A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. [$3.20 Vol. LIV.-·No. 8.] YORK, FEBRUARY 20, per Annum. [NEW SERlE!'.] NEW 1886. (POSTAGE PREPAID.]

THE HOBOKEN INCLINED CABLE RAILWAY. concluded to construct a short but steep inclined sheaves at the top of the hil1, serves as a safeguard The southern end of the Palisades, with its steep and plane, and to elevate both cars and horses by sta� in case either set of hoisting cables should break. rugged sides, has alwa.ys presented a formidable ob- tionary steam power. A car and horses arriving at The travel increased to such an extent as to make stacIe in the path of the horse car railroads of Jersey the foot of the hill passed on to a large and substan­ necessary the providing of additional facilities for City and Hoboken. Steam railroads overcame the tial truck and were drawn up the incline, 400 feet long mounting the hill. It was therefore concluded to

HOBOKEN INCLrNED CABLE RAILWAY.

and 100 hundred feet I build the elevated railroad 8hown in our frontis- high, in one minote. piece. This easily accommodates all the travel, and This was the first horse car also shortens the time to the top of the hill from ten elevator either in this country minutes to five. or Europe. It has been in con- The most difficult task was to secure proper foun­ tinuous operation ever since com- dations for the posts. Soundings made between the ' pletion, and has never failed to ferry and hill showed the 80Jid bottom to be from 20 work or caused an aCCIdent. to 90 feet below the meadow. At no point could a The truck, or elevator plat- firm foundation be- secured without piling. The higher 2 form, is triangular in shape; the part of the structure rests on t.owers 50 feE't wide at difficulty by turineling and open cuts, their main ob- hypotenuse is provided with four sets of wheels, the base and 22 feet wide at the top. Each of the ject being to pass the hill; but the horse cars, hav·· which run up a track extending up the incline. four corner posts is set in heavy castings which rest ing to mount the hm to accommodate residents upon When at rest, the horizontal side Qf the truck is on bluestone and brick piers 10 feet square at the the Heights, were of course compelled to resort to on a l�vel with thA main track, either at the bot- bottom and 4 feet square at the top; these piers are built other means. Twent.y years ago dummy engines were tom or top of the hill, and is of sufficient length to upon cross timbers which hold together clnsters of tried on the routes leading from Hoboken ferry, but receive a car and horses. There are two of these trucks, 16 or 20 heavy piles. The foundations for the ordi­ the grades proved to be too steep, and they were one upon each track. Two wire ropes lead from nary posts on the level part of the structure are of abandoned. HorRes, four to a car, were again employed, each car around drums opera,ted by �ngines at the a 'similar character, but not so heavy. The strncture and it took twenty minutes to reach the top of the top of the hill. The cables are RO arranged thatone is entirely of iron. The tracks are of 67 pound steel hill from the ferry, a distance of only one mile. In truck passes up while the other iF; going down. A rails, not laid on wooden cross ties, but on white oak . . 1873, the Nort,h Hudson County Railway Company 1 third eable, attached to each truck and passing around (Oontinued on page 116.)

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC II2 1titutifit �mtritau. [FEBRUARY 20, 1886 .. SEAT AND ORIGIN OF PAIN. Now, we by no means propose to encourage "cruelty Pain is so habitually associated with the nerves that to animals" because we argue that they suffer less it may seem at first absurd to speak of its having its than' has been commonly supposed. The old state­ ItitntifitES'.I'ABLISHED �mttitan. 1845. seat and origin anywhere else. We know that one grand ment, that when �e step on a worm we cause it as great function of the' general nervous system is to transmit a pang" as when a giant dies" (Query : why giant ?), MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. sensation, which, when it is unpleasant, we call pain. may stand well in poetry, and serve a good purpose. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT We know that the posterior roots of the spinal nerves We only put forth these views as having an important No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. '1 have this apparently for their exclusive function. This physiological and psychological import. =: = cannot be denied, and yet we find a factor of so much ======::: ==== �=:=::::= = .... I .. O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. greater significance and power in respect to the ex- THE EXHAUSTION OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. RICAN. istence and the degree of pain, that though its trans- TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AME We think the facts stated in an article in the Janu- . . . mission is dependent on nerve fibers only, w� may fairly One copy, one year, pos�e included ...... S3 20 ary (1886) number of the North American Review, en­ One copy,six months,postage included ...... 1 60 say that its seat and origin are beyond, and are truly titled "Landlordism in America," demand the grave Clubs.-One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AMRRICAN will be supplied not physical at all. Pain is mental. and careful consideration of all who have believed in gratis for every club of five subscribers at $3.20 each; additional copies at. Of course we do not intend by this to assert that there same proportionate rate. Postage prepaid. the possibilities of a better government on this conti­ order. Address is no physical pain, but we do assert that apart Remit by postal or express money froUl nent than any yet attained in Europe. MUNN & CO.. 361 Broadway,corner of Franklin Street, New York. mental activity the degree of pain which exists through- 'I'he Scientifie American Supplement It will be a matter of almost startling surprise to out the domain of animal life is relatively so much most people, and to many who are much better in­ is a dist.inctpaper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT less than what our sensations induce us to believe that, is is�med weekly. Every number contains octavo pages. uniform in size formed than the average, that out of 25,560,000 acres 16 if we were able to eliminate the mental element in our with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 'l.'erms of subscription for SUPPLEMENT, "of arable public lands, which could be cultivated $5.00a year,postage paid, to subscribers. Single copies,10 cents. Sold by experience, the pains we so often bear would lose, not without irrigation or other artificial appliances," pos­ aU newsdealers throughout the country. their existence certainly, but most surely all their Combined ltates.-'l'he SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPI,EMENT sessed by the government in 1879, not more than postage free, on receipt of Both severity. We propose to show our reasons such a will be sent for one year, seven dollars. for 5,000,000 acres remain. papers to one address or different addresses as desired. belief. way to remit is by draft,postal order, express money order,or But this rapid absorption of the land would not be fJ.1he safest 'fhe first point is this: all animals of lower grade than registered letter.- so serious a matter-in fact, would be a subject of con­ Addrebs MUNN & CO., 361 Broadway,corner of Franklin Street,New York. human suffer very much less pain from physical in- gratulation-had the fertile regions so rapidly taken Scientific American Export Edition. juries than our own sensations to We can convey us. up, passed into the hands of industrious farmers in The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid peri­ readily see the proof of this in their habitual actions. plots of 160 acres, as the government originally in­ odical,issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred Many of the starfishes detach parts of their arms, at lar"e quarto pages,profusely illustrated,embracing: (1.) Most of the plates tended. Unfortunately, this is not the case. AMERI· the very smallest provocation, rema uninj red and pages of the four preoeding weekly issues of the SCIENTIFIC and in u It seems almost' that the gospel of greed has taken CAN. with its splendid engravings and valuable infonnation i (2.) Com­ by the change or loss. The Holothurians pinch their manufacturing announcements of leading houses. fatal possession of the people of this country. The merCial, trade, and bodies by contractions of their circular muscles until 'l'erms for Export Edition. $5.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of tbe tricks, subterfuges, and frauds by which laws intended world. Single copies, cents. IT Manufacturers and others who desire the posterior portions drop off in successive fragments 50 to be beneficent have been wrested from their purpose to secure foreign trade may have large and handsomely displayed an.. and perish. This they would scarcely do if the process nouncements published in this edition at a very moderate cost. -for instance, the timber culture, pre-emption, and involved pain. 'l.'he SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition has a large guaranteed cir­ desert laws-and made to play into the hands of un­ culation in sU commerCial places throughout the world. Address MUNN But leaving the invertebrates, and ascending to the & York. scrupulous speculation; the laxity of public adminis­ CO.,361 Broadway, corner of Frunklin Street, New fishes, it is a fact well known to all anglers that a fish tration, the careless and unscrupulous legislation, by RUARY 20, 1886. which has torn away the from ne NEW YORK, SATURDAY, FEB hook a li in its strug- which territory large enough for an empire has been gles to escape will take the bait again as soon as its made over to irresponsible corporations, form a chap­ Contentll. fright has passed off, and while the hook still remains ter in American history which will not shed a halo of (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) in the jaw which it has perforated. Catching a swell- Aluminum iron and steeL ...... 113 Memory. how t9 strengthen ..... 116 glory upon our institutions in future ages; and all the Architects,hints to ...... 116 Men, young, br�ng up ...... ;.. 120 fish (Tetrodon turgidus) in shallow water, and dropping Bedstead, double. adjustable"... 114 Notes and querIe� ...... 121,122, 123 more will this darken the page, since we had the exam­ Bible the, a wrong use of ...... 116 Pain. seat and orU�'llof...... 112 it overboard as of no value, you may any day see it Bicyc'Ie leg, Morgan's 120 Paraffin m(�mlds for plaster casts, 113 pie of Rome, England, and Germany to warn, and that •...... Bottle and st-opper, improved.... 120 Patent, a fortune for R ...... 114 swim straight to the bottom and take your bait as Business and personal...... 121 Photographic notes...... 113 of France to instruct us, both as to the danger of the Butterflies,deception l1y,sin7ular 118 P!pes, paper ...... 112 quick as it reaches there .. In "cutting in" a whale in and Cable railway inchned Ro· Plpes,steam. fire from ...... 117 absorption of small holdings by land monopoliste boken* ..... :...... : ...111, ' 110 Pipes, steam,will they set wood the low latitudes, sharks swarm around eager for food. Death, sudden, causes of ...... •• 114 on fire?:...... 111 the creation of a class of tenant farmers, and the value Earth. the, axial change of...... 114 Plow, c�ltlvator. and harrow, As they may c use danger to the two men who are at . a: to a nation of a rural.population of actual owners of }'iring without fiame In coal combmed"...... 112IH ...... work on the body of the whale, it is customary to place mines ...... � . ... 120 Public domain,e� haustion of the small farms. Frame plate planing machine, Railwal inclined cable, Hobo- , . a man on watch with a whaling-spade to drive them improved" ...... 118 ken ...... 111, 116 The author of the article shows from the census F'rom one of'our oldest subscrib- Steam craft, fastest III the world 117 away. It is great fun for him, and he chops the shar s I ers ...... 117 Stereotyping for amateurs ... ; ... 118 � that five years ago "the total number of persons en­ Ice. anchor. practical remedy for 117 Stone cha�Dehng machme, 1m- .. _ . .. without mercy. Very often. a vigorous blow of hIS Ice formation, regular .. " . .. 117 proved ...... : ...... , 115 gaged in agriculture was 7, 670,493, of which only Ice palace at St. Paulo ...... 113 Telegraphy, railway, Edlson 8ya- keen-edged spade lays the whole side of a shark open, Ink,marking, indelible ...... 117 tem of*...... 119 2 984 306 are registered as the nominal owners of their Inventions agricultural...... 121 Ties,wood, preserving ...... 117 leaving his intestines exposed and floating out from is Inventions' engineering...... • 121 Trellis for garden crops*...... IH � old ngs." The rest are •• tenants paying rent to land­ Inventions: index of ...... 128 Type writ�r,14-inch ...... 115 abdomen as he swims, and yet this does not stop him h i [nventions,·miscellaneous ...... 121 UpholstefIng a cow.stall ...... 113 lords, or agricultural laborers." It is well known that. Journalism. old fashioned ...... 115 Venous CIrculat.ion In �hefingers, or seem at the first to cause him any special annoyance, IJocomotive. farm, improved* ... 118 new facts con�ermng...... 120 the next census will show a large increase in the num­ ...... _. . Lumber drier, Duke's* 114 Whale, Atlantic rlght,the ...... 117 for he snaps up every bite of blubber he can get as ber of tenant farmers. Contrast this with the status readily as before. TABLE OF CONTENTS O.I!' of France ' which, with a population of 12,000,000 less But it may be said that these are cold· blooded ani- than that of the United States, has 5,000,000 rural , mals and probably very little sensitive. Turning, then, propriet01's holding less than 20 acres apiece and SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT to a grade much higher, a single incident may suffice work.ing their holdings with their own hands, and to illustrate our point as well as a detail of r.o.any ot ers Nc:>. 529 � 2,000,000 proprietors of holdings of more than 20 acres could do. One day a young deer was brought mto apiece. An array of most important facts besides those For the. Week Ending February 20. 1886. camp whose fore leg had been ,broken by a shot. In to which we have directed especial attention are pre­ the hope of saving it for a children's pet, we decided to Price '0 cents. For sale by all newsdealers. sented; but the most un-American feature of the en­ PAGE amputate the leg near the shoulder. No chloroform obtaining through indirect I. CHEMISTRY AND METALLURGY.-Separatlon of Zinc from all tire business is the ...... was at hand, and the amputation was mad I'th out any ... . the Metals of its Group.-By W. HAMPE ...... 841>1 t W methods of large tracts of -=ts by f oreigners woh d o The Separation of the Cinchona Alkalolds.-By Y. SHIMOYAMA .. 8451 anaesthetic. This very subject of pain in animals we not reside in the country, and some of whom do not Qualitative Detection of Fatty Oils in Mineral Oils.- y .. B �'. Lux 8451 had in careful consideration at the time, and we lL ENG [NEERING AND MECHANICS.-Hlgh Speed Traction En- . even pay taxes here, these lands being let out to watched for Bu gine.-1 engraving ...... :...... 8446 its manifestation. t scarcely the s1 Ight - tenants with all the pleasant features of landlordism Steam Engine Economy ...... 8446 est sign of it was apparent .. The eye of a deer is in England and Ireland. Opening of the Severn Tunnel...... " ...... 8446 singularly expressi ve ; and if any faith can be placed in Her Majesty's Ship Camperdown, the New Armor�cl�d VesseI.- One notable instance is cited-that of an " Irishman t l ...... such tokens, the actual pain which that fawn experi- Wi h fu l description ...... 8447 who. Has earned an unpleasant notoriety as a land- An Improved Indicator for measuring the Work expended to enced during the operation was certainly very slight. i " man over 80 produce Certain Restllts.-;Hlgures...... 8447 . . lord in h s own country. This owns ,000 Once more, and coming stil1 h ' g h er, we recognize,th e Flgee's Steam Piledriver.-2figures...... 8448 I acres of land, 40,000 acres being in one coun t y, an d Reaction Wheels and Turbines.-By WM. DONAWSON.-1 figure. 8448 fact, which is perfectly well known, that savages of the derives over $100,000 cash rental from the estate, which On the Ventilation of Sewers.-From a paper read by GEO. E. human race pay slnall attention to injuries at which EACHUS before the Civil and Mechanical Engineers 80ciety.-2 is sent to him to spend in England, where he resides. figures ...... 8449 our more polished classes would manifest intense suffer- The tenants are required in their leases to pay t,he Eccentrlc ...... Bray and Heald's s.-2 fi�ures ...... 8450 ing. It may be said that it is because they take pride by them. I . T g L g t taxes on the property occupied I I :�!�����:!-;� �� ::���� in enduring the pain�_d.th�refQremakeno a ifesta n . � .��.���.���..������.�:������: :: m n - We cannot give space to further comments upon the .\�ig.=I'rocesseL onr.-"TIirs-may Mannfacture �f_Ellllph'!riQ_ us.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC FEBRUARY 20, 1886.] II3 ALlJ}IINlJ}I IRON AND STEEL. completing the structure, and 200 men were employed bited a 5 x j photograph, remarkable ft>r its clearness T. Nordenfelt, of London, has taken the following in its erection. The total cost has exceeded $20,000, in- and depth of focus, made with an ordinary spectacle English patent : cluding approaches and decorations. The interior is lens, inclosed in a c(;nnmonwood pill-box for a lens tube, It is well known that one of the great difficulties in divided into spacious halls, chambers, and corridors, the whole said to .cost but twenty-five cents. Every making castings from steel is to get a product which with a stairway for reaching the summit of the main portion of the picture appeared to be perfectly sharp. is solid, sound, homogeneous, or free from blisters or tower. In several rooms there are elaborately carved We have obtained the following particulars: The glass cavities. Lately the manufacture has been much im- statues cut from huge blocks of ice, and with so much is a common spectacle meniscus (periscopic), having in proved by adding to the metal ferro-manganese and skill that one can only regret that the labor has been the rough a clear diameter of 1Yz in. and focal length other compounds containing carbon, silicon, and man- expended on such fragile material. Imagine Powers' of 18 in. ganese. But although these admixtures make the "Greek Slave" reproduced in rock crystal ! Many of Generally these glasses are not round, but can be cut product somewhat more solid, they deteriorate the the blocks in the walls are so very clear as to take a by any spectacle maker to fit the metal frame. quality in other respects, as the product gets hard r rich b ue color from the blue sky overhead ' while oth�rs In. one end of a wood pill-box with the bottom re­ . � � . . and more brittle or red short. It has been ImpOSSI- on whICh the rays of the sun dIrectly shme seem lIke moved was placed the lens with its concave surface ble to make casting� of wrought fron or mild steel at I dazzling cut glass. At 'night the building is lighted by outward, and one inch forward in front of this concave the same time solid and retaining their qualities and electricity, and fine artificial effects are also produced surface was the diaphragm, � in. in diameter. their strength. by colored lights and pyrotechnic displays. Respecting these lenses, it was said that there was no I have found that castings of wrought iron or mild The surrounding grounds are decorated with ever­ reason to suppose that for comparatively long focus they steel may be obtained solid without changing the in- green arches, and in other ways. A village of sixty Sioux should not in a measure supersede many of the cheaper trinsic quality of the metal, by the addition of the me- Indians, with their skin tepees and primitive features of forms of achromatic lenses for amateur work ; since tal aluminum either alone or in the shape of an alloy. aboriginal life, is located in one corner of the extensive they are so extremely thin, the chromatic aberration is The aluminum makes the molten metal more liquid, park. Elsewhere there' are ponds for skaters and practically unimportant, while the spherical aberra" thus the gases in the metal pass easily away, the metal curlers, areas for �now-shoe races, slides for the to bog­ tion is also reduced to a minimum. runs easily into the moulds, and a more perfect product ganers, and provision for other winter diversions. The rapidity of spectacle lenses is also somewhat re­ is obtained. I have found that even a minute quantity It might be added, that, along with the ice palace, markable. The exposure given to the plate was said to of metallic aluminum added to the molten iron has an has corne a wholesome epidemic for out of door recrea­ be but three seconds. appreciable influence. tions, in which people readily indulge, even though the The spectacle camera will doubtless present a favorite By this, my new invention, I have succeeded in mak- mercury may fall far below zero. Toboggan slides means for beginners to practice pr.otography, e�peci­ ing perfect cast,ings from the softest wrought iron, have been constructed at St. Paul and Minneapolis, ally to boys and others who cannot afford expensive which castings in every respect retain their ductility some of which are more than 1,500 feet long. More apparatus. and nature of wrought iron, though their tensile than one hundred snow-shoe clubs have been organized strength is greatly enhanced. in Minnesota during the past two months, with not less Upholstering a Cow Stall. The iron or steel is melted in crucibles, converters, than 4,000 uniformed members. A m.ighbor who uses an old horse barn for keep­ or metal smelting furnaces of any description, and the Since writing the foregoing account, the warm ing his one cow, found that when the thermometer addition of the aluminum or alloy of aluminum is "Chinook " has come, which threatens the speedy de­ indicated frolIl 10 to 20 degrees below zero, his cow made to the metal when molten, shortly before it is to struction of the ice palace if it should last many days. stood shivering in her stall, even with an abundance be poured. The addition may, however, be made It is interesting to note the effect produced on the of good food to eat and warm water to drink, and earlier. blocks near the foundation of the massive walls. Of that the quantity of milk given was also reduced It is convenient to provide a plug in the cover of the course a great pressure comes upon them, and as they below the usual flow. Being ingenious as well as crucible, which is removed when the metal is com- begin to thaw they assume a columnar structure, each merciful, he went to work, with such material as he made up of hundreds of slender could find at hand, to make his animal more com­ pletely melted, .a tube is inserted into the aperture, and block seeming to be the aluminum to be added. is passed down the tube. prisms. Possibly before this appears in print, the fortable. The stalls were ten feet high, the stable The tube is removed and the plug replaced, and the whole fairy-like palace may have dissolved, "like the large, and the outside boarding somewhat loose. In metal is soon ready for pouring. baseless fabric of a vision ;" but as a feature of North- other words, the ventilation was abundantly provided What I claim as my improvements in the manufac- western enterprise at play, it is worth describing. for. To recover the entire building was out of the ture of castings from wrought '.ron and steel is the ad- • �. � .. question, and even were the outside fairly tight, so mixture of metallic aluminum or aluminum alloy with PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES. large a barn with only a single animal in it would the melted iron or steel before casting' the Rame into .A New Enlm'ging Ea seZ.-At a demonstration show- still be excessively cold with such a temperature out­ moulds, substantially as described. ing the utility of the permanent bromide paper for en- side. The· better way seemed to be to make a small larging purposes, recently given before the Society of room for the cow, in which her own animal heat would • 4 • � .. Amateur Photographers in this city, there was exhibit­ be better retained. THE ICE PALACE AT ST. PAUL. ed and used a new easel for holding. the paper. which Accordingly, a single horse stall was floored over BY H. C. HOVEY. had been presented to the society by the Eastman Dry with loose boards above the cow, giving just room . The saying that " men are but grown-up children " Plate and Film Co. for the attendant to stand. This floor was then cov­ is.well illustrated by the building of costly edifices of a'I 'rhe easel was intended to facilitate the placing of ered with old hay and straw to the scaffold fl<5or substance known to be ephemeral in its nature, and the paper in position to receive the enlarged image, and above. The sides of the stall were made tight by that can be of no conceivable utility while they last. fulfilled the purpose very perfectly. battens and stuffing, and the front closed up with a Yet they .take their place among human affairs, and Upon a square frame which rested on the floor were door that could be opened for putting in the food at are occasionally worth describing even in the sober secured two uprights rising four and a half feet; in feeding time. At the rear, the supply of boards hav­ columns of a scientific journal. these were longitudinal slots and grooves. The expos- ing been exhausted, old carpets, sacking. etc., were The" St. Paul Ice Palace and Winter Carnival Asso- ing screen, <:!overed with smooth, hard, white paper, hung in several thicknesses across the stall from side· ciation" has been incorporated for the term of thirty was slid down between the uprights, in the grooves, side, being tacked securely to the staging above. The years, with the intention of building a palace and hold- and held at any desired height by clamping screws cow was thus shut into a room but little more than iug a festival every winter. The success of its first at- which passed through the slots to holes in the edge of large enongh to contain her with comfort, and com­ tempt has been marred by the remarkable instability the exposing screen; to raise or lower the latterit was fortable it was compared to the large open space she of the weather-which c uallY be depended on in only necessary to unscrew the clamping screws. Hing­ had previously occupied. Much might be done in this latitude. While tha ave been a few very cold ed to the front of the exposing screen was a black, this, or other ways, to render farm stock more com­ days, this has been comparatively " an open winter ;" wooden clamping frame, swinging open like a door, and fortable and more profitable to keep during these ex­ and fears were at one time had that the project would caught at the other side of the screen by a flat spring cessively cold spells. If stables are tight, and not too actually have to be postponed to another year. But, catch. large in proportion to the number of animals, their at last, a favorable cold snap came, and the structure In the door frame could be put kits of smaller size own bodies will warm the ai,r sufficiently for comfort. was reared. for convenience in securing small sheets. On brackets There is little occasion to worry about ventilation Building with ice is, of course, in some respects, "'ery at the top of the screen was supported a neat rectang­ when the temperature gets below zero. The danger, much like building with granite or marble; yet it has ular box about six inches square, divided into two in nine cases out of ten. is in having too much rather its peculiarities. The quarry is the frozen Mississippi parts, the upper portion being hinged at the rear up­ than too little.-N. E. Farmer.

