Cycle Beating: How Are OEM’S Optimising the Vehicle to Test Cycles? Who Does What in the Homologation Process?

Cycle beating: How are OEM’s optimising the vehicle to test cycles? Who does what in the homologation process?

GFEI – Green Global NCAP labelling / green scoring workshop

“Clean Vehicle Scoring System – How to Define What is a Clean Car?”

30th April 2013 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Reinhard Kolke, ADAC Technik Zentrum

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 1 ADAC Technik Zentrum

§ ADAC is the worlds 2nd largest automobile club with more than 18.4 m members enjoying the status of a consumer protection organisation § ADAC Technik Zentrum: Test centre of the European FIA clubs § Emission tests, car reviews, crash tests, product tests, total cost of ownership, etc. § What does consumer protection mean? - no commercial interest in products - neutral publication The players Example: in consumer protection: European Test Consortium for Child Restraint Systems - focus on product improvement FIA partner clubs , EU, Federal Government, ICRT

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 2 ADAC emissions lab and low-temperature dynamometer

Emissions lab Low-temperature dynamometer § Temperature range: -10°C to +40°C § Temperature range: -25°C to +30°C § max. speed 200 kph § Horsepower up to 2 x 260 kW (2 x 350 hp) § Simulation of uphill sections (up to 20%) § max. speed up to 260 kph

§ CO, HC, CH4, THC, NMHC, NOx, NO, NO2, PM, PN, CO2 § OBD data interface § official type approval lab § Variable wheelbase: between 2.36 and 3.36 m

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 3 The challenge for consumer protection: 1. What is manipulation? What is legal? 2. Who is responsible: Legislation or manufacturer?

wrong n legal description o i t p m u legal legal s n o

C illegal l e 3 1 . u

4 wrong . F 9 description 1 d l d i legal

B wrong e o t

t description u A a e l c r legal illegal u u o p S

i legal wrong n description illegal Comments a to AutoBild wrong legal description M

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 4 Agenda

A Limits and tolerances in fuel efficiency specifications èManufacturers’ leeway

B ADAC EcoTest – Presentation è Real information for end users/consumers

C ADAC EcoTest – Results è How do manufacturers’ specs hold up to emissions in real driving cycles

D Conclusions

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 5 Limits and tolerances in fuel efficiency specifications

Limits and tolerances – the background

§ Discrepancies between manufacturer’s specifications and actual fuel efficiency has been a frequent reason for litigation between consumers and manufacturers. § When it comes to fuel consumption, we must distinguish between - manufacturer’s specifications based a test cycle (NEDC – New European Driving Cycle) in line with EU Reg. 715/2007 (type approval) - the fuel consumption of a specific vehicle in real-life use in traffic - the fuel consumption of the specific vehicle in cause measured in a test cycle (NEDC – New European Driving Cycle) in line with EU Reg. 715/2007 § Whereas manufacturers’ fuel efficiency specifications are verified under defined conditions in a lab, the fuel consumption observed by the motorist depends on personal driving styles, the speed profile, weather conditions, vehicle payload etc.

The fuel consumption observed in real-life traffic cannot be compared with manufacturers’ fuel efficiency specifications.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 6 Limits and tolerances in fuel efficiency specifications

Production tolerances

§ According to EU Reg. 715/2007 with regard to determining fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, the tolerance for CO2 emissions in production cars must not exceed 4 %

§ CO2 emissions are directly correlated with fuel consumption ð the 4 % rule also applies to fuel consumption

§ The EU Regulation may be applicable only to the type approval of new models, but in the end it

also sets the max. limit for CO2 emission variation in production cars. § If state of the art means anything, the actual discrepancies should be below that limit.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 7 Limits and tolerances in horsepower and fuel efficiency specs

