithers Terrace Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Total population 15 years and 175 100% 70 100% 130 100% 2,915 100% 57,930 100% 4,215 100% 9,010 100% older No postsecondary certificate, 160 91% 65 93% 105 81% 1,545 53% 29,955 52% 2,335 55% 4,475 50% diploma, or degree Education 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 60 2% 2,270 4% 195 5% 490 5% Visual and performing arts, and 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 545 1% 35 1% 110 1% communications technologies Humanities 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 20 1% 1,075 2% 40 1% 185 2% Social and behavioural sciences 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 100 3% 2,270 4% 120 3% 290 3% and law Business, management, and 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 265 9% 5,725 10% 380 9% 965 11% public administration Physical and life sciences and 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 855 1% 135 3% 150 2% technologies Mathematics, computer, and 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 615 1% 30 1% 70 1% information sciences Architecture, engineering, and 10 6% 0 0% 10 8% 520 18% 7,005 12% 355 8% 1,025 11% related technologies Agriculture, natural resources, 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 115 4% 1,060 2% 130 3% 230 3% and conservation Health and related fields 0 0% 0 0% 10 8% 95 3% 4,805 8% 300 7% 580 6% Personal, protective, and 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 160 5% 1,735 3% 150 6% 425 5% transportation services Other fields of study 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 20 0% 0 0% 0 0% Sources: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
Major fields of study in the city included architecture, engineering, and related technologies (12%); business, management, and public administration (10%); and health related services (8%). Two percent of the population had studied agriculture, natural resources and conservation (Table 4.6-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.6.2.6 Smithers
In comparison to other PACs, Smithers’ residents exhibited relatively high levels of educational attainment in 2011. Approximately 23% of the population did not have a certificate, diploma, or degree; 33% had completed high school; and 44% had a post-secondary education. Of those with a post-secondary certification, 31% had a university degree, and 34% had a non-university certificate or diploma (Table 4.6-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Major fields of study for the residents in the town of Smithers were in line with the provincial and regional averages, including architecture, engineering, and related technologies (8%); business, management, and public administration (9%); and health related services (7%). Three percent had education in agriculture, natural resources and conservation (Table 4.6-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.6.2.7 Terrace
In 2011, 24% of the total population of Terrace lacked a certificate, diploma, or degree, 26% had a high school degree and 50% had completed post-secondary studies (Table 4.6-3; Statistics Canada 2013c). Most post-secondary certifications were college or other non-university certificate or diploma (41%), although 26% of residents reported university degrees (26%).
Major fields of study include architecture, engineering, and related technologies (11%), business, management, and public administration (11%), and health related services (6%). Three percent had education in agriculture, natural resources and conservation (Table 4.6-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.7 LABOUR FORCE AND ECONOMY
4.7.1 Provincial Overview
In 2012, BC’s economy contributed 12.1% of Canada’s GDP, and BC is the conduit and transit point for Canada’s growing trade and commerce with Pacific Rim countries (BC Stats 2013b). BC’s economy is dominated by the services sector, in terms of both employment (> 80%) and GDP (> 77%; BC Stats 2014c, 2014d). In 2013, the dominant employment industries in BC included trade (16.0%); health care and social assistance (11.4%); professional and technical services (8.0%); education services (7.6%); and accommodation and food services (7.5%; BC Stats 2014a).
The goods sector, despite lower employment numbers and less direct contribution to GDP, provides the economic base upon which much of the service economy, both directly or indirectly, depends (BC Stats 2014a). In many parts of the province, resource industries remain vital to local and regional employment and economy. The goods sector comprises primary extractive and harvesting industries (mining, forestry, fishing, and agriculture) and secondary manufacturing industries (construction, utilities, and food/wood/metal product manufacturing/processing). In 2013, the goods sector provided one in five jobs (19.3%; BC Stats 2014c).
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In 2013, industrial production contributed 13.6% to the provincial GDP; the energy sector 5.9%; agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting 1.8%; mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction 4.1%; construction 7.7%; manufacturing 6.6%; wholesale and retail trade 10.0%; and transportation and warehousing 5.4% (Statistics Canada 2014c). In 2011, of the 3.6 million people in BC age 15 and over, 64.6% were in the labour force and the unemployment rate was 7.8% (Statistics Canada 2013c). The average number of weeks worked in 2010 was 43.9 and over 60% of the population worked between 49 and 52 weeks that year (Statistics Canada 2013c). The 2011 annual median and average incomes in BC were $28,765 and $39,415, respectively, with men earning higher incomes than women. The median and average household incomes were $60,333 and $77,378, respectively, and approximately 73.7% of all income in BC was employment income. Median and average individual employment incomes in BC were $49,143 and $58,016, respectively (Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.7.2 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
In 2011, according to the NHS, the RSA had a total labour force of approximately 125,490 people; 11,965 (9.5%) were unemployed (Statistics Canada 2013c). The most populous RD in the RSA, the RDFFG, had also the largest labour force of 51,355 (41% of the total RSA labour force) whereas the RDKS, the least populous RD, had the smallest labour force of 18,530 (15% of the total RSA labour force; Table 4.7-1). This, as mentioned in Section 4.3.2, is also a result of the typically older population in the RDKS and consequently less people of the working age (15 to 64 years of age).
Table 4.7-1. Labour Force Characteristics in the RSA 1, 2011
Labour Force PRRD RDFFG RDBN RDKS BC Population 15 years and over 46,465 74,260 30,780 29,795 3,646,840 In the labour force 34,750 51,355 20,855 18,530 2,354,245 • Employed 32,525 46,195 18,665 16,135 2,171,465 • Unemployed 2,220 5,160 2,190 2,395 182,775 Not in the labour force 11,720 22,900 9,925 11,265 1,292,595 Participation rate 74.8% 69.2% 67.8% 62.2% 64.6% Employment Rate 70.0% 62.2% 60.6% 54.2% 59.5% Unemployment Rate 6.4% 10.0% 10.5% 12.9% 7.8%
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
The unemployment rate varied in the RSA, although unemployment was typically higher than the provincial average of 7.8%. In 2011, the RDKS had the highest unemployment rate in the RSA of 12.9%, which was substantially above the provincial average, whereas the PRRD had the lowest unemployment rate of 6.4% (Table 4.7-1).
At a regional level, the number of weeks worked by individuals in the RSA is similar to provincial averages. In the RSA, people worked on average 42 to 44 weeks in 2010, with more than a half working over 49 weeks. The proportion of people who worked 49 to 52 weeks in 2010 was higher in the RDFFG (61%) and PRRD (59%), as compared to the RDBN (56%) and RDKS (56%), provincially
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60% of the labour force who worked in 2010 worked at least 49 weeks (Table 4.7-2; Statistics Canada 2013c). The number of weeks worked includes both work for pay and self-employment and may be seasonal, part-time, or full-time work (Table 4.7-2).
Table 4.7-2. Work Weeks in the RSA 1, 2011
Work Activity PRRD RDFFG RDBN RDKS BC Total labour force (15 years and 34,750 51,350 20,855 18,530 2,354,245 older) Worked in 2010 33,415 (96%) 48,595 (95%) 19,815 (95%) 17,000 (92%) 2,230,005 (95%) • Worked 1 to 13 weeks 1,510 (5%) 2,775 (6%) 1,425 (7%) 1,465 (9%) 124,680 (6%) • Worked 14 to 26 weeks 3,125 (9%) 4,270 (9%) 1,990 (10%) 1,870 (11%) 189,705 (9%) • Worked 27 to 39 weeks 2,505 (7%) 3,645 (8%) 1,760 (9%) 1,300 (8%) 158,720 (7%) • Worked 40 to 48 weeks 6,430 (19%) 8,025 (17%) 3,605 (18%) 2,930 (17%) 419,080 (19%) • Worked 49 to 52 weeks 19,850 (59%) 29,880 (61%) 11,035 (56%) 9,435 (56%) 1,337,820 (60%) Average Weeks Worked in 2010 44.1 43.8 42.4 41.6 43.9 Worked full-time in 2010 27,640 (80%) 38,405 (75%) 15,415 (74%) 13,095 (71%) 1,713,540 (73%) Worked part-time in 2010 5,775 (17%) 10,190 (20%) 4,395 (21%) 3,910 (21%) 516,465 (22%)
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
Within the RSA, the portion of full-time employment among those who were employed in 2010 was similar to the provincial average (73%) with the exception of the PRRD which had slightly higher portion of full-time workers (80%). The proportion of part-time workers in the PRRD (17%) was concurrently low in comparison to other RDs in the RSA and to the provincial average of 22% (Table 4.7-2).
The main occupations in the RSA included sales and services; and trades, transport and equipment operators (Table 4.7-3; Statistics Canada 2013c). However, occupations in the natural resource industries, manufacturing, and trades and transportation were more common in the RSA compared to the provincial averages. Occupations in natural resource industries represented 3% of employed positions in the RDFFG, 6% in the PRRD, 8% in the RDBN and 5% in the RDKS; whereas only 3% of those employed in BC held occupations related to the natural resource sector. Occupations related to arts, recreation and culture were less common in the RSA compared to the province. Further, RDBN and RDKS fell short with respect to occupations in business, finance and administration with only 12% of the population working in the sector, compared to 16% provincially and 15% in the RDFFG and PRRD (Table 4.7-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.7.2.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
In 2011, the PRRD had 46,645 people 15 years of age and over, with a participation rate of 74.8%. Of the 34,750 people in the labour force, approximately 6.4% (2,220 people) were unemployed; this unemployment rate is below the provincial unemployment rate of 7.8% (Table 4.7-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
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Table 4.7-3. Labour Force by Occupation in the RSA1, 2011
Occupation PRRD RDFFG RDBN RDKS BC Total labour force population aged 34,745 51,355 20,855 18,535 2,354,245 15 years and over by occupation Occupation - not applicable 260 1,105 440 665 48,930 All occupations 34,490 50,250 20,415 17,865 2,305,320 Management occupations 3,855 (11%) 4,730 (9%) 2,065 (10%) 1,470 (8%) 263,685 (11%) Business, finance and 5,065 (15%) 7,430 (15%) 2,410 (12%) 2,175 (12%) 368,980 (16%) administration occupations Natural and applied sciences and 1,735 (5%) 2,420 (5%) 1,130 (6%) 960 (5%) 154,055 (7%) related occupations Health occupations 1,440 (4%) 3,000 (6%) 935 (5%) 1,005 (6%) 147,620 (6%) Occupations in education, law and 2,865 (8%) 5,970 (12%) 2,260 (11%) 2,805 (16%) 265,910 (12%) social, community and government services Occupations in art, culture, 465 (1%) 825 (2%) 250 (1%) 355 (2%) 78,565 (3%) recreation and sport Sales and service occupations 6,770 (20%) 11,550 (23%) 3,585 (18%) 3,925 (22%) 554,345 (24%) Trades, transport and equipment 8,725 (25%) 10,575 (21%) 4,475 (22%) 3,415 (19%) 337,140 (15%) operators and related occupations Natural resources, agriculture and 2,010 (6%) 1,665 (3%) 1,580 (8%) 845 (5%) 60,295 (3%) related production occupations Occupations in manufacturing and 1,550 (4%) 2,075 (4%) 1,730 (8%) 915 (5%) 74,720 (3%) utilities
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
Of those in the labour force in the PRRD, approximately 4% did not work in 2010. Of those employed, 59% worked over 49 weeks in 2010, and 19% worked 40 to 48 weeks (Table 4.7-2). The average number of weeks worked was 44.1.
Main occupations in the region were in trades, transportation and equipment operators (25%); sales and service (20%); business, finance and administration occupations (15%); and management occupations (11%; Table 4.7-3; Statistics Canada 2013c). Further, oil-and-gas exploration activities are advancing in the region, providing approximately 12,000 direct jobs. There are approximately 2,300 people working in forestry (NPEDC 2014).
4.7.2.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
In 2011, the RDFFG had 74,260 people 15 years of age and over, with a labour force participation rate of 69.2%, higher than the provincial participation rate of 64.6%. Of the 51,355 people in the labour force, 10.0% of residents (5,160 people) were unemployed as compared to 7.8% provincially (Table 4.7-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
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Of those in the labour force in the RDFFG, approximately 5% did not work in 2010 (Table 4.7-2). Of those employed, 61% worked over 49 weeks in 2010 and 17% worked 40 to 48 weeks (Table 4.7-2). The average number of weeks worked was 43.8 in the RDFFG.
Main occupations in the RD were in sales and service (23%); trades, transportation and equipment operators (21%); business, finance and administration occupations (15%); and occupations in education, law and social, community and government services (12%; Table 4.7-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.7.2.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
In 2011, the RDBN had 30,780 people 15 years of age and over, with a participation rate of 67.8%. Of the 20,855 in the labour force, 10.5% (or 2,190) were unemployed. Unemployment in the RDBN is slightly higher as compared to the provincial rate of 7.8% (Table 4.7-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Approximately 5% of the labour force in 2010 did not work. Of those who worked in 2010, 56% worked more than 49 weeks, while 18% worked between 40 and 48 weeks; the average number of weeks worked was 42.4 (Table 4.7-2). Main occupations in the RD included occupations in trades, transportation and equipment operators (22%); sales and service (18%); business, finance and administration occupations (12%); and occupations in education, law and social, community and government services (11%; Table 4.7-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.7.2.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS)
Of the four RDs included in the RSA, the RDKS had the smallest labour force with only 29,795 people of age 15 and over in 2011. The RDKS also had the highest unemployment rate (12.9%) of the four RDs, more than 5% higher than the provincial unemployment rate (Table 4.7-3; Statistics Canada 2013c). Approximately 2,395 people were unemployed in the RDKS in 2011.
Of the 18,530 in the labour force in 2011, 8% did not work in 2010. Of those who did, the average number of weeks worked was 41.6; 56% of workers worked more than 49 weeks in 2010 and 17% who worked between 40 and 48 weeks (Table 4.7-2). Main occupations in the region were in sales and service (22%); trades, transportation, and equipment operation (18%); and occupations in education, law and social, community and government services (12%; Table 4.7-3).
4.7.3 Potentially Affected Communities The total labour force within the PACs represented 2.2% of the provincial labour force in 2011. Of that, Takla Landing, Tsay Keh, and Kwadacha had a combined labour force of 200 people and higher-than-average unemployment rates (approximately 22% to 27%) relative to both provincial and regional averages (Statistics Canada 2013c). The unemployment rate for the other, larger PACs (Mackenzie, Prince George, Smithers and Terrace) was in line with the provincial average and varied from a low of 7.8% in Smithers and Terrace to a high of 9.9% in Prince George. Combined, there were approximately 4,870 individuals unemployed in the PACs (Table 4.7-4).
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Table 4.7-4. Labour Force Characteristics in PACs 1,2 , 2011
Takla Prince Labour Force Kwadacha Tsay Keh Landing Mackenzie George Smithers Terrace BC Population 15 years 175 75 130 2,910 57,930 4,215 9,005 3,646,840 and over In the labour force 80 45 75 2,130 39,950 3,025 5,890 2,354,245 • Employed 70 35 55 1,950 36,005 2,790 5,430 2,171,465 • Unemployed 20 10 20 180 3,945 235 460 182,775 Not in the labour 90 30 55 780 17,975 1,190 3,115 1,292,595 force Participation rate 45.7% 60.0% 57.7% 73.2% 69.0% 71.8% 65.4% 64.6% Employment Rate 40.0% 46.7% 42.3% 67.0% 62.2% 66.2% 60.3% 59.5% Unemployment 25.0% 22.2% 26.7% 8.5% 9.9% 7.8% 7.8% 7.8% Rate
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
Seasonal and short-term employment is more common in the Aboriginal PACs, and is likely related to seasonal cycles of natural resource industries. Amongst all PACs, the average number of weeks worked ranged from approximately 28 to 44 weeks worked per year (Table 4.7-5; Statistics Canada 2013c). The majority of those employed worked between 49 and 52 weeks in 2011, with the exception of Kwadacha where this group represented approximately one-third of employed individuals. Notably, the proportion of workers employed for one-to-13 weeks, and 14-to-26 weeks, was higher in the rural Aboriginal communities in comparison to the larger PACs and the provincial averages (Table 4.7-5).
Of those employed in 2011, the dominating occupations in the small, remote Aboriginal communities (Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing) were in natural resources, agriculture and related production (27.8%); sales and service (22.2%); education, law and social, community and government services (16.7%); and, trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (13.9%). In the larger communities (Mackenzie, Prince George, Smithers and Terrace), most occupations were in sales and service (24.2%); trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations (18.7%); and, business, finance and administration (14.4%; Table 4.7-6).