River, from which blocks may now be Cl1ttwenty inches per corner. When the cover was opened, the paper, .1.1. thick and as clear as crystal. The first thing done is to could be fed out of its lower corner directly on to the Preparation oC Paraftine Moulds Cor Plaster Casts.

scrape off the snow and soft surface ice, which is effect- face of the exposing screen. The roll of sensitive paper BY F. L. TETAMORE, M.D., OF NYACK, N. Y.' ually done by a wooden scraper fifteenfeet long, drawn having in its center a wood spool, was supported be­ Prepare the specimen or preparation, making it as by horses. Next the smooth surface is marked off by tween two uprights fixedon the inside ends of the box, clean as possible ; place on oiled paper, in a position steel knives set in a wooden beam, the area thus treated so arranged that the spool could be easily lifted out or that will show it to advantage. Soft projections may resembling an immense checker-board. These teeth dropped into place. A spring pressure bar pressed be held in position with threads suspended from a are adjustable, so that blocks of the various sizes re- against the surface of the roll, preventing it from un­ frame or from a heavy cord stretched across t.he room.

quired can be marked off. Sawyers then cut the ice, winding too rapidly. Paraffine melted in a water bath is painted over the following the lines already thus traced. By means of To operate the easel, the hinged frame was opened, preparation with a soft brush, the first layer being put hooks and poles, the blocks are lifted from the water then the cover of the box; the free end of the paper was on with single and quick strokes, that t.herapid cooling and placed on long sleds in waiting, and drawn to the next brought down over the face of the exposing screen; of the paraffine may· not cause the brush to adhere to site of the building. Heavy tongs and derricks are then the lid of the box was dropped, and the door the preparation, thus drawing the soft tissues out of next in requisition to swing the blocks to their places, frame shut and latched, which firmlyclamped all the place, until the mould is formed about one-eighth inch where masons are ready with suitable tools for chip- edges of the paper in position and prevented it from thick; all undercuts must be well filled. When the ping off' the rough parts, so that each block shall fit curling. After exposure, it was only necessary to mould is hard, it can'be readily separated from the pre­ snugly to its place. Water is then poured into the cut off the exposed portion with a pen knife and tuck paration; it is then well washed with cold water. Stir seams, where the cold at once congeals it, thus cement- back into the box holding the paper the free end of fine dental plaster into cold water to consistency of ing the wall as it goes up. Work so simple as this pro- I the roll. The operation of affixing the paper was ex­ cream, pour into the mould and out again several gresses rapidly, and repairs that may be needed can be tremely simple, entirely dispensing with the bot,her of times, so that there will be no air bubbles on the sur­ readily made as long as cold weather lasts. pinning to the screen a large loose sheet, which has face, then fill the mould and let it stand until hard. A noble location was secured for the ice palace, CO-lIl- heretofore been the usual way of doing it. The easel Place the whole in a vessel containing boiling water prising eight acres in the very heart of the city, and was adaptable to different widths and rolls of paper, until the paraffineis all melted ; wash with clean boil­ adjacent to the State Capitol. In the center of this and single loose sheets could be easily located in posi­ ing water. When the cast is thoroughly dry, it may be broad area rises the glittering structure, 180 ft. long, tion. It will be seen that the convenience affordf>d painted with oil colors by coating it first with shellac 1�4 ft. wide, with towers 106 ft. high. The architec- by the employment of this easel will doubtless bring it varnish. Casts of any part or" the body may be made tural design is excellent, with square towers and round into very general use. from a living subject, if the parts are not too sensitive ones, and various arches, flying buttresses, and other Spectacle Photographs.-At the same meeting at to bear the heat of t.he paraffine, which is about 150· features. Thirty thousand blocks of ice were used in which the enlarging easel was shown, there was exhi- Fah.-Annals of SU1'gery.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC tI4 [FEBRUARY 20, 1886. LUMBER DRIER. · I Near the edges of the circular plates are holes to re- TRELLIS FOR GARDEN CROPS. This kiln is designed for dl'ying lumber by the direct ceive the ends of curved bars which pass through the The portable gal'd�n trellis here illustrated is for use application of heat obtained by the combustion of fuel upper ends of the lower parts of the standards. The in growing pffis, tomatoes, and other crops requiring in a suitable furnace. The kiln consists of a framed lower edges of these bars have teeth that support the support; it may be folded up and put away when not structure provided with a sliding door, through which lower parts of the standards. With this construction needed. The view, Fig. 1, indicates two continuous the lumber is introduced and removed upon cars run- the pitch of the lower parts of the standards can be sections, composed of independent side frames, inclined ning upon properly laid rails. Cold air flues are con- readily adjusted. The ends of the curved center bar toward each other and united at the top. Each frame nected with the lower part of the kiln, and carried up are inserted in holes in the lower plate. 1'he handles has ,a picket at each end and intermediate bars or wires on tbe outside to a level a little above the top of the are constructed as shown. arranged parallel with the pickets, but of less length, roof. The smoke flues in the top of the kiln pass The side beams can be arranged as shown in Fig. 1, so that when the pickets are driven into the ground or one or both can be swung forward, according to the the bars will only COIIle to the surface. The pickets and work to be done. When the plow is to he used as a bars are united by any number of rows of wires. The culti vator, the side beams, Fig. 2, are used. The "hanks upper ends of the pickets are hinged together, as shown of the cultivator teeth, Fig. 4, pass through the circu­ in :Fig. 2. When set up, the trellis may be held firmly lar plates, which, in this case, are held from turning by by ropes attached to the upper ends of the end pickets, pins which enter holes in the plates, so that the and secured by stakes driven into the ground. In ap­ teeth can be adjusted as the position of the beams lllay plying the trellis to supporting peas and beans, the require. When used as a harrow, side beallls are em­ ployed, having holes to receive the harrow teeth shown in Fig. 4. It will b� seen that, no matter in what position the plow may be adjusted, it will be firm and strong. Additional particulars concerning this invention can be had by addressing Messrs. C. Audirsch and W. I W. Strickland, of Gurdon, Ark.

...... Axial Change ot' the Earth. On the last day of the year, the earth was in peri­ helion, or at its nearest point to the sun. At that time, the distance between the two bodies was about three million miles less than during our northern summer; in July. Though $e earth now receives six per cent more light and heat, the northern part of DUKE'S LUMBER nRIER. its axis being turned away from the sun gives us the WHITE'S TRELLIS FOR GARDEN CROPS. cold of winter. There is, however, a greater equality of temperature-bad as we are apt to call it, when plants will be inside, while tomatoes should be outside through the roof, and carry off all the waste heat, the daily range may be from forty to fifty degrees­ of both the oppo�ite frames. smoke, and vapor from the lumber. In the lower part on account of this proximity of the earth and sun in The use of this trellis, which has been recently pa­ of the kiln is the furnace, which is fired from the out­ winter and their distance ill summer. In the southern tented by Mr. Wm. A. White, of Staatsburg. N. Y., will side at both ends. A curved iron plate covers that hemisphere, the extremes of temperature would be enable the grower to produce a larger crop froIIlthe part of the furnace within the kiln; over this plate is almost unbearll.ble under the present regime, were sallie amount of ground than by the use of pea brush an air space formed by a flatplate. Connected With the land disposed as at the north: for there the con­ or stakes, and will also keep the vines and fruit in a the furnace is flue extending upward into the kiln. a ditions are reversed, and the sun is nearer in sUlllmer cleaner condition. Just above the furnace, and surrounding the flue, is a than in winter. The effect, however, is largely coun­ pan containing water. Over the top of the flue is a terbalanced by the great predominance of water in The Causes oC Sudden Death. hood, reaching nearly to the surface of the water. A that hemisphere. Less marked extremes are possible The recent sudden death of Vice-President Hen­ guard plate secured round the hood, so as to cover is in the presence of such large bodies of water than dricks, followed so soon by that of William H. Van­ the exposed portion of the pan. The hot air and gases would be the case at our own land-engirdled North. derbilt, naturally invites inquiry into the causes given off from the furnace pass up through the flue and But the present order ·of things is not permanent. which produce these startling effects. are deflected downward on to the surface of the water; Nature is never stationary, and after some thousands An editorial in the Medical News, of Philadelphia, sparks fall into the water, while t,he hot air ascends in of years the orbit of the earth will be changed. Other states that disease of the vascular system-the arteries the direction shown by the arrows into the interior of things being equal, the. extremes of heat and cold in and veins-is most frequently responsible for this the kiln. The guard plate serves as an additional pro­ the northern hemisphere will then be unprecedented. mode of death. The greatest strain in the case of tection to throw the sparks into the water, and also ••Ie • those subject to mental anxiety or excitement. is prevents the pan from being filled with any rubbish ADJUSTABLE DOUBL� BEDSTEAD. borne by the circulatory system ; and the slow and un­ falling from above when the kiln is being filled with The bedst.ead is provided with four hollow legs opan suspected course of the disease gives no warning in lumber. at the top, and united by the head and foot pieces and most instances, and death ensues either from a rup- Tfiis kiln is the invention of Mr. A. Duke. O. the side rails; within these legs are sliding Further particulars can be had from Messrs. Bivings , posts united by end pieces and side rails, Duke Co., of Clanton, Ala. & which pass through vertical slots in the legs •. e,. when the upper bed is lowered. In the foot COMBINED PLOW, CULTIVATOR, AND HARROW. piece of the main bedstead a drum is jour Secured to the upper and lower sides of the central naled; Illounted on. the shaft of the drum at bealll are two plates, the side parts of which are made the outside of the foot piece is a' ratchet semicircular and are formed with a series of holes near wheel provided with a handle for turning it. their edges, and also with holes at the centers of the Secured to the bottom of each sliding post is circles to receive bolts which hold the side beams; by a rope; all four ropes are carried over suit­ able pulleys to the drum, which is formed with four grooves, one for each rope. When the bed is not in use, the upper sec­ tion rests upon the lower; if but one person is to occupy it, no change is necessary. But if it is to be occupied by two persons, the drum is revolved, and, winding up the cords, the sliding posts are lifted up and out of the top of the legs. Latches in the hollow legs engage with racks on the sliding posts, and hold the upper section at any desired eleva­ tion. A cord passes from each latch to a slide in the foot board; by pulling this slide all the latches mity be withdrawn to release the sliding legs and permit the upper section to be lowered. This double bed&tead only requires the space now taken by a single bed; it can be quickly adjusted at any desired height, and the upper section can be easily lowered. The mechanism is so simple as not to be liable to disarrangement. COMBINED PLOW, CULTIVATOR, AND HARROW. This invention has been patented by Mr. SCHLICHTING'S ADJUSTABLE DOUBLE BEDSTEAD. A. T. Schlichting, of 1986 Third Avenue, removing the outer bolts the side beams can be swung New York city, who will furnish all further informa­ ture of SOIlle of the large vessels near the heart, or, upon the inner bolts, as pivots, into any desired posi- tion. as in Mr. Vanderbilt's case, one of the more import­ • .• • ant blood vessels in the brain proves to be the weak­ tion, where they can be secured by replacing the bolts; A Fortune a Patent. The standard of the center plow passes through ceh- tor est link in the chain, and death from apoplexy results. tel' holes in the plates, and is held by a nut screwed on The Mechanical Engineer says that Benjamin Lauth, The Daily News of Philadelphia, referring to the its upper end. The side standards pass through circu- Sr., the inventor of the process of making nail plate artiClle in the Me dical News, adds: "There is no treat­ lar plates held to the lower sides of the outer ends of out of old steel rails, has sold the right of his patent to ment which will prevent this class of sudden deaths, the side beams and through the beams, and are held five Eastern firms. Mr. Lauth claims that by his pro­ and physicians are powerless to avert its onset. All by nuts. The standaros, Fig. 3, are made in two parts, cess at least $10 per ton can be saved on the manufac­ they can do is to ad vise a calm, unexciting mode of hinged to each other near the lower sides of the beams; tured product, as compared with the present methods life, with freedom from worry and anxiety. Such ad­ the lower parts are curved forward to bring them into of production. :MI'. Lauth will receive $150 per day vice is very easy to give, but as difficult to follow as proper position to receive the plows, which are held by for one year and $300 per day for the remaining sixteen would be a suggestion that it is not advisable to die at I n any given time." bolts passing through slots in the ends of the standards. years of the life of the pate t.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC FEBRUARY 20, 1886.J Jtitttfifit �mtritatt.