Tolerances for fuel consumption measurements

Reasons § Admissible bandwidth in defined measurement conditions, e.g. - Test bench temperature (between 20 and 30 °C) - Air humidity (altitude of test bench) - Position and specification of the wind machine - Level of discharge of the battery before and after the test § Rolling resistance curve (data table instead of deceleration test data) § Driver impact within the predefined limits § Technical condition of vehicle, mass, tyres, standstill/idle periods § Fuel quality, type of drum, measurement equipment (level of maintenance)

Many years of experience with the ADAC test bench have shown that § Tolerances for tests under conditions in line with the type approval do not exceed ±2 %, as long as the testing conditions are not changed between tests (à repeatability)

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 8 Limits and tolerances in fuel efficiency specifications

Mandatory test procedure (NEDC)

Urban NEDC cycle Extra-urban § The New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) has been in force since 140 1 January 1996; it consists of an urban and extra-urban component with a Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 120 max. speed of 120 kph

100 § EU Reg. 715/2007: aims at verifying fuel consumption and CO2 emissions ] h p

k 80 [

d § Fuel consumption calculated from the e e

p amount of hydrocarbon emissions S 60 (CO, HC, CO2) 40 § Certified EU testing labs ensure uniform and legally binding 20 measurements

0 § In Germany, testing labs are 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 accredited by the Federal Motor Time [s] v [kph] Idle 1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear Transport Authority

§ NEDC was developed to determine the amount of emissions. § It is adequate for the comparative assessment of cars.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 9 Limits and tolerances in fuel efficiency specifications

Empiric fuel consumption data – EcoTour 2008: 42 vehicles – 9 countries – 2,800 km

6,50 Results: § Mindful driving can beat manufacturer’s 6,00 specifications ] m

k § Fuel efficiency can be 20 % better than

0 5,50 0 1

/ manufacturer’s specifications l [

a t

a 5,00 § It is easier to drive fuel-efficiently with d

u larger cars o

T small gasoline o 4,50 c

E small diesel small family gasoline 4,00 small family diesel family gasoline family diesel 3,50 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50 6,00 6,50 7,00 7,50 8,00 NEDC manufacturer data [l/100km]

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 10 Limits and tolerances in fuel efficiency specifications

Empiric fuel consumption data – EcoTour 2008: 42 vehicles – 9 countries – 2,800 km

6.50 § The EcoTour driving profile resembles the extra-urban 6.00 section of the NEDC

EcoTour consumption =

] 5.50 = extra urban consumption § Hardly any vehicle was able to m k beat manufacturer’s specs for 0 0 1 / l extra-urban driving even where

[ 5.00 a t the drivers employed extreme a d small petrol r eco-driving techniques u 4.50 small diesel o T small family petrol o c § The values of the NEDC extra-

E small family diesel 4.00 VW Passat 1.9 TDI Blue Motion small family petrol urban cycle can hardly be small family diesel matched 3.50 § Calls for revising the NEDC extra-urban cycle 3.00 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 EUDC manufacturer data [l/100 km] Source:

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 11 Limits and tolerances in fuel efficiency specifications

Summary

§ Where all the leeway granted under the type approval and the admissible tolerances are taken advantage of to the fullest, discrepancies in fuel efficiency of up to 20 % are possible.

- ADAC metering conducted under the Autotest car review and the EcoTest programmes have shown that discrepancies of this magnitude are not unheard of. § The technical possibilities of state-of-the-art test benches allow us to define test conditions much more precisely.

- The procedure defined in the EU regulation concerning the verification of pollutant emissions is inadequate since the leeway it grants defeat the purpose of comparative verification of fuel consumption. - In litigation, the test conditions of the initial test must be matched exactly to ensure comparability.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 12 ADAC EcoTest

§ Has provided comprehensive consumer information regarding the eco-friendliness of vehicles since 2003.