4.7.3.1 Kwadacha
In 2011, according to the NHS, Kwadacha had 175 residents 15 years of age and older. With approximately 80 people in the labour force, the participation rate was 45.7%, and the unemployment rate was 25.0% (Table 4.7-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
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Table 4.7-5. Seasonal Employment: Work Weeks in PACs, 2011
Takla Prince Work Activity Kwadacha Tsay Keh Landing Mackenzie George Smithers Terrace BC Total labour force (15 years and 85 45 75 2,135 39,955 3,025 5,895 2,354,245 older) Worked in 2010 75 (88%) 40 (89%) 55 (73%) 2,000 (94%) 37,710 (94%) 2,950 (98%) 5,520 (94%) 2,230,005 (95%) • Worked 1 to 13 weeks 15 (20%) 10 (25%) 10 (18%) 105 (5%) 2,255 (6%) 225 (8%) 410 (7%) 124,680 (6%) • Worked 14 to 26 weeks 30 (40%) 10 (25%) 15 (27%) 140 (7%) 3,325 (9%) 340 (12%) 445 (8%) 189,705 (9%) • Worked 27 to 39 weeks 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 225 (11%) 2,835 (8%) 230 (8%) 365 (7%) 158,720 (7%) • Worked 40 to 48 weeks 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 10 (18%) 265 (13%) 6,235 (17%) 480 (16%) 990 (18%) 419,080 (19%) • Worked 49 to 52 weeks 25 (33%) 20 (50%) 30 (55%) 1,265 (63%) 23,055 (61%) 1,670 (57%) 3,315 (60%) 1,337,820 (60%) Average Weeks Worked in 2010 28 39 41 44 44 43 43 4 4
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
Table 4.7-6. Labour Force by Occupation in the PACs 1,2 , 2011
Takla Prince Occupation Kwadacha Tsay Keh Landing Mackenzie George Smithers Terrace BC Total labour force (15 years and 85 45 75 2,135 39,955 3,025 5,890 2,354,245 older) All Occupations 75 45 60 2,095 38,980 3,015 5,750 2 ,305,320 Management 10 (13%) 10 (22%) 0 155 (7%) 3,460 (9%) 295 (10%) 545 (9%) 263,685 (11%) Business, finance, and 10 (13%) 0 10 (17%) 285 (14%) 5,790 (15%) 390 (13%) 735 (13%) 368,980 (16%) administration Natural and applied sciences 0 0 0 95 (5%) 1,990 (5%) 215 (7%) 390 (7%) 154,055 (7%) Health occupations 0 0 0 85 (4%) 2,525 (6%) 170 (6%) 330 (6%) 147,620 (6%) Education, law and social, 10 (13%) 10 (22%) 10 (17%) 180 (9%) 4,930 (13%) 385 (13%) 1,060 (18%) 265,910 (12%) community and government services Art, culture, recreation, and sport 0 0 0 35 (2%) 705 (2%) 45 (1%) 120 (2%) 78,565 (3%) Sales and service 10 (13%) 10 (22%) 20 (33%) 330 (16%) 9,465 (24%) 740 (25%) 1,510 (26%) 554,345 (24%) Trades, transport, and equipment 0 10 (22%) 15 (25%) 620 (30%) 7,490 (19%) 500 (17%) 720 (13%) 337,140 (15%) operators Natural resources, agriculture and 30 (40%) 10 (22%) 10 (17%) 65 (3%) 1,155 (3%) 170 (6%) 180 (3%) 60,295 (3%) related production occupations Processing, manufacturing, and 0 0 0 245 (12%) 1,485 (4%) 110 (4%) 160 (3%) 74,720 (3%) utilities
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 2 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
Recent community research indicates that approximately 35% of Kwadacha Nation members (including those residing on reserve, on other reserves, and off reserve) work full-time or part-time. However, this is believed to under-estimate the number of Kwadacha Nation members who are employed as many are employed as seasonal workers, for whom peaks of employment occur in spring and summer, while the survey was conducted in mid-winter (McCook and Case 2012). NHS statistics also indicate that full-time employment in the community is relatively uncommon and many people rely on seasonal work. The average number of weeks worked is 28, well below the provincial average of 44. Further, only 33% of employed persons worked between 49 to 52 weeks in 2010, whereas 40% worked 14 to 26 weeks (Table 4.7-5; Statistics Canada 2013c). Notably, 80% of survey respondents indicated a preference to live and work within the Kwadacha community (McCook and Case 2012).
Over 30% of occupations in the community are in primary industries (40%); other occupational areas include management; business, finance, and administration; and, sales and service (Table 4.7-6; Statistics Canada 2013c). SNC Lavalin notes that most local employment is seasonal, and includes silviculture and forestry work, as well as other resource extraction industries (SNC Lavalin 2013). Kwadacha members are also seasonally employed engaged in trail cutting and, at times, cabin building (S. Case, pers. comm., 2014). A recent community survey (2012) asked Kwadacha Nation members to report on their transferrable skill sets. Skill sets included construction (30%), project management (15%), computer skills (50%), while communication, decision-making, motivational and organizational skills were each reported by 60% of respondents. The same report inferred that Kwadacha Nation members, while skilled, are apprehensive about careers requiring higher education and specific training, as a majority of survey respondents selected “labourer” as having the greatest potential for future employment (McCook and Case 2012).
The Kwadacha Nation provides many of the locally available jobs. In 2012, approximately 75 people were employed by Kwadacha Nation and subsidiary agencies with band offices in Kwadacha and Prince George (SNC Lavalin 2013).
4.7.3.2 Tsay Keh
Statistics Canada reports that the labour force participation rate in Tsay Keh was 60.0% in 2011. Of those in the labour force, the unemployment rate was estimated to be 22.2% (Table 4.7-4; Statistics Canada 2013c). In 2010, residents worked an average of 39 weeks, and 50% worked 49 to 52 weeks (Table 4.7-5). Occupational areas included management; education, law and social, community and government; sales and service; trades and transportation; and primary industry (Table 4.7-6).
The TKDN administration directly employs approximately 62 full-time staff and 9 part-time employees. Of these positions, 31 are held by Tsay Keh Dene members. The largest employment sectors within the administration are education and health-and-wellness; the Health and Wellness Department employs 15 people. To augment its capacity, the TKDN also employs the services of professional advisors and consultants under long term contracts (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
Over the years, the TKDN has pursued a range of initiatives to create employment and training opportunities for its members in forestry, mining and other sectors. A key focus for the current administration is to build a stable economic base that provides full-time, long-term employment in a
4-46 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION healthy environment with skilled jobs, preferably in the Tsay Keh Dene territory. To further these goals, the TKDN recently established the Tsay Keh Economic Development Corporation; at this time, the Economic Development Corporation mainly provides seasonal employment related to natural resource development. The TKDN has also established agreements with industry that provide for employment and training opportunities for Tsay Keh Dene members; this includes an Interim Measures Agreement between the Tsay Keh Nay and AuRico (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
The Tsay Keh Economic Development Corporation houses a number of TKDN-based businesses, including Chu Cho Industries Limited Partner (LP; an earthworks and transportation contractor), Chu Cho Environmental, Chu Cho Forestry, Tsay Keh Dene Outfitters, and others. In 2013, Chu Cho Industries LP employed 16 full-time employees (6 of whom were members of the TKDN) and 107 seasonal employees (85 of whom were members of the TKDN; L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). In 2014, Chu Cho Industries LP received the “community-owned business of the year” award as part of the BC Aboriginal Business Awards (BC Achievement Foundation 2014).
4.7.3.3 Takla Landing
In 2011, Takla Landing had 130 people 15 years of age and older with a labour participation rate of 57.7%. Of the 75 in the labour force, approximately 20 were unemployed, indicating an unemployment rate 26.7% (Table 4.7-4; Statistics Canada 2013c). Residents of Takla Landing worked on average 41 weeks; over 30% worked 49 to 52 weeks and 27% worked 14 to 26 weeks (Table 4.7-5). The primary occupations in the community included those in sales and service (20%); business, education, law and government (20%); trades and transportation (15%); and primary industry (10%; Table 4.7-6).
A recent study by SNC Lavalin (2013) reported that the total available workforce in Takla Landing was approximately 120 people in 2012. Of that, 35% were considered permanently employed, while the remaining 65% were either seasonally employed or unemployed (SNC Lavalin 2013). This report notes that there are many barriers to employment for the community (not unlike other small and isolated Aboriginal communities). Further, seasonal out-migration from the community is influenced by the lack of local education, training, employment and housing opportunities (SNC Lavalin 2013). As such, most community members do not maintain full-time permanent employment within or outside the community but rather are employed seasonally.
Within Takla Landing, the largest employer is the Health Clinic (L. Krebs, pers. comm. 2015). Takla Landing residents are also employed through TLFN, the Takla Trading Post, and occasionally with the Takla Development Corporation. Many community members also continue to generate subsistence livelihoods from their trap lines and territory. The development of natural resource industries has provided varying levels of employment for community members; historically forestry has been a particularly important source of employment for Takla Landing residents. Recent employment opportunities have included seasonal work with mineral exploration companies such as AuRico, as well as forestry (SNC Lavalin 2013).
The TLFN band office in Takla Landing has 10 staff positions in departments covering administration; health and social development; health; capital and housing; community development; lands and resources; education; and economic development (Takla Lake First Nation
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2013; L. Krebs, pers. comm. 2015). The TLFN also has a band office in Prince George. In Takla Landing, the TLFN also employs a Carrier language teacher and up to five teaching assistants, who are typically all band members. Health care positions employ three TLFN members, as well as three external healthcare practitioners contracted through CSFS. Overall, the amount of employment provided by TLFN programs fluctuates depending on funding constraints (SNC Lavalin 2013).
4.7.3.4 Mackenzie
In 2011, Mackenzie had 2,910 people 15 years of age and older with a labour participation rate of 73.2%; this was the highest labour participation of all the PACs. Of the 2,130 people in the labour force, 1,950 were employed and 180 were unemployed. The unemployment rate was at 8.5%, above the provincial average of 7.8% (Table 4.7-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Forestry is the main industry and economic foundation in Mackenzie (District of Mackenzie 2015) The number of weeks worked in Mackenzie is aligned with the provincial average of 44 weeks, and over 63% of employed worked between 49 and 52 weeks in 2010 (Table 4.7-5). Occupations included, among others, trades and transport (30%); sales and service (16%); business, finance, and administration (14%); and processing, manufacturing, and utilities (12%; Table 4.7-6).
4.7.3.5 Prince George
In 2011, Prince George had 57,930 people 15 years of age and older with a labour participation rate of 69.0%. Of the 39,950 in the labour force, 3,945 (9.9%) were unemployed (Table 4.7-4; Statistics Canada 2013c). Originally a forest-based economy, Prince George has diversified across all sectors and now has a strong natural resource and supplies good and services for broad range of sector activities regionally, provincially, and internationally (Initiatives Prince George 2015)
In Prince George, the average number of weeks worked by those employed in 2010 was 44, and 61% worked 49 to 52 weeks that year and 17% worked 40 to 48 weeks (Table 4.7-5). Major occupations in Prince George included, sales and service (24%); trades, transport, and equipment operators (19%); business, finance, and administration (15%); and education, law and social, community and government services (13%; Table 4.7-6). Prince George is the largest city in northern BC, and the distribution of occupations is in line with the provincial averages.
4.7.3.6 Smithers
Smithers had 4,215 people 15 years of age and older with a labour participation rate of 71.8% in 2011. Of the 3,025 in the labour force, 235 (7.8%) were unemployed (Table 4.7-4; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Smithers is a service hub for surrounding communities and hosts a variety of government services that compliment resource based enterprises (NDIT 2010). Residents of Smithers worked on average 43 weeks per year in 2010, with 57% working 49 to 52 weeks and 16% working 40 to 48 weeks (Table 4.7-5). In 2011, major occupations in the city included sales and service (25%); trades, transport, and equipment operators (17%); business, finance, and administration (13%); and education, law and social, community and government services (13%; Table 4.7-6).
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4.7.3.7 Terrace
In 2011, Terrace had 5,890 people in the labour force (participation rate of 65.4%). Of that, similar to Smithers and BC, 7.8% were unemployed (Table 4.7-4; Statistics Canada 2013c). The average number of weeks worked in Terrace was 43, with over 60% of residents working over 49 weeks, and 19% who worked between 40 to 48 weeks in 2010 (Table 4.7-5). Main occupations for the residents of Terrace included sales and service occupations (26%), education, law, social, community and government services (18%), business, finance and administration (13%) and management (9%; Table 4.7-6).
4.8 BUSINESS ACTIVITY
4.8.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
Economic activity in the RSA is centered on natural resources, including mining, forestry agriculture and tourism.
4.8.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
The economy of the PRRD is diversified and comprises agriculture, mining, manufacturing, petroleum, exploration and development, hydro-electric power generation and forestry (Invest in Northeast BC 2014). Coal resources, pulp and wood production, diversification in the agricultural sector and exploration activities in the natural gas and petroleum sector drive the regional economy (Invest in Northeast BC 2014). The PRRD describes itself as one of the best areas in the world for producing quality grass seeds, and produces almost 90% of BC’s grain and 95% of BC’s canola harvests (NPEDC 2014). As the home of both the W.A.C. Bennett and Peace Canyon dams, the PRRD produces 38% of BC hydroelectric power and also has some of the largest gas fields in North America with rapidly expanding oil and gas exploration and production (NPEDC 2014). In the past few years, there was also an increase in tourism in the region, and the PRRD hosts over 320,000 tourists each year (Invest in Northeast BC 2014).
By employment, the largest industries in the RD include manufacturing, wholesale and retail (19% of total employment); mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction (13%); construction (11%); and other services (Table 4.8-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.8.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
Forestry is the main economic sector in the RDFFG, serving as the backbone of the economy, while education, tourism, and clean energy provide some diversification to the region (Invest in North Central BC 2014). By employment, the largest industries in the RD include manufacturing, wholesale and retail (24%); health care (11%); education (8%); construction (8%); and other services (Table 4.8-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Top employers in the RDFFG include the Northern Health Authority, School District No. 57, Government of BC, UNBC, City of Prince George, CNC, Canfor Pulp, Canfor Woods Products, Lakeland Mills, CN Rail, Telus, Save-on-Foods, Costco, and Walmart (RDFFG n.d.).
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Table 4.8-1. Labour Force by Industry in the RSA, 2011 (NHS)
Industry PRRD RDFFG RDBN RDKS BC Total labour force population aged 34,745 51,355 20,855 18,530 2,354,245 15 years and over by industry Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 1,980 (6%) 2,505 (5%) 2,740 (13%) 865 (5%) 61,210 (3%) hunting Mining, quarrying, and oil and 4,590 (13%) 725 (1%) 945 (5%) 420 (2%) 25,450 (1%) gas extraction Construction 3,835 (11%) 4,015 (8%) 1,510 (7%) 1,275 (7%) 181,510 (8%) Manufacturing, Wholesale and 6,450 (19%) 12,160 (24%) 5,265 (26%) 4,090 (23%) 505,635 (22%) Retail Transportation and warehousing 2,025 (6%) 3,425 (7%) 1,000 (5%) 965 (5%) 118,675 (5%) Educational services 1,980 (6%) 3,825 (8%) 1,630 (8%) 1,740 (10%) 167,875 (7%) Health care and social assistance 2,455 (7%) 5,765 (11%) 1,605 (8%) 2,105 (12%) 249,030 (11%) Public administration 1,815 (5%) 3,510 (7%) 1,645 (8%) 1,960 (11%) 143,875 (6%) Other Services* 9,360 (27%) 14,330 (29%) 4,090 (20%) 4,430 (25%) 852,050 (37%)
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: Numbers may not total 100% due to rounding and data suppression techniques employed by Statistics Canada. * Other services include: utilities; information and cultural industries; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support; waste management and remediation services; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and foods services; and other services (except public administration).
4.8.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
Economic sectors in the RDBN include forestry, mining, agriculture, and tourism (RDBN 2014b). Timber harvesting and lumber production drives the forestry sector. With the recent Mountain Pine Beetle infestation, the industry diversified into the bio-energy, biomass, and value-added manufacturing sectors (RDBN 2014b). Forestry employs between 21% (Smithers) to 49% (Fort St. James) of the total labour force in the region (RDBN 2014b).
The mining sector is thriving due to the well-developed transportation system and suitable infrastructure in the region. There are currently two fully operational mines within the region: Endako Mine and Huckleberry Mine. In 2014, Endako mine 11 employed approximately 360 people whereas Huckleberry employed 265 people (RDBN 2014b; The Vancouver Sun 2014). Mount Milligan is a copper and gold mine begun commercial operation in February of 2014 (Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. 2014) with the estimated number of employees at 350. Several other mining projects are also in various phases of exploration and development phase (RDBN 2014b).
11 In December 2014, Endako mine management announced that work would be suspended as a result of low mineral prices. The suspension was scheduled for mid-February 2015 and affected both salaried and hourly workers.
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Agricultural activity in the region includes ranching and hay production, with approximately 427 horse-and-pony farms, 386 cattle farms and 169 hens and chicken farms in 2011 (RDBN 2014b). An estimated 13% of the RDBN’s employed labour force works in the agriculture and the forestry sector; this is over four times the provincial average. Tourism is a also a growing industry, with up to 13,000 visitors each year (RDBN 2014b).
In 2011, the largest industries in the RD, by employment, included manufacturing, wholesale and retail (26%) and agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (13%) (Table 4.8-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.8.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine
Economic activities in the RDKS include mining, forestry, energy, fishing, and transportation (Invest in Northwest BC 2014). There are several mills and some new hydro projects in the region, and a number of LNG developments are proposed along the region’s Pacific coast. Resource industries are complemented by the government, education and health sectors. In 2011, the largest industries in the RKDS, by employment, included manufacturing, wholesale and retail (23%); health care and social assistance (12%); public administration (11%); educational services (10%); mining, quarrying and oil and gas extraction ( 2%); and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting (5%)(Table 4.8-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
With improvements in infrastructure and transportation in the RDKS, the region saw an increase in jobs and skills, with tourism and telecommunications offering some diversification to the region (Invest in Northwest BC 2014). The Economic Development Commission for the RDKS focuses its funding efforts on tourism, mineral industry servicing and location filming (RDKS 2014b).
4.8.2 Potentially Affected Communities
Business activity in the PACs varies by community, although there are some notable trends. The “agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting” sector is particularly important in the Aboriginal communities, especially for Kwadacha (13%) and Tsay Keh (22%) with rates of employment in this sector notably above the provincial average (3%). Public administration and health care also provide employment for band members; in 2011, 50% of all employed in Kwadacha and Takla Landing, and 44% of workers in Tsay Keh, worked in the public administration sector (Table 4.8-2; Statistics Canada 2013c). None reported to have worked in the mining industry in the 2011 census, although AuRico notes that 40 people 12 from the Kwadacha Nation, TKDN, and TLFN were employed in relation to the Kemess site in 2013-14.
Service-related industries provide the majority of employment in the larger PACs. In 2011, manufacturing, wholesale trade and retail trade employed 33% of workers in the Mackenzie, 25% in Prince George, 19% in Smithers and 23% in Terrace; provincially, 22% of workers were employed in this sector. Mining, quarrying, and oil-and-gas extraction industries are also an important source of employment for the larger PACs, employing as much as 6% of the workforce in Smithers and 3% in Mackenzie, compared to 1% in BC as a whole (Table 4.8-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
12 In 2013, 17 TKN members were employed during seasonal exploration, and two were employed as seasonal environmental monitors at Kemess South. In 2014, there were 21 TKN members employed during exploration (Craig, S. pers. comm).