IMPROVED STONE CHANNELING MACHINE. light in weight, and occupies but little space, it can Old Fashioned Journal1slD. Blasting plays an important part in the quarrying of be used in a chamber where the distance between the He was an old New Yorker, and he talked with the stone for burning lime, for road-bed ballast, rubble, floor and the roof is but six feet. precision of the printed page, says the Turf, Field and street pavement, and is still resorted to in slate quar­ The boiler is of an improved design, made specially Farm, from which .we quote : "Would you believe it ? ries; but in that important industry, the quarrying of for the purpose, with submerged flues, and has a When the Tribune was started, it refused to publish dimension stone, the blast is now seldom heard, and water tank attached, from which the boiler is fed by theatrical advertisements or to chronicle the move­ the channeling process is daily growing in favor. This means of an injector. ments of players. Now it gives much space to the process consists in cutting long, narrow channels or The efficiency and stability of this apparatus have stage. When Mr. Bonner was pushing the Ledger, deep grooves along the floor of the quarry, fot the been sufficiently tested and demonstrated by work in he bought a page in the daily, semi-weekly, and week­ purpose of freeing the sides of the blocks of stone to be all kinds of stone. It has been most successfully used ly Tribune, agreeing to pay $8, 000 for it. After the taken out. After the channels are cut to the requireo by the Vermont Marble Co., of West Rutland, Vt. ; the advertisement had appeared in the daily, Mr. Greeley of Conowing depth, and a free face obtained along one of the cuts, Green Serpentine Marble Co., o, Md. ; by raised the objection that it wJ>uld hurt the weekly, the next step, if there are no free beds, is to release the the Atlantic Stone Co., of La Grange, Ohio ; and at which had a very large circulation, to allow one man mass at the bottom. This is done by means of a "gad­ many other well known quarries. The average capacity to occupy so much space in it. Mr. Bonner insisted of of t e machinein various kinds f st e i en del'," and consists in drilling or ,. gadding " a series h o on is g v as j that the contract should be carried out in good faith, horizontal holes along the bottom of but Mr. Greeley was obstinate, and the bench, and in line with the new the matter was compromised by no floor, and then releasing it by the charge being made for the page oc­ splitting action of wedges, or "loft­ cupied in the daily. ing " it, as it is called by quarry­ " When Mr. Bennett, the founder men. of the He rald, heard of the transac­ After the bench is thus raised tion, he said to his trusted lieu­ from its bed in mass, it is next split tenant, Joe Elliott, that the Tri­ into blocks of the required thick­ bun!llpeople were foolish; that no ness or dimension by means of advertiser could ask for too much wedges or plugs and feathers. The space at th!) regular rates in the process of cutting up the 'blocks He rald. Mr. Elliott repeated this after the channels are made varies conversatioll to Mr. Bonner, and somewhat in the different quarries, the proprietor of the Ledge1' quickly according to the nature of the stone, remarked, 'Tell Mr. Bennett that I but the method above described is will take eight pages of his paper.' the one most generally used, and As the He rald was an eight page will serve to illustrate the princi­ journal, the ad vertiser put in a bid ple. for its entire space. Mr. Bennett It is thus seen that the channel­ was equal to the emergency. He ing process is not, as it is popularly put on sixteen pages, three pages of supposed to be, a complete cutting the Ledger advertisement going into out of the stone in blocks; but it is one half section and five into the a means by which artificial seams other half. This was the first time or beds are produced in positions the He 1'ald ever issued a sixteen most favorable for the action of the page paper, and the feat was re­ wedges or plugs and feathers. . garded as something wonderful. The accompanying illustration How different at the present, when represents an improved channeling more than thirty-two pages are machine recently introduced by the sometimes caught and folded from Ingersoll Rock Drill Company, of the press ! Sam Sinclair, the pub­ 10 Park Place, New York, the en­ lisher of the Tribune, lived at that graving being made from photo­ time in 28th Street, near Eighth graphs taken at the Ohio Sandstone Ave. The morning that the sixteen Quarries, which have not been slow page He rald came out, he took his to adopt this improvement. The seat in the street car and bought a copy of Mr. Bennett's paper. When apparatus consists of a direct-acting engine, having the piston and valve he opened the first half, and saw of the standard Ingersoll " Eclipse " three of the pages monopolized by drill, with a gang of cutting tools the Ledger, a scowl caIlle on his attached to a crosshead which is face, and he tossed the sheet over fixed to the piston rod, the whole his shoulder through the open win­ mounted in a vertical position upon dow. Mr. Bonner, who had got an adjustable support, fixed to a into the same car, one block higher carriage which IIl9ves automatically up, was amused by Sinclair's act, upon a portable track laid alongside and he called out: • You have of the cut about to be made. thrown away the lesser part; you This machine is direct-acting, will find the greater in what you that is, the cutting tools being at­ have kept.' Mr. Sinclair colored to tached rigidly to the piston, the the roots of his hair, and opened the blow is dealt directly by the steam sheet and was greatly surprised to pressure in the cylinder and without see that fiveof the pages were gi ven any intervention of crank shafts, up to the Ledger. levers, or springs. The feed motion "The fact then dawned on him of the carriage upon the track is that he and Greeley bad made a operated by and dependent upon mistake in refusing to carry out the the engine which strikes the blow. contract with Mr. Bonner for one This is the only direct-acting chan­ page in the T1·ibune. The first neling machine which possesses this Sunday He rald was issued to get feature. rid of the left-over matter which This feed motion is imparted to THE INGERSOLL STONE CHANNELING MAClIINE. encumbered the galleys. It was an the car on the upward stroke of experiment; but it brought such the piston only; the car remains stationary when the follows: In marble, 80 to 100 square feet of channel cut good results as to lead to the establishment of a regular blow is struck. This feed averages three-quarters of in 10 hours; in limestone, 120 to 150 square feet; in sand­ Sunday edition of the paper. Mr. Bennett was quick to an inch per stroke. The strokes average 240 per min­ stones, 150 to 200 square feet; in granite, 40 to 60 seize a point and profitby it. Now all the morning jour­ ute. square feet. The machine has already made a record nals, including the T1'ibune, print a Sunday issue, and it As the cutting tools are made adjustable to any of 260 square feet in sandstone and 230 feet in lime­ is really the elaborate and most costly paper of the week. angle to the right and left, and forward and back­ stone in a day of 10 hours. The changes in the newspaper world are marvelous to ward, the machine is capable of making transverse an old-timer like myself." A far-away look came into and side-hill cuts, and does what is known as cut­ A Fourteen Inch �ype Writer. the eyes of the speaker as he uttered the last word'l,as ting out the corners in quarrying. The machine has Messrs. Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, exclusive if the faces of the elder Bennett, Horace Greeley, Hen­ but two quick-moving parts-the piston, with cutting dealers in Remington standard type writers, etc., 839 ry J. Raymond, and other journalistic stars rose before tools attached, and the · valve. The stroke varies Broadway, have lately brought out a new machine, him from the mists of the past. Then he muttered about six inches in length, running from two to eight which takes paper fourteen inches in width, and any something about time moving on with' remorseless inches. This is accomplished without extra parts or length from a few inches to a continuous roll, while its tread, indifferent to change, and thrust his hands into mechanical adjustment. The machine will start with keyboard is but a trifle larger than that of the Stand­ his pockets and walked away. a stroke of three inches, and continue operating with­ ard No. 2 machine. It has 42 keys, writing 84 characters .... , . out attention until the cut is five inches deep. The -caps, small letters, punctuation marks, etc. AT the funeral of the late King of Spain an imposing engine and cutting tools are fed downward as the cut­ This machine is more particularly adapted to the and curious scene occurred, which, it seems, is a custom ting proceeds, and the drills can cut a channel eighteen wants of the legal fraternity, insurance officers, real peculiar to that country. When the procession reached inches in depth without unclamping or stopping the estate men, etc., and wherever an unusual width of the monastery connected with the Escurial Palace, machine. There is but OIle clamp, or chuck, for the paper or blanks is in use. the Duke de Sexto, the Royal Chamberlain, knocked, drills, there being no upper clamp. Thus, the drills Orders are already being received for this machine and requested admittance for Alfonso. When inside are short and handy for use in the shop and while from the legal profession in England, where, by act of the gates, the Duke unlocked the coffinand called three being changed in the cut. By a stop valve placed in Parliament, certain documents and most legal papers times in Alfonso's ear. Then, according to the ritual, the lower steam port, the blow can be regulated so are required to be written upon paper of extraordinary he said: "There is no reply. It is true, the King is that it will strike with only a light touch or with a width, commonly known on the other side as brief dead !" He then relocked the coffin, and broke his blow of 8,000 pounds in force. As the machine is paper. wand of office.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 116 1titufifit �mtritau. [FEBR U ARY 20, 1 886.

