Quand La Multimodalité Narrative Rencontre L'imaginaire

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Quand La Multimodalité Narrative Rencontre L'imaginaire THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTE UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : Lettres et Arts, Recherches sur l’imaginaire Arrêté ministériel : 25 mai 2016 Présentée par Clément PELISSIER Thèse dirigée par Marie-Agnès CATHIARD, MCF-HDR, Université Grenoble Alpes préparée au sein du Laboratoire LITT&ARTS UMR 5316 dans l'École Doctorale Langues, Littératures et Sciences Humaines Quand la multimodalité narrative rencontre l’imaginaire multisensoriel des super-héros Thèse soutenue publiquement le 8 décembre 2017, devant le jury composé de : Madame Estelle DOUDET Professeur de Littérature, Université Grenoble Alpes (Examinateur) Madame Sylvie FREYERMUTH Professeur de Littérature, Université du Luxembourg (Rapporteur, Présidente) Monsieur Roland LEHOUCQ Astrophysicien, CEA de Saclay, (Examinateur) Monsieur Philippe WALTER Professeur de Littérature, Université Grenoble Alpes (Examinateur) Quand la multimodalité narrative rencontre l’imaginaire multisensoriel des super-héros Résumé Les comic books, qui font partie du 9ème art avec la bande dessinée et le manga, constituent un pan important de la culture populaire et de l’imaginaire contemporain. Ils permettent d’attester de la persistance des super-héros, dont les aventures cycliques sont très appropriées à ce moyen d’expression. La variété des modes narratifs qui transmettent aujourd’hui les super-héros, depuis le cinéma jusqu’à nos univers virtuels contemporains, permet de questionner les enjeux de la fiction et sa vitalité. Ainsi les récits audio-visuels sont étudiés au même titre que ceux de papier. Cette multimodalité narrative de nos super-héros doit tenir compte de la vaste fresque que représentent leurs récits ; et ce sont des éléments représentatifs de mouvances éditoriales, historiques, ou encore sociales qui guident le choix de notre corpus d’étude, au travers des « Ages » de nos super-héros. L’imaginaire dynamique des personnages nous amène à retenir trois d’entre eux pour lesquels la multisensorialité et la moto-sensorialité sont l’essence même de leurs narrations. Cela permet de souligner l’apport des sciences cognitives dans l’analyse des ontologies de la fiction, de sorte que ces personnages intègrent parfaitement, en dépit des objections de Sperber & Hirschfeld (2004), les « fondations cognitives » de nos cultures. Nous défendons que les super- héros font partie des êtres fantastiques et nous utilisons pour leur analyse le cadre heuristique proposé dans Armand (2015), qui permet l’étude des êtres fantastiques repérés dans la Folkloristique en s’appuyant sur les acquis de l’Anthropologie Neuro-Cognitive. Ce cadre nous a permis d’analyser les pouvoirs multisensoriels de nos super-héros en termes d’intuitions, contre- intuitions et sur-intuitions, pour mieux approcher les mécanismes cognitifs qui fondent l’imaginaire des auteurs qui nous proposent ces héros tout autant que l’imaginaire de ceux qui y adhèrent. Batman, justicier costumé en chauve-souris, intègre dans sa lutte contre le crime les représentations de cet animal dans ce qu’il a de plus ambivalent dans nos imaginaires. Il reste toutefois incapable d’employer dans sa fiction une perception biologique naturelle du chiroptère : l’écholocation animale. Bien que connue du grand public, cette capacité demeure dans son fonctionnement trop contre-intuitive pour être représentée avec justesse dans les récits. Daredevil nous permet de poursuivre notre approche de la multisensorialité, avec le cas d’un justicier aveugle aux capacités perceptives et attentionnelles décuplées. Mais ce « super-aveugle » est incapable d’avoir recours à la compétence sur-intuitive de l’écholocation humaine, une compétence qui semble au final dépendre très contre-intuitivement des aires corticales visuelles plutôt que des aires auditives (depuis Thaler et al., 2011). Superman enfin possède a priori tous les pouvoirs, mais est particulièrement reconnu par sa capacité à voler sans contraintes. Cette capacité nous a conduit à rechercher dans quel incubateur neural d’ontologies fantastiques le récit puisait la composante génératrice de ce si célèbre pouvoir de vol aptère. Nous avons pour cela dû faire appel aux expériences hors-du-corps (Out-of-Body Experiences ou OBE), rapportées de longue date et universellement dans les narrations d’expérience, et dont l’émergence n’a été vraiment comprise sur le plan neural que récemment (cf. les expériences de stimulation corticale de Blanke et al., 2002). Nous proposons une approche qui permet d’unifier la Formation de l’esprit scientifique de Bachelard (1938), qui donne les bases d’une épistémologie de la contre-intuition, avec sa poétique. Car nous avons pu requalifier la poétique de L’Air et les songes (1943), dans ses apports fondamentaux − ici le vol onirique aptère −, de sur-intuitive. Ce vol sans ailes trouve par ailleurs un réel terrain d’expression par le mouvement imaginé dans les mondes virtuels et l’expérience de corps dissocié dans la Réalité Virtuelle. Mots-clés : Comics, super-héros, multisensorialité, multimodalité, intuition/contre-intuition/ sur-intuition, imaginaire When narrative multimodality encounters the multisensorial imaginary of superheroes Abstract Comic books constitute with comic albums and manga the 9th art and represent an important part of popular culture and contemporary imaginary. They bear witness of the persistence of superheroes, whose cyclic adventures are appropriate for this form of expression. The variety of narrative modes (from cinema to our contemporary virtual universes) that convey superheroes today allows us to question the issues of fiction and its vitality. Audio-visual narratives are thus as studied as paper narratives. The narrative multimodality of our superheroes must take into account the large fresco represented by their stories. These elements are representative of editorial, historical or even social movements that have guided the composition of our corpus throughout the “Ages” of ours superheroes. The dynamic imaginary of characters led us to select three of them for whom multisensoriality and motosensoriality are the very essences of their narratives. This gives us the opportunity to underline the contribution of cognitive sciences in the analysis of the ontologies of fiction, so as to have these characters perfectly integrate – despite the objections of Sperber & Hirschfeld (2004) – the “cognitive foundations” of our cultures. We defend the idea that superheroes belong to the category of fantastical creatures and we therefore use, for their analysis, the heuristic frame suggested by Armand (2015) and which allows the study of fantastical beings spotted in Folkloristics with the help of Neurocognitive Anthropology. This frame allowed us to analyze the multisensorial powers of superheroes in terms of intuitions, counter-intuitions, and over-intuitions so as to better understand the cognitive mechanisms on the basis of the imaginary of theirs creators and of those who adhere to it. Batman, a vigilante dressed as a bat, uses in his fight against crime the most ambivalent representations of this particular animal in our imaginaries. He remains, however, unable to use in his fiction a natural biological perception of the chripotera, namely animal echolocation. Although it is well known by the public, the functioning of this capacity remains too counter-intuitive to be accurately represented in the stories. Daredevil allows us to continue our study of multisensoriality with the case of a blind vigilante with increased perceptive and attentional capacities. But this “super-blind” is incapable of using the over-intuitive aspect of human echolocation, a skill that seems, in the end, to depend counter-intuitively on the cortical visual areas rather than on the auditory areas (since Thaler et al., 2011). Finally, Superman apparently possesses all powers but he is particularly well known for his ability to fly. This capacity led us to look for the neural incubator of fantastical ontologies in which the narrative found the generative component of this famous wingless flight. It was thus necessary to use out-of-body experiences (or OBE), which have been reported for a long time and are universally recognized in experience narratives and whose emergence has only been recently understood neurologically (see for the instance the experiences of cortical stimulations in Blanke et al., 2002). We offer an approach that would allow the unification of Bachelard’s Training of the Scientific Mind (1938), and which gives the basis of an epistemology of counter-intuition, with his poetics. Indeed, we have been able to redefine the poetics of his Air and Dreams (1943), in its most important contributions – here the wingless dream flight – as over-intuitive. This wingless flight finds a real mode of expression in the movements imagined in virtual worlds and in the experience of body dissociation offered by Virtual Reality. Key-words: Comics, superheroes, multisensoriality, multimodality, intuition/counter- intuition/over-intuition, imaginary Remerciements La recherche qui va suivre marque l’aboutissement de cinq années de doctorat. Je souhaite prendre le temps de ces quelques paragraphes pour exprimer, autant que peut le faire l’écrit, ma gratitude envers les personnes qui ont marqué mon parcours. Ce travail n’aurait pas pu voir le jour sans les nombreux soutiens, collaborations, et encouragements reçus. C’est à ma directrice de recherches, Madame Marie-Agnès Cathiard, que vont mes premières pensées reconnaissantes. Durant ces cinq années, son soutien
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