International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 7, Issue 6, November-December 2016, pp. 106–114, Article ID: IJCIET_07_06_012 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=7&Issue=6 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication

HYDRO-GEOLOGY, GROUNDWATER RESOURCES AND ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL AQUIFERS IN MALANI IGNEOUS SUITE- A CASE STUDY OF DISTRICT OF

Sen Hemant Research Scholar Department of Geology, M.L.S. University, Udaipur, Rajasthan,

Nagori M. L. Professor, Department of Geology, M.L.S. University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management is t he need of the time and this aspect become crucial i n t h e w estern desertic t er rain o f R ajasthan which w itness s ca nty r ainfall. i s a lso a p art o f Ma lani I g neous S uite ( MIS ) a nd i n t h e d istrict MIS i s r epresented by Granites, Rhyolites and Igneous tuffs. The Main litho-units exposed in the district are Phyllites, Schists, Granite, Rhyolite, Gneisses and Alluvium. The Potential aquifers in the district are Rhyolite, Granite, Erinpura Granite, Gneisses, Phyllite and Schists. Analysis of rainfall pattern between the periods (year 2011 to 2013) reveals that there is significant year wise fluctuation in rainfall which affect groundwater recharge. Moreover t he a reas co vered w ith f air veg etation r eceive m ore r ains a s co mpared to non- vegetation portions. This is clearly witness in Mt. Abu & Blocks of the district. The impact of rainfall on groundwater recharge have also been analysed and it is revealed that Malani I g neous S uite r o cks vi z, R hyolites a nd G ranites h ave significant w ater r etention capacity throughout the year. Thus authors concluded that the groundwater augmentation structures may be constructed largely on these potential aquifer rocks (Granite& Rhyolite). Key words: Groundwater Resources and its Management, Potential Aquifers, Malani Igneous Suite (MIS), Granite, Rhyolite. Cite this Article: Pouya Azarsa, Mahdi Hosseini, Seyed Amin Ahmadi and Prof. N.V. Ramana Rao, Enhanced Seismic Resistance of Steel Buildings Using Viscous Fluid Dampers. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 7(6), 2016, pp.106 – 114. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=7&Issue=6

1. INTRODUCTION Sustainable groundwater resource management is need of the time and this aspect become crucial in the Western desertic terrain of Rajasthan which witness scanty rainfall. The success of any physical activity being planned depends upon the availability of runoff in the area, direction of flow of groundwater and the physical ch aracteristics o f t he aq uifer r ocks ( Planning r eport, G ovt. of India,2014)1. T he role and importance of groundwater in the natural water cycle has become now more recognized with the increasing

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 106 [email protected] Sen Hemant and Nagori M.L. dependency of many human activvities on it. With increasing human interferennce with the water cycle, the groundwater i s at r i sk. T he groundwater resources are also f acin g t hreat due t o cl imate v ariability and changes. The manifestation of the implications is from local to global level. (DST, , 1999)2. The State of Rajasthan covering 10.4% of India’s total geographical area has only 1.16% of the total surface w ater p otential and 3.4% o f t he t otal g roundwater p otential of the co untry. In Rajasthan, groundwater is the main source of water supply for drinking and domestic uses. Approximately, 80% of drinking water needs and about 60% irrigated area depend on groundwater (CGWB, 2014)3.Today, in the state; the co ndition o f groundwater i s m uch serious because o f d epleting groundwater s tatus. B oth the quality and quantity of the available groundwater resources have reached to the alarming condition in most of the districts. Studies of the State Ground Water department (GWD) indicate that betweene 1984 to 1999, there has been an av erage d epletion i n watter l ev els r an ging f rom 0 .13 m eters t o 6.86 m eters i n 2 7 o ut o f t he 32 districts of the State, and between 2000 to 2008, it has further declined to the tune of 13.00 meter in some districts. Average water level decline of more than 3.0 meters has been observede in 13 districts of the state (SGWB, 2011)4. A large number of wells, hand pumps and even tube wells go dry in many areas during summer. T his i s t h e t i me w hen water r equirement i s m aximum. Depletion is due t o r apidly growing population, scanty and erratic precic pitation, stress on increasing irrigation facillities etc. All these problems entail p roper an d effecti ve managgement, co nservation an d r eg ulation o f groundwater resources. (DGRI, 2015)5