THE HOBOKEN INCLINED CABLE RAILWAY. enough for the single track is taken up within the sta- The loss of memory in the aged is a familiar example, (Continued fromjirst page.) tion, thus leaving ample platform room at either side; and can only be accounted for by a deterioration of blocks, which are bolted to iron plates riveted in be- and as the loading and unloading go on simultaneous the brain elements and a diminution of blood supplied tween two iron channel bars, which, while adding ly, no time is lost. Possibly some such system could to them. One o'f the worst features of such cases is strength to the structure, also act as guard rails. This be applied to the termini of the Brooklyn Bridge, the fact that an old person is not, for a long time after mode of laying the track, dispensing with the wooden where the shifting of cars from track to track is now decay has begun, aware of it. I am now treating a ties and substituting iron for wooden guard rails, is slowly perform d by engines. case of loss of I,llemory in a person adv ced in years, far preferable to that of the elevated roads <>f this I who did not/know that his memory had i1ed most city, as it is more durable, admits more light and air, Ho"W to Strengthen th e Memory. rem�kably till I told him of it. He is maki vigor- :tf and looks better. r. Holbrook, in his February number of the He rald ous R ort to bring it back again, and with partia c- The structure starts from the ferry at an elevation I of Health, says there one feature of the memory which Jess. -, of about 8 feet, and g:aadually rises until it reaches has not before been considered, and that is its exalt.-' The method pursued is to spend two hours daily, the first street, where it is 15 -feet high. It then con-. ation in some forms of diseast'. one in the morning and one in the evening, in exercis­ tinues level for about 3,500 feet, when it begins to rise An exaltation is where a multitude of recollections ing this faculty. The patient is instructed to give the at the rate of 5 feet in the hundred. There are two spring up involuntarily on every hand. It has its closest attention to all that he learns, so that it shall curves in the road, one at the ferry and the other at cause in an increase of the circulation of thll blood in be impressed on the mind clearly. He is asked to recall the foot of the steep grade. the bra-in. It frequently appears in acute diseases, es- every evening all the facts and experiences of the day, The cable is of steel, 17;!' inches in diameter, and the pecially fevers. It is common in maniacal patients, and again the next morning. Every name heard is total length is about 2% miles. The motive power is and it sometimes appears as a feature of hysteria and written down and impressed on his mind clearly, and situated on top of the hill. There are four return-flue in the early �tages of brain diseases. an effort made to recall it at intervals. Ten names steel boilers, each of 125 horse power. There are two This subject of exaltation of memory will be best from among public men are ordered to be committed Corliss engines, having cylinders 30 to memory every week. ·A verse inches in diameter and 5 feet st�ke. of poetry is to be learned,' also a The main shaft is 15 inches tl'nck. verse from the Bible, daily. He is The engines are so arranged that asked to remember the number of they can be used either singly or the page in any book where any together. The flywheels are 20% interes�ing fact is recorded. These feet in diameter, and each weighs and other methods are slowly re- 28 tons. The gearing for driving suscitating a failing memory. the cable drums-shown in Fig. 2- The aged should all look to this is similar to that illustrated in our danger in their lives, and resolve to article describing the Tenth A venue combat it from the very first. By Cable Railway, of this city, in the so doing they will make their declin.- SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of January ing years more enjoyable, and give 30, 1886, and was built by Messrs. much greater pleasure to their Poole & Hunt, of Baltimore. friends. Unceasing self-culture, es- The arrangement and construc- pecially in preserving the memory tion of the grips and rope lifters, and intellectual faculties, should Fig. 4, present many advantages constitute 'a considerable part of over the old methods. The 'grips �\ the life of every aged person, even � ,\1';{ more than of the you are not fastened to the body of the ' ..\; \.'y\\� > \\ ,,-. ng. Only by car, but to the wheel trucks, ena- it can this period of life be ren- bling the car to pass easily around dered pleasant and profitable. the curves, and causing the grip to ...... remain at the salJ,le distance from Fig. 4.-HOBOKEN OABLE RAlLWAY.-THE GRIP AND ROPE LIFTERS. Hints to Architects. the cable, whether the car is loaded Notwithstanding the wide dis- or not. There is one grip on each of the two trucks understood by some simple illustrations. There have parity of climatic conditions between this country and of the cal'. The grips are of iron, 3 feet long, and been many accounts of persons saved from imminent Japan, a perusal of Prof. E. S. Morse's recent book on the cable is in contact with the jaws of the grip death by drowning who all agree that at the moment "Japanese Homes," now in its second edition. the first for the entire 3 feet. The grip is opened and closed of asphyxia they seemed to see their entire lives un- having been exhausted in ten days, will reveal much of by the turning of a hand wheel on the platform. A rolled before them, even to the minutest detail. Some interest and value to our own builders. worm gear and set of levers, forming a powerful and go so far as to say that e\;ery instance of former life The principles of Japanese decorative design have positive movement, transmit the motion of the hand seems to flash across the memory, not as an outline made steady progress among us since the Centennial wheel to the jaws of the grip. In front and in the rear merely, but with every detail filled in with the most Exposition, at Philadelphia. A characteristic feature , of each grip are two claws which can be opened and remarkable minutia-every act of life, whether right or is the universal adoption of the natural wood finish for closed, lowered and raised, by means of a lever on the wrong, comes back with great vividness. Ribot cites inventors. A serious impediment to the general use of platform to the left of the grip wheel, and which en- the case of a clear-headed man who- was in the act of natural wood among us arises from the difficulty of . abIes -the grip man to pick up the rope without the aid crossing a railroad track when an express train run- matching the grain of different boards as they are fur- of any other person, and at any place on the road, ning at full speed appeared close at hand. The man nished at the lumber yard. The simple precaution of level or inclined, at or between stations. had barely time to throw himself down in the center of tying up in bundles the sawn boards from each log by The cars have the ordinary brakes to check the the road, between the two lines of rails; and as the train itself is there universal, and solves this difficulty. wheels. These brakes are tightened and loosened by rushed over him, the feeling of impending danger Should not that be considered in some respects It the same wheel and worm gear which tightens and brouffht to his recollection most vividly every act and happy country where scaffolds never fall, precipitating loosens the grip. A movement of a lever to the right incident of his former life in such an array as to sng- workmen to death or disaster ? Yet this desideratum of the hand wheel throws the brake into gear, and at gest to him the open- is attained by firmly binding together the structure the same time the grip out of gear, and vice versa, ing of "the great with stout cords instead of using nails, the frequent making it impossible to have the two forces (grip and book at the last great use of which constantly weakens the materials em- brake power) operating against one another. In ad- I day. " ployed. dition to the ordinary brakes, there are so-called track -, There is no doubt Prof. Morse is most enthusiastic in eulogizing the ar- brakes, to be used in case of emergency on the incline ! u c h exaggeration tistic instincts of the Japanese, and considers it re- : � m and when the rails are slippery. Their shoes are about \, in these stat.ements ; markable that a people with so few noteworthy public 2 feet long, are surfaced with wood, and can be pressed : yet they show an buildings should have so far _surpassed ourselyes in down with much force on the rough iron guard rails on enormous temporary solving the problem of comfortable homes. each side of the track rails. By their action the car increase or exalta- can be stopped anywhere on the incline or level, and tion of the natural in all kinds of weather. The construction of these memory. A Wrong Use oC the Bible. brakes will be understood from the cross-sectional view, De Quincey, in his In all court houses in New York, very dirty copies of Fig. 3. "Confessions of an the Bible are used in a way which, the editor of the The loading and unloading of passengers at the ferry English Opium Eat- He rald of He alth thinks, and in which almost every oue is quickly done, and without confusion. Near the er," gives an experi- will concur, is dangerous to health. When jurors or terminus the down-track runs by a s witch into the Upl� Fig. 3.-SECTION THROUGH TRACK. ence which shows witnesses are sworn, they are expected to take the track, so that only one track enters the station. The how the memory Bible in one hand, and after repeating the oath, to kiss down-cable continues, of course, in a straight direction, may be exalted by intoxication by the use of opium. the book with their lips. Clean and unclean people do and leaves the down-tra�k; it passes to the end of the He says: "Sometimes I seemed to have lived from 70 to this indiscriminately, and it does not take long to make station below the platform and around a large sheave, 100 years in a single night. The minutest incidents the cover, and even the leaves, of this book very foul. and then returns on the up-track. The single track in of childhood or forgotten scenes of later years were Such a use of it, it seems to us, is unwarrantable. the station is flanked on each side by a wide platform. often revived. I could not be said to recollect them, The Bible says: "Swear not at all; neither by the When a car arrives, it comes in by momentum, having for if I had been told of them on awakening, I should heaven, for it is the throne of God; nor by the earth, let go of the cable some 700 or 800 feet before reaching not have been able to acknowledge them as a part of for it is the footstool of his feet; nor by Jerusalem, for the station. The passengers pass out of the car to the my experience; but placed before me in dream like it is the city of the great King. Neither shalt thou right and by the front door, and at the same time pas- intuitions, and clothed in all their evanescent circum­ swear by thy head, for thou canst not make one hair sengers enter the car from the left and by the rear stances and accompanying feelings. I recognized them white or black. But let your speech be, Yea, yea; Nay, door. Where the car stops to let out the passengers it instantly." nay: and whatsoever is more than these cometh of the remains until it has taken in passengers again, and is Such augmentations of the memory may be regarded evil one." ready to start. One minute is sufficient-to unload and as abnormal and undesirable, being indications of Cleanly people, who do not wish to kiss a book sod­ load one car, or several if coupled together. The up disease; but they teach one lesson to those who would den with grease and foul with ' filth, are allowed to cable is right underneath the car; the grip mall lowers strengthen their memories, and that is the value and affirm, which is certainly preferable. Others practice the rope lifter, raises the cable between the open jaws necessity of a perfectly healthy and vigorous circula­ a harmless sort of evasion, by holding the book in such of the grip, closes them gradually, and the car moves tion of blood in the brain. The same lesson is taught a way that they can kiss their thumbs without being off. by an opposite condition from that of an exaltation-a observed by the officer of the court, who, by the W3.y, The advantages of this system are apparent: The in- diminution of the normal memory by a decay or with· is rarely very watchful, and is satisfied if one goes coming and outgoing passengers are completely sepa- ering of the brain cells and a diminished supply of through with the form rather than the spirit of the rated from each other while in the station ; only space blood to the parts. oath.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC FEBRUARY 20, 1886.-, J titutifit !tutritau.

characters of the species could be studied from the ever, that after a good coating of ice formed on the actual specimen. Its immature age, however, rendered pond, we never were troubled by anchor ice. It seemed it of little value, beyond certain points. as if the ice field prevented �,he zero temperature from Preserving Wood Ties. In 1865, Prof. Cope brought the subject into shape drawing down tlirough the water coming into the To the Editor of the Scientific1.1 merican : after examining a specimen that came ashore in Dela­ filter, freezing it into the ice spicules, which choke Get good heart timber and ' season well, then dip in ware Bay. It was not, however, full grown, and certain everything. a vat of hot linseed oil and charcoal dust. mixed to the features, particularly the external ones, were not ob­ This operation proved a complete solution of the consistency of paint. This will fill all the cracks, etc., served. entire difficulty. For several years I have had a raft and preserve the tie for from 25 to 100 years. I: have It was in the spring of 1882 that the firstopportunity made of ordinary spruce boards, floated over my fil­ known posts treated in this way to last 20 years, and occurred to examine the full grown (It female) Atlantic ters in the fall, anchored at its four corners, and they are good yet. F. M. SHIELDS. right whale, the species having been nearly extinct there it remains, freezing in, until released by the Coopwood, Miss., Jan. 22, 1886. during the period commencing about the year 1770. warm weather the next sprin�

.... , .. The next was a male, taken in Charleston, S. C., Har­ Now, if the Cleveland Water Board, or any one Indelible Marking Ink. bor in 1880, the skeleton of which is in the Museum of else troubled with anchor ice. will float a raft of To the Editor of the Scientific American : the Charleston Medical College. sufficient area over the inlet of the water supply, I am reminded by a recipe for marking or indelible Since then, during the winter of 1884. several exam­ their experience will verify my statement. They will ink in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for Dec. 26 to call ples have appeared. Six were seen off Amagansett, never again suffer from anohor ice. your attention to, for such purpose, the common Chi­ Long Island, and four were secured. SPENCER BORDEN. nese or India ink, such as comes in flat sticks, usually The American Museum of Natural History has long Fall River Bleachery, Fall River, Mass., Feb. 5, 1886. gilded, and largely used by draughtsmen. had a skeleton of this species-an adult male, about 40 The phinese laundrymen mark clothes with this, feet in length. Its history is obscure, excepting that it • ••• • and my Chinese servant assures me that it is indelible. came ashore more than sixteen years since on Long Will Steam Pipes Set Wood on Fire " In consequence of this assurance, I marked some hand­ Island. To the Editor of the Saantijic American : kerchiefs with Chinese ink (which I bought in Canton, Two or three more of this species have been cap­ I have read the recent articles in your valuable paper in 1851), about three months ago. Thus far, after re­ tured this year off Amagansett, Long Island. Singu­ on "The Firing of Wood by Contact with Steam peated washings. the marks- continue to be black and, larly enough, Captain Josh. Ed wards has in all these Pipes," and am greatly interested in the subject, hav­ apparently, indelible. GEO. S. J. OLIVER. instances of recent capture been the operator. From ing the charge of a large institution, filled withhelp­ Santa Barbara, Cal., Jan. 21, 1886. a long period of supposed extinction, this whale is now less people, where all the heating is done by steam. evidently becoming m.ore numerous. With one excep­ The question whether wood can be ignited by the heat .,.,. tion, all that have been seen were off Long Island From One of'Our Olde t S b cribers from stearn pipes does not seem as yet to have been _ shores. settled by your correspondents. To the Editor of the ScientificAmerican s u s : For further items of interest concerning this whale. It has been my experience to observe, for a period of Forty years have come and gone since I first became the reader is referred te Bulletin No. 4. American Mu­ twenty-fiveyears, wood in contact with steam pipes, acquainted with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and dur­ seum of Natural History, Central Park. carrying a pressure of from one to fifty pounds, and I ing the whole of that time we have had a weekly chat B. J . . HOLDER. have never observed the least charring from such con­ together. except from 1849 to 1851, while I was in Cali­ tact. For a year past we have had some stearn coils fornia, and during the years of our domestic troubles- in contact with Southern or hard pine; the pitch or 1861 to 1865. Regular Ice Formation. resin has run on the heated pipes and dropped to the During this time I have not neglected the church, 1'0 the Editor of the Scientific A merican : ground, where it has been gathered up by the handful, going to hear and learn from our newest and best About ten years ago I saw a peculiar ice formation and still no appearance of charring. I am therefore preachers, and with many of them have very friendly in the little creek called"Ca mp Run," in Stark Co. , led to conclude wood cannot be set on fire by the heat and social intercourse; but I must say that I have de- Ill. ; and not having seen or heard of anything like it of steam pipes at ordinary pressure, or say at a pressure rived IlIore information, more insight to nature, more elsewhere, I deem it worthy of being put on record. It not exceeding fifty pounds. elevating thoughts, a better familiarity with God consisted of a perfect circle of ice, whirling on an In regard to the firing of hemp mentioned by one of through his works, .a higher standard of morality, and eddy formed by a bend i h the stream and held in posi- your correspondents, on being exposed to the air, may more pleasure from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN than tion by the shore ice, which nearly incircled it. All not the oil this packing was 8aturated with, to a from all other sources together. No .visitor is more the ice was formed on the preceding night, and was greater or less extent, play sOllie part in this combus­ welcQme, and none more mis<;ed. about three-eighths of an inch thick. The circle was tion ? Besides, to fall back on my experience again, free Ten years more, and we will have the " golden wed- nearly four feet in diameter, and both it and the incir'- steam will char and perhaps fire wood under favorable ding." Won't that be a glorious day ? Ten years more ! cling ice, as far as it went, were so perfect and fittedso conditions. Will we both be in existence then ? W ith 'all our sci- close that a lead pencil could not be inserted between Some years ago we had a four-inch steam pipe and entiflc knowledge, and SUPPLEMENT to boot, who a them anywhere without forciug. The circle was two and a half inch hot water pipe and a two and a can tell ? I am on the verge of Illy allotted time, three making a revolution in about twenty seconds. and half inch condense steam pipe, running through a pas­ score and ten ; perhaps your are as near; if so, the the grinding had produced two moraines of ice about sage from the main building to our boiler house, a dis­ chances for a golden wedding are against s. But � half an inch high; one 'on the shore ice. which ex- tance of two hundred and sixty feet. To prevent the while the lamp holds out to burn, I will try an be a d tended.as far around the circle as the ice did, and the loss of radiation from this steam pipe, we made a box reader. So I inclose my $3.20 for another year. other on the circle, around which it formed a con- from ten to twelve inches square, and nailed cleats on J. MA EN. R. YB tinuous margin. The phenomenon was in constant the edges of two of the boards of this box and secured Lynchburg, Va., Jan. 1, 1886. operation till the middle of the afternoon, when an them by wood clamps on the outside, so, in case of • I., • incautious visitor stepped so near the shore that he leakage, we could readily take the box apart by sim- The Atlantic Right Whale. loosened the ice, and the whole affair floated away and ply removing these clamps. To the Editor of the ScientificAm erican : broke up. In the course of a year or two this steam pipe leaked, In your issue of October 17, 1885, W. O. A. reviews If a similar instance is known elsewhere, I should and the box was taken apart to repair it. To our 8ur­ tl;1e article on "The Atlantic Right Whale, " published be glad to hear it, and also explanation of its an prise, in the immediate vicinity of this leak this box was in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, August 8, 1885. His state- formation. My first supposition was that a piece of extensively charred. I send you with this a piece of ments would not readily have met with question floating ice had been caught by the eddy, and the wood taken from this box and a part of one of the twenty years since, but in the light of present know- whirling motion had ground off the projections of cleats before mentioned. ledge he is questioning true record. I have not sta- both it and the forming shore ice, while allowing the Now, as the box was ten or twelve inches square. and . tistics at hand, but the more important point I interstices to fill up ; but such a . formation would contained only one four-inch steam pipe, it could not wish to make is that your correspondent is in error have been indicated by the appearance of the circle have been in contact with this piece of wood in one concerning the species of right whale. and by the variation in size of the moraines on the corner of the box. and probably was . several inches The figure in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of August 8 is a parts that were formerly projections and hollows. from it. So I say free steam in a confined space will fire tolerably correct one of the Atlantic ·right whale There was no such indication, however, so l think some wood, and present the inclosed as a proof of this asser- (Balmna cisarctica, Cope), and is therefore not, as he other explanation necessary. C HAS. E. DURYEA. tion. H. F. CARRIEL, M.D., Supt. supposes, the more familiar Arctic right whale(Balmna Peoria, ]11. The Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane, mysticetus, Linn.). Jacksonville, Ill., Feb. 2, 1886. From the early settlement of America to ahout the ... • • • .. Practical Remed Ice. LWe have received the specimen, which is a thorough- t·lme f our separa t·IOn frOIll the moth er coun t ry, th A , Co Anchor a e ly charred piece of pine. Looks as if it had been on "black whale," then without systematic name in To the Editor of the ScientificyAmer r ican : fire.-EDs.] America. but since known to be the "nordcaper " Your editorial in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for this and " sletback " of the Icelanders, and later the Biscay week, concerning the "Stoppage of the Cleveland whale (Baliena biscayensis) of European writers, was Water Tunnel by Ice Spicules." leads me to send you Fire from Steam Pipes. rather abundant in the North Atlantic. Our fore- the present communication, as a means of pointing out The Pittsburg Leader, Feb. 4, says : "This morning fathers found the Indians capturing it from the shores; a simple and efficient remedy for all such difficulties. the Petroleum Exchange was found to be on fire. This and the whites long pursued it in nothing more sub- If any credit is due for discovering this sure avoid­ is the second time the elegant structure has been stantial than common rowboats. ance of trouble from anchor ice, that will be ample threatened with destruction from firewithin the past During the last quarter of the eighteenth century compensation for the ·time it requires to make it two months. The wainscoting, mantel, and marble this whale became so scarce that it was not often found public in the present communication; and all those slabs, carpet, etc., introduced to beautify the interior, on our coast; a nd eventually, after larger vessels were suffering from its annoyances are welcome to the were destroyed, and the loss will probably exceed used and long cruises were made. the " fishery " was remedy. There is no patent to prevent their using it. $500, and ,which is fully covered by insurance. The given up. The revolutionary war was also a potent These works-the Fall River Bleachery-have a pres­ fire on this as well as the former occasion is attributed element in breaking up our whaling fleet. ent capacity, now being run to its utmost, for bleach- to defective p.lumbing. the steam pipes having been so About this time the Arctic right whale (B. mysticetus), I ing over 18 tOllS of cloth a day. In the various pro­ introduced as to allow the flooring to rest directly on called also •• bow head," etc., was discovered; or cesses an enormous water supply is needed, and this them. In places the boards are completely charred rather, the few whalers left at this time sougltt further l is furniRhed by two pipes, one of 16 in�s diameter, by the heat of the pipes." north and came upon this whale, supposing it to be tj:Ie other 10 inches, both under 8 feet head. That the the same as the nordcaper. but a fatter, larger whale, water may be absolutely pure, there was built over with longer " whalehone," or baleen, not discerning the the inlet of each pipe. in the pond, a brick filter. The Fastest Steam Craft In the World. very marked difference. The North Atlantic right I through which all water has to pass. From the com­ A new torpedo boat recently built at London, by whale (B. cisarctica) remained extinct, as was sup- men cement of our business. 13 years ago, until we Yarrow & Co., has attained the remarkable speed of posed. until 1854, when a female and young were seen in found a remedy, we were troubled every winter by 24'027 knots, or 27'66 miles, per.hour. This is believed

the Bay of Biscay. The cub only was secured; and anchor ice, which, many It day, made it impossible for to be the fastest time ever reached by any steam served for time the only example by hich the tQ get any watv till nelU"ly I noticed, how- villiSel. a as w Uil noon,

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC $citutific �mtrintu. 1 18 [FEBRUARY 20, 1886.