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Table 4.8-2. Labour Force 1,2 by Industry in the PACs, 2011 (NHS)
Takla Prince Industry Kwadacha Tsay Keh Landing Mackenzie George Smithers Terrace BC Total labour force population aged 85 45 75 2,135 39,955 3,025 5,890 2,354,245 15 years and over by industry Industry - not applicable 10 0 15 35 970 0 145 48,9 30 All industries 80 45 60 2,095 38,980 3,015 5,750 2,305,315 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and 10 (13%) 10 (22%) 0 (0%) 80 (4%) 1,340 (3%) 125 (4%) 185 (3%) 61,210 (3%) hunting Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 70 (3%) 555 (1%) 185 (6%) 60 (1%) 25,450 (1%) extraction Construction 0 (0%) 10 (22%) 0 (0%) 125 (6%) 2,930 (8%) 290 (10%) 255 (4%) 181,510 (8%) Manufacturing, wholesale and 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 700 (33%) 9,625 (25%) 575 (19%) 1,340 (23%) 505,635 (22%) retail Transportation and warehousing 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 185 (9%) 2,540 (7%) 195 (6%) 270 (5%) 118,675 (5%) Educational services 10 (13%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 120 (6%) 3,145 (8%) 290 (10%) 630 (11%) 167,875 (7%) Health care and social assistance 10 (13%) 0 (0%) 10 (17%) 115 (5%) 4,825 (12%) 265 (9%) 775 (13%) 249,030 (11%) Public administration 40 (50%) 20 (44%) 30 (50%) 155 (7%) 2,685 (7%) 180 (6%) 560 (10%) 143,875 (6%) Other 3 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 485 (23%) 11,355 (29%) 905 (30%) 1,665 (29%) 852,050 (37%)
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Numbers may not total 100% due to rounding and data suppression techniques employed by Statistics Canada. 2 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 3 Other services include: utilities; information and cultural industries; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support; waste management and remediation services; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and foods services; and other services (except public administration).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.8.2.1 Kwadacha
In Kwadacha, the dominating industries in 2011 included public administration (50%); agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (13%); education (13%); and health services (13%; Table 4.8-2). Kwadacha was initially a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company (fur trading) that introduced commercial trapping, still a mainstay of life in the region (RCCBC 2014f). Main industries in Kwadacha include forestry and utilities (RCCBC 2014f).
The Kwadacha Nation employs a number of community members through the Kwadacha Natural Resources LP. A notable amount of employment (approximately 75 people) also stems from the two Band offices; one is located at Kwadacha and the other is located in Price George (SNC Lavalin 2013). Kwadacha has a general store, the Kwadacha Community Store, owned by the Band (Table 4.8-3). There is also an airstrip that facilitates service (chartered by Kwadacha Nation) by Northern Thunderbird Air from Prince George (SNC Lavalin 2013; Kwadacha Nation 2015).
Table 4.8-3. Business Activity Aboriginal Communities
Community 1 Businesses/Organizations Kwadacha • Aatse Davie School • The Whitehouse (Accommodations) • Northern Store (The Old Store) • Kwadacha Airstrip (Fort Ware Airstrip) • Kwadacha Band Office (Kwadacha • Fort Ware Water Aerodrome Administration and Health Building; • Restaurant (including lunch for students) • Kwadacha Natural Resources Ltd.) • Kwadacha Outfitters • KO Fishing Adventures • Metal Masters • Kwadacha Health and Recreation Centre • Canada Post Office • Sawmill Tsay Keh • Tsay Keh School • Ingenika Trading Post/Gas Bar/Post Office • Learning Center • Multi-Plex (Accommodations, clinic, HC, • Tsay Keh Dene Administration Office fitness facility) • Lands, Resources, and Treaty Operations • “Band” House (Accommodations) Office • Tsay Keh Airstrip • Chu Cho Industries LP • RCMP Detachment • Chu Cho Environmental • Chu Cho Environmental • Chu Cho Forestry • Police Meadows Farm and Community • Tsay Keh Dene Outfitters Gardens Takla Landing • Nus Wadeezulh School • Post Office • Takla Band Office • RV Site • Health Centre • RCMP Detachment • Takla Trading Post (Restaurant, Motel, Gas, Store) Sources: TLFN (2014a), Kwadacha Nation (2014e), SNC Lavalin (2013). Note: 1 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing.
The Kwadacha Nation has a business selling traditional herbal teas online. Kwadacha Elders’ Dune Tiyah Society created their own tea venture from traditional plants grown within their region. Tii-mâstêt i s the traditional Kwadacha name for the type of tea leaves harvested (known to others as
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Labrador Tea). The business is run by Elders who harvest tea leaves by hand and process the tealeaves in an industrial dehydrator. The particular herb harvested is rhododendron tomentosum which is picked in mountainous areas within the traditional territory (JagaSilk n.d.).
Kwadacha Outfitters provides a variety of outdoors and tourism services including hunting, fishing, and eco-tours in Kwadacha country. Kwadacha Outfitters began operation in the fall of 2013 and operates over 2,700 square miles in the Cassiar and Rocky Mountains of northern BC. Access to these areas is fly-in and riverboat only. Guided hunts focus on five species (stone sheep, grizzly, moose, caribou, and mountain goat) which range in cost from $10,500 for a 10 day hunt of moose, caribou, or mountain goat (one-on-one horseback or riverboat/backpack hunt; September), to $12,500 for a ten day grizzly hunt (one-on-one horse assisted hunt; September), to $17,500 for a 14 day stone sheep hunt (one-on-one horse assisted/backpack hunt, August). Transportation to and from Kwadacha is offered for $1,200 and there are tag and royalty fees depending on the species (Kwadacha Outfitters 2015).
4.8.2.2 Tsay Keh
In Tsay Keh, the local economy largely comprises employment with the Nation and in the natural resources sector. In 2011, dominating industries by employment were public administration (44%); agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (22%); and construction (22%; Table 4.8-2).
In 2010, the TKDN directly employed approximately 65 full-time staff and 14 part-time employees. Of these positions, 31 were held by Tsay Keh Dene members. The Nation also hires seasonal workers for the farm at Police Meadows, trail cutting, the mill, and woodcutting, which usually employ an average of additional 25 to 30 people seasonally. To augment its capacity, the TKDN also employs the services of professional advisors and consultants when needed. The TKDN has offices in Prince George and the community of Tsay Keh (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
The TKDN owns and operates the Ingenika Trading Post in Tsay Keh and works with a nutritionist to provide healthy alternatives for the health and well-being of membership. Tsay Keh has an airstrip and is part owner in Ootsa Air which provides flight service to Tsay Keh (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
4.8.2.3 Takla Landing
In 2011, most employment in Takla Landing was in public administration (50%) and health care (17%); additional census data is unavailable (Table 4.8.2; Statistics Canada 2013c). However, forestry and mining are also known to provide some employment.
Key places of employment at Takla Landing include the Band office, the Takla Trading Post, and the Takla Development Corporation. Other notable employers historically included Canfor, the Government of BC, and AuRico and other mining companies (SNC Lavalin 2013). There are 12 community members who are certified and have worked as environmental monitors on exploratory drilling operations in recent years. Others community members have worked as laborers on exploratory drilling operations (SNC Lavalin 2013).
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Historically, the forestry sector provided job opportunities for many community members; however, forestry has been largely reduced since 2006. Skilled labour shortages, remoteness and the mountain beetle epidemic contributed to this decline. In recent years, forestry related activities have sporadically returned, alongside an increase in the mining exploration (SNC Lavalin 2013).
Recent and upcoming mining explorations in the region also provide some employment. In 2012, approximately eight community members worked in the mineral exploration in the region; however, such positions are often seasonal and last only for a few months each year (SNC Lavalin 2013).
The community has limited services with some businesses on reserve and access to others in Fort St. James (Table 4.8-3). The Takla Trading Post (TTP or Takla Lodge) consists of a small general store, a restaurant and accommodation (13 rooms). The community also has a gas station, postal service and an RV site. There are no public transportation services (SNC Lavalin 2013). The vision of TLFN governance is to create a sustainable, healthy, and prosperous community that is grounded in the cultural heritage and respectful of its traditional lands (TLFN 2014b).
4.8.2.4 Mackenzie
Mackenzie was established in 1960s with the opening of large pulp and lumber manufacturing facilities in the region. Currently, Mackenzie provides a number of services not only for its residents but also for the Aboriginal communities in the region. Some of the services include educational and health services, industry, retail and professional businesses, food and accommodation. Transportation services include Northern Thunderbird Air, Pacific Western Helicopters and Yellowhead Helicopters. A full business registry is provided by the Mackenzie Chamber of Commerce (2014). According to the 2011 NHS, manufacturing, wholesale and retail (33%), other services 13 sector (23%) and transportation and warehousing (9%) dominated the industry sector in the community (Table 4.8-2).
4.8.2.5 Prince George
The City of Prince George provides all major services in the region, and is the robust service and supply hub for northern BC serving a variety of industries. The economy of Prince George is thriving, offering full opportunities for housing, employment, education, recreation, and the cultural life of residents. Prince George provides services not only to its residents but also to the residents of nearby communities (estimated total population of 326,000; IPGED 2014). In 2011, major industries by employment included the provision of services (29%), manufacturing, wholesale and retail (25%), construction (8%), educational (8%) and health (12%) services (Table 4.8-2).
Forestry is the primary industry supporting the city, though tourism and outdoor recreation are also of importance (RCCBC 2014f). There are several pallet mills, sawmills, and pulp and paper mills in
13 Includes: utilities; information and cultural industries; finance and insurance; real estate and rental and leasing; professional, scientific and technical services; management of companies and enterprises; administrative and support; waste management and remediation services; arts, entertainment and recreation; accommodation and foods services; and other services (except public administration).
AURICO METALS INC. 4-55 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT the region as well as a few existing mining projects or mining projects in development (IPGED 2014). The Prince George Business Area of BC Timber Sales encompasses the Mackenzie, Prince George and Headwaters forest districts; the administrative and management centre is in Prince George. This organization conducts forest planning, timber cruising, layout and engineering, road construction and maintenance, bridge installations, and silviculture activities such as tree planting, surveys and stand treatments in an area encompassed by the Mackenzie, Prince George and part of the Headwaters Forest Districts (BCTS 2008).
4.8.2.6 Smithers
A range of businesses operate in Smithers, including a variety of retail stores, gas stations, restaurants, health services, and wholesale trade. The community has two shopping malls, the Bulkley Valley Credit Union, and three major commercial banks. Invest BC identifies 22 other key support service businesses, including, four tool and die companies, three machine shops, four welders, two office equipment firms, one import/export broker, one courier company, four freight forwarders, and one translation firm (Invest BC 2010).
In addition, Smithers has various infrastructure services that support the regional economy, including the Smithers Municipal Airport, which is an important hub for the movement of goods and people into the northwest. Air Canada, Central Mountain Air, Northern Lights, Canadian Helicopter, Hawk Air, Highland Helicopter, Northern Thunderbird Air, and Sustut Air all use the facilities.
The Town of Smithers has a very limited industrial land base but does own land adjacent to the airport, which it is looking to make available for industry. The Smithers Regional Airport Business and Land Use Plan includes plans to expand water and sewer services to create space for approximately 12 commercial or light industrial lots (Brucejack Project Research Program 2012).
In terms of employment numbers, the provision of various services (30%); manufacturing, wholesale and retail (19%); construction (10%); educational (10%); and health (9%) services dominated the industry in 2011 (Table 4.8-2).
4.8.2.7 Terrace
There are a range of businesses in Terrace, including a variety of retail stores and boutiques, gas stations, restaurants, health services, and wholesale trade. The community has a shopping mall, grocery stores, and department stores (including Wal-Mart and Zellers). Banking services include national banks and local credit unions. Invest BC identifies a number of other support service businesses, including a tool and die shop, five machine shops, ten welding shops, three office equipment firms, a temporary employment agency, an import/export broker, and several firms dealing in transportation and shipping (Invest in Northwest BC 2011). Overall, the economy is well diversified, with a strong base in a variety of services and industries (Statistics Canada 2013c).
Several businesses in Terrace supply the mining industry with a wide range of support services and materials including communications, heavy-duty equipment repair and maintenance, helicopter services, bulk fuel storage, drilling contractors, explosives, and trades contractors (Invest in Northwest BC 2011). Terrace’s business community is experiencing the effects on mining activity in
4-56 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the region with more than three-quarters of local businesses expecting a substantial increase in sales and revenue in the coming years (TEDA 2013). Terrace is the prime location to host many mining related activities, events, and provide services to the mining industry (TEDA 2013).
Tourism is an important contributor to Terrace and the regional economy, as reflected in the growing number of tourism-oriented businesses and services in the area. Terrace offers an unlimited number of outdoor activities including hiking, mountain biking, camping and water activities among others (Hello BC 2014).
In 2011—in line with Mackenzie, Prince George and Smithers—the main industries in Terrace were focused around the service sectors. Manufacturing, wholesale and retail related industries employed 23% of the workforce whereas transportation and warehousing employed 11%; in comparison, 7% of BC population worked in transportation and warehousing. Further, approximately 1% of employed Terrace residents worked in mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction, and another 3% in agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting (Table 4.8-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.9 INCOME LEVELS AND SOURCES
4.9.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
As shown in Table 4.9-1, the median and average income of females is lower in comparison to men at the provincial level. This trend is common across all Canadian provinces, with smaller disparities occurring in the prairies. There is a greater gender based disparity in median and average incomes in all RDs in the RSA with the exception of the RDKS in which the different is slightly smaller in comparison (Table 4.9-1). The PRRD had the highest individual median and average income for both men and women, on average. Within the RSA, the lowest income for men is within the RDKS, whereas the RDBN had the lowest income for women (Table 4.9-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Table 4.9-1. Median and Average Individual and Household Income in the RSA 1, 2010
Median Annual Income Average Annual Income Median Average for Individuals for Individuals Household Household Region Total Male Female Total Male Female Income Income PRRD $36,538 $50,117 $26,737 $46,218 $58,304 $33,182 $76,982 $88,313 RDFFG $31,310 $40,701 $24,272 $39,581 $48,162 $30,844 $63,845 $74,554 RDBN $27,562 $40,119 $20,737 $38,245 $47,531 $28,328 $62,303 $73,508 RDKS $26,752 $32,592 $22,317 $35,795 $42,319 $28,959 $54,871 $67,746 BC $28,765 $35,627 $23,624 $39,415 $47,480 $31,683 $60,333 $77,378
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Income shown is before-tax income.
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In comparison to the provincial average for individuals ($28,765) the median annual income 14 was higher in FFGRD and PRRD and lower in RDBN and RDKS. Within the RSA, median and average household incomes in 2010 were highest in the PRRD. Comparatively, median incomes were higher in comparison to the province ($60,333) with the exception of RDKS which was slightly lower ($54,871). However, average household income levels in the RSA were slightly lower, with only the PRRD exceeding the provincial average ($77,378). The RDKS had the lowest median and average household income.
Employment was the main source of income in the RSA, with PRRD relying the heaviest on employment income (84.5%) and the RDKS relying more heavily on government transfer payments 15 and other sources of income (Table 4.9-2; Statistics Canada 2013c). Median and average employment income 16 were also the highest in the PRRD, whereas the RDKS had the lowest median and RDBN had the lowest average employment income (Table 4.9-3). This may suggest an availability of economic opportunities in the PRRD that contribute to the high individual and household income, as also indicated by the lowest unemployment rate in the RSA (Section 4.3.2.1).
Table 4.9-2. Sources of Income in the RSA, 2010
Source of Total Income Region Employment Income (%) Government Transfers (%) Other Money Income (%) PRRD 84.5 8.5 0.9 RDFFG 77.7 11.9 1.6 RDBN 77.0 12.5 1.4 RDKS 73.4 15.3 2.1 BC 73.7 11.7 1.7
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c)
4.9.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
In the PRRD, as for other RDs in the RSA, men had a higher income than women. The median average income for women in 2010 was $26,737, while men earned twice as much ($50,117; Table 4.9-1). Further, median employment income was $65,688 for males and approximately $22,000 less for females (Table 4.9-3). The median household income was $76,982, which is approximately $15,000 above the provincial median (Table 4.9-1). Approximately, 84.5% of income from all sources represented employment income, with only 8.5% coming from government transfers (Table 4.9-2).
14 Annual income is defined as the total income from all sources, including employment income, income from government programs, pension income, investment income, and any other monetary income. 15 Government transfer payments refer to all cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments. These include: the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance and Allowance for the Survivor; benefits from Canada Pension Plan; benefits from Employment Insurance; child benefits; other income from government sources. 16 Employment income is defined as the total income received as wages and salaries, net income from a non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice, and/or net farm self-employment income.
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Table 4.9-3. Median and Average Employment Income in the RSA, 2010
Median Annual Employment Income Average Annual Employment Income (Population Aged 15+) (Population Aged 15+) Region Total Male Female Total Male Female PRRD $54,876 $65,688 $43,521 $63,012 $73,117 $47,345 RDFFG $51,617 $60,440 $40,737 $55,854 $64,050 $44,863 RDBN $52,143 $61,607 $35,327 $54,728 $62,460 $41,718 RDKS $49,549 $62,351 $40,184 $55,590 $63,917 $45,388 BC $49,143 $55,334 $42,839 $58,016 $65,599 $47,970
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c)
4.9.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
Based on the 2011 NHS, the median and average individual incomes in the RDFFG were respectively $31,310 and $39,581, being slightly above that of the province. The median and average incomes for men were almost double those for women (Table 4.9-1). The median and average incomes for households were respectively $63,845 and $74,554 (Table 4.9-1). Further, 77.7% of the income in the RDFFG represented employment income and 11.9% of income was derived from government transfers (Table 4.9-2). The median employment income was $60,440 for men, provincially it was $55,334; for women the median employment income was $40,440. The average income was approximately $4,000 higher for each group (Table 4.9-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.9.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
In the RDBN, the median income for men was $40,119, while income for women was approximately 50% lower ($20,737). Median household income was $62,303 (Table 4.9-1). Employment income comprised 77.0% of total income in the RD, while government transfers represented 12.5% (Table 4.9-2). Further, the median employment income for men was $61,607, while comparable income for women was more than $25,000 lower (Table 4.9-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.9.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS)
Residents of the RDKS report, on average, lower income compared to the other three RDs in the RSA. In 2010, the median income for men was $32,592, which was only $3,000 below the provincial standard, but almost $18,000 below the median income for men in the PRRD. For women the median income was $22,317, falling slightly below the provincial income. The median household income was $54,871 (Table 4.9-1). Only 73.4% of income was derived from employment; this is in line with the provincial average, but government transfer made up a higher proportion of overall income (15.3%) in the RDKS (Table 4.9-2). Further, median employment income for men was $62,351, while the comparable earnings for women were $22,000 lower (Table 4.9-3; Statistics Canada 2013c).
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4.9.2 Potentially Affected Communities
Similar to regional and provincial trends, men typically have higher median and average incomes than women in PACs; in the larger service centres of Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace, median household incomes are above provincial averages (Table 4.9-4). Median incomes are lower than average incomes, pointing to a comparatively larger proportion of low income earners. Recent research indicates that incomes in the three Aboriginal PACs are particularly low (SNC Lavalin 2013).
