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The Stress of Boredom and Monotony: a Consideration of the Evidence

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The Stress of Boredom and Monotony: a Consideration of the Evidence REVIEW ARTICLE The Stress of Boredom and Monotony: A Consideration of the Evidence RICHARD I. THACKRAY, PHD ombination capable of eliciting considerable stress. INTRODUCTION Boredom and monotony are widely Most of us would readily agree that recognized as undesirable side effects of boredom and monotony are unpleasant, repetitious work. With an increasing undesirable states. During recent years, trend toward the application of computer however, a number of investigators have control, more jobs are becoming auto- begun to refer to monotony and boredom, mated and, despite a concomitant demand especially that resulting from repetitive for programing and other computer- industrial work, not simply as undesirable related work associated with a high de- aspects of automation, but as stressors that gree of job satisfaction, there is concern may be as potentially harmful to the indi- that this trend will result in a net increase vidual as are the more commonly ac- in the number of fragmented and routine knowledged effects of exposure to over- jobs; in this event the effects of boredom stimulation or conditions of excessive and monotony will become increasingly workload (1-7). If boredom and montony important considerations in job design are significant determinants of stress, then and personnel management. attempts to reduce the strain of excessive workloads through increased automation could have the ironic effect of replacing one sort of stressor with another. From the Civil Aeromedical Institute, Federal Av- iation Administration, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The intent of this article is to review the Address requests for reprints to: Dr. Richard I. literature that bears on the alleged rela- Thackray, AAC-118, CAMI-FAA, P.O. Box 25082, tionship of boredom and monotony to Oklahoma City, OK 73125. Received for publication March 18, 1980; revision stress. For purposes of this discussion, received November 3, 1980. boredom and monotony will be used in- Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 2 (April 1981) 165 Copyright © 1981 by the American Psychosorr : Society, In Published by Elsevier North Holland, Inc 52 Vanderbllt Ave, New York, NY 10017 0033-3I74/81/020165I2S02 SO RICHARD I. THACKRAY terchangeably to refer to the experience LABORATORY STUDIES that arises from exposure to stimulus con- ditions which are perceived to be either uniform or repetitive, and which also in- Task Performance duce a desire for change or variety. This is To my knowledge, the only laboratory essentially the same definition of bore- study of monotony that has actually com- dom and monotony as proposed by Smith pared sympathetic-adrenomedullary ac- (8). tivity both during performance of a The studies reviewed will be drawn monotonous (vigilance) task and during largely from the literature on vigilance, performance of a highly stimulating sen- sensory deprivation, and repetitive indus- sorimotor task was conducted by Frank- trial work. It is, of course, recognized that enhaeuser, Nordheden, Myrsten, and Post exposure to such stimulus conditions is (4). Because of its importance, this study not always perceived as monotonous and will be considered in some detail. All that monotony can certainly arise in the subjects performed the complex sen- presence of multiple, varied stimulation. sorimotor task on one 3-hr occasion and However, virtually all studies in which the vigilance task on another. A third boredom or montony are either measured session (control) was spent reading variables or inferred to be generally pre- magazines. Subjective ratings of boredom, sent, and in which physiological indices unpleasantness, concentration, and irrita- of stress are also available, are studies tion obtained during task performance re- dealing with repetitive uniform stimulus vealed that boredom was the feeling state conditions of the type mentioned above. that differed most in the two tasks, with Stress will be used in the Selye (9) boredom being considerably higher dur- sense to refer to the nonspecific response ing vigilance performance. Urinary excre- of the body to any demands placed on it, tion of adrenaline and noradrenaline was with principal measures of stress being measured prior to and during the two task biochemical indices of increased sympa- conditions and the control condition. thetic-adrenomedullary and pituitary- Analyses of variance of these data re- adrenocortical activity. Since autonomic vealed significant differences between the and electrocortical changes associated three conditions for both measures. In- with increased "activation" or "arousal" terestingly enough, although mean values (10) are commonly considered to be com- for adrenaline