AN IMPROVED FARM LOCOMOTIVE. The Clyde Works, including tools, engines, and build· In ten or fifteen minutes the plaster will be hard and The novel locomoti\'e herewith illustrated carries and ings, are new throughout, and contain many speci­ the block may be gently lifted off, after being first lays its own track, which consists of an endless chain mens of splendid machinery with the most recent im­ started by a few slight blows with the handle of the ' pa.."!sing around two sprocket wheels, Olle at each end provements. spatula or other Ught instrument. If properly done, of the locomotive, feet for resting upon the ground, •••I • the plaster will be a thin film, not more than one thir­ and jointed side rail sections fOfming the track, which Stereotyping for AJDatenrs. ty-second inch thick. firmly adhering to the iron plate is laid down in front of the engine and picked up in Procure two cast iron plates, say 8 x 10 inches and and having a very sharp impression of the engraving the rear, and which snpports the truck wheels of the half inch thick. One side of each plate must be planed on the upper surface. The plate bearing the matrix is engine, and is supported as it passes over the enginA by now slowly warmed on the stove, and when thoroughly flang-ed guide wheels placed on top of the boiler. The dried must be made quite hot before casting. The cross bars of the chain are bent down Ilear their ends, other iron plate is to be covered with a sheet of blot­ and provided with plate« twelve inches in diameter. ting paper, smoothly pasted on with flour paste and The lower ends of each cross bar are connected by thoroughly dry. When both plates are almost as hot braces to the center driving chain at the point where as the melted metal, the one bearing the matrix is laid the preceding cross bar passes through the draught on a block of wood somewhat smaller than the plate, chain. This gives a direct line of draught from the and the dust blown off with the breath. The other lower part of the rear plate is now laid exactly .:::1� :.....���f\: spro('.ket wheel to the feet, over the first one, but is which are pressed firmly on pr.evented from touching the ground by the weight the matrix by a piece of of the engine. wire bent in the shape of The rear sprocket wheel the letter U, and ·previ­ is driven by a !,uitably ar­ ously laid on the plate and ranged steam eng i n e. surrounding the matrix on There is a certain amount three sides. of play between the links The two plates are now of the t,rack chains, 80 as to be tightly damped to­ to allow the track to be gether with four or six laid in a curve. The front small iron clamps. sprocket wheel is hung in The mould is now ready a swiveled frame, so as to for casting the stereotype lay the track to the right plate, and the plates are or left; the locomotive may turned upright, with the be turned in a radius of open end uppermost, and twenty feet. the molten metal poured The steering beam, H, in from a ladle. Ordinary is connected with the swiv­ stereotype metal or old eled frame, and at its for­ type melted down is used ward end are carried two BENSON'S IMPROVED FARM LOCOMOTIVE. for making the plates. wheels, set at an angle, The operations described so as to run against the sides of the last made dead flat and smooth. To prepare the matrix, the should produce a sharp, clean printing plate, ready to furrow and automatically steer the engine. When I woodcut or electrotype must be well oiled on the face be blocked type high, after first being made square there is no furrow, the pilot is supplied with a rolling and edges. This is best done by using an old tooth with a saw. colter hung in the pilot frame in such n manner that brush and rubbing the oil into the finest lines, but Being cast between parallel iron plates, the stereotype it can be lowered to, steer with. This device can be set avoiding any exeess. Now mix the finest plaster of will be flat and true on the back, and requires no sub­ so as to steer the engine with great precision. Paris and water to the consistency of cream, and spread sequent shaving to make it level. The method of mak­ The boiler consists of two cylinders, filled with tubes, it on the engraved surface of the block with a spatula ing the plaster matrix insures a sharp impression, and and set at an angle, to prevent the burning of the or putty knife, pressing it well into the lines. At, the its thinness insures quick drying and making ready for tubes when the engine is going up hill. The cylinders same time pour about a tablespoonful of the plaster on pouring in the metal. The papier-mach� process can­ are connected together by water legs, which form the one of the iron plates and quickly press the block, not compare with this for fine results. main frame of the engine. On the opposite side of the face down, into the pool of plaster, as deep as pos­ T. C. HARRIS. engine from where the engineer stands is a condenser, sible. If the pressure is sufficient, the still liquid .. I I • the water from which is returned to the boiler. 'Vhen plaster wilf be squeezed out on all sides and forced into SlnKnlar Deception by Butterille8. on the road, the steering beam is removed and the en- the lines of the engraving at the same time. The sur­ It is well known that birds do not especially care for gine is steered by a hand lever within easy reach of the plus showing around the block is now cleared away hairy butterflies. So, in Central America, Belt found engineer. One man can manage the locomotive and a with the spatula and a rag, while the block is held a curious beetle, that was a tidbit for the birds. gang of ten plows. The inventor, Mr. B. S. Benson, of steady with one hand. clothed in a coat of long brown hairs, closely resem­ 52 E. �nuJllent St., Baltimore, Md., informs bling the thick, hairy caterpillars. In the us that a twenty horse power engine of this same localities spiders have been found type plowed under test three acres six inches that looked exactly like ants, and were deep in one hour. Although the ground was thus enabled to creep upon their prey, very wet and soft, the engine did not sink the real ants. Wallace obseryed a butter­ nor slip. and did the work well. Further fly that, though an acceptable morsel to particulars can be had by addressing the the birds, deceived them by mimicking the. inventor. flight of a poisonous butterfly. If a b�l'd II II•• chased it, it at once assumed the curious FRAME PLATE PLANING MACHINE. and laborious flight of its poisonous model, Among the notable t.ools used in the new and the bird, noticing its evident mistake, Clyde Locomotive Works, at Glasgow, Scot­ would always give up the pursuit.-San land, are frame planing machines, of which Francisco Call. an example is shown in our engraving, capa­ 4� ble of taking in fra�s 36 ft. long by feet wide. Our engraving is from Engineering, and so admirably shows the Ill�hine that its construction will be readily understood with­ out a special description of the several parts.

IMPROVED FRAME PLATE PLANING MACHINE.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC FEI3RU AR Y 20, 1 886. J 'eituiifit ·!mtritau.

THE EDISON SYSTEM OF RAILWAY TELEGRAPHY . tion coil, and a battery. Similar apparatus is in use hundred waves, and these electrical waves induce cor­ The announcement made last summer that Mr. at the fixed stations. With the assistance of our dia­ responding ones in the secondary coil. The function of Thomas A. Edison was working out the details of a grammatio illustrations, the reader will be able to un­ this induction coil is to transform the intermittent cur­ system of inductive telegraphy for sending and receiv­ derstand the disposition (f the instruments, and fol­ rent into one of hig}l electrieal tension. From the coil messages moving trains prepared the public the key ing on low the current on its journey from 011 the the waves pass to the roof, and by a sharp, quick dis­ train fixed vice versa. for taking a very lively interest in the week's prac­ to the receiver at the station, or charge traverse the intervening air and reach the tele­ tical trial of the system, recently made on the Staten The car roofs are covered with tin and connected elec­ graph wires. It will be noticed that the word "dis- · Island Railway. The necessary apparatus was applied trically by copper wire. During the experimental run charge " is employed in spite of the fact that the action to a car on one of the regular afternoon trains run­ at Staten Island, four cars were used. AI! the induc­ between the roof and wires is nevertheless, in strict elec- ning from Clifton to Tottenville. The experiments tion takes place between the telegraph wires and the fIG. were made personally interesting by having each tin roof, it is desirable to have as large a metallic sur­ 2. member of the party leave a written message, sea.led face as possible. Under favorable conditions, one roof will suffice, but it is better to have several. An insu­ G. lated wire frolIl the r of of the telegraphing car fl 1. run!! o at operator's desk. to a switch, S, the This is shown i h a message e ed on open tl Fig. 1. W etl is to be r ceiv the Mr, the switch is tul'tled to counect with wire a I e and thence the . running to the phonetic receiv r, T, to I ground. The receiver may be either an ordinary tele­ phone, or a pair Illay be used and held to the ears. somewhat after the manner of ear muffs. After coming from receiver, the wire is carried under the car · and connected with a strip of copper, which is pressed against .a copper cylinder on one of the axles by means of a s pring, thus giving a ground connection by the axle and wheel. When, however, a message is to be transmitted from the car, the switch is connected with a wire leading to one end of a secondary coil at C, the other end of which is connected with the ground wire just de!'cribed. In-

side of this secondary coil, and separated from it by a ay of a e I l er p p r, is the primary coil, which is within the short electrical circuit represented by the diagram. A f.AT ten cell Fuller battery is placed underneath the desk. and directed to himself, with the operator at Clifton. One pole of the battery is connected with the Morse trical parlance, one of induction. This constitutes the During the trip, these messages were received on Qoard key, K, which in turn is connected with one end of point of the invention. the moving train, and each writer had the satisfac­ the primary coil as shown. The other pole of the bat- I Mr. Edison believes that he has made a new discovery tion of having his words correctly returned to him. tery is connected with a metallic reed, R, which is made in physics. He finds that bodies hitherto considered The main feature of the system, that of using the to vibrate 500 times a second by means of a small inde- non-conductors, such as air, are really so only after an ordinary telegraph wires strung on the poles along the pendent battery. These vibrations produce a sharp, appreciable period of time. At the first instant of track, in place of a specially laid wire, as in the Phelps clear musical note, which is very audible at short dis- discharge, the air offers no resistance to the passage system, was invented and patented by Mr. William tances from the operator's desk. .The free end of the ­ of a current, but becomes almost immediately polar Wiley Smith in the fall of 1881, and he and Mr. E. T. reed at each vibration strikes agamst a metallic but- ized, and the communication becomes permanently Gilliland have been associated with Mr. Edison in the ton, connected by a wire with the other end of the interrupted. The idea, therefore, in these very short development of this idea. primary coil. This being the arr1).ngement of the ap- waves of high tension is to permit them to cross to The apparatus on board the train is all attached to paratus on the train, we will suppose that the message the w'ires before the air has time to offer any oppo-

"�

----_ _--- _ _-----_ ...... THE EDISON SYSTEM OF RAILWAY TELEGRAPHY. a compact operator's desk, occupying no more room is actually being transmitted. The Morse alphabet of sition. A sufficient period, however, intervenesbetweEm than an ordinary car seat. This desk may be placed dash and dot is employed, and consequently any ope- them to permit the air to return to its normal condi­ in any part of the car desired, and may be moved from rator can work the system. When the key is pressed tion, and consequently allow the succeeding waves to one car to anuther .in a few minutes' time.' The appa- down to form a letter, the short circuit is closed and pass. Mr. Edison illustrated this point to the writer ratus conl!lists of ordinary Morse key, phonetic re- the current passes through the primary coil. But the by drawing a series apa an of dots about. an inch rt. The ceivers, an electro-magnet, a v ibrating reed, an induc- vibrating' reed breaks the current each second into five dots represent the waves and the spaces the interven-

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC I·20 J titufifi t:!mtritau . [FEBRUARY '20, 1886.- in� air. The polarization of the air attendant upon FIring ·wlthout Flame In Coal Mines. there will be an owner in sight somewhere all the time. la ci l skill and experience where it the passage of the waves is neutralized before the It is announced in the Bulletin de So ete de 'In ­ You can then use your arrival of the wave following. 'f he series of waves, dustrie Minerale that some trials recently concluded will produce tQe most money.-Wa de's Fibre and having been communicated to the telegraph wires, are at the experimental mine gallery at Neukircb en have Fa bric. transmitted to every station on the line and to every abundantly justified the suggestion made by Mr. Gal­ train having suitable apparatus. If the key were loway for the water tamping of blasting charges in BICYCLE LEG. held down continuously, simply a musical note, cor­ fiery mines. Mr. Galloway offered the suggestion as a The annexed engraving shows a simple device-the responding to that produced by the vibrating reed, possible method of preventing the flame from shot tir­ invention of Mr. John F. Morgan, of 82 Munroe Street, would be heard in all the receivers. It is the breaking ing entering the air of a mine, and causing an explo­ Lynn, Mass. -for holding the bicycle erect when it up of this note into dots and dashes, by means of the sion with the fire damp and coal dust that might at is at a standstill. On each shank of the fork is se­ key, that transmits the telegram. the moment be present. The trials made at N eukir­ cured a tubular casing, Figs. 2 and 3, closed at the top Though the apparatus at the fixedstations is simi­ chen were designed to prove the value of this sugges­ by a loose cap. At the outer side part of each cas­ lar to that on board thfl trains, the manner of throw­ tion under the most trying conditions. A blast· hole ing is a longitudinal slot, having a notch at its lower ing the waves on or off the telegraph wires is natur­ was charged with gunpowder and tamped with wa ter, end extending toward the rear, as indicated in Fig. 4. ally different. Two arrangements are possible. In the this latter being contained in animal bladder. It was Within the casing is a sliding tubular leg extension, one shown in Fig. 2, condensers are used. These are fired in an atmosphere containing five per cent of fire formed with a lug projecting through the slot. A simply a series of circular metallic plates, equal in damp, with coal dust spread over a length of ten meters square rod projects from the cap down through the number to the number of telegraph wires used. One of the gallery floor, without producing the slightest center of the casing and through a square aperture plate is connected with each wire, and is brought op­ :flame or consequent explosion. posite, but not touching, . a similar plate connected A similar shot fired under analogous conditions with a differenttamping produced a very violent explosion. f. G.3. The experiments were repeated with the same results. It was proved also that water tamping is quite as effi­ cacious for practical purposes as any other; for a heavy block of bed rock was completely ·broken up by this means. The experiments are to be continued and varied; but. this preliminary announcement has been published by the society which is car rying on the in­ vestigation, to show that a means of robbing coal mining of half its terrors, without at the same time causing the miner to work under irksome restraints and disadvantages, has at length been put into prac­ tice ..There is no reason to suppose that this system of blasting-the credit for suggesting which it is pleasant to see accorded to Mr. Galloway even by the foreign sotiety-will be one whit more troublesome than the old; and the addItional expense, if any, must be insig­ nificant.