Table 4.9-4. Median and Average Individual and Household Income in the PACs 1,2,3 , 2010
Median Annual Income Average Annual Income Median Average for Individuals for Individuals Household Household Community Total Male Female Total Male Female Income Income Kwadacha $11,394 $9,826 $12,066 $24,902 $34,687 $14,627 $23,896 $52,403 Tsay Keh x x x x x x x x
Takla Landing x x x x x x x x Mackenzie $31,160 $40,931 $25,251 $38,058 $46,327 $29,234 $57,094 $67,519 Prince George $31,192 $40,582 $24,594 $39,934 $48,521 $31,393 $63,653 $74,833 Smithers $30,586 $41,580 $23,494 $37,516 $46,484 $29,316 $65,291 $69,879 Terrace $30,071 $36,372 $24,418 $37,609 $44,319 $31,359 $75,844 $84,322 BC $28,765 $35,627 $23,624 $39,415 $47,480 $31,683 $60,333 $77,378
Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1“x” indicates that data is unavailable 2 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 3 Income shown is before-tax income.
4.9.2.1 Kwadacha
In 2010, the median annual individual income 17 was reported to be $11,394 in Kwadacha. In a notable departure from provincial and regional trends, median income among women surpassed that of men (Table 4.9-4); however, overall it was the lowest median income reported for the PACs. The average individual income was $24,902, and the average income for men ($34,687) was much higher than for women ($14,624; Table 4.9-4). The median and average household incomes were respectively $23,896 and $52,403, both being notably below the provincial averages (Table 4.9-4).
The discrepancy between the relatively high average income and lower median income indicates a high number of households at the lower end of the income spectrum, and fewer households with notably higher income. This is supported by an average employment income for men in Kwadacha (who worked a full year, full time 18 ) of $171,839. As the median employment income for men is only $28,027, this likely represents a substantial income disparity wherein a small number of residents are
17 Median and average individual income for Kwadacha is based on 160 residents with income who are 15 years of age and over. 18 Median and average individual income for those who worked full time, full year is based on 25 residents.
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Employment income represented 80.4% of income in the community in 2010, while 16.2% of income was derived from government transfers (Table 4.9-5). The high proportion of people benefiting from social assistance is likely related to the relatively high level of unemployment in the community. In 2010, median employment income for men who worked full-year full-time was $28,027 (Table 4.9-6).
Table 4.9-5. Sources of Income in the PACs, 2010
Source of Total Income (percent of total) Community Employment Income (%) Government Transfers (%) Other Income Sources (%) Kwadacha 80.4 16.2 0.0 Tsay Keh x x x Takla Landing x x x Mackenzie 81.0 11.3 1.7 Prince George 78.1 11.9 1.4 Smithers 76.2 13.0 0.8 Terrace 73.9 14.9 1.5 BC 73.7 11.7 1.7 Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: “x” indicates that data is unavailable. Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing.
Table 4.9-6. Median and Average Employment Income (for Persons who Worked Full-year, Full-time) in the PACs, 2010
Median Annual Employment Income Average Annual Employment Income Community Total Male Female Total Male Female Kwadacha $27,707 $28,027 $16,960 $96,246 $171,839 $25,986 Tsay Keh x x x x x x Takla Landing x x x x x x Mackenzie $43,364 $51,659 $36,137 $50,174 $55,390 $43,102 Prince George $51,872 $60,921 $41,355 $56,549 $65,297 $45,191 Smithers $47,042 $61,530 $34,808 $51,329 $61,900 $37,775 Terrace $47,936 $58,174 $40,381 $52,788 $58,921 $45,724 BC $49,143 $55,334 $42,839 $58,016 $65,599 $47,970 Source: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: “x” indicates that data is unavailable. Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing.
4.9.2.2 Tsay Keh
Statistics Canada has suppressed individual and household income data for Tsay Keh, likely due to the small size of the community and lack of participation in the census process.
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The TKDN do not have reserve status and therefore do not qualify for sources of revenue associated with income assistance that other First Nations can access. For community residents, income assistance and employment benefits are not administered by the band, but rather through government offices in Mackenzie and Prince George (SNC Lavalin 2013). However, Elder’s in the community receive assistance from the TKDN which covers electricity, propane, internet, wood for heating and rent expenses. Residents in Tsay Keh also receive free basic internet and electricity services from the Nation. Tsay Keh Dene Nation has also built a Elder's Care Home for Elders requiring 24-hour assistance (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
4.9.2.3 Takla Landing
Statistics Canada has supressed individual and household income data for Takla Landing, likely due to the small size of the community. However, recent research indicates that approximately 70 individuals, or over 55% based on the permanent population of the community (aged 15 years or older) receive some form of income assistance (SNC Lavalin 2013).
4.9.2.4 Mackenzie
For Mackenzie, the 2010 median individual income slightly exceeded the provincial standards, whereas the average income was in line with the provincial averages (Table 4.9-4). The median and average household incomes of $57,094 and $67,519 fell below the provincial averages of $60,333 and $77,378. Further, 81.0% of income represented employment income while 11.3% was derived from government transfers (Table 4.9-5). As the data generally indicates, average employment income exceeded median employment income of $51,659 for men and $36,137 for women (Table 4.9-6).
4.9.2.5 Prince George
Prince George was in line with provincial standards for the median and average individual incomes, as well as the median and average household income (Table 4.9-4). The employment income represented 78.1% of income with the median employment income for men at $60,921, and approximately $20,000 lower for women (Table 4.9-5; Table 4.9-6).
4.9.2.6 Smithers
In 2010, the individual median income for men in Smithers was almost double that for women (Table 4.9-4); the average income was $46,484 for men and $29,316 for women. Median and average household incomes were respectively $65,291 and $69,897 (Table 4.9-4). Employment income represented 76.2% of income, and 13.0% were received in government transfers (Table 4.9-3). Average and median employment incomes for Smithers were relatively similar within the selected groups, although the median income for men exceeding the median income for women by almost $27,000 (Table 4.9-6).
4.9.2.7 Terrace
In Terrace, median income for men and women were respectively $36,372 and $24,418 in 2010, in line with the provincial medians (Table 4.9-4). Further, 73.9% of income was employment income, and 14.9% came from government transfers (Table 4.9-5). The median employment income for men
4-62 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and women were respectively $58,174 and $40,381, being slightly above the provincial average for men, but below that for women (Table 4.9-6).
4.10 HOUSING
Housing demand and resource development activities such as mining, hydroelectric development, and forestry have been intrinsically linked in northern BC. The increased economic activity associated with the development of large projects may influence other economic sectors including the number employees and hence, homes or accommodation required. At times, the mere perception of development has been linked to real changes in housing demand, which can also lead to increases in housing costs. Statistics Canada uses a “30% of household total income on shelter costs” classification to determine the percentage of population who have affordable housing (spending less than 30% of household total income on shelter costs) and those who do not (spending 30% or more of household total income on shelter costs; Statistics Canada 2013c).
Based on the NHS for 2011, there was an average of 2.5 persons per household in BC (Table 4.10-1; Statistics Canada 2013c). BC had almost 2 million private dwellings and approximately 1.7 million occupied private dwellings in 2011 (Statistics Canada 2012), representing an increase of 7% since 2006 (Statistics Canada 2007).
Provincially, 70% of dwellings were owned, band housing accounted for 1%, and the remainder were rented (2011; Table 4.10-1). An estimated 10% of all dwellings required major repairs (Statistics Canada 2013c). In 2013, BC had 26,436 housing starts (i.e. new construction), being slightly below 2012 starts of 26,507 but above housing starts in 2010 and 2011 (BC Stats 2014b).
In 2011, the median value of a dwelling was $448,835 in BC and 57% of owner households had a mortgage (Statistics Canada 2013c). On average, 70% of all households (owners and tenants) had affordable housing costs (Statistics Canada 2013c). However, only 55% of tenants had affordable housing; the monthly median cost of rentals was $903, and 13.5% of tenants were in subsidized housing 19 (Statistics Canada 2013c).
As is common across Canada, the availability of suitable housing in many Aboriginal communities is an important issue and a priority for many Aboriginal groups.
4.10.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
4.10.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
In the PRRD, 16% of housing was built between 2001 and 2011, and 11% prior to 1960 (Statistics Canada 2013c). The average number of person per household was 2.5 (Table 4.10-1). Of all occupied dwellings, 71% were owned, 28% were rented, and 1% was band housing (Table 4.10-1). Further, 11% required major repair.
19 Subsidized housing includes rent geared to income, social housing, public housing, government-assisted housing, non-profit housing, rent supplements and housing allowances.
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Table 4.10-1. Housing in the RSA 1, 2011
Household Tenure Dwelling Characteristics Average Total Total Number of Regular Major Two-or-More Number of Occupied Persons in Private Band Maintenance or Repairs Family Persons per Region Dwellings 2 Households Owner Renter Housing Minor Repair Needed Households Household PRRD 23,195 58,895 16,445 (71%) 6,540 (28%) 205 (1%) 20,635 (89%) 2,560 (11%) 345 (1%) 2.5 RDFFG 37,310 90,495 27,515 (74%) 9,755 (26%) 40 (0%) 34,010 (91%) 3,305 (9%) 535 (1%) 2.4 RDBN 15,185 38,940 11,610 (76%) 3,085 (20%) 490 (3%) 13,155 (87%) 2,030 (13%) 245 (2%) 2.6 RDKS 14,755 37,025 10,705 (73%) 3,590 (24%) 460 (3%) 12,340 (84%) 2,415 (16%) 490 (3%) 2.5 BC 1,764,630 4,324,505 1,234,710 (70%) 524,995 (30%) 4,920 (1%) 1,636,875 (93%) 127,760 (7%) 50,415 (3%) 2.5
Sources: Statistics Canada (2013c) Notes: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada. 2 Statistics Canada defines Occupied Dwellings as those in which people reside at the time of data collection.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In 2011, median value of a dwelling was $274,447, and 65% of owners had a mortgage (Statistics Canada 2013c). An estimated 79% of all households had affordable housing costs; this is approximately 10% above the provincial average indicating a relatively high level of affordability compared to the province (Statistics Canada 2013c). Monthly rent for tenants was $903, and 35% of tenants reported unaffordable housing costs. Further, 11% of all tenants lived in subsidised housing in 2011 (Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.10.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
The RDFFG has relatively older housing with the majority of units built prior to 1980 and only 7% of occupied dwellings built between 2001 and 2011 (Statistics Canada 2013c). As shown in Table 4.10-1, 74% of occupied dwellings were owned and 26% were rented; only 40 units were band-owned. Further, approximately 9% of all units required major repairs. The average number of persons per household was 2.4 (Table 4.10-1).
The median value of a dwelling in the RDFFG was $229,797 in 2011 and the majority of owners (61.5%) had a mortgage. Approximately 78% of all households had affordable housing costs. However, among renters, only 57% had affordable housing. The median cost of renting was $745 per month, and 12% of all tenants were in subsidized housing (Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.10.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
The RDBN, according to the 2011 NHS, had an average household size was 2.5 persons (Table 4.10-1). Approximately 53% of all dwellings were built prior 1980 with only 8% built between 2001 and 2011. Of the occupied dwellings, 76% were owned, 20% were rented and 3% represented band housing. Thirteen percent of all dwellings required major repairs (Table 4.10-1; Statistics Canada 2013c).
The median value of a dwelling in the RDBN was $200,418 and 54% of owners had a mortgage. Further, 84% of all households reported affordable housing costs; the RDBN had consequently the most affordable housing in the RSA (Statistics Canada 2013c). Of those who rented, 16% lived in subsidized housing; and only 63% had affordable housing costs. The monthly median cost for rented dwellings was $627 (Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.10.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine (RDKS)
In 2011, the RDKS had an average of 2.5 persons per household (Table 4.10-1). The majority of dwellings (61%) were built before 1980, while 5% were built between 2001 and 2011 (Statistics Canada 2013c). Of all the dwellings, 73% were owned, 24% rented and 3% were band-owned (Table 4.10-1). A relatively high proportion of dwellings (16%; more than double the provincial average) were in poor condition requiring major repair.
The median value of a dwelling in the RDKS was $170,501 and 50.4% of owners had a mortgage. An estimated 82% of all households (owner and tenants) had affordable housing costs, although this applied to only 61% of tenants (Statistics Canada 2013c). Of those who rented, 18% lived in subsidized housing; this is the highest proportion of subsidized housing in the RSA. The median monthly cost of renting was $665 (Statistics Canada 2013c).
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4.10.2 Potentially Affected Communities
4.10.2.1 Kwadacha
SNC Lavalin identified 98 private dwellings in Kwadacha in 2013 (SNC Lavalin 2013). Statistics Canada reports that there were 90 dwellings, 75 of which were occupied, in 2011 (Statistics Canada 2012, 2013c). Approximately 53% of dwellings in 2011 were owned by the Band and only 13% were privately owned and occupied (Table 4.10-2); the remainder were rented. All dwellings were serviced with plumbing, sewage and electricity (SNC Lavalin 2013); however, many are noted to be in poor condition with over half of households requiring major repairs. In 2011, on average, there were 3.3 persons per household, which is notably above the provincial average of 2.5. There were no two-or more family households (Table 4.10-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.10.2.2 Tsay Keh
The housing stock owned by the TKDN in the community of Tsay Keh includes 98 dwellings, of which six are teacherages and four dwellings are leased to the RCMP. There are two privately owned residential properties in the community. All dwellings and commercial buildings are connected to a water tower, and each house or building has its own septic tank (SNC Lavalin 2013).
In the last four years, the TKDN has built 22 new homes in Tsay Keh, as well as two dwellings to house teachers, a counselling house, and a community safe house. This construction has been funded by the TKDN, with support from ANNDC. The Nation is currently building an Elder’s complex (6 units) that will deliver 24-hour care to Elder’s in need of this service. The TKDN plans to begin sub-dividing and expanding housing in Tsay Keh outside of the current central town area in 2016. The construction of 8 new houses is planned by 2016 (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
Accommodation (including bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchens and living space) is also available at the Learning Centre (two bedrooms), the school (two bedrooms), the multiplex (four bedrooms) and a rental house (two units with six bedrooms in total; L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). The nearby Black Pine, settlement has a total of five houses and a shop, all of which are privately owned. The TKDN also owns 39 cabins and houses, and two lodges, outside of the communities of Tsay Keh and Black Pine; seven cabins were burnt to the ground by wildfire in 2014. Many of the cabins are privately owned by members of the TKDN (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
4.10.2.3 Takla Landing
Information provided by the CSTC and AANDC indicates that in 2012, there were 60 housing units in total in Takla Landing, including 10 that required significant renovation. In addition to the total of 60 there were also 25 to 30 residences that had been abandoned or demolished, or not fit for residency due to issues such as mould contamination (SNC Lavalin 2013). Of the 60 units, 52 were detached houses and eight were mobile homes. The latter are used as temporary accommodation for nursing and teaching staff who are not permanent residents of Takla Landing 20 . There are also privately owned homes along the shores of Takla Lake (SNC Lavalin 2013).
20 Teachers and nurses serving small remote communities are often employed to work shift rotations.
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Table 4.10-2. Housing in the PACs, 2011 1
Household Tenure Dwelling Characteristics Average Total Total Number of Regular Major Two-or-More Number of Occupied Persons in Private Band Maintenance or Repairs Family Persons per Community 2 Dwellings 3 Households Owner Renter Housing Minor Repair Needed Households Household Kwadacha 75 250 10 (13%) 25 (33%) 40 (53%) 35 (47%) 40 (53%) 0 (0%) 3.3 Tsay Keh 4 100 247 x x 98% x x x 2.5 Takla Landing 55 180 20 (36%) 0% 30 (54%) 25 (42%) 30 (50%) 0 (0%) 3.1 Mackenzie 1,565 3,290 1,210 (77%) 335 (21%) 0% 1,390 (89%) 175 (11%) 15 (1%) 2.3 Prince George 29,260 70,790 20,425 (70%) 8,840 (30%) 0% 26,955 (92%) 2,305 (8%) 440 (2%) 2.4 Smithers 2,190 5,335 1,675 (76%) 520 (24%) 0% 2,090 (95%) 105 (5%) 15 (1%) 2.4 Terrace 4,535 11,305 3,190 (70%) 1,345 (30%) 0% 4,090 (90%) 445 (10%) 75 (2%) 2.5 BC 1,764,630 4,324,505 1,234,710 (70%) 524,995 (30%) 4,920 (1%) 1,636,875 (93%) 127,760 (7%) 50,415 (3%) 2.5
Sources: Statistics Canada (2013c); L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014 Note: 1 Percentages may not equal 100% due to random rounding techniques employed by Statistics Canada. 2 Refer to Section 1.5.3.1 regarding alternative naming of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing. 3 Statistics Canada defines Occupied Dwellings as those in which people reside at the time of data collection. 4 Housing data for Tsay Keh has been provided by the TKDN (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT
The TLFN struggles with housing conditions characterized by overcrowding and disrepair. Recent community-based research indicates there are 30 homes that require major repairs and another 20 that require minor repair. Poor housing conditions and a lack of alternatives requires some community members to reside elsewhere during the winter months. A number of families are noted to be on the waiting list for housing (SNC Lavalin 2013).
There are currently plans to replace some of the current housing stock, including six houses and three triplex units. TLFN members continue to construct homes and cabins in the community and elsewhere within Takla territory; the latter often serve a variety of purposes including uses related to subsistence living and traditional land use practices. Takla Landing also has a Potlatch House, which is used to host traditional gatherings (SNC Lavalin 2013).
NHS data indicates that, in 2011, the TLFN had 55 occupied dwellings with an average of 3.1 inhabitants. Of the 55 dwellings, 40 were owned by the Band and 25 were rented; 40% of all dwellings required major repairs (Table 4.10-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.10.2.4 Mackenzie
In 2011 in the District of Mackenzie, of the 1,565 occupied dwellings, 77% were owner occupied and the remainder were rented. Dwellings were in fairly good condition, with only 11% of all dwellings requiring major repairs. Only 1% of homes in Mackenzie housed two or more families (Table 4.10-2). Further, housing affordability does not appear to be a problem in the community as 84% of all households report affordable housing costs in relation to household income; amongst renters, 70% had affordable housing costs (Statistics Canada 2013c). In 2011, the median value of a dwelling was $125,269 (Statistics Canada 2013c).
Of those who rented in 2011, 8.5% were in subsidized housing. Median monthly cost for rented dwellings was $701 (Statistics Canada 2013c). Residents of the Mackenzie who are tenants spend about 30% of their income on shelter, while owners spend about 12%. Comparatively, the average proportions of income spent on shelter for the province was 45% for tenants and 24% for owners (BC Provincial Health Services Authority 2014).