§ Assessment of fuel consumption (CO2 emissions) and pollutant emissions. § Based on specially developed real-life driving cycles, which go beyond the mandatory type approval test cycles. § Objective: innovation, light-weight design and fuel efficiency across all vehicle classes § Manufacturers use EcoTest as a standard and include the test label in their advertising § All consumer tests, like EcoTest, needs to be adjusted regularly. Moving target! § Assessments of over 1,200 tested cars are available. 150 vehicles are tested annually. § Adjustment of the test and rating criteria as from April 2012:

- Inclusion of the WLTP cycle (the coming world-wide test cycle) - Well-to-wheel assessment for better comparability of electric vehicles

- Electric cars are assessed on the basis of the energy consumed (kWh) incl. self-discharge and the CO2 emissions from power plants based on the German (D) electricity mix (Source: Federal Environment Agency, UBA) and renewable energies

- Stricter CO2 limits - Adjustment of pollutant assessment to Euro 6 (petrol engines) - Measurement and assessment of the particle number

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 13 EcoTest test cycles

Phase 1 Phase 2 140

§ NEDC cold 120

100

Initial assessment; testing for pollutants such as HC, CO, NO , ] x h p k

[ 80

d e e

particulate matter and NEW! the particle number of diesel and p S 60

direct-injection petrol engines; NEW! daytime running lights (if 40 present) or low beams are on during test; CO testing 20 2 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Time [s] § WLTP v [kph] Idle 1st gear 2nd gear 3rd gear 4th gear 5th gear

140 Phase 1 - low - Phase 2 - middle - Phase 3 - high - Phase 4 -extra high - “World cycle” replaces NEDC hot; with air conditioning on and 0 - 589 sec. [589 sec.] 590-1022 sec. [433 sec.] 1023-1477 sec. [455 sec.] 1478-1800 sec. [323 sec.] 120

NEW! daytime running lights (if present) or low beams are on 100

] 80 h p k

during test; CO testing [ 2 v 60

§ ADAC Motorway test 40 With air conditioning on and NEW! and daytime running lights (if 20 0 1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 t [sec] present) or low beams on during test; testing for pollutants such Speed [kph]

as HC, CO, NOx, particulate mass; CO2 testing Preconditioning Phase 1 Phase 2 140 Highest gear Highest gear

120

100 ] h p k [

d th th e 4th gear 4 gear 4 gear e p

S 60

0 4 3 4 3 7 7 8 8 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 9 0 8 9 9 0 0 1 2 5 3 3 6 9 4 7 0 3 4 7 0 3 2 5 8 1 6 0 2 5 8 2 5 8 1 6 9 2 2 3 3 6 6 7 7 1 1 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 7 Time [s]

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 14 EcoTest test cycles

§ Petrol and diesel vehicles v [kph]

No special sequence 140

120 § LPG/CNG vehicles 100

NEW! EcoTest is run only on LPG/CNG drive ] h p

k 80 [

d e e p § Hybrids S 60

Battery state of charge (SOC) 60-70 % 40 § Plug-In-hybrids 20

0 Measurement of full battery and measurement 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Time [s] of empty battery – standard averaging; measurement of the charge (energy input ) in

kWh and calculation of CO2 emissions (1 kWh= 563 g/kWh; Source: UBA; this value is corrected as needed) § Electric vehicles Measurement in electric vehicle cycle (all three cycles back to back) until SOC < 50 %; measurement

of the charge (energy input ) in kWh and calculation of CO2 emissions (1 kWh= 563 g/kWh; Source: UBA; this value is updated as needed); power plant emissions are not relevant

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 15 EcoTest rating

CO rating Additional information Pollutant rating 2 (well-to-wheel, class- provided: (absolute) dependent scale) Fuel consumption

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 16 EcoTest rating – 5-star rating system

Small ecological footprint ³90

70...89

50...69

30...49

Large ecological footprint <30

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 17 Pollutants rating

NEDC cold

Phase 1 Phase 2 140 PM 50% 120

100 PN ] Worst Case h / m k [ t i 80 e k g i d n i

w 60 h c s 70% e G 40 HC 20

0 50% 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 NOx Zeit [s] v [km/h] Leerlauf 1. Gang 2. Gang 3. Gang 4. Gang 5. Gang CO Worst Case Pollutant rating (absolute)