New Facts Concernlne; the Venous 'Clrculatlon In the Fingers. The separate injection of minute venous radicals is with the switch, S, in the station. The electrical waves MORGAN'S BICYCLE LEG. pass to the condelisers, spring across the intervening a matter of difficulty, owing to the resistance offered space to those opposite, and so 'pass on to the receivers. by the valves. M. Bouceret adopts the following in the top of the sliding leg. Surrounding the rod is In the second arrangement, shown in Fig. 3, no con­ method: The part to be injected is kept in a warm a spring which usually keeps the leg raised within densers are used, but the telegraph wires themselves bath, 1040 to 1130 Fah .. for five or six hours. The the casing. When the bicycle is to be supported, are formed into a primary coil, and the wires from th e arteries are then injected with a colorless fluid; as the legs are forced down by pressing upon the lugs, office switch form the secondary coil. This is shown at soon as the subcutaneous veins appear to be well de­ which are then turned to pass into the notches, C. In this caRe no furtherinduction coil is needed in fined, but before they are distended, the injection is thereby locking the legs in place. As the legs rest the office. The nUIllber'of wires necessary for the trans­ stopped. A cannula is insert.ed by means of a trocar upon the round, they prevent the bicycle from fall­ missiou of the wav'es will depend upon circumstances. into the largest of the superficial veins. A simulta­ g ing, and the rider can mount easily. Before starting In case the sound becomes too faint for convenient neous injection is next made of the . artery with red the bicycle, he pushes the lugs out of the notches by translation into words, a greater number ·of wires fluid, and of the vein with blue fluid. Each fluid turning the caps, when the springs draw the legs into should be employed. At Staten Island four were used, penetrates to the capillaries, and the color of the the casings. In dismounting, the bicycle will stand and gave very satisfactor results. The distance from part is pretty much that which is seen in life. It Y by simply extending that leg on the side the rider the car roof to the wires was ·from 15 to 20 feet. In ex­ is supposed that the colorless fluid either makes the dismounts from. Extending both legs of course sup­ periments made at,Menlo Park, Mr. Edison succeeded valves of the veins incompetent by distention, or else ports the machine more securely. in trammitting a message through the air over a dis­ that it actually forces the valves against the sides of tance of 580 feet. It will be observed that ,the circuit the vessels_ This method has brought to light what ••• •• connecting the ()perator's key and the receiver is three appears to be a discovery, which is no less than the IMPROVED BOTTLE AND STOPPER. times broken by the air, once at the induction coil, existence of a special collateral circulation in the The bottle and stopper here shown are for the once at the roof, and again at the fixed-station, either fingers perfectly distinct from that which nourishes purpose of containing poisons, and are so constructed at the condensers or at the line coil. the tissues. The branches which are given off from that a certain and more than ordinary amount of the collateral arteries are very. few As one of the chief merits of this system is its inex­ and thin, so that .manipulation will be required before the stopper or pensiveness. it may be of interest to state just what the the trunk vessels are hardly reduced in size where cover can be removed. The bottle is formed with a cost is. The apparatus on board the train and that at they terminate in an arch at about the middle of the number of horizontal and vertical grooves, as plainly the fixed stations cost about $50 each. The annual palmar . aspect of the last phalanx. From the arch shown in Fig. 1; near the lower edge of the cover is royalty for the use of the system varies from $7 per many arterial tufts are given off, and divide in the a l ug. The cover is placed upon the bottle ; so that mile on roads of five to .�ix thousand miles to $15 per pulp of the finger. These vessels have no venal its lug will enter the highest vertical groove and pass comites. Practically, the ·tufts are like the glomeruli mile on roads of a hundred miles or lees. The presi­ dent of the company, Dr. Crowell, iIiforms,us that it is of the kidney. They are found in abundance about the arch before mentioned .and under the upper two­ fl Ck. 4,. thirds of the nail, as' well as over the thenar and hypothenar eminences. The ordinary mode of vas­ cularization js found side by side with this special form. .The large size of the digital vessels at their termination i8 in great contrast with the compara­ tively slight nutritive wants of these parts, and M. Bouceret believes that the object of the special kind of circulation is to afford more nourishment and , warmth ; but there seems more . probability in M. Poirer's suggestion that it is related to the exquisite sensibility of the localities concerned.-Lancet,

...... Bring up Younll; Men. Some three years ago, 'in an editorial, we advised our manufacturers to select one or more boys from /:tood about to be introduced on the 'line ofthe.Chicago, 'Mil: and tried families-boys that bid well to become staid, HOWELL'S IMPROVED BOTTLE AND STOPPER. waukee, and St. Paul Railway. Of its usefulness in energetic, business men. Send them to some institute ' averting accidents, by keeping each train informed of where they can /:tet the training you desire to fit them into the end of the upper horizontal groove. The . I the whereabouts of the one immediately ahead or fol­ for your work. Open an account with them; when I cover is then turned to carry the lug along through lowing it, in intercepting criminals, and in promoting you send them a way, charge the expense to them as this groove to the middle vertical one, and so on to the be general social and commercial intercourse, it will you·pay it out; and when they graduate, and you put closed end of the lowest groove. With a poison bot­ unnecessary to speak. them in the mill, give them to understand that if they tIe arranged in this way, it will be impossible for We are indebted to Frank Leslie's Illustrated Ne ws­ prove themselves worthy of the trust, you will make the drug clerk to make mistakes by dispensing drugs pape1'Jor the use of the large cut. them sharers of the profits. You will get a blank once from the wrong flask, as his attention will be at once

... ,. in a while, but as a rule you will get young men who called to the 'character of the drug contained in the .IT is comlllon practice, when employing chloride of will help to carry your burden, while you do the think- bottle when he attempts . to remove the stopper. calcium,' to dry the air surrounding an instrument, to ing. And your business secrets will be kept. Besides, The cover is also formed with a series ' of points· place the capsule' on the bottom of the case. Experi­ to have haJf a dozen young men coming up in this way about its upper edge, as shown in Fig. 2. ment has clearly' shown that desiccation is far more will elevate the tone of your works. Instead of one I This invention has been patented by Mr. J. H. B. rapid and thorough if the salt be pl&C4jd .ear the top. owner ",oln", throUi'h the mill QnQlil <;Ir twiQQ � ��y, HowlIll\ of Newton, N. J.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC FEBRUARY 20, 1886.] Jtitufifit �mtrf.,au. 121

ENGINEERING INVENTIONS, or more columns may be added by moving levers as many times as there, are units in each column. for all purposes. Dynamo machines of highest effici­ A rail joint truss has been patented by ency, accurately calculated A mop holder has been patented by Mr. (as to capaCity, etc.), and Mr. John McEwen, Lawrence, Kan. It consists of a chargefor s t under is One Dollar built to meet requirements In connection with all of John McWllliamp. of New Lebanon, N. Y. Combined The In er ion this head base plate, block, and opposite truss bars, secured to a lineforeach insertion ; about eight words to a line. • Indltl8triaIApplwationB oj Electricity, with a mop holder, readily, adjustable for thick or thin Including : Electric Lighting, Tran.mlssion of Power, the rails by bolts, to prevent the settling of the end of Advertisements muat be received at publication Offi ce mops, there is a rod hinged on the stick, with a forked Electro Mechanieal Macbinery, Electro Deposition of one rail below the other at rail joints between the ties, early Thu1'sday IMming to appear in next is8U8. piece swiveled on the end of the rod, which forked as as Metals, Electro Chemical Work. Tele aphy place to'obviat� the hammering of car wheels at these joints. gr In piece can be used for wringing the mop, and when not of Batteries, Electric Motors, of various horse po-wer, A spring rail frog for rail ways has been to be run by Dynamo Currents. All dyuamo in use can be swung back agaiust the stick. Important toAlt and motor patented hy Mr. Joseph E. Clifton, of Geneseo, Ill. It apparatus built to suit the work required and accord­ A defecator for cane juice has been pa­ who are willing work for the reward of succe.s. Hal­ to to the best of known models for economy and ef­ has tie plates with clips, combined with a moving rail ­ Ing tensed by Mr. Leon F. Haubtman, of New Orleans, La. lett & Co .. Portland, Maine, will mail you free full par ficiency. and guard and fixed outer rail, with other novel features has skimming shaft and paddle and scum screen, ticulars about work that either sex, young or old, can do J. H. Bunnell & Co .• It a to obviate the defects in this class of frogs, and increase at a pro t of from $5t o $25 per day and upward and live 106 andIOS Liberty New York. with various novel features and special details of ll St., their durability. at home. All can do the work. Capital not required ; construction, whereby the scum may be removed auto­ We are sole manufacturers of the Fibrous Asbestos Hallett & Co. will start you. Grand success ahsolutely Removable Pipe and Boiler Coverings. We make pure ••• matically, and the valuable parts of the impurities read- sure. Write at once and see. asbestos ily preserved and again defecated. goods of all kinds. The ChalmerS-Spence Co., 419 E t 8th Street, N ew Y rk AGRICULTURAL INVENTIONS. A chenille ornament has been patented Billings' Patent Screw Plates. Drop Forgmgs, all as o . kinds. Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, Conn. Curtis Steam Trap for condensation of steam pipes, has been patented Mr. by Mr. Christian A. Schmidt, of Hoboken, N. J. It is A seed planter by hf h or low pressure. Curtis Regulator Works. Bos­ Guild Garrison's Steam Pump Works, Brooklyn, g George Lovick, of Temple, Tex. Its construction is formed of two or more strands of chenille of varying & ton. Mass. Y. Pumps for liquids, air, and gases. New catalollue such that the operator Is enabled to see each seed in its diameters twisted and bound together, and with which N. will be ready in March. Steam Hammers, Improved Hydranlic Jacks, and Tube passage from the planting wheel to the ground, and so strands of tinsel or other material may be interwoven, Expanders. R. Dudgeon, 24 Columbia St., New York. guard against some of the rows being only half planted' to provide trimmings, such as pendants, drops, borders, Wanted.-Partner with capital to extend a well estab­ lished and paying bUSiness-patent soliciting, litigation, 1fJmer/Km,'8 � Book ojSaws from the seed spout getting stopped up or the planter etc., for furniture, upholstery, and articles of dress. free. Reduced prices and disposing of patents-either in Philadelphia. New to'Y' 1885. 50,000 Sawyers and Lumbermen. Addres. wheel failing to act properly. A machine for filing prescriptions has Yo k; or Chicallo; Everything running In good order. Emerson, Smith & Co., Limited, Beaver }4' alls, Pa. r A universal marker has been patented been patented by Mr. John S. Jaruagin, of Mossy More capital force needed make business lucra­ and to Hoisting Engines, Friction Clutch Pulleys, Cut'off by Messrs. Elmer J. Hildreth and Tbomas R. Miller, of Creek, Tenn. consists of two, reels, with suitable tive Philadelphia P. O., Pa. It and lasting. Address Z. Z., Couplings. D. Frisbie & Co .. Philadelphia, Pa •• connections, drive gearing, and handles, the prescrip' New Haven, Conn. It is for use iu marking fields for 1iJngineer, of large experience in design­ A Me chanical "How to Keep Boilers Clean. " Send your address seed drills, hand planters, and other planting machines, tions to be pasted together to form a roll which can thus ing and building machinery and handling men. and of for free page book. Jas. C. Hotchkiss, ohn St., N. Y. and provides for the convenient adj ustment of the be wound up, and afterward reaijily referred to by un­ complete practical and technical education, desires a 88 86 J Barrel, Keg, Hogshead, StaveMaeh'y. See adv. shovels or markiug points, so they may be grouped or winding from one roll and on another. situation in some large mechanical establishment. Ad­ p. 76. dress Mechanical En inee ,care I,ord & Thomas,Chlcago. spaced as desired, and any number taken onto A power and speed reg'!llatorhas been g r Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by Pa. Diamond Drill Co. Box 423, Pottsville, See p. A cotton scraper has been patented by patented by Mr. Christian Rowland, of Lanark, Ill. It Socrates' SpG"UJe . Pa. 46. Mr. Richard Cooper, of Greenville, Tex. This invention, Consists in the combination of a ratchet clutch meehan· Who knows what excuse there may ha,ve been for Xan­ Hercules LaCing and Superior I,eather Belting made by Page Belting Co., Concord, N. H. See adv. page covers a novel mechanism for a cotton scraper to cut Ism, a driven shaft, and a fiywheel rigidly fixed to the tippe's sad temper? Many women are snappish, queru­ a , 46. wider furrow with lighter dranght, do the work more shaft at a point between the driven section of the clutch lous, and sour simply because they are suffering. Dr. Cutting·off Saw and Gaining Machine, and Wood Pierce's ., 11�n.vorite Prescription " is a certain cure for perfectly, be more easily held to the row, while the im- and the point of utilization of the power, for regulating Working Machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co., Norwich, Conn. every feminine weakness and derangement, and will re­ plement may be conveniently disconnected for repair- the speed of machines run by hand or power. ·Brands cut in Wood, Pattern and Brand Letters. store health'andgood spirits to the most nervous and dis­ ing. A tube cutter has been patented by Mr. Vanderburgh, Well. & Co., 110 Fulton St., New York. heartenedlinvalid, thereby making her a blessinllto her A hay rake and loader has been patent- Delmer L. Baughman, of Albion, Ind. Combined with family and the world. A single bottle will prove its sur­ Brass and Iron Working Machinery, Die Sinkers, ed by Mr. Edward A. Gerrard, of Columbus, Neb. The a tubular stock is a screw mandrel having a tapered passing merit. Price reduced to one dollar. By drug­ and Screw Machines. Warner & Swasey, Cleveland, O. frame has three wheels and but asiugle central forward part, with blocks in the stock resting on the tap �red gists. Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and can m to , part of the mandrel and carrying cntters, the device be· appearance as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & on's Shafting wheel for a vehicle which be d wn across fields Tunneling Under the Hudson River. Giving full par­ S rake np hay, and is provided with means for separating ing adl!�ted for cutting off old boiler tubes in boilers or ticulars of the prosecution of the work thus far. With Works. Drinker St .. Philadelphia, Pa. cutting and finishing off the ends of new tubes after working drawings, in handsome plates, showing allde ­ the hay to be elevatcd from that which is to remain on 27 tails. By S. D. Burr. $2.50. lfor sale by Munn & Co., the gronnd, with means for holding the rake teeth and the same have been expanded at one end. V. Broadway, New York. means for running the elevator rope. An umbrella handle has been patented 361 by Mr. Albert T. Schlichting, of New York city. The Oa tarrh, Oa tarrhal IJeajn£88, and Hay Fe ver. e • • nmbrella stick has its lower end screw·threaded, and Sufferers afe not generally aware� that these diseases MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. the handle has a screw·threaded aperture with a cavity are contagious, or that they are due to the presence of living parasites in the lininl

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 122 Jtitutific �lUtritau+ [FEBRUARY 20, 1886.