2. DISTRICT SIROHI: THHE STUDY AREA

2.1. Location o ꞌ ꞌꞌ o ꞌ o o ꞌ Sirohi district is located between 24 15 00 and 25 1700ꞌ ꞌ latitude and 72 16ꞌ 00ꞌ ꞌand 73 11 00ꞌ ꞌ longitude covering an area of 5136 sq.km. The district is named after Sirohi town is a parrt of Jodhpur Division and is divided i nto three Sub-Divisions namely Sirohi, R eodar and Mt. Abu Administratively t h e d istrict is divided into five tehsils and five development blocks(CGWB,Sirohi,2008)6 . (Figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1 Location map of the Study Area

Source: www.mapsof india.com, year 2016.7

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 107 [email protected] Hydro-Geology, Groundwater Resources and Analysis of Potential Aquifers in Malani Igneous Suite- A Case Study of Sirohi District of Rajasthan

2.2. Geology The S uper Group o f rocks o ccupies the A ravalli r an ges in t h e eastern p art of t h e district an d also small chain of hills to the west of Mount A bu. The main rock types are phyllite, mica schist, limestone, marble, calc- silicate, and quartzite. These rock ranges is the age from 1650 to 1400 m.y. and are intruded by t h e g rey E rinpura an d p ink J alor g ranite. T he s ubsequent r hyolites are an cient v olcanic r ocks that erupted d uring P ost D elhi p eriod. G eological f ormation ex posed i n t he d istrict r ange i n age from Proterozoic to Recent. Oldest rock is Calc. Schist, Calc. Gneiss which belongs to Kumbhalgarh group of Delhi Super Group, while youngest formation is Alluvium belongs to Quaternary group. Delhi Super group rocks are exposed in the Southeastern and Central part of the district (Roy.A.B. and Jakhar S.R. 2002)8.

3. MALANI IGNEOUS SUITE IN THE DISTRICT Sirohi district falls in South Western Rajasthan and is an important district of study area. Malani Igneous Suit (MIS) Rocks are exposed in the district particularly around Pindwara, Sirohi and blocks. The m ain l i tho-units o f M IS i n S irohi d istrict are r epresented b y g ranites, r hyolites & t uffs (Bhushan S.K.2002)10.

4. POTENTIAL AQUIFERS IN SIROHI DISTRICT

4.1. Physiology A l arg e p art o f t h e d istrict i s a v ast s emi d esert p lain, m arked b y i s olated h ills an d ch ains o f hillock forming the eastern and south- western extending Aravalli ranges in the east. Detached hills of the are situated in the south east of the district; is situated at about 1219 metre above sea level. Jawai is the longest and largest river of north- west, which joins Luni river. Other important rivers are Banas, khari, Sukkri, Badi, Kapal ganga & Krishnawati.

4.2. Hydogeology Groundwater occurs under water table condition both in unconsolidated and consolidated saturated zone of formation. I ts o ccurrence i s co ntrolled b y t opography, p hysiography an d s tructural f eatures of the geological formations. The movement of the groundwater in hard rock areas is governed by size, openness, interconnection an d co ntinuity o f s tructural w eak p lanes w hile i n u nconsolidated r ocks, g round water movement takes place through pore space between grains(DST,Jodhpur,1999)11. The hydro geological map of the district is shown in Figure 1.2. Water bearing properties of different aquifers are described below:

h ttp://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 108 [email protected] Sen Hemant and Nagori M.L.