4.10.2.5 Prince George
The city of Prince George had 29,260 occupied dwellings in 2011; this amounted to 2.4 persons per households. Approximately 70% of all dwellings were owner occupied and 30% were rented. Only 2% of homes in Prince George housed two or more families (Table 4.10-2). Further, on average; houses were in good condition with only 8% requiring major repair (Table 4.10-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
In 2011, the median house price was $229,925. Affordable housing costs were reported by 77% of all households and by 56% of rental tenants. Sixty-two percent of households had a mortgage (Statistics Canada 2013c). In regard to those who rented, 13% were in subsidized housing. The median monthly cost of shelter for rented dwellings was $749 (Statistics Canada 2013c).
In 2013, there were 134 (120 single and 14 semi-detached units) owner housing starts, nine rental starts and 52 condo starts in Prince George (CMHC 2014); comparing to previous years, there were 213 housing starts in 2010, and 163 in 2011 (BC Stats 2014b).
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4.10.2.6 Smithers
In 2011, the town of Smithers had 2,190 occupied dwellings and 2.4 persons per household (Table 4.10-2). Of the 2,190 households, 76% were owned and 24% were rented. Also, of all the PACs, the housing in Smithers was in the best condition with only 5% of all household requiring major repair. Only 1% of homes in Smithers housed two or more families (Table 4.10-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
The median value of a house in Smithers was $250,622 in 2011. Approximately 83% of all households reported affordable housing costs, including 61% of tenant households (Statistics Canada 2013c). For those who rented, median monthly shelter costs were $623 per month and 14% of tenants lived in subsidized housing (Statistics Canada 2013c).
4.10.2.7 Terrace
The city of Terrace had 4,535 occupied dwellings in 2011 with an average of 2.5 persons per household (Table 4.10-2). Of those, 70% were owned and 30% were rented. Ten percent of household required major repairs. Only 2% of homes in Terrace housed two or more families (Table 4.10-2; Statistics Canada 2013c).
The median value of a dwelling was $200,371 in 2011, and 50% of owner households had a mortgage. Approximately 79% of all households reported affordable housing costs, although this included only 56% of tenant households (Statistics Canada 2013c). Of those who rented dwellings, 29% lived in subsidized housing. The monthly median cost of a rented dwelling was $700 (Statistics Canada 2013c). There were 21 housing starts in Terrace in 2013, as compared to 10 housing starts in 2010 (BC Stats 2014b).
4.11 COMMUNITY HEALTH AND WELL -BEING
Well-being is a term often used to characterise various social indicators relevant to individuals, families, and communities, considering factors such as work, housing, family life, social participation, leisure, health, security, environment, financial security, and learning. Indicators might include physical health, access to services, family mobility, crime rates and public safety, economic hardship, housing, and many others. The term ‘well-being’ groups these indicators to facilitate a more holistic discussion and analysis of how these issues relate to and/or perpetuate one another and together enable a better understanding of social circumstances within a particular area or community.
To help provide a more in-depth picture of community health and well-being within the study area, this section examines a variety of indicators of health and well-being. The following discussion begins with an overview of regional indicators of health and well-being, followed by an overview of Aboriginal interpretations of well-being and characteristics of the Aboriginal study communities.
4.11.1 Measuring Well-being
Statistics Canada employs data from the Canadian Community Health Survey collected in 2011/2012 to measure well-being, which is described in terms of perceived health, perceived mental health, and perceived life stress. Perceived health and mental health is gauged using self-reporting techniques
AURICO METALS INC. 4-69 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT through which individuals rate their own health status as being excellent, very good, fair, or poor. Measures of perceived health and mental health are indicators of overall health status and reflect aspects of health and mental health not capture in measures (e.g., disease and mental function). “Perceived health refers to a person’s health in general – not only the absence of disease or injury, but also physical, mental and social well-being, while perceived mental health provides a general indication of the population suffering from some form of mental disorder, mental or emotional problems, or distress, not necessarily reflected in perceived health” (Statistics Canada 2013b).
Perceived life stress is a self-reported measure that qualifies whether an individual finds their life is quite a bit or extremely stressful. Perceived life stress refers to the amount of stress in a person’s life, on most days, as perceived by the person. Statistics Canada notes first that “stress carries several negative health consequences, including heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, and immunity and circulatory complications”. Secondly, and more relevant to the objectives of this report, “exposure to stress can also contribute to behaviors such as smoking, over-consumption of alcohol, and less-healthy eating habits” (Statistics Canada 2013b). The former may be especially relevant for PACs that have concerns related to the indirect consequences of short-term high-income employment in relatively isolated communities. The indirect impacts associated with resource development in small, remote communities in Canada are becoming increasingly documented (NAHO 2008; CBC News 2014; Gibson and Klinck n.d.)
4.11.2 Physical Health and Well-being
4.11.2.1 Data Collection Boundaries
Instead of the RD jurisdictions described in other sections of this report, health data is collected on the basis of Health Service Delivery Areas (HSDAs). Most of the PACs (Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, Takla Landing, Mackenzie, and Prince George) are located within the Northern Interior HSDA, while Smithers and Terrace are located within the Northwest HSDA. Although HSDAs represent much larger areas, relative to communities and RDs, the overall health and well-being trends may provide context as to the health and well-being environments in which the PACs are located. Table 4.11-1 provides an overview of perceived health, mental health and life stress in the Northern Interior HSDA, Northwest HSDA, and the province.
Table 4.11-1. Well-being and Perceptions of Health (2011/2012)
Perceived Health, Perceived Mental Health, Very Good or Excellent (%) Very Good or Excellent (%) Perceived Life Stress (%) Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Northern Interior 54.1% 47.5% 60.7% 69.8% 69.3% 70.2% 20.1% 17.1% 23.0% HSDA Northwest HSDA 57.6% 63.0% 52.1% 71.4% 70.0% 72.7% 21.4% 17.1% 1 25.8% British Columbia 59.9% 62.0% 57.9% 68.7% 70.0% 67.5% 21.0% 18.9% 22.9%
Source: (Statistics Canada 2013b) Notes: 1 Statistics Canada notes data is to be used with caution.
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4.11.2.2 Perceptions of Health
Overall, slightly fewer people in the HSDA’s perceived their health as very good or excellent in comparison to the province. Notably, within the Northern Interior, there was a particularly low reporting of “very good or excellent” health for men, while conversely, more women reported “very good or excellent health” in comparison to provincial averages. Perceived mental health in the HSDAs was similar to Provincial averages as was perceived life stress, with the excepting of females resident in the Northwest HSDA who perceived most days in their lives were quite a bit or extremely stressful.
4.11.2.3 Indicators of Well-being
Other contributors to well-being include a sense of community belonging. Helliwell & Putnam (2004) note that more frequent interaction within a community settings tends to increase or enhance subjective well-being. Table 4.11-2 indicates that a sense of community belonging is notably higher in Northern Interior and Northwest HSDAs in comparison to provincial and national averages. Other research indicates that communities in which many residents report higher levels of community belonging are more resilient and are able to deal with change or adversity (CIHR 2011). Table 4.11-2 also indicates that life satisfaction in the Northern Interior and Northwest HSDAs is similar to provincial and national averages.
Table 4.11-2. Indicators of Well-being (2011/2012)
Northern Northwest British Indicator Interior HSDA HSDA Columbia Canada Sense of community belonging (%) 74.6% 76.7% 68.3% 65.4% Life satisfaction, satisfied or very 92.9% 91.9% 91.0% 92.3% satisfied (%) Dependency Ratio (%) 58.1% 62.9% 56.8% 57.4% Mental illness hospitalization rate 880 1,272 646 489 (per 100,000 population) Repeat hospitalizations for mental 12.8% 13.7% 13.2% 10.9% illness (%) Regular medical doctor (%) 83.8% 89.3% 86.0% 84.9%
Source: (Statistics Canada 2013b)
Also related to overall well-being, the dependency ratio is the combined population between 0 to 19 years old and the population aged 65 and over to the population aged between 20 to years old. This represents the number of dependents for every 100 people in the working age population (Statistics Canada 2013b). Dependency rates are slightly higher in the Northern Interior (58.1%) and Northwest (62.9%) HSDAs in comparison to provincial (56.8%) and national (57.4%) averages (Table 4.11-2), indicating a proportionally higher-than-average proportion of the population that must rely on those of working age. The percentage of the population that reported to have a regular medical doctor was slightly lower in the Northern Interior HSDA in comparison to the province; however, the rate remained in-line with the national average (Table 4.11-2).
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4.11.2.4 Health Behaviors, Hospitalization, and Injury Rates
Table 4.11-3 provides data describing health behaviors, hospitalization, and injury rates in the Northern Interior and Northwest HSDAs, in the Province and in Canada in 2011-12. On average there were more daily smokers in the Northern Interior (19.9%) and Northwest (17.2%) HSDAs in comparison to BC (11.1%) and Canada (15.3%). Overall, the proportion of the population that reports heavy drinking was highest in the Northwest HSDA (23.0%).
Table 4.11-3. Health Behaviors, Suicide, and Premature Mortality (2011/2012)
Health Behaviors and Other Northern Northwest Interior HSDA HSDA British Columbia Canada
Current Smoker, daily (%) 19.9% 17.2% 1 11.1% 15.3%
Heavy drinking (%) 15.0% 23.0% 16.3% 18.2%
Suicides and self-inflicted injuries 10.4 16.7 8.8 10.2 (per 100,000 population) Premature mortality 322.2 357.8 236.8 251.7 (per 100,000 population)
Source: (Statistics Canada 2013b) 1 Statistics Canada notes data is to be used with caution.
Suicide and self-inflicted injuries were almost twice as prevalent (16.7 per 100,000) in the Northwest HSDA in comparison to the provincial average (8.8 per 100,000); the rate for the Northern Interior HSDA (10.4 per 100,000) was also slightly higher than the province, although somewhat in-line with the national rate (10.2 per 100,000). Recent research indicates that youth suicide is a common challenge within the Northwest and Northern Interior HSDAs (Plasway and Palmantier 2012).
Rates of premature mortality in the Northern Interior and Northwest HSDAs are notably higher in comparison to the provincial and national averages (Table 4.11-3). However, BCs provincial premature mortality rate of 236.8 per 100,000 people is low in comparison to other provinces in Canada (e.g., Alberta: 258.9, Saskatchewan: 299.7, Manitoba: 307.0, and Ontario 239.0). In comparison to other northern jurisdictions 21 , premature mortality rates in Northern Interior and Northwest HSDAs are similar and/or lower (Statistics Canada 2013b).
Life expectancy at birth and potential years of life lost (PYLL) from natural and accidental causes, suicides, and homicide are used as indicators of community health within the HSDAs for which data is available. Life expectancy is the expected number of years of life remaining to an
21 The premature mortality rate per 100,000 people was 315.6 in Northern Alberta (zone 5); 480.6 in Northern Saskatchewan (Mamwetan/Keewatin/Athabasca Regional Health Authorities); and 632.6 in northern Manitoba (Burnwood Churchill Health Region)Statistics Canada. 2013b. Health Profiles, December 2013 . http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/health-sante/82- 228/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Tab=1&Geo1=HR&Code1=5951&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Rate&SearchText=Smithers&Search Type=Contains&SearchPR=01&B1=All&B2=All&B3=All&Custom= (accessed May 2015)..
4-72 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION individual at birth; the indicator is calculated based on five year averages. Life expectancy is a reliable and frequently used indicator for determining the health status of a population. Natural PYLL relates to natural causes of death whereas accidental PYLL is largely the result of job-related accidents and car accidents. Regions where manufacturing jobs are relatively common have the tendency to have high job-related deaths. The suicide/homicide PYLL captures some indications of differential mental health between regions (BC Stats 2011, 2013c). Infant mortality rates and hospitalization rates provide context for the youth health.
Hospitalization and injury rates the Northern Interior and Northwest HSDAs are comparably higher in comparison to provincial and national rates (Table 4.11-4). Higher rates of injury hospitalization and unintentional injuries may be a reflection of the type of employment opportunities available in these areas; in that employment opportunities are somewhat more concentrated within labour intensive or physical occupations. Higher rates of potentially avoidable mortality from preventable or treatable causes may also connect to the labour market, but may also be somewhat attributed to the lesser degree of health professional, facilities, and services available outside of major cities.
Table 4.11-4. Hospitalization and Injury Rates (2011/2012)
Northern Interior Northwest British HSDA HSDA Columbia Canada Injury hospitalization 739 1,067 545 516 (per 100,000 population) Unintentional injuries, deaths 35.9 39.5 25.6 25.1 (per 100,000 population) Potentially avoidable mortality 230.4 266.5 169.0 182.5 (per 100,000 population) Avoidable mortality from preventable 157.1 190.6 113.0 117.9 causes (per 100,000 population) Avoidable mortality from treatable 73.3 75.9 56.1 64.6 causes (per 100,000 population)
Source: BC Stats (2012b)
4.11.3 Aboriginal Perceptions of Health and Indicators of Well-being
The definition of health and well-being is often open to interpretation and many varying definitions exist. Definitions and attempts to measure health and well-being are often tied to, or informed by, the values of the specific population to which they are applied. Likewise, the components of health and well-being may vary by culture, geography, socio-economic status, community or group, and other variables. Aboriginal or Indigenous health and well-being requires unique definition that reflects the unique circumstances or conditions relevant to the population under study and to the purpose of the study. Little statistical data is available that adequately characterizes health and well-being in Aboriginal communities in Canada. While this report does not intend to provide a thorough review of Aboriginal health and wellness, the following definitions offered by the National Collaborating Centre for Aboriginal Health (NCCAH) at the UNBC (2012) provides additional context through which to consider the information provided in this report:
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Indigenous health is visualized as the interconnected strands of a spider-web in which issues such as poverty, a history of colonization, geographic location and connection to the land, gender, food security, education and other factors, intersect in the lives of individuals and families, communities, nations, and peoples. The more holistic approach to health is rooted in Indigenous ways of knowing and being, and represents a significant step beyond health conceived as a matter of illness due to biomedical cause and effect or lifestyle choices.
The NCCAH indicates in a number of reports, that although Indigenous conceptions and definitions of well-being vary, holistic conceptions of indigenous health often center around the inclusion of physical, spiritual, emotional, and mental dimensions (NCCAH 2009, 2010). Other similar definitions of health and well-being have included social dimensions in addition to the physical, spiritual, emotional, and mental (NAHO 2007).
There are numerous measures of health and well-being, many of which include analysis of topics described earlier in this report (e.g., housing, income, education). Differing dimensions of wellbeing may become more or less applicable depending on certain demographics of the population under study (e.g., age, gender, culture, occupation, location). Despite the numerous variables, components, and dimensions of health and well-being; the concept can still be useful as a measure of the potential resilience of communities that may be impacted by the Project.
4.11.3.1 BC First Nations Health Authority
The BC First Nations Health Authority (FNHA) provides a number of services, programs, and initiatives to BC First Nations and Aboriginal individuals, families, and communities “to achieve health through wellness by promoting healthy behavior and enhancing supportive environments through community-based programs and services” (FNHA 2015). Programs, services, and initiatives include: healthy living; communicable disease control; e-Health; environmental health; health human resources; research, knowledge exchange, evaluation; health and wellness planning; children, youth, and maternal health; mental wellness and substance abuse; traditional healing; and nursing services.
The FNHA has defined a First Nations perspective on wellness: “ Healthy, self-determining and vibrant BC First Nations children, families, and communities ”. In support of wellness, the FNHA has also defined four wellness streams to achieve a healthy lifestyle: 1) being active, 2) eating healthy, 3) nurturing spirit, and 4) respecting tobacco (FNHA 2015). These themes are intended to be generally applicable to Aboriginal communities throughout BC, though it is acknowledged that specific community-level values and needs may emphasize certain aspects of health and wellness more than others (FNHA 2015).
One aspect of wellness that is universally understood and accepted by Aboriginal individuals and communities is the role of the land—and related traditional activities—within the concept of wellness. Among others, factors contributing to current health and wellness challenges are reported to include the loss of tradition, territories, language, and culture, each of which is tied to land:
To live in wellness means striving to be in balance, within self (body, mind, spirit, and emotion), with others (family and community), with the Spirit World, and with the land (nature)” (FNHA et al. 2013).
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4.11.3.2 Potentially Affected Communities
One of the existing community well-being considerations for the Aboriginal PACs is the migration of band members from their home communities to larger centers. Factors that may contribute to these movements include, for example, and quantity and quality housing and health and social services available, and the pursuit of employment, education and training opportunities. A recent survey of Kwadacha Nation members indicates that 80% of members residing off-reserve would move to Kwadacha if employment opportunities became available. Further, many Kwadacha Nation members who are working or attending school are doing so outside of the community (with the exception of those engaged in distance education) (McCook and Case 2012). This survey indicates a need to prepare young people to enter the workforce, attend post-secondary education, and adjust to urban lifestyles (McCook and Case 2012).
The Kwadacha survey also noted that opportunities to improve and maintain community well-being are related to abilities to pursue traditional lifestyles, and to access training, business and employment opportunities (including those within natural resource industries). Specific challenges identified in the report included lack of access to health care, prevalence of addictions, and loss or diminishment of culture (McCook and Case 2012). Although the survey pertained specifically to the membership of the Kwadacha Nation, the outcomes reflect concerns and challenges that have also been raised in relation to the TKDN and TLFN.
Another community well-being consideration that is common to many Aboriginal communities in Canada and has been raised by TLFN as an existing issue is food insecurity (L. Krebs, pers. comm. 2015). Research conducted in 2005 in Takla Landing indicates that isolation, low socio-economic status, threats to traditional food sources, and the inflated costs of store-bought foods are challenges faced by TLFN members affecting food security. Factors influencing food (in)security included sense of place, intergeneration discontinuity, and colonial influences. Sense of place represents the connection to the land as well as the resources (e.g., wildlife, fish, berries) that contribute to food security; intergeneration discontinuity refers to the effect of residential schools on the family and knowledge about traditional foods and preparation methods; and colonial influences (beyond residential schools) refers to the reduction in traditional harvesting due to industrial development (Tobin 2005).
4.11.4 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
Indicators of health problems in the RSA and BC as a whole are compiled in Table 4.11-5 (BC Stats 2012b). Of the RDs in the RSA, the RDFFG had the highest life expectancy of 79.8 years, however, it was still below the provincial average of 82.3 years. The RDKS had the lowest life expectancy at birth in the RSA of 78.9 years. This may indicate that the health status of the population in the RSA is below that of the province in general (BC Stats 2012b).