and noradrenaline were ponents of the generalized stress response generally higher during the course of both (2, 11, 12), some studies employing re- treatment conditions than during the con- sponses of the central or autonomic ner- trol condition, both catecholamines in- vous system will be considered when creased rather markedly during perfor- biochemical indices are lacking. Finally, mance of the complex task, but they either since clinical and experimental evidence declined continuously or showed a de- suggests that chronic or recurrent eleva- cline followed by a slight increase during tion of arousal levels may lead to a variety the vigilance task. Also, the greater level of diseases (2, 13, 14), studies purporting of noradrenaline excretion during vigi- to relate monotony to the incidence of lance performance relative to the control illness will also be included. condition was present even prior to the 166 Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 2 (April 1981) BOREDOM AND STRESS start of these conditions. Since the authors that administration of benzedrine signifi- failed to report individual comparisons cantly increased wakefulness, blood pres- between the treatment and control condi- sure, and heart rate, with a significant tions at the various measurement periods, reduction in reported boredom (18). it is impossible to determine whether cat- Two more recent performance studies, echolamines for both task conditions were in which boredom was a measured vari- significantly greater than the control, or able and arousal was assessed physiologi- whether the significant main effect for cally, fail to provide any strong support treatment groups was the result of the for Barmack's findings, although neither much greater increase in sympathetic- of these studies offers any real support for adrenomedullary activity during perfor- the opposing view that boredom is a state mance of the complex task. On the basis of of high arousal. the evidence presented by Franken- London, Schubert, and Washburn (19) haeuser et al (4), it would appear prema- manipulated boredom by using tasks dif- ture to conclude that the monotony of fering in interest. Tasks rated high in repetitive stimulation is associated with boredom were found to induce higher any significant increase in sympathetic- levels of heart rate and skin potential than adrenomedullary activity. was the case with tasks rated low in bore- Other performance studies in which dom. However, the apparent difference in boredom was a measured variable have heart rate between the high- and low- generally tended to rely on autonomic boredom conditions was on the order of rather than biochemical indices of one beat per min, and palmar skin con- sympathetic-adrenomedullary activity. ductance, the third measure of arousal The most extensive series of studies was used, failed to differentiate between the conducted in the 1930s by Barmack two conditions. Since subjects also rated (15-18). themselves as being significantly more In his initial study, Barmack (15) was tired and sleepy during the monotonous concerned with how boredom was related tasks than during the interesting ones, to changes in oxygen consumption and the authors' conclusions favoring a blood pressure during performance of a heightened arousal interpretation of bore- repetitive task. His data strongly dom are not convincing. suggested an inverse relationship be- Thackray, Bailey, and Touchstone (21) tween reported boredom and physiologi- examined the degree to which reported cal arousal, i.e., with reports of sustained boredom and monotony were related to interest, oxygen consumption and systolic performance on a complex monitoring and diastolic blood pressure either re- task and explored the general pattern of mained the same or increased, while re- physiological changes associated with ports of increasing boredom were as- boredom. Subjects performed a simulated sociated with declining levels of air traffic control task for 1 hr. Recordings physiological activity. In addition, he also of blood pressure, oral temperature, skin found reports of increasing boredom to be conductance, body movement, heart rate associated with decreased performance ef- and heart rate variability, and perfor- ficiency and increased drowsiness. One of mance measures of detection latency were Barmack's most interesting findings was obtained. In addition, subjects rated their Psychosomatic Medicine, Vol. 43, No. 2 (April 1981) 167 RICHARD I. THACKRAY feelings of boredom, monotony, and atten- catecholamine levels during vigilance tiveness at the beginning and end of the performance that appear to be similar in session. For the total group, a significant design, but with findings directly con- increase in detection latencies was ac- trary to those of Frankenhaeuser et al. (4). companied by significant increases in In both studies, indwelling catheters
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