meims of a universal joint in outboard shaft ? A. dried, lcut to shape and sewed; the seams being var­ of chalk. , WhenJit is finely pnlverized from the lumps, must be quite thin, or else, if thick, it is liable to cake. You will require an engine with cylmder 6 Inches by 7 nished last. It cannot be bonght prepared. It can be and mixed with just enough glycerine to make It ad­ 2. A receipt for dressing ? A. Take of : inches, of nominally 8 horse�power. A boiler, vertical, filled with hydrogen gas as made with snlphuric acid, here as a paste, you will find it a valuable polishing if Gum shellac ...... � pound. inches diameter, 80 inches high, with 2-inch tubes, water, and zinc, or with Iron turnings. Gas shonld be paste, and suited to your wants. 35 60 Alcohol...... 3 qnart or " locomotive boiler with shell 24 inches diameter. washed by passing through water. Ordinary illuminat­ •. (31) W. D. B.-The idea of a balanced Dissolve and add Fire box 18 inches by inches diameter, 31 inches 34 ing gas will do, but requires a'balloon six times larger or frictionless slide valve is not new. It Is nse, Camphor ...... 1J.ij ounces. high, 25 tubes inches, 66 inches long. Estimated in capacity. in 2 and there are many patents on various devices for this Lampblack ...... weight, 4,000 pounds, complete. Cost, $600 to $700. 2 (17) G. L. P.-The use of the siphon for purpose. If you will send us drawings or a model, we Screw propeller, 34 inches diameter. Cost, $10. Jointed (44) B. T. H. as ks: Is there any real the purposes will ascertain the probability of your obtaming a patent. shafts have been made and nsed for varying the depth of a water ram to elevate water wonld be value in sUlphate of iron as an antiseptic in waste pipes ! of great valne of the wheel, and there are various patents on the in a few special cases. The common (32) A. L.-The C olt barrels are mottled 'If so, should the solution be used hot ? A. Iron sul­ w!tter ram is so cheap same. You wonld have to design and have made a and well known that it can by spattering the coloring matter over them after they phate has long been considered a valuable disin­ hardly be expected simple nniversal joint and depressing gear for the to be snper.eded by a new device are finished bright. We do not know their receipt for fectant, but as fashions change, so do disinfectants, that may not 80 easily shaft. be managed or started. If you the coloring matter, but suppose that it is gallic acid. tberefore we call your attention to the article on "Dis­ can make the siphon so that it can be protected from infectants," given on page 393 of SCIENTFIC AME­ (7) C. F. G.-See SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ (33) J. W. A. asks: Is there any chemi­ the freezing as easily as a ram, it might be made prOfita ­ RICAN for Dec. 19, 1885. See also " Cleaning out Waste CAN SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 131, 177, 134, 42, 140, 133, 29. ble. We can think of but few places where it would cal that will deodorize cistern water, rendered offen­ SOIENTIFIC AMERICAN A. Pipes," in for Jan. 16, 1886. and others, which will give you fnll instructions in become a necessity. sive on acconnt of a wooden pump? Know of building and rigging boats. nothing better than thorough cleaning out of cistern, (45) J. S. B. asks what will make leather (18) C. asks the working horse power Take out pump, clean and dry it, then give it a coat stick to brass! A. Melt together equal parts asphalt and (8) C. D. asks: 1. A vessel of 1,000 F. from speed of sbaft turns per minnte; size of gntta percha, and apply hot under a press. 265 of melted resin, inside and outside; drive in the resin tons displacement is being towed by a vessel of 100 pulleys, 24 inches diameter each; belt, inches single with a hot iron. Any chemicals will either make the 4 tons displacement at the rate of 8 knots per hour. If (46) C. E. S. asks what is used to make a rubber; belt runs nearly on level. A. 6� horse power. water hard or add the odor of goods washed in it. to A. the machinery is taken out of the tow boat and finish on leather like sample inclosed? We should Also, size pulleys with same belt for 6 horse power 2. A. placed in the vessel being towed, will it force the ves­ (34) C. R. and F. H. ask: 1. Is the think it was made by a thin coating of size from hide with same speed? A. inches. sel through the water at the same rate (8 knots) of 2q energy of a pound pressure of steam generated at an al­ cuttings, but possibly it is shellac varnish. if put on speed as she had been towed when machinery was in (19) J. G. asks for the latest method of titude of 11,000 feet as great, and capable of doing the after the leather is formed as you send it. A. same amount of work, as the energy of a pouud pres­ the tow boat? Yes ; if the stern lines are sharp, so making good soap fro� vegetables, either by hot or (47) Lens asks if a wide angle lens, 6 sure of steam as to give the screw its full action. 2. What part of cold process ? A. See the articles on the .. Manufac­ generated at sea level and measured with inches e!l�valent focus, will work as rapid for instanta­ a boiler will first show signs of corrosion when nsing the same gauge ? Or does it vary in a ratio equal to the ture of Toilet Soaps," contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERI' neous'�s as a more expensive lens of a rapid recti­ a jet condenser ? A. We do not know what the jet CAN SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 518, 519, and 525. The most resistauce of atmospheric pressure to overcome at the 2. linear type of a longer focus ? A. No ; the wide angle condenser has to do with the boiler. Is fresh water differentaltitudes ? A. There can be no difference in practical way of destroying the , odor of common lens, with its largest stop, obstructs more light than or sea water used, and is the boiler fed from the con­ the value of the energy from steam pressure as measur­ Mexican whisky made from sugar cane. A. The odor could pass were there no stop. If no stop were used, no ed by a steam gauge under any conditions of atmospher­ denser, and where fed ? can be removed by filtering through charcoal or shak­ focus could be obtained. The same rule applies to single ic pressure. The gauge actually measures the differ­ (9) C. F. writes: I have two double ing with charcoal and then straining; as this will re­ lenses of the cheap type. A stop of some kind U1ust be ence move the color, add a little burnt sugar or caramel to between the inside and outside pressqre, which I convex lenses (achromatic), each 2 inches diameter and �' ,� to obtain a good focus. With the rectilinear type the filtered liquid. 3. The quickest and the real measure of energy_ Is the lateut heat of 7 incbes focus. wish to best receipt 2. d'lens, such as the Ross, Dallmeyer, Steinheil, Bick, I use them, if possible, for a for making heer? A. See article on .. Lager Beer," steam generated by water boiling at 190 degrees as great photographic camera. Can I use both, and if so, how Dariot, and others, while the eqnivalent focus is longer, in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMEN T, No. 318, as the latent heat of steam generated by water boiling far apart must they be set in the tube ? What should excellent definitionis obtained when they are used with at 212 degrees, and does it reqnire more water to gene­ be the distance from the ground glass to the nearest full aperture. With no stop the full power of the light (20) D. C. B. asks: 1. Does constant use rate a ponnd pressure of steam at an altitude of 11,000 lens? Where would the best place be for inserting passes nnobstructed through the lens, and a much more tend to diminish the magnetic power of lodestones? feet than at sea level ? A. The latent heat of steam the diaphragm? A. Not knowing the peculiarities of brilliant, �tereoscopic-like image will be seen on the A. If by constant use you mean allowing the lodestone generated from water boiling at 190 degrees Is greater their construction, we can only give you a,'general consid­ ground glass than is possible with a wide angle or cheap to constantly sustain a load, such nse will tend to than steam from water boiling at 212 degrees in the open eration of that class of lenses. Place them at half their lens. Rapid rectilinear lenses are therefore superior to strengthen rather tban weaken the lonestone. But fre­ air. The sum of the sensible and latent heat of steam focal lengths, with the crown sides outward. The dia­ all others for instantaneous work, and are exclusively quent removal of the armatnre or load, or jarring, being the same for different temperatures, with the ex­ phragm may be of one·half diameter of lenses for tho used by professional and amateur photographers. tends to diminish its power. 2. Is there any known ception of a slight increase with the temperatnre, would aperture, or less with quick chemicals. Find the focal Y. metal or substance in which a lodestone may be en­ indicate less water for a given pressure nnder decreased (48) P. M.-See Muspratt's Chemis­ field by trial, at about 3 inches from last surface. If veloped so that the power of attraction of the stone will atmospheric pressure. try, Ure's Dictionary, and encyclopdias at Astor Libra­ found satisfactory on trial, all right ; if not. move the be bottled, or rather, neutralized? A. We know of no ry. A reader of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for 25 years lenses a little further or nearer, keeping the diaphragm (35) W. J_ M. asks: 1. What is the horse substance that will answer your purpose. 3. nothing should not forget to send hisj'ulZaddress. The street in the center, until the best effect is produced. If power of the following described engine, viz., cylinder, is known of what will totally arrest its power of at­ and number are always necessary in large cities. 8 in. ; stroke, lO in. ; boiler pressure, l00 lb. ; revolutions, (10) A. R. B. McK. asks if in artificial traction, what will do so to the highest degree? 180 ? A. Eugine developing 30 horse power. 2. What (49) W, H. L. asks what will take out stone, madeJof Portland cement and sand, there is any There is no magnetic insulator; hut a plate of iron horse power boiler, as follows, viz., boiler shell, 4 ft. ink spots from white table cloth, caused by Spafford's solution mixed with cement and sand to make it ad­ placed before the lodestone or magnet absorbs and high by 10 ft. long; 36 three Inch fiues ; the fire box is commercial ink. Oxalic acid does not seem to tonch it, hesive when tnrned out of the mould, soon after apparently masks the magnetism. withiu the boiler shell, being 2 ft. diameter, running as in the case of ordinary iron inks. A. Use a cold A. mOUlding. It is allowed time to partially set in the the entire length of boiler ? A. Boiler rates horse aqueous or acetic acid solution of calcium hypochlorite, See SCIENTIFlO AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, (21) H. J. D. asks: 1. Are the prepared '%I mould. l Nos. power as stated. If you use the lower half of shell or try bleaching powder or javelie water. treating upon artificial stone. carbon plates · f or a Smee battery as good as plat­ 154, 325, 355, for heating surface, add 5 horse power to above. How inized silver and as durable? A. We think there is 3. (50) H. E. R. desires a receipt for a good to obtaiu the,average pressure of steam per square iuch (11) G. M. A. asks if there is any com­ very little difference between the platinized silver and and reliable cement for leather, etc. A. Common glue on piston? A. The average or mean pressure may be pound or cement that will make paper stick to the the carbon. 2. Can I purify old punched silver coins and isinglass, equal parts. Soak for ten hours in just A. calculated by knowing the exact point of cut-off and smooth face of an iron pulley effectually. Clean so that they will be cheaper for plating than to buy enough water to cover them. Bring gradnally to a boil­ the ratio of expansion for given initial pressure, which the pulley face free from grease, scratch the surface pure silver? I have a furnace and small laboratory. ing heat, and add pure tannin until the whole becomes are tabulated in works on steam engineering. For with a IIle or, deaden its polished surface with muria:ic A. It is not a simple matter to refine silver; there is ropy or appears like the white of eggs. Buff off the your engine we assume ' the cut-off at half stroke, with acid 1 part, water 2 parts, wash free from acid, and no objection to nsing the old coin without refining it. surfaces to be joined, apply this cement warm, and the nsual clearance. For special information in relation dry. Moisten the paper with a solution of nut galls. clamp firmly. See also SUPPLEMENT, 158, for a great to mean effective pressure and indicator cards, with de­ Use good common glue, rather thick, on the iron, with a (22) W. R. says: Please inform me how variety of cements. brush, rolling the paper tightly around th� pulley scription of leading American engines and their theo­ to improve the memory by a short and quick method. (51) G. L. L. desires a good recipe for either upon a table or by hand. In this wp.y you may A. It can only be done by real effort. Commit some­ ries, we refer you to Edwards' .. Practical Steam Engi­ bird lime? A. Boll the middle bark of holly 7 or 8 hours apply as many thicknesses as required. The whole thing to memory every day. Begin one of Shakespeare's neers' Guide, " $2.50, which we can furnish. -In water, drain It, and lay it in heaps on the ground, will dry solid and hard. plays, and never give np until you can repeat the whole (36) F. J. W. asks: 1. Can freckles be covered with stones for two or three weeks, till reduced rapidly withont a mistake. removed from the face properly without injury to the (12) G. E. B.-Drying kilns, whether to a mucilage. Beat this in a mortar, wash it in rain skin, and how? A. They can. See article on this subject, heated by ste or a stove, should be shut tight until water, and knead it till free' from extraneons mat.ters. � (23) G. S. asks us for books, treating page 210, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for Oct. 3, 1885. the lumber is thoroughly heated through, to a tem­ of the science of electricity for a beginner? Also, Put it in earthen pots, and in 4 or 5 days it will be ready perature of 212° , and kept so for a few hours. At this (37) W. H. B. desires a remedy by where they could be obtained, and the probable cost of for nse. temperature the water is driven out from the interior whiCh he can rida place of rats,without the use ofpoison. same. I am working where we have two Weston dy­ A. (52) R. I. B. writes : I have a handsome of the lumber without cracking or checking the surface. It is said that a singed rat will drive his fellows away. namo·electric machines, and having a great deal of Then ventilate gently until all moisture is removed and Chloride of lime sprinkled around their holes is some­ vase, of what I understand was verd-antique marble. It spare time to mys�lf, I could study and experiment is a dark green, mottled with lighter green, and stands cool slowly, when you will find your lumber thoroughly times partially effective. But ferrets are the most radi­ with it considerably. A. We recommend Thompson's about 1 ft. 3 in. high and 1 ft. diameter. It has been dry and shrunk evenly without checks. See also several cal means. They kill them when they catch them. .. Elementary Electricity," price $1.25, also Thompson's shattered, and I wish to mend it as perfectly as possible ; artides on treatment of wood mentioned in our SuP' They can be purchased for $15 per pair, or hired at the "Dynamo Electricity," price $5.00. We can furnish all the parts fit so nicely one can hardly tell where frac­ PLEMENT catalogue. rate of $5 per night. you with these books. 2. Also, please inform me if (38) K. R. P. asks for directions for tured. Will you please tell me how to mend it? The vase (13) W. M. S. asks if a radiator of a there is any known process of refiningoil by electricity? is consideren valuable, not only in itself, but on account making an indelible ink for marking linen,red preferred. steam heating apparatus would throw off a black dust A. We do not know of any process of refining oil by of associations. A. Take plaster of Paris, and soak A. Take enough finely pulverized cinnabar to form a its or smoke sufficiently to be noticed on showcases in electricity. it in a satnrated solution of alum, then bake in an oven, moderately thick liquid, and very intimately mix with stweroom. A. Radiators produce a circulation of the same as gypsum is baked to make plaster of Paris; a (24) J. F. M. desires a recipe for re- egg albumen previously diluted with an equal bulk the dust held in the air, which will lodge on the after which grind. the mixtnre to powder. It is then inking purple type ribbons. A. Use: of water, and beaten to a froth, and filteredthrough showcases. There will be no apparent smoke arise, nsed as wanted, being mixed up with water like pla.ter Aniline violet...... J4 onnce. fine linen. Marks formed on cloth with this liquid, by except from a freshly painted radiator. and applied. It sets into a very hard co position, ca­ Pure alcohol ...... 15 means of a quili, are fixe j, after they have become dry, � W (14) J. M. B. writes: e need some kind Concentrated glycerine...... 15 by pressing the cloth on the other side with a hot iron. pable of taking a very high polish, and may be mixed with varions coloring minerals to produce a cement of a material to wipe the lime off our ribbon fenc­ Dissolve the aniline in the alcohol, and add the gly. See also recipe given on page of SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ of 406 i g while is wet, so that there will not be anything cerine. CAN for Dec. 1885. any color capable of imitating marble. n it 26, left on it to come off into our machines while it is (25) C. R. P. -The sample of binding (39) A. B. asks the best way to take the (53) F. H. S. and others.-If gypsum is being barbed. We nsed very heavy felt, bnt that will that is, heated over 204°, it loses the pro­ t,vine you send is all Sisal hemp. Manila is finer, and rnst off the steel spokes of a bicycle that has been ly­ overburnt, not do. After we treat it in the us"",l way to clean it, perty of hardening with water. Common land piaster ' has a soft feel, silky luster, and of a straw color when ing in a garret ull winter? A. You can ouly nIb the then we drop the spool of wire into a tub of lime is not burnt, simply ground, in this country. laid beside the Sisal. Manila is much higher -in price. rust off and retain a polish by using fiour of emery cloth water, and this tub is arranged so that the spool will with a little oil. (54) revolve in the lime; then we have a coiler to run it out (26) W. H. S.-Quicksand is very fine D. E. R asks ' What evidence have we, or how is it known, that the shape of the earth at of lime tub, so that the lime gets all over it nicely, pure silica or silicate of iron worn nearly round, and how to make pure bay the (40) J. H. asks the poles is fiat? A. Becanse the polar diameter is but too much. We have pressure wipe box, but we owes its plasticity in water to its ronnded and pol· rum. A. Take two pounds of leaves of the Myrtus 26 We know of one miles less than the equatorial diameter. don't know what to nse in the box. A. ished surface. It is found on some of the Southern aeris, half pound cardamoms, two onnces cassia, nothing better or cheaper than sawdu.t in a large wipe sea beaches, and often found overlying clay beds, in and a half ounces cloves, and nine quarts rum. Distill (55) C. T. P. asks for a formula for box. Pass the ribbon horizontally along and near the the waterways of wells. There is a noted location at one and a half gallons. Bay rum may be colored with making an illuminating snbstance for clock dials, etc. bottom of the box, have a slot at bottom to let out the New York navy yard and the adjoining Wallabout. tincture of saffron or with a mixture of equal parts of A. See .. How to Make Luminons Paint." contained in A the moist sawdnst as required. pair of circular (27) T. H. B. asks whether the Russian caramel and tincture of turmeric. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Nos. 249 and 497. brushes revolving just outside of the box will clear the government has yet found a cheap way (without using (41) J. G. desires a receipt to give pic­ (56) H. L. desires a recipe to make ribbon of adhering sawdust. G. fuel) of obtaining drinking water from the brackish tures of water colors a glossy appearance. A. The wax into a liquid to be nsed in writing. so it will (15) F. W. D.-We cannot venture an water in the country bordering on the Caspian Sea. water colors having previously been coated with afterwar,\ become dry. A. Dissolve it in alcohol, ether, A. 2 opinion as to the temperature of the water at the north We know of no new method having been applied or 3 coats of thin starch or rice boiled and strained or some essential oil, which, when written with, will pille. . The temperature of the Pacific equatorial current in this direction. through a cloth, they are covered with a varnish con­ evaporate, leaving the characters present In wax. to 85°. The tem­ water near the bay of Panama is from 80° (28) G. & M. ask how much pressure to sisting of dextrine 2 parts, alcohol � part, and (57) H. C. A. asks how to make black perature of tbe surface water of the Caribbean Sea is 85° ; 2 parts. the sqnare inch it requires to !!top a car with a 33 inch and red ink for rubber stamps. A. The composition at a depth of 250 fathoms 48°, at 400 fathoms 43°. Tern· A. (42) M. S. asks: 1. How to remove hair wheel going at a high rate of speed. If you mean consists of 5 parts glycerine, 1 part water, 1 part gela­ of the surface of the Gulf Stream has been Iffirature ­ from the face, permanently, without injury. A. By the direct pressure upon the brakes, the pressure com tine, and 6 parts coloring matter, generally aniline dyes, the bottom it was but Greatest found 50°, while at 38°. electricity (see SUPPLEMENT, No. 176) 'or by depila­ monly used is from 600 to�,ooo pounds on each cross although carmine and Prussian blue may be used, if temperature of the Gulf Stream, 86°. Highest tempera­ No. vol. 51). 2. bar, or half the above on each shoe. tories (see answer to question 56, 4. ture known in the eqnatorial Pacific Ocean, 90°, and preferred. How to remove a wart from the hand. A. Take of (29) J. M. - a meter valves and near the islands, 95°. Have no record of t1ie Aqnllas G s seats (58) A. P. J. asks: 1. With equal loads, Salicylic acid ...... · . ... . gr. xxx. current at Cape of Good Hope. The Mozambique cur­ are made of tin 3 parls, antimony 1 part. In a three­ which will draw the easler-a two or a four wheeled Ext. cannabis indic ...... x. rent is abont 83°. bellows meter, the area of the three inlet valves shonld gr. cart, both carts weill:hing the same ? A. On a smooth Collodion...... ss. be twice the area of the inlet pipe, or each valve two­ ...... 3 (16) M. J. S.-A balloon with hydro­ road there is very little difference; on a rough road four thirds area of inlet pipe. Mix and apply. gal should be 7J.ij feet diameter, and 11 feet high, wheels are the easier. 2. If four wheels draw easier gen A of the nsual shape, as illustrated in SCIENTIFIC (30) F. W.-Electro silicon is the latest (43) M. E. B. desires: 1. receipt to than two, would six be easier than four? If not, why SUl'PLElI!ENT, 146, for sustaining and probably the best polishing powder now known make composition for treeing shoes ? A. Dissolve gum not? A. The same conditions wonld apply as above; AJlEmCAN Nos. 1'%1, it would be dependent upon distribution of load and 15 ponnds. It should be made of Marseille8 or Chinese for brass, German silver, and silver plate. It is tragacanth in water, then a little ink to make it black, with rubber, well IIillca of lnJiDite fineness, and of the appearance and finally add a small quantity of neatsfoot oil. condition of road. .ilk. The silk mUilt be varnished much It