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Table 4.11-5. Health Indicators in the RSA
Indicators of Health Problems PRRD RDFFG RDBN RDKS BC Life Expectancy at Birth – Avg 2008-2012 79.5 79.8 79.4 78.9 82.3 Potential Years of Life Lost (per 1,000 Population) – Avg 2007-2011 Natural Causes 37.7 39.3 41.4 50.6 29.7 Accidental Causes 14.0 7.6 11.5 14.2 7.0 Suicide/Homicide 5.5 5.1 6.6 11.2 4.0 Infant Mortality Rate (per 1,000 Live Births) - 2008-2012 5.2 4.1 5.0 5.3 3.7 Hospitalization Rates (per 1,000 Population 0-14) - 2011-2012 Respiratory Diseases 10.4 13.3 15.1 17.5 9.0 Injury and Poisoning 5.4 6.4 10.2 6.9 4.4
Source: BC Stats (2012b).
The rates of PYLL due to natural and accidental causes, as well as a result of suicide/homicide were the highest in the RDKS (Table 4-11.5). The PYLL due to natural causes was 50.6 years (per 1,000 population) in the RDKS, being almost double the provincial rate (29.7); the accidental PYLL was 14.2, more than double the provincial rate of 7.0. Finally, the PYLL due to suicide/homicide was 11.2 in the RDKS, being almost three times the provincial rate of 4.0 years per 1,000 population. On average, all RDs in the RSA had higher rates of PYLL due to natural or accidental causes, or suicide/homicide (BC Stats 2012b). This indicates that not only the general health of the population in the RSA is at a lower level, but also that residents of the RSA are more likely to be in an accident or to commit a suicide; these factors can point to a number of social problems, often related to low income and isolation.
The rate of infant mortality was highest in the RDKS (5.3 per 1,000 births), compared to 3.7 for BC. In general, all RDs had a higher infant mortality rate than the provincial average (Table 4.11-5).
Data describing health indicators specific to the PACs is not available at the community level. The data provided in Table 4.11-5 is thought to adequately characterize health indicators at the regional level and for the non-Aboriginal populations resident within regional centres such as Mackenzie, Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace. Health outcomes and indicator discrepancies between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations are well documented. In fact, Aboriginal health indicators and outcomes have differed from that of the mainstream so consistently that “Aboriginal Status” is now commonly referred to as a social determinants of health in Canada (Mikkonen and Raphel 2010).
4.12 HEALTH AND SOCIAL SERVICES
The delivery of health and social services varies across the RSA and between RDs and communities. Many services are provincial responsibilities that are delivered through ministry-specific, agency, or affiliate organization offices depending on the size and location of the community. Federal agencies, especially AANDC, tend to have a larger role, at least in funding if not delivery, of such services in First Nations reserve communities.
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The following sections describe services and characteristics related to community well-being, including health and social services, community-based care and wellness, recreation, and notable challenges and constraints. Emergency medical services, including medical transport (e.g. ambulance, med-evac) are described in Section 4.13.
4.12.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
Northern Health is the principle health service provider within the RSA, covering the Northwest, the Northeast, and the Northern Interior (BC MOH 2014). Health services are of particular concern in the RSA, which are currently considered ‘at capacity’ by Northern Health, and where, in some cases, great distances between communities and healthcare facilities exist.
The following healthcare facilities and services are located within the RSA:
• In Mackenzie, the Mackenzie and District Hospital provides acute care services, while the Mackenzie Health Centre provides public health services.
• In Prince George, the Prince George Regional Hospital and the University Hospital of Northern BC provides acute care services, while the Northern Health Authority provides public health and continuing care services via the Jubilee Lodge, Gateway Residential Care Facility, and Parkside Care Facility. Other community health services are provided through the Centre for healthy Living, Gateway Lodge Assisted Living, Highland Health Centre, Iris House, Prince George Family Resource Centre and Rainbow Adult Day Centre.
• In Smithers, the Bulkley Valley District Hospital provides acute care services, the Bulkley Lodge provides long-term care, and the Smithers Community Health Center and Smithers Home and Community Care provide other health services within the community.
• In Terrace, the Mills memorial hospital provides acute care, and the Terraceview Lodge provides long-term care. Other health facilities in Terrace include: Terrace Adult Sunshine Centre, Terrace Community Mental Health Services, Terrace Health Unit, and Seven Sisters Residence (Northern Health 2015).
4.12.2 Potentially Affected Communities
The Aboriginal PACs of Kwadacha, Tsay Keh and Takla Landing do not have local hospitals, and have limited on-site medical staff. As for many other remote First Nations communities, doctors and other health practitioners are flown into the community on rotational basis (SNC Lavalin 2013). When needed, residents of these communities are transferred to hospitals and other health care facilities in larger centres, such as Prince George.
The following community summaries focus on the Aboriginal PACs as these are both the most proximate to the Project and have limited health and social services. The relative isolation of these communities presents challenging circumstances due to the long distances and limited road connections to regional centres. Brief overviews of services and characteristics are also provided for Mackenzie, Prince George, Smithers and Terrace.
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4.12.2.1 Kwadacha
Kwadacha is among the most isolated communities in BC. The nearest full-service hospital is located in Prince George, approximately 15 hours travel by road. Kwadacha and Tsay Keh share some health services (e.g., nursing, dental).
Health Centre
The Kwadacha Nation Health Center provides services of a physician who visits for one day each month, and two full-time nurses who spilt their week between Kwadacha and Tsay Keh; the nurses are available in Kwadacha on Wednesday afternoon, Thursday, and Friday (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015). Recently opened in 2013, the Kwadacha Nation Health Center is fully equipped and includes a treatment room, trauma room, dental office, physiotherapy room, and a nurse station (Unison 2013). Construction of this facility was funded through the 2011-2016 ecoENERGY for Aboriginal and Northern Communities Program (CPHA 2013a).
Health center employees include one full-time community health representative (CHR), a mental health counsellor and an addictions and wellness counsellor. A dentist visits the community for one week every two months; residents of Tsay Keh also drive to Kwadacha to see the dentist. Medical specialists visit annually including a pediatrician, gynecologist, and optometrist. A hearing clinic is offered bi-annually (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015). If residents need to see a medical specialist, they typically travel to Prince George or Vancouver, depending on the situation. Pre and post-natal care is available in Prince George or when a doctor is in the community (S. Case, pers. comm., 2014). There is also a local program to raise awareness of HIV/AIDS (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015)
The main health concerns for Kwadacha residents are diabetes and cardiovascular disease (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015).
Elder Care
There is a community home care program that provides support for Elders in Kwadacha (e.g., home cleaning, laundry, and grocery shopping) and includes a breakfast program (operated by the local restaurant; S. Case, pers. comm. 2014). A home care nurse visits the community once a month for two days and attends each of the Elders, as well as anyone with a disability. As noted below, there are currently three local residents in training to become health care aids. There is also a new Elders’ Center that will act as gathering place or activity center for local Elders (E. Ruth. pers. comm. 2015). There is also an Elders’ society (S. Case, pers. comm., 2014).
Family Wellness
Kwadacha Nation health services providers would like to see health promotion programs (for men, women, and babies) available more often at the health center. While the center is set up to provide this programming, the nurse’s time is often occupied with clinic appointments (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015).
There is an Aboriginal Infant Development Program (AIDP) in Kwadacha led by the Aboriginal Development Program Coordinator who oversees the programs aimed to help young parents with
4-78 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION children under six months of age. The AIDP provides toddlers play groups, home visits, diapers, snacks for children, and temporary day care (TKD 2011). (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015)
Family services in Kwadacha are coordinated through a liaison at the Ministry of Children and Family Development. The community is also working to establish a safe house for youth and families in the community (S. Case, pers. comm., 2014; E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015). Particularly successful programs in the community are noted to include: women’s groups, men’s groups, cultural camps, justice and restorative camps, Elders camps, and rites of passage for the youth (S. Case, pers. comm., 2014).
Traditional Healing
Traditional healing in the community takes place through the delivery of a cultural and wilderness based program, the Khutsedzi k’ e’ program offered through the First Nation Treatment Center which includes program delivery at a remote wilderness camp to allow healing by honouring Kwadacha culture through reunification of traditions. The program works in collaboration with RCMP, the Justice System, and local governments (SNC Lavalin 2013).
Mental Health and Addictions Services
There is one mental health counsellor in the community who provides counselling and intervention services for four out of every five weeks (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015). Other health resources available at Kwadacha include a social worker, alcohol and drug worker, and youth care worker (Northern Health 2012)(S. Case, pers. comm., 2014).
Challenges and Constraints
The main challenge in Kwadacha is the limited access to health care professionals and emergency services. The community identifies a need for additional physician and nursing services, as well as improved access to emergency services including ambulance and paramedic services; however, funding is not available. Additionally, med-evac services can also be delayed due to weather conditions (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015).
Other challenges include difficulties finding practitioners willing to visit or relocate to the community a general lack of capacity available locally. Steps to address the lack of capacity to provide health services have included provision of a training program to obtain a health care aid certificate. While issues associated with staffing have largely been addressed, this is still an issue from time to time (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015).
Community Recreation
Recreation facilities in Kwadacha include a new recreation center and the school gym (S. Case, pers. comm., 2014). A new youth center was under construction in March 2015 and will enhance recreation opportunities for local youth. The center will have a full gym and a computer lab (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015).
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4.12.2.2 Tsay Keh
Health Clinic
The health clinic at Tsay Keh has one nurses’ office, one examination room, and one emergency room to facilitate the services provided by one physician who visits for one day every month and two nurses who travel to Tsay Keh from Kwadacha and provide services on Monday’s, Tuesday’s, and Wednesday mornings. The health clinic has a functional tele-health unit (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015), a relatively new form of health services technology that enables patients in remote locations to connect with physicians based in larger centers (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
The health clinic in Tsay Keh is staffed by a CHR certified in Level 3 First Aid; the CHR is also available on-call for emergencies (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). The TKDN has been advocating for a new health facility in the community, and is working with the First Nations Health Authority to realise this goal, including a dental clinic. At present, community members access dental services in Kwadacha once every two months, as the TKDN is unable to provide dental service in the community due to a lack of facilities (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014; D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
Elder Care
The TKDN reports that a new Elders’ complex has been built which provides full-time residential care for up to six Elders, and community members are being trained locally to provide care for Elders (L. Gleeson, pers. comm. 2014). There is a home and community care program in the community, and includes nursing home visits for elders three days each month. The nurse’s visits are supported by five local home care staff who work full-time and visit Elders each day. Elder services include outings, home-making, weekly social lunches and various older activities organised for Elders (L. Gleeson, pers. comm. 2014; D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
A wood cutting service is provided in the winter to help supply the Elder’s and single parent community members with wood for the winter. Other support systems are available to membership as well (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
Family Wellness
There is an AIDP in Tsey Keh led by the Aboriginal Development Program Coordinator who oversees the programs aimed to help parents provide for their children’s mental, social, emotional, physical and spiritual growth (TKD 2011). AIDP provides toddlers play groups, family drop, home visits and others (TKD 2011). The program also provides diapers, snacks for children, and temporary day care (TKD 2011).
The Tsay Keh infant development centre provides post-natal and pre-natal support with support from the visiting nurses. Classes and information provided are in collaboration with the community nutritionist. The TKDN Health and Wellness Department runs an Adult and Infant Development Program, a Head Start Program, a Bold Eagles Program, and a Little Eagles Program. The Bold Eagles Program is run out of the Safe Home and provides training to both parents and children for life skills, while the Little Eagles Program is focused to support young families to build structure
4-80 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION within their daily routines (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015). The AIDP is delivered at the school (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
The Ministry of Children and Family Development (MCFD) visits Tsay Keh twice per month in relation to child and family services. There is a family support program that supports local families (e.g. those involved in court proceedings) and works to keep children in the community and away from foster homes (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). Emergency housing is provided by a Safe Home, which keeps “high-risk” children safe and offers respite services for parents. The TKDN works in collaboration with MCFD to place children in the Safe Home, as a preference to foster care outside the community. Although there are currently no children staying at the Safe Home, the facility also delivers programs in parenting skills to children and families.
Much of the success of the family support program is credited to the holistic approach, family counselling, and home visits (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015). Support workers in the community include a social worker, a family support worker, an alcohol and drug/mental health worker, and a youth care worker. Pre-natal, infant and child development programs are also available (Northern Health 2012). Other specialized health services provided in the community on a rotational basis include a nutritionist (monthly), speech pathologist (annually), occupational therapist (annually), and optometrist (twice per year; L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
The TKDN collaborates with the BC Women’s Hospital in Vancouver to provide health care for women, and nurses from the hospital are scheduled to visit the community four times per year to offer information and support on women’s health. The visiting nurses also offer a women’s health clinic two times a month. The TKDN also runs an annual program designed to raise awareness amongst youth about HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. Staff have completed the 12-week “Around the Kitchen Table” training program, targeted at empowering local women and raising awareness of sexual health issues (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
Traditional Healing
The Fishing Lakes Healing Camp began in 2014 and has received positive feedback. The greatest barrier to the camp was finding a registered counsellor who was willing to facilitate a remote camp for three weeks at a time. There was also a weight loss and nutrition camp in August 2014. This camp focused on health and wellness and what the body needs to be healthy, along with traditional teaching and the Sekani language. Everyone who participated in camp lost weight and kept up the program after the camp ended (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
Healthy Lifestyles
According to the Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA), after a rise in diabetes in Tsay Keh various management programs were implemented along with resources promoting prevention and healthier living practices (CPHA 2013b). The prevention program included healthier food choices at the community store, a fitness and nutrition center, and bike sharing opportunities (CPHA 2013b).
A nutritionist visits the community one week per month and provides one-on-one nutrition consultation, assists with the community care and infant development programs, and also provides
AURICO METALS INC. 4-81 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT home-based visits (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). The nutritionist provides cooking classes in the community and tailors the focus of instruction to the audience, for example, by providing nutritional information for better dental health, diabetes management, or pre- and post-natal care. While the first offerings of cooking classes were not well attended (four participants), recent classes have been very well attended (26 participants). The nutritionist is also working with community home care staff who cooks for the community’s elders (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
The addition of nutritionist services reflects the community’s commitment to health and healthy lifestyles and is considered a complementary approach to healing. Other related initiatives include chief and councils decision to establish the healthy foods section at the local store and the community garden (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015). Notably, the nutritionist’s services and inclusion of two dental chairs 22 within the new health facility are intended to reduce the number of children who must travel outside the community for dental surgery (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
Mental Health and Addictions Services
The TKDN receives funding for addictions counselling services in the community three weeks per month. Counselling services are currently provided by one counselor who travels to the community for one week per month. The TKDN is currently trying to staff a second mental health counselor position; this individual would provide services in the community two weeks per month. These counselors rotate shifts to provide the greatest coverage possible (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). As noted below, one key challenge of providing health and social services in the community is attracting and retaining qualified personnel (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
Services for addictions treatment include various support groups and educational workshops, one-on-one counselling, school counselling, family counselling, and treatment referrals. Tsay Keh Dene Nation initiated a Healing camp last summer at a remote location near Fishing Lakes. The camp offers alcohol and addiction treatment, and family violence programming including Elder involvement and cultural activities. The camp runs from June-September each year (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). The healing camp has been well attended with twelve participants last year. Funding to support this program is sought on an annual basis (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
Beyond the mental health services provided in community, mental health crisis services are accessed in Prince George. There are partnerships in place with the Native Friendship Centre, the SOS society, and crisis response unit to assist TKD members accessing these services in Prince George (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014).
Challenges and Constraints
Key community health and wellness challenges in Tsay Keh include the remoteness of the community, the difficulty of finding practitioners willing to visit the community, and the general lack of capacity available locally (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014; D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015). In general, local health and social resources are being utilized at or above capacity (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
22 Dentists require two dental chairs for a community visit to be economically feasible.
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The TKDN reports that its existing resources are not adequate in address the health and wellness needs of the community. In particular, they highlighted the need for full-time nursing and enhanced physician services in the community; these issues are presently under discussion with the FNHA (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). Specifically, in addition to the need for physicians services more than one day per month, nursing services are currently only available in the community 2.5 days per week. The demand for nursing services is reported to be high enough to warrant two full-time nurses; TKDN is currently seeking funding to address this need (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
Many of the health service challenges are linked. For example, the TKDN is unable to keep a doctor in the community for longer periods, without also recruiting full-time nurses, as the nurses must be on duty in order for the doctor to access files and medication. As a result, the TKDN has employed professional recruiters in order to hire nurses; however, there is a shortage of nurses who are willing to relocate and work in the north, particularly considering the isolation of the community. All nurses must be certified for remote operations, and this is an additional barrier in staffing the clinic. Other issues related to staff hiring and retention include wage competition, and travel constraints among health professionals with families. It is difficult to staff these positions with community members due to a lack of training and qualifications in health care amongst TKDN members (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014). Employing local people would increase the continuity of service and reduce the transportation cost associated with employing individuals who reside in larger centers. Steps have been made in this direction with the provision of training programs in the community (e.g., certified care aid; D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
Community Recreation
Recreation facilities in Tsay Keh include a gym and fitness centre, sliding hill for children, football field, baseball diamond, and skating rink (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014; D. Izony, pers. comm. 2014). Outdoor activities include hunting, fishing, trapping, river boating, mountain hunting and hiking. Sites of interest include the entirety of TKDN territory, trap lines, and areas of family importance. Other notable programs available in the community include a walking group (D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
4.12.2.3 Takla Landing
Heath Center
Takla Landing’s health centre provides direct patient care with an emphasis on public health promotion. The centre has a full-time nurse, an alcohol and drug worker, a mental health worker (contracted through CSFS), and a youth worker (Northern Health 2012). There are also family preservation (pre-natal, infant and child development) programs, programs/services for elders, and home care as needed (Northern Health 2012).
A doctor attends the clinic for a week each month to meet face-to-face with patients in the community. However, under a pilot project initiated by CSFS, for the rest of the month, this doctor also engages with patients and nursing staff on a daily basis via videoconference from his home office in the Lower Mainland (RCCBC 2013). The pilot project was initiated in 2010 to support remote and isolated communities with the access to better, quicker health care. Nurses often lead
AURICO METALS INC. 4-83 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT most of the health care in Takla Landing, and the videoconferencing and tele-health capabilities enable them to consult a physician who is off-site if a patient requires a more complex medical attention (RCCBC 2013). With continuing success, this project is being expanded to improve the community’s access to other specialties including general surgery, thoracic surgery, infectious disease care, nephrology, addictions, HIV/AIDS, dermatology, and cardiology (RCCBC 2013).