Figure 1.2 Hydrogeological Map of Sirohi District

Source: Groundwater Atlas of Rajasthan, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Rajasthan, Jodhpur 1999

4.3. Phylite and Schist These aquifers occur predominantly in Aburoad, Pindwara and central part of Sirohi tehsil. Few intrusive are also found which have low perme eability. Groundwater is retained in weathhered zones, fractures joints etc. Depth to open wells tapping these aquifer ranges from 25 to 40 m. Yield of wells varies from 30 to 250 3 m /day. The depth to water level in the area tapping this aquifer ranges from 20 m to 40m in the northern part and 10m to 20m at western partsa . • Rhyolite and granite (Malani) and Erinpura granite & gneiss: In the large part of the area Erinpura granite forms the principal aquifer but to a small extent Malani rhyolite and granite also proved fair aquifer especially in the northern and western part of the district. Idar granite also exist in the central part of the

http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 109 [email protected] Hydro-Geology, Groundwater Resources and Analysis of Potential Aquifers in Malani Igneous Suite- A Case Study of Sirohi District of Rajasthan

district.. This aquifer is tapped by open wells ranging in depth from 20 m to 50m. The depth to water level varies from 20 to 40 m bgl in the northern part and 10m to 20m in the western part of the district. Yield of 3 wells ranges from meagre to 250 m /day. • Alluvium: Alluvium occurs overlying the weathered hard rock formation found in the northern and western part of the district. It has limited thickness and aerial extension. It is confined to catchments of Jawai, Sukli and Khari River. The depth to water level is less than 10mbgl near river courses but exceeds 35m in other 3 areas. Depth of well ranges from 25m to 40m.Yield of wells ranges from 150 to 1000 m. is not a good aquifer.

4.4. Deep Aquifer System Exploratory drilling in the district reveals that the hard rock forms the main aquifer in the large parts of the district. Depth of tube well ranges from 20m to 150m.Yield of tube well ranges from meagre to 2000mgbl.

4.5. Groundwater Flow General direction of g roundwater flow in the north of Sirohi has been usualized n toward SE to N W. In other parts of the district, it is N to S, whereas in southern portion its speed is more due to steep in hilly terrain (CGWB, Sirohi, 2008).

5. RAINFALL PATTERN AND ITS ANALYSIS The rainfall pattern of the district between the year 2011 to 2013 have been mentioned in Table- 1.1.12

Table 1.1 Block wise Rainfall Pattern in Sirohi District

S Rain Year 2011 Year 2012 Year 2013 No gauge Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total . station Monsoo Non Annual Monsoo Non Annual Monsoo Non Annual n Monsoo Rain fall n Monsoo Rain fall n Monsoo Rain fall Rain fall n Rain fall n Rain fall n Rainfall Rainfall Rainfall 1 Mt.AbuRoad 2077 0 2077 1159.4 2.0 1161.4 1562.0 164.0 1726.0 2 Abu Road 1016 0 1016 517.0 0.0 517.0 831.0 150.0 981.0 3 Pindwara 1335.6 0 1335.6 567.5 0.8 568.3 428.0 133.0 561.0 4 735 2.2 737.2 379.0 0.0 379.0 703.0 80.0 783.0 5 553.6 2 555.6 380.8 0.0 380.8 350.2 36.6 386.8 6 Sirohi 749 1.2 750.2 624.8 8.2 633.0 395.4 43.4 438.8 Average of 877.84 1.08 878.92 493.82 1.80 495.62 541.52 88.60 630.12 Dist. Source: In charge Hydro geologist; Groundwater Department, Government of Rajasthan (SQR) Division, Sirohi (2011-2013) From Table 1.1 it is clearly evident that the average rainfall in Sirohi district during the year 2011 was 878.92mm out of which 877.84 mm was showed during the monsoon period and very little i.e. 1.08mm only was received during non- monsoon period (GWD, Sirohi 2011-13 ). But the scenario changed during the year 2012, where average rainfall was only 495.62 mm out of which 493.82mm was in monsoon period and rest of 1.80 in non- monsoon period. If we analyse rainfall data of the y ear 2013, again out of total average rainfall of 630.11mm, 541.52mm was s howered in m onsoon season. Moreover during non- monsoon period 88.60mm rains were received mainly in October, 2013. These data clearly indicate that in Sirohi district, monsoon rain (July- September) have only source of groundwater recharge during entire year and there is variation in average rains from year to year.

h ttp://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 110 [email protected] Sen Hemant and Nagori M.L.