ADAC Motorway

Preconditioning Phase 1 Phase 2

140 max. Gang max. Gang PM 50% 120 ]

h 100 / m k [

t i 80 e

k 4. Gang 4. Gang g 4. Gang i d n i 60

w 30% h c s e 40 G HC 20 NOx 50% 0 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 0 8 9 9 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 0 2 5 8 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 3 6 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Zeit [s] CO Worst Case

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 18 Pollutants rating – thresholds

NEDC ADAC Motorway

50 points 10 points 50 points 10 points for [g/km] for [g/km] for [g/km] for [g/km] HC 0.10 a) 0.20 d) 0.10 a) 0.20 d) CO 0.50 b) 1.00 e) 0.50 b) 7.00 c) NOx 0.06 a) 0.25 f) 0.06 a) 0.70 c) PM 0.003 c) 0.015 c) 0.003 c) 0.015 c) PN 6E+10 c) 6E+12 g)

a) Euro 6 petrol e) Euro 4 petrol

b) Euro 6b diesel f) Euro 4 diesel

c) ADAC EcoTest g) possibly OBD GW

d) Euro 3 petrol

§ All types of drives or fuels are equal in ADAC EcoTest.

Unlike under current legislation, no bonus for diesel engines applies in ADAC EcoTest.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 19 CO2 rating NEDC cold

Phase 1 Phase 2 140

120

100 ] h / m k [

t i 80 e k g i d n i

w 60 h c s e G 40 50% 20

0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Zeit [s] v [km/h] Leerlauf 1. Gang 2. Gang 3. Gang 4. Gang 5. Gang WLTP 70%

140 Phase 1 - low - Phase 2 - middle - Phase 3 - high - Phase 4 -extra high - 0 - 589 sec. [589 sec.] 590-1022 sec. [433 sec.] 1023-1477 sec. [455 sec.] 1478-1800 sec. [323 sec.]

120

100

] 80 h / m k [

v 60 50% 40 CO rating 20 2

0 1 201 401 601 801 1001 1201 1401 1601 (well-to-wheel, class-dependent) t [sec] Speed [kph] ADAC Motorway

Preconditioning Phase 1 Phase 2

140 max. Gang max. Gang

120 ]

h 100 /

m 30% k [

t i 80 e

k 4. Gang 4. Gang g 4. Gang i d n i 60 w h c s e 40 G

0 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 0 8 9 9 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 3 4 3 4 3 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 0 2 5 8 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 3 6 9 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Zeit [s]

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 20 CO2 emissions in energy generation per unit of energy ]

J 180 M / g

[ 160

) k n

a 140 t - o t

- 120 l l e w

( 100

y g r

e 80 n e

f 60 o

t i

n 40 u

r e

p 20 2 O

C 0 y l t l e l i o ) v y e o c i t G n i s

-20 s r s t i r t G x a a e P e t a c i % i e i r h c g m N L c r

t 5 r P e m D t o e C e 8 l u H r n c ( f o e o e e i

l s g B D E e r

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 21 CO2 rating – thresholds, well-to-wheel

60 Vehicle Class 1 class 50 points 10 points 50 Class 2 Class 3 for [g/km] for [g/km] Class 4 40 Class 5 e

1 80 180 r Class 6 o 30 Class 7 c

2 80 180 S 3 90 195 20 4 100 215 10 5 115 240 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 6 130 270 7 145 300 CO2 (g/km) WTW

§ CO2 ratings are based on a system of relative class-dependent scales.