Takla Landing residents must travel to Prince George, Fort St. James, or Vanderhoof to access medical specialists, dentists or orthodontists, as well as specialised pre- and post-natal care (S. Teegee, pers. comm., 2014).
Elder Care
In-home support for Elder care is provided sporadically to address basic needs. Elders requiring more regular or involved in-home assistance must go to major centers such as Prince George (S. Teegee. pers. comm., 2014).
Traditional Healing
Takla Landing members have participated in a Family Camp as part of the Addictions Recovery Program, funded by the CSFS. The Family Camp was held on three occasions and were reportedly very successful in their approach of addressing addictions and health issues through the use of culturally appropriate mechanisms (S. Teegee. pers. comm., 2014).
Mental Health and Addictions Services
Addictions treatment and substance abuse programming is provided at Takla Landing and is funded by AANDC. In additional, CSFS funds an Addictions Recovery Program. The Addictions Recovery Program team also acts as an on-call intervention team that supports the team in times of trauma (e.g., community deaths, funerals, accidents, etc.; S. Teegee. pers. comm.).
CSFS delivers mental health workshops at Takla Landing on topics such as stress and anger management, and funds a mental health therapist for TLFN members living in Takla Landing (S. Teegee. pers. comm., 2014).
Challenges and Constraints
Recent communication indicates that Takla Landing does not have adequate resources to meet to the needs of the community and requires funds to have a community planning session that includes each of the health agencies, mental health agencies, staff, families, and council (S. Teegee. pers. comm., 2014). Home care and women’s health services are not available at Takla Landing and are desperately needed (S. Teegee. pers. comm., 2014). Communicable diseases are noted to be on the rise, including tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and Hepatitis (A and B).
An ongoing challenge for the TLFN, as for many other First Nations, is the link between present-day social and wellness issues associated with historical actions of colonization, resettlement and residential schools. In particular for Takla Landing, these legacy effects are believed to be connected
4-84 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION to issues such as violence and abuse, poverty, lack of life skills, and low education and employment levels (S. Teegee, pers. comm., 2014).
Community Recreation
The school gym is used for community recreation. The TLFN identifies a need for further local recreation facilities and services.
4.12.2.4 Mackenzie
Health services in Mackenzie are provided through the Mackenzie District Hospital and Health Centre. Health services at the hospital include medical imagining and laboratory services, nursing (two nurses, full time), home care nursing, public health nurse, mental health and addictions clinicians (two), and a community support worker. At the time of writing, the hospital was advertising to fill the position – family practitioner (Northern Health 2014a). There are two pharmacies in Mackenzie (RCCBC 2014c).
The Mackenzie District Hospital and Health Centre is a five bed (acute care) facility that provides medical and emergency services. The nearest major medical centre is located in Prince George approximately 185 kilometres away. Patients requiring emergency care beyond what is available at the Mackenzie District Hospital and Health Centre are transferred to a facility in Prince George (RCCBC 2014c)
The Mackenzie Health Unit operates during regular business hours and provides sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing/treatment, STI counselling, HIV Pre and Post-test counselling, pregnancy testing, emergency contraceptive pills, birth control information, immunizations and needle exchange (RCCBC 2014c).
Health
Within the Mackenzie local health area (LHA), the average potential years of life lost (PYLL) from 2007-2011 relate to alcohol or smoking were each significantly higher in comparison to the BC average. PYLL due to accidental falls, motor vehicle accidents, and drug-induced deaths were higher in comparison to the BC average over the same time period (BC Provincial Health Services Authority 2014).
Life expectancy within the Mackenzie LHA, on average was 79.3 in comparison to the provincial average of 82.0 (between 2007-2011). The disparity if life expectancy is even larger when gender is taken into consideration; specifically, men within the Mackenzie LHA had a life expectancy of 77.4 in comparison to the provincial average of 79.8 while women’s life expectancy was 81.4 in comparison the provincial average of 84.1 (BC Provincial Health Services Authority 2014).
A number of people resident in the Mackenzie LHA were newly diagnosed with chronic disease between 2012 and 2013. The prevalence rates of chronic disease such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; 5.8%), diabetes (6.1%), heart failure (1.7%), and high blood pressure (19.8%) were each slightly higher in comparison to provincial prevalence rates. Notably, between 2012 and 2013, 1,037 individuals residing in the Mackenzie LHA were newly diagnosed with depression. Recent trends indicate that over time within the Mackenzie LHA, the incidence of high
AURICO METALS INC. 4-85 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT blood pressure steadily declined (between 2006/07 and 2011/12); depression/anxiety has remained relatively stable (at approximately 16 cases per 1,000); COPD increased (to approximately 12 per 1,000 in 2011/12), and asthma, diabetes, and heart failure have remained stable 23 (BC Provincial Health Services Authority 2014).
Community Recreation Services
Recreation facilities in Mackenzie include an ice area, curling rink, aquatic facility, weight room, and 25 m swimming pools. The Mackenzie library is located within a larger recreation complex. Outdoor recreation opportunities include biking, hiking, camping, boating, and fishing. Site of interest for recreationists include Morfee Mountain, Williston Lake, and Alexander Mackenzie’s Landing. The landing is a day use area with beaches and boat launch (Disctrict of Mackenzie 2011).
Programs, clubs, and organizations related to community recreation in Mackenzie include those for hockey, snowboarding, snowmobiling, speed and figure skating, cross-country skiing, lacrosse, soccer, badminton, wrestling, karate, cadets, and many others (District of Mackenzie 2013). Other popular activities include golfing, volleyball, and nature excursions (RCCBC 2014d).
4.12.2.5 Prince George
There a number of facilities providing health services in Prince George. The main hospital is the University Hospital of Northern British Columbia (UHNBC) which is also the largest acute care facility within the Northern Interior. In the 2010/2011 fiscal year, care providers dealt with nearly 90,000 ambulatory care visits, over 45,000 emergency room visits and 9,100 inpatient day surgery cases.
The hospital is a teaching or education site for nursing and many health sciences students. Facilities at UHNBC include 193 beds, expanded areas for patient care and emergencies, an updated Intensive Care Unit (ICU), a maternal-child care centre including a single room neonatal ICU, facilities to accommodate undergraduate physician training, an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) unit and a new cancer centre that provides radiation therapy (RCCBC 2014e).
The ICU consists of four beds and two isolation rooms to treat infectious patients and provides post-operative care of surgery patients, as well as life-support and organ support systems. The UHNBC has a 19 bed full-service emergency room and also provides cardiac and thoracic surgery services. There are a number of pharmacies in Prince George including one located within the hospital. There are numerous mental health, addictions, family health, half-way/reintegration facilities, native healing, youth and family services, withdrawal management and residential recovery services located in Prince George. Social work and outreach services are also available (RCCBC 2014e).
23 At approximately 6, 5, and 3 cases per 1,000 in 2011/12.
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Health
Life expectancy in Prince George LHA is 79.8 years, slightly below the provincial average of 82.3 years. In the Prince George LHA, the potential years of life lost (PYLL) from natural causes averaged 39.4 years/1,000, which is notably above the provincial rate of 29.7 years. The rate of PYLL from accidental causes averaged 7.6 years/1,000 which are slightly higher than the provincial rate of 7.0 years/1,000. PYLL from suicide/homicide in Prince George LHA (5.1 years/1,000 population) is just slightly higher than the provincial average of 4.0 years/1,000. Overall, life expectancy at birth, PYLL due to natural causes, accidental causes, and suicides/homicides in Prince George LHA is similar to the province (BC Stats 2012c).
Infant mortality rates and hospitalization rates provide context for the youth health in Prince George LHA 24 . The infant mortality rate in the Prince George LHA was 4.0 per 1,000 live births, slightly higher than the provincial rate of 3.7/1,000 live births. Hospitalization rates for respiratory disease and injury and poisoning were higher in Prince George LHA than for BC generally. Hospitalization rates for respiratory disease in Prince George LHA, at 13.3 per 1,000 population, being above the provincial figure of 9.2. Hospitalization due to injury and poisoning in Prince George LHA was 6.4 per 1,000, compared to the provincial figure of 4.4 per 1,000 (BC Stats 2012c).Community Recreation Services
The City of Prince George provides a variety of recreation programs and services to the public and community groups. The Leisure Access Programs is a subsidy program for individuals receiving income assistance that provides, for example, complementary swimming or public skating passes. There are 21 community outdoor skating rinks and six recreation centres in Prince George. There are also a number of community programs available to residents including those in the arts, aquatics, culture, dance, sports/fitness, music, and others. Programming for seniors, youth, individuals with special needs, and special events and programs is also available (City of Prince George 2014d).
4.12.2.6 Smithers
Smithers and the surrounding area are serviced by the Bulkley Valley District Hospital, which is operated by Northern Health. The hospital provides a full range of services including emergency, medical, surgical, maternity, and palliative services. The hospital employs family physicians, anaesthetists, a paediatrician, visiting surgeons, and other specialists (Smithers Social Planning Council 2011a). There are 21 physicians, seven dentists, and three optometrists in Smithers (NDIT 2010). Ambulance and air ambulance services are available and major medical care transfer is to Prince George (RCCBC 2014b).
The Bulkley Valley District Hospital is a 24 bed facility with an emergency room that provides services 24/7. There are 16 beds within the acute care facility and on average 250 deliveries per year. There are a number of pharmacies in Smithers including one that is located within the Bulkley Valley District Hospital (RCCBC 2014g). Health services available in surgical, urology, ENT (ear, nose, throat), obstetric, lab and x-ray/imaging services, extended care services (Bulkley Lodge), home care nursing,
24 There is no data on teen pregnancies as some facilities did not contribute their data to the Ministry of Health data base, resulting in extreme volatility in the data both on a regional and provincial level.
AURICO METALS INC. 4-87 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT midwifery (Bulkley Valley Midwives), physiotherapy and occupational therapy, as well as numerous mental health and addictions services, social work services, and outreach clinics (RCCBC 2014g).
The Smithers Health Unit offers public health nursing services including family health, post-partum support, immunization clinics, school health, sexual health and communicable diseases services, amongst others (Smithers Social Planning Council 2011c). There is one extended care service provider, the Bulkley Lodge (70 beds) which provides home care nursing, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, mental health and addiction services (RCCBC 2014b).
The Meadows, a 14-unit supportive housing development located in Smithers, opened in 2007 and provides assisted living to seniors and people with disabilities. The units are self-contained, wheelchair-accessible apartments with a 24-hour response system (CMHC 2007). The Bulkley Lodge is a 70-bed long-term geriatric care facility administered through Home and Community Care. The facility has 14 designated mental health and addictions beds, and offers 24-hour staffing (Northern Health 2011a). The Smithers Community Services Association has a volunteer centre and hosts a wide array of programs and services for Smithers residents (SCSA 2008).
Social services available in Smithers include programs for the treatment of drug and alcohol addictions, emergency housing and shelter, daycare, programs related to child protection, programs for learning (youth, literacy, seniors, and disabled individuals), family support programs, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder services, programs for seniors, risk reduction services, pregnancy outreach, and victims services (Smithers Social Planning Council 2011d).
In Smithers, Northern Health administers the Mental Health and Addictions Community Program. The program provides youth addictions counselling, elderly services, and treatment of eating disorders. The Bulkley Valley General Hospital offers a Methadone Program for individuals 19 years of age and over with drug dependency (Northern Health 2011a).
The Aboriginal Health Improvement Committee in Smithers is a venue for Aboriginal people to voice their health concerns and provide information about events or opportunities. Committee members include representatives from First Nations communities, Aboriginal organizations (i.e., Friendship Centres), Métis organizations, and local Northern Health leadership (Northern Health 2011a).
Health
Life expectancy in the Smithers LHA is 80.2 years, compared to 82.3 years provincially. In the Smithers LHA, the PYLL from natural causes averaged 33.9 years/1,000, which is similar to the provincial rate of 29.7 years. The rate of PYLL from accidental causes averaged 9.9 years/1,000 which is slightly higher than the provincial rate of 7.0 years/1,000. PYLL from suicide/homicide in the Smithers LHA (6.0 years/1,000 population) is just slightly higher than the provincial average of 4.0 years/1,000. Overall, life expectancy at birth, PYLL due to natural causes, accidental causes, and suicides/homicides in the Smithers LHA is similar to the province (BC Stats 2012d).
The infant mortality rate was 2.9 per 1,000 live births for the Smithers LHA, being below the provincial rate of 3.7/1,000 live births. Hospitalization rates for respiratory disease in the Smithers LHA were at 9.2 per 1,000 population, being almost equal to the provincial figure of 9.0. Hospitalization due to injury
4-88 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and poisoning in the Smithers LHA was 12.2 per 1,000, three times the provincial figure of 4.4 per 1,000 (BC Stats 2012d).
Community Recreation Services
Smithers has two golf courses, four areas for camping and water sports, one RV park, and facilities for downhill and cross-country skiing (NDIT 2010). The Bulkley Valley Regional Pool and Recreation Centre provides swimming and fitness facilities, as well as a gym, climbing wall, skating, and a curling club (Smithers Social Planning Council 2011b). Recreation activities that are popular in Smithers include horseback riding, hiking, golfing, rafting, fishing and skiing (RCCBC 2014h).
4.12.2.7 Terrace
The primary health care facility in northwest BC is Mills Memorial Hospital in Terrace. Mills Memorial Hospital is a teaching hospital with 44 beds and is a full service and trauma hospital that services Terrace and the surrounding areas. Of the 44 beds, 10 are utilized by the psychiatric unit and four by the ICU. The hospital has the only inpatient unit in the Northwest, three surgical suites, and an extensive day care service (RCCBC 2014i). There are also nine dentists on staff at the hospital (City of Terrace 2010a). Emergency care and ambulance services are also available, including air ambulance (Northern Health 2014b; RCCBC 2014a).
Health services available include extended care, home care nursing, and x-ray or imaging services, physiotherapy and occupational therapy services, anaesthetics services (two general practitioners), numerous mental health and addictions counselling services, social work services, and outreach centres. However, lab services are unavailable (RCCBC 2014i).
Terrace has the largest concentration of physicians and services north of Prince George. There are 16 family physicians and 21 specialists. Specialty physicians include: obstetrics/gynaecology, psychiatry, general surgery, urology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, paediatrics, anaesthetics, radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, and internal medicine (TEDA 2010). The Terrace View Lodge is a long-term care facility that provides assisted living for seniors and an adult day program. The facility also offers a recreation program (Northern Health 2011b). There are a number of pharmacies in Terrace, including one located within the Mills Memorial Hospital (RCCBC 2014i).
Health
Health indicators in Terrace fall below the provincial averages. Life expectancy at birth and PYLL from natural and accidental causes, suicides, and homicide are used as an indicator of the health of a population. Life expectancy in the Terrace LHA is 77.8 years, being below the provincial average on 82.3. In the Terrace LHA, the PYLL from natural causes averaged 56.0 years/1,000, substantially higher than the provincial rate of 29.7 years/1,000. The rate of PYLL from accidental causes averaged 15.5 years/1,000, which is approximately twice as high as the provincial rate of 7.0 years/1,000. PYLL from suicide/homicide in the Terrace LHA (8.5 years/1,000 population) is double the provincial average of 4.0 years/1,000. Overall, in the Terrace LHA, PYLL due to natural causes is almost double, PYLL due to accidental causes is more than double, and the PYLL due to suicides and homicides is slightly more than double, as compared to the provincial figures for each (BC Stats 2012e).
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The infant mortality rate was 5.8 per 1,000 live births for the Terrace LHA, being higher than the provincial rate of 3.7. Hospitalization rates for respiratory disease, injury, and poisoning were more than double in the Terrace LHA as compared to provincial figures. Specifically, hospitalization rates for respiratory disease in the Terrace LHA were 17.5 per 1,000 population, almost double the provincial figure of 9.0. Hospitalization due to injury and poisoning in the Terrace LHA was 7.6 per 1,000, being above the provincial figure of 4.4 per 1,000 (BC Stats 2012e).
Community Recreation Services
Recreation options are wide-ranging in the Terrace area. There are snowmobiling and hiking trails, as well as camping and fishing opportunities in the local wilderness. There are also two golf courses, the Terrace Aquatic Centre, the Shames Mountain ski hill, and the Sportsplex multi-purpose arena (City of Terrace 2010a). Recreation facilities in Terrace include an archery range, bowling alley, curling rink, fitness clubs, ice arenas, parks and playgrounds, riffle ranges, ski hills, stables, an aquatic centre, a golf course, tennis courts, baseball diamonds, soccer fields, and a boat launch. Popular recreation activities include fishing, hiking, biking, kayaking, canoeing, ice-fishing, rock climbing, water-skiing, skiing, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling. Finally, there are a number of active community sports, hobby, and service organizations (RCCBC 2014j).
4.13 EMERGENCY SERVICES : MEDICAL TRANSPORT , POLICE , AND FIREFIGHTING
4.13.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
While emergency service areas are defined to be inclusive of both urban and rural areas, services and capacities originate within communities. As such, access to emergency services is described for each potentially affected community in Section 4.13.2. However, an overview of policing for each region is provided below.
4.13.1.1 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
In the PRRD, the RCMP provides municipal police services to the cities of Dawson Creek and Fort St. John. The RCMP’s rural service covers the remainder of the regional district including the communities of Chetwynd, Hudson’s Hope and Tumbler Ridge. In 2011, 58 police were assigned to the municipal force and 32 to the rural service (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.13.1.2 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
In the RDFFG, the RCMP provides municipal police services to the City of Prince George, whereas the rural service covers the remainder of the RD including Mackenzie and Tsay Keh Dene (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). In 2011, 128 RCMP officers served the City of Prince George and 26 were responsible for policing the provincial areas (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.13.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako
In the RDBN, RCMP provides municipal police services to the City of Smithers whereas RCMP provincial areas provide services for the communities of Burns Lake, Fort St. James, Fraser Lake, Granisle, Houston, Takla Landing and Vanderhoof (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). In 2011, there
4-90 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION were 64 RCMP officers in total (1 officer per each 624 community members), nine were responsible for the City of Smithers and 55 for the provincial area (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.13.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat Stikine
In the RDKS, the RCMP provides municipal police services to the City of Terrace and the District of Kitimat. Rural coverage includes the communities of Atlin, Dease Lake, New Hazelton, and Stewart, as well as First Nations reserves (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). In 2011, there were 75 RCMP officers assigned to the region: 40 RCMP for the municipal service and 35 RCMP servicing the rural areas.
4.13.2 Potentially Affected Communities
All of the PACs are part of the RCMP North District under the BC Policing Jurisdiction (BC Ministry of Justice 2012a). Prince George, Smithers and Terrace are serviced by municipal RCMP branches, whereas Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, Takla Landing, and Mackenzie are serviced by corresponding RCMP rural services.