Besides, i f w e an alyse, t eh sil w ise r ai nfall p attern o f t h e S irohi d istrict f o r t h e y ear 2 011, highest rainfall w as i n M t.Abu r o ad b lock ( 2 077mm), f o llowed b y P indwara b lock ( 1 335.60mm), t h en i n Abu road b lock ( 1016.00mm), t hen i n S irohi b lock ( 750mm) an d m inimum w as i n Sheoganj block (555.60mm). A gain i n t h e y ear 2 012, t h e m aximum r ai nfall w as n oticed i n M t. A bu b lock (1161.40), followed b y S irohi b lock ( 633.10mm), Pindwara b lock(568.30mm), A bu road b lock ( 517.00mm) and minimum rainfall was noticed in Reodhar block (379.00mm) . The scenario was further changed in the year 2 013, w here al though m aximum r ai nfall r emains i n M t. A bu b lock ( 1 726.00mm) f o llowed b y Abu road b lock ( 981.00mm), R eodhar b lock ( 783.00mm), P indwara b lock(561.00mm) an d the minimum rainfall was recorded in Sheoganj block (380.80mm). Thus from the above Table 1.1 it may be interpreted that: • There is year wise fluctuation in rainfall in Sirohi district which affect groundwater recharge considerably; • Generally maximum rainfall occur in monsoon period (July- september) but occasionally rainfall also showered up to October; • In Sirohi district, maximum rainfall is in Abu road block because of dense vegetation in Mt. Abu Batholiths; • Pindwara b lock is c omparatively next to M t. A bu b lock i n r e ceiving o f h eavy rainfall because this block again witness fair vegetation all around; • The A bu R oad b lock, r e ceived f a irly h igh r a infall d uring t h e y ear 2 011 ( 1 016.00mm) b ut i n l a ter y ear it received comparatively less r ainfall in t he y ear 2012 (517.00mm) and 2013(981.00mm).This may be attributed to nearby dense vegetation of Mt.Abu granite hill; • During the year 2011, Sheoganj block received the minimum rainfall (555.60mm) but in the year 2011 the situation in this block was further deteriorated to (380.80 mm ) and the situation remains miserable in the year 2013 (388.80mm). This may be attributed to least vegetation in the block due to maximum exposures of compact sheet rocks; and • Overall, the annual rainfall of Sirohi is at par with adjoining Udaipur district and is comparatively slightly more than annual rainfall of Rajasthan state.

6. GRANITE OF MIS PROVED AS FAIRLY IMPORTANT AQUIFER Analysis o f g ranite aq uifers i n S iorhi d istrict. T he l o cation m ap o f t h e f ew s elected w ells b elongs to particular in our study area and having granite rock. The location of the selected villages in map showing in ( F igure 1 .3). A n at tempt h as b een m ade t o an alyse aq uifer r ocks i n a f ew r an domly b ut purposely selected village of the district (Table 1.2) In t h is T able 1 .2, an at tempt h as b een m ade t o s elect a f ew b locks o f S irohi d istrict an d i n these randomly b ut p urposely s elected b locks, ag ain f ew v illages w ere s elected an d groundwater level fluctuations have been analyzed. The observations are concluded as under: 1. In Sirohi district, at village Vazana, during the year 2012, in a G.W.D. well, the total depth of the well was 19.75mts and in this well during pre- monsoon period, the depth of water level remained 10.32 mts. It means that out of 19.75mts total depth, there was more than 10.00mts thick water table retained in it during the pre- monsoon period. The rock type is granite in which dug well has been drilled. In the same village another well was visited which is nearby to quoted above at S.No.1(ii), again the total depth of this dug well during the year 2013 was 19.8 mts and out of this, 13.90 mts depth remained filled with groundwater during pre- monsoon period. In this second observed well of village Vazana the country rock is same i.e. granite. Thus it is clear that water retention capacity in granite is fairly high.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 111 [email protected] Hydro-Geology, Groundwater Resources and Analysis of Potential Aquifers in Malani Igneous Suite- A Case Study of Sirohi District of Rajasthan