The ADAC EcoTest offers consumers useful information for comparing vehicles of the same size and vehicle class.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 22 CO2 rating – vehicle classes and sample cars

Vehicle No. Examples class

1 Microcar Smart

2 City Fiat 500, Peugeot 107, VW up!

3 Supermini Ford Fiesta, Peugeot 208, VW Polo, Audi A1

4 Small family Mercedes A-Class, Toyota Auris, VW Golf

3-series BMW, Mazda 6, Opel/Vauxhall Insignia, 5 Family Toyota Avensis Audi A6, 5-series BMW, Mercedes E-Class, Volvo 6 Executive V70

7 Luxury Audi A8, 7-series BMW, Mercedes S-Class

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 23 Overall EcoTest results

ScorePunkte60

50 g

n 40 u t r e g w n e i t b a d i r 30 x 2 o i O d n C e l

h 20 o K Diesel ElectricElektro 10 HyHybrid-Benzinerbrid-Petrol PetrolOtto LPG CNG Hybrid-Diesel 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 ScorePunkte60 SchadstoffbewPollutant ratingertung The first cars tested to 5-star ratings in ADAC EcoTest: Toyota Prius 1.8 hybrids & 1.8 Plug-In hybrids; BMW 320d ede BluePerf. & 520d ede BluePerf.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 24 NOx emissions in EcoTest: NEDC vs. BAB motorway cycle 2

1,8 ] ] m m

k 1,6 k / / g g [ [

e s

l 1,4 u l c k y y c

z 1,2 y n h a a w b r

o 1 o t t u o A

C 0,8 A B EcoTEcoTestest Grenzwertlimit 10 points 10 Punkte D A A B

0,6 Diesel m n i i BMW 520d ede BluePerf.

x Diesel-Hybrid X O O 0,4 PetrolOtto N N BMW 320d ede BluePerf. HyHybrid-Benzinerbrid-Petrol 0,2 LPG EcoTEcoTestest Grenzwertlimit 50 points 50 Punkte CNG 0 l l o e e t t s 0 0,05 s 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45

l e e O i i 4

e o 6 D s D / r

e i 5 u 5 6 o o o E D r r r u u u NOx NOim NEFZX in NEDC [g/km] [g/km] E E E EcoTest ensures that vehicles meet emission standards not only in the mandatory type approval test cycle but also in real-life traffic conditions.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 25 NOx emissions in EcoTest: Performance of various exhaust after-treatment systems 0,5 NEDCNEFZ 0,45 BAB 0,4 EcoTest 50 pointsPunkte = = Euro6 Euro6 Petrol Otto ] Euro6 Diesel ] 0,35 m m k k / / g g 0,3 [ [

) l ) l e s

e 0,25 e s i e D ( i

0,2 x D ( O x N 0,15 O

N 0,1

0,05

0 ) s s 2 0 e e c c g e e i i . F c ) 2 c c e c c t t 5 n i c c i i . 2 i d c F P n a n a 2 r n n n D 2 i

d D C d m d m 0 n

- a a ) e P u o a a D - b m m 0 K e r 0 a 0 a 5 a ( 5 E n F V o ) )

D ) ) n n i m m - o o V 5 I m m L n 2 n 2 n 5 T m t t T I ( r r i T r r F F P m e L - o o

F F 7 y y X T

3 5 i i o r u u e - o o T

G L o o

M n t t c P P f f D

r P P i i d i f f i

G o D D C u C K t A A r r ( t r r l C f t t

0 r L d d W D D 7 D D W W r t e e A a - e e ( ( a n n W e B A s ( ( 6 e e 2 o r E E e

n c M P P Y e e d M M d P P I v v u i 3 p Y m i i e i i l M a t e P e e z t B e e e r r K B B c c o D S K d i i a P B e t u u a c C n u u f f l l S D D W l l z r f f S C u u e l M x x M B B a e B B E E M A 4 C B M M B SCRSCR NOxNO-DeNOxx - Speicherkat-Catalyst Engineinnermot.Tech

Outside the NEDC parameters NOx emissions are clearly higher. Some exhaust after-treatment systems also work better under these conditions.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 26 Test results for particle numbers of DI petrol engines in NEDC, WLTP and ADAC BAB motorway cycle