Provincial health services (including the Northern Health and the BC Ambulance Service) are responsible for emergency medical support include transport by ambulance or air ambulance (med-evac). Firefighting services may be available locally, to varying degrees.
4.13.2.1 Kwadacha
Provincial emergency health services provide med-evac flights, as needed, to the Mackenzie District Hospital. However, the community reports a need for an ambulance and local paramedics to transport patients to Mackenzie; at present, an ambulance from Mackenzie will meet patients half-way along the Finlay forest service road (noting that the total journey along this unpaved road is more than 400 km; S. Case. pers. Comm., 2014).
There are no fire-fighting services or related equipment (e.g., a fire truck) at Kwadacha (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015). Recent communication indicates there are no emergency services available in Kwadacha (E. Ruth, pers. comm. 2015; S. Case, pers. comm., 2014). Law enforcement in Kwadacha is provided by the Tsay Keh RCMP detachment (four officers) located 70 km to the south (BC Ministry of Justice 2012a).
4.13.2.2 Tsay Keh
Provincial health services provide med-evac flights, as needed, to the Mackenzie District Hospital, although upgrades to the airstrip are required in order to have 24-hour emergency flights. The TKDN helps schedule appointments and arrange travel for members requiring medical care outside the community. Travel may be arranged by car or by Ootsa Air (recently purchased by the TKDN) to Prince George or Mackenzie (TKD 2011).
Tsay Keh has an ambulance and two TKND members have completed training to become Emergency Medical Responders. The TKDN hopes to be able to provide emergency services by 2015, and is investigating options for funding these types of services. The TKDN is also working with the FNHA to develop and fund an emergency response program for the community. Emergency
AURICO METALS INC. 4-91 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE REPORT housing for children is provided, when needed, by a community Safe Home (L. Gleeson, pers. comm., 2014; D. Izony, pers. comm. 2015).
Tsay Keh has a volunteer fire department with a fire truck, and a fire hall. Two community members are being trained for emergency response as paramedics. Law enforcement in Tsay Keh is provided by the local RCMP detachment that serves the communities of Tsay Keh and Kwadacha (BC Ministry of Justice 2012a).
4.13.2.3 Takla Landing
Medical emergencies in Takla Landing are transported by road or air to the nearest full-service hospital at Stuart Lake Hospital, in Fort St. James. Ambulance and paramedic services are not available in the community, and there are no local firefighting services.
Law enforcement in is provided by a local RCMP detachment with three officers (L. Krebs, pers. comm., 2014) which is located on the southern border of North Tacla Lake I.R. No. 7 which serves both the on and off reserve areas at Takla Landing, and Middle River (Dzitline Lee IR) between Takla Lake and Fort St. James (SNC Lavalin 2013).This detachment provides frontline policing as well as emergency service. Child protection and family services are available in Vanderhoof. There is no emergency housing in the community (L. Krebs, pers. comm., 2014).
4.13.2.4 Mackenzie
The Mackenzie District Hospital and Health Centre has a limited service emergency room that operates 24/7. BC ambulance services are available. During 2009/2010, there were 4,735 visits to the emergency room (RCCBC 2014c).
The District of Mackenzie’s Fire Rescue Services is headed by one Fire Chief (CivicInfoBC 2015). Law enforcement is provided by the Mackenzie RMCP detachment which handles civil and criminal matters including issues such as child abuse, missing persons, thefts, alcohol violations, sexual assaults, property damage, and peace bonds (Community Living BC 2014). There were ten RCMP officers based in Mackenzie in 2013, serving a population of approximately 3,620 (BC Ministry of Justice Police Services Division 2013).
4.13.2.5 Prince George
Ambulance and air ambulance services are available and Prince George is a hub for many of the surrounding communities, in terms of health care and other services (RCCBC 2014e).
Fire Rescue services in Prince George include suppression, fire prevention and investigation, training, and communications. Suppression services are provided from four halls that are staffed 24/7 by four shifts with an Assistant Chief, a Captain, and a minimum of three Firefighters at each hall per shift. The fire prevention and investigation division maintain a regular schedule of inspections for public buildings as the provincial fire code. This division is also responsible for education and is located within fire hall one and staffed by the Fire Chief Prevention Officer and three Fire Inspectors. In addition to operational and technical training, the training division works
4-92 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION with the human resources department to provide post-secondary courses, workshops and other education. The training division is staffed by the Chief Training Officer.
The fire rescue services communications division is one of the largest centralized fire dispatch and communication centres in Western Canada and coordinates communication services for the Prince George Fire Rescue Service and 84 other departments located in the FFG, Cariboo, BN, and KS RDs. The communications division is staff by the Chief Communications Officer and 11 fire dispatchers (City of Prince George 2014b).
The Prince George municipal RCMP force is divided into nine departments: Administration, Community Policing, Crime Reduction Team, Downtown Enforcement Unit, Forensic Identification Section, General Duty, Police Dog Section, Serious Crime Section, and Victim Services (RCMP 2014). Additionally, Prince George residents benefit from the services of the Prince George Community Police, a division of the Prince George RCMP. The Community Police are a volunteer based organization that offers a variety of crime prevention programs and services to local citizens and businesses including police-supported education programs and services (Prince George Community Police 2014). There were 128 RCMP officers in the municipal force in 2013 (BC Ministry of Justice Police Services Division 2013).
4.13.2.6 Smithers
The BC Ambulance Service provides support for Smithers as well as surrounding communities from Houston to Hazelton. The service employs two full-time and more than 10 part-time paramedics, using three ambulances (Town of Smithers 2009). Patients requiring further medical treatment than is available at the Bulkley Valley District Hospital are transported to the nearest major medical facility which is located in Prince George, approximately 374 km away. The Bulkley Valley District Hospital emergency room services are limited but include trauma services. There were 13,363 visits to the emergency room in 2009/2010. Air ambulance services are also available (RCCBC 2014g).
The Smithers Volunteer Fire Department has 40 volunteer firefighters who train regularly. They report to a fire chief and deputy fire chief. Besides structural fire-fighting, services include first response care, highway rescues, aircraft fire fighting, fire prevention, public fire safety education, and volunteer fire fighting education. The department is equipped with eight vehicles (Town of Smithers 2009).
Law enforcement in Smithers is provided by the Smithers RCMP municipal and rural detachments, which were staffed by 15 officers (nine municipal and six rural) in 2013 (BC Ministry of Justice Police Services Division 2013). The Town of Smithers and the RCMP have also partnered to establish the Smithers Community Police, who work to lower crime by improving social conditions and emphasizing the public’s role in crime prevention and safety (Town of Smithers 2009).
4.13.2.7 Terrace
The BC Ambulance Service in Terrace is designated as an urban service. The community has one daytime ambulance and two part-time call-out ambulances (Save our Paramedics 2010). BC Ambulance Service cooperates with the Terrace Fire Department in providing the First Responder Program (City of Terrace Fire Department 2010).
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The Mills Memorial Hospital has a full-service and trauma emergency room that operates 24/7. Patients requiring further treatment are transported to the nearest major medical center which is the hospital in Prince George (approximately 580 km away). Air ambulance services are available from Terrace. There were 21,142 emergency room visits in 2009 (RCCBC 2014i).
The City of Terrace fire department has a voluntary team of 25 individuals that respond to highway traffic accidents, medical emergencies, hazardous materials spills, and fires. The team offers in-house training programs and practice sessions as well as regional fire school courses (City of Terrace 2011).
Police services in Terrace are provided by the Terrace RCMP municipal and rural detachments, which were staffed by 32 officers (25 municipal and seven rural) in 2013 (BC Ministry of Justice Police Services Division 2013). The detachment area extends north on the Nass Road, 24 km south towards Kitimat, 70 km east towards Cedarvale, and 70 km west towards Prince Rupert (City of Terrace 2010b). The Terrace detachment provides 24-hour police services, forensic examination, drug cases, crime prevention and victims’ services, crime reduction, and First Nations policing. The detachment handled over 12,000 complaints in 2007 (City of Terrace 2010b).
4.14 CRIME
According to the BC Ministry of Justice, in 2012, BC crime rates declined to the lowest rate since 1972 (BC Ministry of Justice 2013). In 2012, there were 357,192 criminal code offences, of which 18% were violent offences and 61% were property offences. For the period of 2011 to 2012, violent offences decreased by 5% while property offences increased by 1.3% (BC Ministry of Justice 2013). Further, a total of 71 homicides were reported in 2012, 16 fewer than in 2011; however, the total number of attempted murders increased from 79 in 2011 to 83 in 2012 (BC Ministry of Justice 2013).
The violent Crime Severity Index (CSI) 25 was at 89.33 in 2012 down from 94.43 in 2011; both the non-violent CSI and the youth CIS were lower compared to 2011, being at 94.62 and 57.80 in 2012 (BC Ministry of Justice 2013). The violent and non-violent CSI for BC were above the national average, whereas the youth CSI for BC was below the national average (BC Ministry of Justice 2013).
4.14.1 Socio-economic Regional Study Area
4.14.1.1 Regional District of Fraser-Fort George (RDFFG)
In 2011, 13,566 Criminal Code offences were recorded within the RD; this was almost a 6% decrease from 14,358 recorded in 2010. Of those, 19% were violent crimes, 50% were property crimes, and the remaining included other crimes (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). The crime rate was recorded at 139 offences per 1,000 population as compared to 148 in 2010.
25 CSI measures the volume of crime accounting for the varying degrees of severity that exist between offence types by weighting each according to a scale of seriousness.
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4.14.1.2 Peace River Regional District (PRRD)
For 2011, 6,549 criminal offences were recorded for the PRRD; a 6% decrease from the 7,002 recorded in 2010. The 2011 crime rate was at 103 offences per 1,000 as compared to 103 offences in 2010 (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). In the PRRD, property offenses were common (44%) and violent crime accounted for 23% of offences; the remaining included other crimes (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.14.1.3 Regional District of Bulkley-Nechako (RDBN)
In 2011, there were 5,504 criminal offences, a 4% decrease since 2010. Of those, 25% were violent crimes and 43% were property crimes. The 2011 crime rate was 138 offences per 1,000 people, a decrease from 145 in 2010. In the last decade, the highest crime rate of 177 was in 2005 (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.14.1.4 Regional District of Kitimat-Stikine (RDKS)
In 2011, there were 5,668 criminal offences in the RDKS, a 3% decrease over the criminal offences in 2010. Of all of the offences in 2011, 26% consisted of violent crime offences and 38% were property crimes. The 2011 crime rate was 144, compared to 148 in 2010 and 170 in 2009 (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.14.2 Potentially Affected Communities
4.14.2.1 Kwadacha and Tsay Keh
No crime data specific to Kwadacha is available. The community is served under the RCMP detachment in Tsay Keh (70 km south), and is captured in the crime statistics for this detachment.
For the RCMP detachment in Tsay Keh in 2011, official statistics indicate there was one officer per every 230 community members (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). The Ministry of Justice reports that crime rates and the number of total offences for this detachment decreased overall between 2006 and 2011, although there was a spike in both indicators in 2008 and 2009. In 2011, violent crime represented approximately one-third of total incidents, and approximately one quarter of crimes were property crimes (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.14.2.2 Takla Landing
According to provincial statistics, Takla Landing RCMP had an average of one officer per 143 people for the period of 2002 to 2011 (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). In 2011, there were 126 crimes, of which, 21% were violent crimes and 29% were property crimes. The crime rate in 2011 was 881 per 1,000 residents (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
The Ministry of Justice reports that the number of criminal code offenses per year increased between 2006 and 2011, although there is no clear trend over the time period (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). Statistics correspond to police service areas and as such include other areas, such as Middle River; as a result data should be interpreted with caution. Recent community based research indicates the increase in crime rates after 2008 was associated with the economic downtown and decline in the local forestry industry (SNC Lavalin 2013).
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4.14.2.3 Mackenzie
RCMP for the Mackenzie rural area had ten officers working in 2011, with approximately one officer per 387 community members (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). The total number of crimes was 468 in 2011, a small increase from 466 in 2010 (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). Of those 31% were violent crimes and 34% were property crimes. Further, in 2011 the crime rate was 121 offences per 1,000 people (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.14.2.4 Prince George
For the City of Prince George, there were 128 police officers in 2011, representing one officer per 592 people. There were 11,953 offences in 2011, a 6% decrease from 2010 in offences. Of those, 18% were violent crimes, 50% were property crimes, and the remaining included other offences (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). The crime rate in 2011 was at 158 offences per 1,000, compared to 169 in 2010. The highest crime rate of 206 offences per 1,000 was in 2003 (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b) .
4.14.2.5 Smithers
For the period of 2010 to 2011, Smithers municipality had a police force of six officers, one officer per every 1,279 people. In 2011, there were 906 offences in Smithers, slightly higher in comparison to the total number of offenses in 2010 (848) but below criminal code offences in 2009, 2008, 2007, and 2006 (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). Of all offences, 20% were violent crimes and 53% were property crimes (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b). Further, the 2011 crime rate was 169 offences per 1,000 people, compared to 157 in 2010. In 2005, the crime rate reached the peak for the last decade at 308 offences per 1,000 people (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4.14.2.6 Terrace
There were 25 RCMP officers in Terrace, for the period of 2010 to 2011, with one officer for every 482 community members in 2011. The total number of crimes was 2,150 with a crime rate of 179 per 1,000 people. Of those, 19% were violent crimes and 38% were property crimes (BC Ministry of Justice 2012b).
4-96 ERM | PROJ #0196303-0012 | REV C.1 | AUGUST 2015 5. SUMMARY
The PACs considered in this report are the incorporated municipalities and remote Aboriginal communities closest to the proposed Kemess Underground Project in northern BC. The socio-economic baseline presented in this report has relied largely on secondary data (including statistics from the Census of Canada, the National Household Survey, and First Nations profiles by AANDC) to describe the prevailing conditions for the seven PACs and the broader region.
As is typical of economies tied to natural resource industries, populations of the study communities have fluctuated over the past two census periods (Section 4.3.2 and 4.3.3). In 2011, a relatively high proportion of PAC populations identified as Aboriginal in comparison to the provincial average, and the regional population was relatively young (Statistics Canada 2012).
The three closest communities to the Project are remote and isolated Aboriginal communities; Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, and Takla Landing are all accessible by air or, alternatively, by land via lengthy forest service roads. These communities have relatively small populations (in the range of 200 to 300 people). Though notably larger in comparison to the Aboriginal communities, Mackenzie is a relatively small community (3,500 residents in 2011). Historically dependent on forestry, there was a notable 23% decrease Mackenzie population between 2006 and 2011. This statistic showcases the labour mobility associated with resource industry dependent communities (Bell 2013). The other PACs—Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace—have larger populations and more diverse economies, although they maintain strong links to natural resource industries including forestry and mining.
Educational attainment levels vary between the PACs, with a notable difference in educational attainment between residents of the smaller and more rural Aboriginal communities, compared with the larger centres (Statistics Canada 2013c). Lower-than-average high school completion rates are typical of many of the small, rural northern communities and are often correlated with a past (and current) lack of local access to formal education; this often requires students to relocate to larger communities in order to pursue or finish their education. There may also be challenges maintaining school infrastructure and programming for small populations (Section 4.5). Aboriginal communities such as Tsay Keh are working to develop and maintain local opportunities for students to complete high school.
The high proportion of PAC residents with experience in trades likely speaks to the employment opportunities that are regionally available and those expected to become available in the future. Apprenticeship and trades certificates are notably more common in the PACs (30 to 35%) in comparison to the provincial average (19%). Correspondingly, employment in trades, transport and equipment operations as well as the natural resources and agriculture sectors is generally higher in the PACs (Section 4.7.3).
Residents of the larger service centres of Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace, had median household incomes above provincial averages. Median incomes were lower than average incomes, pointing to a comparatively larger proportion of lower income earners (Section 4.9).
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Economic activity in the RSA is based on natural resource industries, including mining and forestry. Business activity in the PACs varies by community, although there are some notable trends. The “agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting” sector is particularly important in the Aboriginal communities. Mining, quarrying, and oil-and-gas extraction industries were an important source of employment in Smithers and Mackenzie in 2011 (Section 4.8).
Community access to health, social, and emergency services varies by community within the RSA. The Aboriginal study communities (i.e. Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, and Takla Landing) are geographically isolated and access to services that are readily available in larger centres can be a challenge. Heath services in the Aboriginal communities rely in part on scheduled visits from health care professionals and transport (as needed) to larger service centres such as Prince George. However, the First Nations in these communities have developed local health and social wellness programs to address the specific needs of each community, including support for Elders and youth, cultural programs, traditional healing, and healthy lifestyles. A broader range of services, including emergency services are available in the larger PACs, although the Northern Health authority reports that regional services facilities are operating at or beyond maximum capacity.
Health conditions in the Northern Interior Region, which includes much of the RSA, are below provincial averages for indicators such as life expectancy and self-reported health (BC Stats 2012b). There is also a well-documented discrepancy in health outcomes between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations in BC and across Canada (Mikkonen and Raphel 2010).
All of the PACs are part of the RCMP North District (BC Ministry of Justice 2012a). Prince George, Smithers and Terrace are serviced by municipal RCMP branches, whereas Kwadacha, Tsay Keh, Takla Landing, and Mackenzie are serviced by corresponding RCMP rural services. Provincial health services are responsible for emergency medical support include transport by ambulance or air ambulance (med-evac). Housing conditions varied between the Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal PACs. The average number of persons per household and the proportion of homes requiring major repairs were both higher within the Aboriginal PACs for which data were available (Section 4.10).
While the PACs are described side-by-side within this report, the social and economic realities that characterize Aboriginal communities are quite distinct from those of larger, mixed population, more economically diverse, and less remote communities. On average, the remote Aboriginal communities face greater challenges related to education, employment, and health and social services, although the First Nations are actively working to address these challenges in each community. Health and social wellness are complex and multidimensional, and First Nations’ conceptions of community health and well-being are noted to be particularly holistic and inclusive, incorporating issues related to culture, language, and land use, in addition to practical matters such as work and life skills, education, employment, and family and community support networks.
In summary, the region is typified by natural resource industries and related skills and employment, and populations have historically fluctuated in response to cyclical mining, forestry, and other resource industries. The provision of services and infrastructure throughout the region is challenged by long distances and remote communities. As such, services and economic opportunities are typically focused in the larger service centres of the region, including Prince George, Smithers, and Terrace, while the more remote Aboriginal communities are working to develop local services to address the specific needs of their communities.
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