Figure 1.3 Location of Selected Villages in a Map

Table 1.2 Analysis of Potential Aquifers in Selected Villages in Sirohi District

S. Block Name Of Coordinates of Dug Wells Studied Hydro- Total Pre Pre Monsoon No Village geological Depth Monsoon Depth to W.L formation (m) Depth to in (M) W.L in (M) bgl.(Year2013 bgl.(Year 2012) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Sirohi Vazana (i) N 24˚ 31' 26.3" E 72˚ 37' 56.3" Granite 19.75 10.32 ---- Sirohi 13.90 1(ii) Vazana (ii) N 24˚ 32' 10" E 72˚ 37' 50" Granite 19.80 ---- Abu ----- 2 Road Delwara(i) N 24˚ 36' 29.5" E 72˚ 43' 04.7" Granite 16.70 11.15 Abu 12.56 2(ii) Road Delwara (ii) N 24˚ 34' 53" E 72˚ 42' 12" Granite 16.70 ----- 3 Reodar Pamera P/Z N 24˚ 42' 33.5" E 72˚ 39' 11.0" Granite 26.00 17.80 ---- 4 Reodar Nimbaj(i) N 24˚ 43' 41.0" E 72˚ 26' 41.3" Granite 26.65 17.60 22.51 4(ii) Reodar Nimbaj (ii) N 24°43'27" E72°26'33" Granite 26.70 ------22.51 5 Sirohi Belangri(i) N 24˚ 49' 15.7" E 72˚ 43' 32.9" Granite 18.75 11.55 ----- 5(ii) Sirohi Belangri(ii) N 24˚ 49' 15.7" E 72˚ 43' 32.9" Granite 18.80 ----- 14.55 6 Sirohi Sanpur N 24˚ 47' 05.1" E 72˚ 35' 37.5" Granite 16.04 8.18 12.48 Source: In charge Hydro geologist; Groundwater Department (GWD), Government of Rajasthan (SQR) division, Sirohi (2011-2013)

h ttp://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 112 [email protected] Sen Hemant and Nagori M.L.

2. Similarly again in village Delwara, we have analysed two dug wells drilled in granite terrain and it was observed that at S. No. 2 (i), the total depth of dug well was 16.70 mts and in this well, during pre- monsoon period of the 2012, depth to water level remained as 11.15 mts and again during the year 2013, at another n earby d ug w ell at S . N o.2 ( ii), t h e t o tal d epth o f d ug w ell w as 1 6.70 m ts an d d uring pre- monsoon period the water retained in this well was up to 12.56 mts. It again shows that water retention in granite rock which is an important rock unit of Malani Igneous group is fairly high. 3. Similarly, again in village Nimbaj, during the year 2012, in a G.W.D. well, at S.No.4 (i) the total depth o f t h e w ell w as 2 6.65 m ts an d i n t h is w ell d uring p re- m onsoon p eriod t h e d epth o f w ater level remained 17.60 mts. It means that out of 26.65 mts total depth, there was more than 10.00mts thick water table retained in it. The rock type is again granite rock in which dug well has been drilled. In the same village another dug well at S .No.4(ii) which i s dugged n earby to quoted above, h ave the t o tal d epth as 26.7 mts and out of this, 22.51 mts depth remained filled with groundwater during pre- monsoon period of the year 2013. Again the country rock is granite. Thus it is clear that water retention capacity in granite is fairly good. 4. Similarly again in village Belangri, we have analysed two dug wells drilled in granite terrain and it was o bserved t h at at S . N o.5 ( i ) t h e t o tal d epth o f d ug w ell w as 1 8.75 m ts and i n t h is w ell during pre- monsoon, depth to water level remained as 11.55 mts during the year 2012 and again during the year 2013, a nearby another dug well at S. No. 5 (ii), the total depth of dug well was observed 18.80 mts and during pre-monsoon p eriod the w ater retained i n this well w as up t o 14.55mts. It cl early shows that water retention in granite rock which is an important rock unit of Malani Igneous group is fairly high.