1,0E+13 NEDCNEFZ BAB130 WLTP r

e 1,0E+12 l b h a m z u n n a

l e e l k c i i t t r r a a P P 1,0E+11

1,0E+10 Audi A3 1.8 TFSI VW CC 1.8 TSI

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 27 Fuel consumption in EcoTest vs. manufacturer’s specifications 10,5 Diesel 10 Samegleich

] 9,5 10% lessMeh rvefuelrb efficientrauch m

k 20% lessMeh rvefuelrb efficientrauch

0 9 ]

0 30% lessMeh rvefuelrb efficientrauch 1 m /

l 8,5 Benziner k Petrol [ /

g Hybrid n [ 8

o i e t b a 7,5 a c i g f i

n 7 c a e r p

e 6,5 l s l

e s t ‘ 6 r s e r r

e 5,5 u H t

C 5 a f F u 4,5 n a

m 4

F 3,5 3 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9 9,5 10 10,5 FCFC EcoTestEcoTest [l/100km] [g/km] With the exception of EcoTest, all popular eco-friendliness car ratings are based on manufacturer’s specifications and thus do not reflect actual fuel consumption.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 28 Fuel consumption in EcoTest vs. manufacturer’s specifications – hybrid vs. diesel 5

4,5

] 4 m k ] 0 0 m

1 3,5 k / / l

d [ i g

[ Y r C

n h o b 3 d E i G i c t y i r u T p R a b H D r m D

E y b u 2,5 - r R i 3 s N

. e H n H

C v 2 1 o f E

. f

c X

2 t , 6 o l 2 c t . i R e h 1 s

t 1 u c n g f

i i F 8 s a

1,5 é r v 0 s 0 u i c i K 3 n r 5 i I C

i t

1 t

a a l a o a d d u d e t n n a n g 0,5 o o o n u u y y e e o H H

0 T H Hybrid EcoTest Hybrid manufacturerHerstellerangabe’s spec P R 1 2 3 Diesel EcoTest Diesel Hersmanufacturertellerangabe’s spec

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 29 CO2 emissions in EcoTest: NEDC vs. BAB motorway cycle 400

350 ] m k / g ] [

m 300 B k / A g [ B

B n i A 250 B s

ClassKlasse2 2 n

m Klasse3 o i Class 3 i

2 s ClassKlasse4 4 s O i 200 ClassKlasse5 5 C

m ClassKlasse6 6 e ClassKlasse7 7 2 Samegleich O

C 150 10%10% Mehlessrv efficienterbrauch 20%20% Mehlessrv efficienterbrauch 30%30% Mehlessrv efficienterbrauch 40%40% Mehlessrv efficienterbrauch 100 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

CO2 emissionsCO2 im NE FZin NEDC[g/km] [g/km]

Usually, CO2 emissions outside the NEDC are clearly higher.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 30 CO2 emissions in EcoTest vs. manufacturer’s specifications 180 Manufacturer EcoTest 159 160 145 140

120 )

m 100 k / g (

O 80 C

40 Manufacturers’ Manufacturers’ specifications specifications 20 0 g/km 0 g/km

0 Renault Fluence Z.E. Expression Volvo C30 Electric

The EcoTest CO2 results of electric cars may considerably depart from manufacturers’ specifications due to energy generation and driving cycles.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 31 Conclusions

§ Due to variables in production, there are discrepancies between the type approval/manufacturer’s fuel consumption specifications and the actual fuel consumption of production cars. § The state of the art in bench testing ensures that under the same test conditions tolerances are within a 2 % margin. § Discrepancies of up to 20 % are possible if all the leeway granted under the Directive and the admissible tolerances are taken advantage of to the fullest.

§ We cannot allow that the leeway afforded by regulation be used to the detriment of the consumers. § The new driving cycle known as Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), which is currently under development by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), should be implemented as soon as possible. § The ADAC EcoTest offers more realistic emission and fuel consumption data for consumers.

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 32 Thank you very much for your attention!

30. April 2013 Prof Dr-Ing Reinhard Kolke 33