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The Role of Awareness and Engagement in Safeguarding the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area

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The Role of Awareness and Engagement in Safeguarding the Muskwa-Kechika Management Area THE ROLE OF AWARENESS AND ENGAGEMENT IN SAFEGUARDING THE MUSKWA-KECHIKA MANAGEMENT AREA by Rachelle Sydney Linde B.A. Hon., University of Northern British Columbia, 2018 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A DEGREE OF MASTER OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA JULY 2021 © Rachelle Linde, 2021 ABSTRACT The Muskwa-Kechika Management Area (M-KMA) in northern British Columbia is globally significant for its size, special resource management, and cultural and ecological values. These characteristics were secured in perpetuity through the British Columbian Government’s M-KMA Act in 1998. However, today low public awareness and engagement are seen as threats to the M-KMA’s effectiveness and longevity. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research examined the role of awareness and engagement in safeguarding the M-KMA by conducting semi-structured interviews and a media analysis, both of which informed a public survey. Informing the research design were underlying theories in sense of place, place branding, and the relationship of planned behaviour to place-protective behaviour. Additionally, resource management practices like ecosystem-based management informed the research design and methods of public participation in policy formation. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………………………....ii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………………………………………...iii LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………………….vi LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………….…..vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………………….ix 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................. 5 2.1 Management, Policy, and the Public .................................................................................. 5 2.1.1 The Origins of EBM ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.1.2 Other Applications of Ecosystem-Based Management ................................................................... 8 2.1.3 Considerations When Applying EBM ........................................................................................... 10 2.1.4 Policy Formation and Public Involvement .................................................................................... 11 2.1.5 Public Participation in Policy Formation ....................................................................................... 12 2.1.6 When the Public is Unheard .......................................................................................................... 14 2.2 Promotion of Place ............................................................................................................. 15 2.2.1 Branding through Traditional Marketing ....................................................................................... 15 2.2.2 Place Branding, Identity of Place and Personal Identity ............................................................... 16 2.2.3 Delivering Place Brand .................................................................................................................. 17 2.2.4 De-Colonizing Place Branding ...................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Sense of Place and Planned Behaviour ............................................................................ 19 2.3.1 Place Attachment, Identity, and Dependence ................................................................................ 19 2.3.2 Sense of Place, Attitudes and Behaviours ..................................................................................... 20 2.3.3 Connections Between People and Place ........................................................................................ 20 2.4 Theory of Planned Behaviour ........................................................................................... 22 2.4.1 Theory of Planned Behaviour and Applications in Conservation ................................................. 25 2.4.2 Companion Theories and Models to the Theory of Planned Behaviour ........................................ 27 2.5 Conceptual Model .............................................................................................................. 29 3 METHODS ..................................................................................................................... 30 3.1 Theoretical Approach ........................................................................................................ 30 3.2 Research Design ................................................................................................................. 30 3.2.1 Exploratory Case Study ................................................................................................................. 31 3.3 Media Analysis ................................................................................................................... 31 3.3.1 Sample Design and Selection ........................................................................................................ 33 3.3.2 Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 35 3.4 Interviews ............................................................................................................................ 35 3.4.1 Semi-Structured Interviews ........................................................................................................... 36 3.4.2 Interview Analysis ......................................................................................................................... 37 3.5 Survey .................................................................................................................................. 38 3.5.1 Survey Sample ............................................................................................................................... 39 3.5.2 Survey Design ................................................................................................................................ 40 3.5.3 Survey Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 41 4 Case Study ....................................................................................................................... 43 iii 4.1 What is the M-KMA? ........................................................................................................ 43 4.2 Traditional Territories of the M-KMA ............................................................................ 43 4.3 Geography of the M-KMA ................................................................................................ 44 4.3.1 Biogeoclimatic Zones of the M-KMA ........................................................................................... 44 4.3.2 Natural Resource Values of the M-KMA ...................................................................................... 44 4.4 From Land and Resource Management Plans to the M-KMA Act .............................. 45 4.4.1 Success of the LRMPs ................................................................................................................... 46 4.5 Resource Management Zones in the M-KMA ................................................................. 47 4.6 Governance of the M-KMA .............................................................................................. 48 4.7 Environmental Policy and the M-KMA ........................................................................... 48 4.7.1 Public Involvement with the M-KMA to Date .............................................................................. 49 4.7.2 Public Awareness of the M-KMA ................................................................................................. 52 4.8 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 53 5 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................ 54 5.1 Media Analysis Results ...................................................................................................... 54 5.1.1 Volume and Topics of Publications ............................................................................................... 55 5.1.2 How Has the M-KMA Been Framed Across Media Sub-Types? ................................................. 64 5.1.3 Description of the M-KMA ........................................................................................................... 65 5.1.4 Contemporary Challenges Facing the M-KMA ............................................................................. 73 5.1.5 Audiences in Action ....................................................................................................................... 77 5.1.6 Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 80 5.2 Interview Results ................................................................................................................ 80 5.2.1 What the Public Needs to Know ...................................................................................................
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