7. CONCLUDING OBSERVATION Study o f h ydrogeology an d g roundwater p otential o f S irohi d istrict, t h us r ev ealed t h at M alani Igneous Suite(MIS) rocks are exposed in Sirohi district in parts of Pindwara, Sirohi, Abu road blocks and these are mainly represented by granites, rhyolites and tuffs. Analyse of block wise rainfall pattern in Sirohi district indicates that maximum rainfall in there in Abu- road block because of dense vegetation in Mt. Abu batholiths and rainfall is less where vegetation is thin. Comparison of different litho unit of Sirohi district indicated that granite and rhyolites rocks of MIS are proved as potential aquifers and these rocks have significant fair water retention capacity throughout the year as compared to other lithounit found in the district.

REFERENCE

[1] Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of India, 2013.

[2] State Groundwater Department, Government of Rajasthan, Jodhpur,1990.

[3] Central Ground Water Board Ministry of Water Resources, River Development& Ganga Rejuvenation Government of India Faridabad, July 2014.

[4] Central Ground Water Board (2011) Dynamic Ground Water Resources of India (As on March, 2009). Ministry of Water Resources, Govt. of India.

[5] Dynamic Groundwater Resource of India (as on March 2004), Central Indian Waterworks Association, Kolkata, Journal, July- September 2015,Vol. XXXXVII No.3 pp.411- 478.

[6] Central G roundwater B oard ( C .G.W.B.), M inistry o f W ater R esources, G roundwater S cenario, Sirohi District, Rajasthan.2008.

[7] Www. maps of India.com, year 2016.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 113 [email protected] Hydro-Geology, Groundwater Resources and Analysis of Potential Aquifers in Malani Igneous Suite- A Case Study of Sirohi District of Rajasthan

[8] Roy A . B . a nd J a khar S . R ., ( 2 002), G eology o f R ajasthan ( Northwest I ndia) P recambrian t o Recent. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur.

[9] S.K. Acharya et al.(1980), Director General, Government of India, Geological Survey of India, Western Region. 1980.

[10] Bhushan S.K.et. al. (2002), “Geology and Geochemistry of the magmatic rocks of the Malani Igneous Suite and Tertiary Alkaline Province of Western Rajasthan” Memories of Geological Survey of India, Vol., 126, 181p.Jaipur.

[11] Department o f S cience & T echnology ( DST), G overnment o f R ajasthan, J odhpur, P ublished book,” Groundwater Atlas of Rajasthan, 1999”, 551p.

[12] Groundwater D epartment ( GWD), G overnment o f R ajasthan, H ydrogeologist R eport ( SQR) division Sirohi,(2011-2013).

[13] Basavarajappa H .T, D inakar S a nd M anjunatha M .C , V alidation o f D erived G roundwater Potential Zones (GWPZ) Using Geo - Informatics and Actual Yield From Well Points In Parts of Upper Cauvery Basin o f M ysuru a nd C hamarajanagara Districts, K arntaka, India , I nternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), 7 ( 1 ), 201 6 , pp. 141 - 161 .

[14] Das, K . K . a nd M uralidhar, M . Q uality C haracterization o f Groundwater i n M athadivagu B asin of Adilabad D istrict, Telangana S tate, I n dia. I nternational J ournal o f C ivil E ngineering a nd Technology (IJCIET), 6 (7), 2015, pp 04-12.

h ttp://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 114 [email protected]