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC FEBRUARY 20, 1886.] Ititufifit �tutrl'au. 123 rubber. J. (59) J. K. asks how to make a compo­ (69) G. M. M. writes: A white marble steel in the casting seem to be almost fused together. Boot. L. Tyler. Jr ...... 335.256 Boots and shoes. applying wear points to rubber. sition for small printing press rollers? Take of bust was discolored by smoke and water. Inform me A. The pieces of steel are cleaned free from scale by A. J. L. Th s n ...... •.. . . 335.323 mixture hydrochloric acid 1 part. water parts. om o Cooper's best glue 8� pounds. extra sirup 2 gallons. the best mode of cleaning it. Take 2 parts of com· o.f 3 11> A. Boots. device for pulling on. H. W. Benham ...... 335.4 then washed in hot water. then dipped in muriate of glycerine 1 pint. Venice turpentine 2 ounces. Steep mon soda, 1 part of pumice stone. and 1 part of finely Bortng tool. J. Birkenhead ...... 335.206 the glue in rain water until pliant. and drain it well. powdered chalk; sift it through a line .ieve. Rnd mix zinc (ordinary soldering acid) and dried. Put the pieces . Bottle. mucilage. G. R. Wight ...... 335.329 into the mould as hot as can be handled. Then melt it over a moderate lire. but do not " cook it with water; then rub it well all over the marble. Bottle. nursing. F. E. �' orster ...... 335.347 it." Next put in the sirup and boil three-quarters of Box. See Fare box. Lunch hox Paper bo . and the stains will be removed; then wash the marble (83) A. C. L. asks (1) how to remove . x an hour. stirring it occasionally and skimming off im· Tobacco box. Wagon box. all over witblsoap and water. and it will be as clean as machine oil and gasoline from the floor and SIding of Box coverlngl.and _trimming machine. E. purities arising to the surface. Add the glycerine and it was at first. a frame building which some tenants have so com· C. Clute ...... 835.429 turpentine a few minutes before removing from the S. A. pl!ltely saturated as to increase the risk and injure (70) E. S. asks: What is the fire Bracket. See Lamp bracket...... fire. and pour slowly. Slightly reduce or increase the cause of : the Gulf Stream ? A. The Gulf Stream is the appearance. A. It will not be possible to remove Brake. See Car brake. glue as the weather becomes colder or warmer. the oil. but the appearance of the wood may be im­ Brush. dental plate. A. but a single!portion of the great system of oceanic C. Estabrook...... 335.345 proved hy coating it with shellac and then painting the Buckle. �' . Spooner...... 835.252 (60) H. E. asks (1) if the inclosed sam­ currents; the explanation of the phenomena would B. Buckle. B. S. Wash ...... 835.490 require) too ,much space for thisj department. Text surface. 2. How is paper such as is used to wrap ple contains anytWng but lead. 'If so. what? A. e A. Burnishing tool holder. G. A. Fullerton...... 835.185 books on geography or geologyjwill explain the details of butter or candy coated with paraffine? Unsized samplelisJnot lead, but:an alloy. probably Britannia met , Bush moulding machine. bung. G. Anderson... ;l35.331 the .theory. 2. What will take ink spots out of marble? paper is dipped in a solution of paraffine. else the A. consistiug of copper 1 part. zinc 2 parts. tin 81 par s, 01' Button. J. W. J ell'erys ...., ...... 835.226 paper is waxed by means of heat being applied to 'C. and antimony 16 parts. 2. In making a casting th A. Take % ounce antimony chloride and 1 ounce oXlllic Button attaching m"chine. C. J. Brosnan ...... 33.>;.211 acid. and dissolve them in 1 pint raiu water; add 1I0ur. beeswax. which is then absorh'" by the paper. There . this metal. 6� hy 3 inches. one·sixteenth inch thick do Button fastener. E. D.ISteele ...... 835.393 and bring the composition to a proper consistence. are several patented machines for the purpose. 3. Button fastener. J. Tho ton ...... 335.162 the brass moulds have to be hot or warm to give the lJ" rn How can I make a paste which will unite such paper? Button feeding device. C. J. .212 face a smooth look. like inclosed sample? A. ass Then lay it evenly on the stained part with a brush. Brosnan ...... 335 A. Use a rubber cement. See recipe given article Cable conduit. W. A. Wright ...... moulds Mnnot he used, hnt they must be cast in well and after it has remained for a few days wash it off. in . . 835.568 on Of Cements " in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Calipers. S. Taylor ...... 335.487 polished iron moulds under pressure. What is the and repeat the process. if the stain is not quite reo 3. Calipers. micrometer. E. S. Cohh ...... 335,214 moved. 3. Is there any cure for lIesh worms ? A. See No. 158. 4. How can I transfer a gold leaf sign from best etching fluid to URe on this metal ? A. Use nitric Can. See Oil can. answer to query 8 given in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for the glass of one store window to that of another? A. acid (aqua fortis). Cane juice defecator, F. Haubtman ...... , .. 335,352 21, 1885. We know of no meanS by which this can be done. I�. February Canvas stretcher. keyless. J. L. Rawbone ...... 835.480 (61) C. I. asks: 1. What is the best (71) J. Z. S. desires a few rules for a A. M. H.-The injector is consid­ Car brake. G. T. Horton ...... 835.521 wood for ebonizing ? A. Cherry. 2. Give full direc · (84) Car brake. F. H. D. Newhard ...... 835.378 to 3a5.380 very lean person to increase his weight to a much ered the most economical for feeding boilers. and is tions for ebouizing. A. Dissolve 4 ounces shellac Car brake, automatic, H. D. Newhard ...... •... larger �., � 385,377 amount-diet. etc. A. Much depends upon in­ no doubt economical for raising water. It is not in use J. . with 2 ounces horax in � gallon water. Boil until a Car coupling. O·Riordan ...... 33'>;.331 dividual temperament. but by refraining.1argely from ex· for that purpose. because it heats. the water. For a . . perfect·solution is obtained, then add l1iounce glycerine. (Jardoor . Williamson & Pries ...... 33,>; .169 ercise, avoiding care and worry. and following a diet regular water supply. it is not reliable. There is no of aniline black soluble in water a sufficient quantity. Car starter. Muller & Ruter ...... 835.472 liberally composed of sugary and starchy elements. work on �team jets and injectors. See SCIENTIFIC Car starter and brake. J. C. Elliott ...... 835.217 and it is ready for nse. i See also SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ ...... with milk and butter and yolk of eggs. fat meat. etc., AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, 212. Car. stock. G.ID.IBurton ...... 835.109 CAN 1. 1885. No. on the theory of Gif­ for Augnst page 72. . . one can generally largely increase Ws weight. fard injector, and No. for illustrations of various Car ventilator, railway, A. B. Harr1s ...... 335,448 356 . Card or sheet transferring apparatus. T. Ken- (62) A. E. H. desires a receipt for gly­ kinds of injectors. M. (72) W. H. R. asks: How is the high ney ...... 835.� cerine jelly. used for monnting microscopical objects. polish put on gilt frames? Is it gold leaf or a com­ (85) W. H. asks how to brown gun Carpet stretcher. M. Higgins ...... A. Take a quantity of Nelson's gelatine. soak it for A. . 335.300 2 Carriage toP. S. M. Chester ...... 335.426 position? One part a high polish. while on a strip along­ barrels. A. Rub the clean harrel with chloride of an­ . or 3 hours inJ cold water. pour off the superlluous Cartridge decapper. recapper. and reloader. S. side of it the gold is dead. How is the composition timony mixed with a little olive oil ; leave a thin coat liquid, and heat the soaked gelatine until melted. To McNeill ...... 835,231 made that the flowered wood is made of on frames? A. on the barrel until the required deiree of browning is . each lIuld ounce of the gelatine. wWle it is fluid but Caster. M. Patten...... 835.301 The high polish referred to is obtained by burnishing reachea. Then wash in hot water and soda, dry. and G. Caster. trunk. A. Romadka ...... 835.140. 3.% .149 cool. a lIuid drachm of the white of an egg is added. V. . . a portion of the gold leaf. The moulding may be pre· oil with boiled linseed oil. Varnish with shellac. . Boil this until the albumen coagulates and the gelatine Chain clasp, C. Schlag ...... 335.U7 pared as follows: Mix 14 pounds of glue, 7 ponnds of , Chair. See Convertible chair. Nursery chair. is quite cleat, then filter it through line lIannel. and (86) C. S., Jr. asks: 1. What is the rea­ resin. � pound of pitch. 2� pints linseed oil. "pirits of Rocking chair. Window cl ing h i son that the recoil in a pistol is greater than a ean o a r. to each ounce of the clarified solution add 6 drachms in water. more or less. according.to the quantity required. Chair seat and back, F. Latulip ...... 335,461 2 rille chambered to use the same cartridge? A. Be· . of a mixture com posed of 1 part glycerine to parts Check bar for bridles, H. Lowe ...... 335.465 of camphor water. 5 cause the rille is heavier, and absorbs the recoil. 2. (73) J. H. W.-Steam at pounds pres­ Chenille ornament, C. A. Schmidt ...... l35,315 Why is it that the penetration is greater in the latter sure is abont temperature. and may be estimated Chimney cap and ventilator. W. J. & Kayser .... 335.362 (63) J. T. asks: What is the composi­ 224° C. 8 212° than in the former? A. Because by the'greater length of Cigar rolling table and wrapper cntter. combIned. tion and nature of .. agate." used for coating kitchen at per cent more effective than water at for the the barrel of the rifle the cartridge gives its full effect; same area of radiatiug surface. You will require nearly R.\Williams ...... 835,263 utensils. and will it bear heat and cold under pressure? J. also the recoil of the pistol is so much lost power in Clasp. See Chain clasp. 2% feet IJ.« inch pipe with steam at 5 pounds to equal A. The following produces a white and harmless coat­ Clothes hook. E. W. Philbrook ...... 835.237 212°. the bullet by lessening its velocity. 3. What good are ing: Powdered 1Iints, calcined borax, pure clay, and a a'foot of 4 inch hot water pipe at Clothespin. J. P. Nourse ...... 335,a99 the grooves in the bullet of the rille cartridge? A. K. little feldspar are finely ground together and made into Clutch. friction. W. P. Brett ...... 3.%.106 (74) H. G. A. writes: I am transmitting The rifling of a gun adds to the accuracy of the lIight mutch. friction, J. R. Little ...... 3.%.468 a paste with wllter. The iron ware being cleaned with about 2 horse power through a set of gears that make 50 of the bullet by causing it to spin. Coal bucket. J. Smith ...... 835.249 dilute sulphuric acid. aud ;well washed with water. the revolutions a minute. and they wear out in a short time. (87) G. A. W. asks: What is the cause of Coffin, W. R..Ha.sard ...... 335.451 paste is app!ied to it with a brush. While this is still Will they last longer, and about how much, if trans­ I Collar pad. horse. A. Ortmayer ...... 335.143 moist. it is dusted over with a glaze composed of feld· the humming. buzzing sound which is sometimes heard mit the same power through them. but increase their Collar pad, horse, W. H. Osmer ...... 335.a82 spar. carhonate of soda. borax, barium sulphate. and a A. around telegraph poles and wires? A. The humming speed to 150 revolutions per minute? You will gain Combination 10ck,IA. CalhoUn ...... 835.3Si is caused by the vibration of the wires by the action J. little tin oxide. The utensils are allowed to dry grad. nothiug in wear on your gear by increaSing the speed. Convertible chair. C. M. Hamilton of the wind. on the principle of the .iEolian harp. A ...... 335.283 ually. and are lastly heated in a muffie at a bright red The contact of the teeth. although with less strain, Convertible chair. A. P. yarnall ...... 335.410 heat until the glaze is fused in a uniform manner. They very slight breeze will set the wires into active vibration. Cotton. etc.• me allic wrapping for, A. H. Doug- will have three times the quantity of contact. with an t lass...... 835.216 will stan� considerable heat and cold under pressure. increase of back lash or vibration which adds to the MINERALS, ETC.-Specimens have been Cotton press. C. A. Hege . . .. . 835.194 wear. and also to the noise, ...... (64) A. B. J. asks (1) how to clean kid received from the following correspondents, and ex· Cotton scraper.IR. Cooper ...... 835lJ6'1 gloves. For 18. ­ (75) G. P. T. speaks of· a fire starting Cotton thinner, S. Dickson ...... 835.180 A. cleaning. see answer to query con amined with the results stated. (J. . Coupling. See Car coupling. Pipe coupling. tained in SOIENTIFIC AMERICAN for Octoher 1885. in a mattress stuffed with line shavings. and asks if T. H.-No. 1 is a silicious mineral containing carbon­ 24. Thill cQupling. 2. How to dye old kid gloves black? A. The glove is the mattress could have become ignited by spontane­ ate of lime. and is of no apparent value. No. 2 is a clay Cradle. folding. C. P. Kenna ...... 835.203 washed in alcohol. and three times brushed over with ous comhustion. A. Very probably. if the mattress has slightly colored with iron oxide. It resembles ocher. Crate, fruit. C.·W. Lloyd ...... 335,369 a decoction of logwood. allowing between each rush­ been wet. b and might be used as a paint if ground and mixed Creamer. centrifugal. G. De Laval...... 335,SU ing ten minutes for drying. afterward dipping into a with oil. Cultivator. M. Helms ...... (76) C. H. B. writes: I have a polyopti­ F. . . 3.%. 222 solution �f iron sulphate and then brushing with warm Cut-ollor waste valve. Walsh & Martin cou, with lens 1" inches diameter and 4 inches focus...... 380.4U4 water. Should the color not prove sufficiently Cut-ollvalve. G. Anderson ...... 835.172 Owing to size of lens. my pictures must not be larger W. dark, a decoction of quercitron may be added to Cutter. See Key seat cutter. Vegetable cutter. than 1� inches diameter. and. unless they are perfect the logwood decoction. Instead of the sulphate of INDEX OF INVENTIONS Cutter nead. W. G. Rendall ...... pictures. the result is not what I would like. I want 83.>;.009 iron. some nitrate of iron may be used. As the leather Desk and seat, school. J.llQCoulter to get a larger and clearer image. If I use lens ...... 335,508 2 Desk. office, C. N.rDalzell ...... 835,432 begins to dry, it is rubbed over with talc powder and For _hleh Letter. Patent or the inches diameter and about 3� inches focus. shall I at­ Dies, making, J. Brady ...... 335.� some olive oil and pressed between flannel. The treat· tain the desired end? A. Your siugle lens 2 inches United State. _ere Granted, Dishes. machine for cutting oval shell. S. B. Con- ment with talc and oil is repeated. and the glue allowed diameter and � inches focus will not give a satisfac· over...... 835.431 to d on the stretch wood. Where could I get the ry 3. tory image. nor cover the required lIeld ; two pIano-con­ DistiHing ammoniacal waters, apparatus for, B. wood hands or forms used to draw the gloves on to vex lenses of inches diameter. 8 inches focus, placed February 2, 1886, P. Clapp...... 33,>; ,427 2 dye ? A. They are to be had from all dealers in Doll. walking. F. W. Peloubet ...... 835,009 from 2 to 3 inches apart. with their convex faces next . . glover's materials. Doorlhanger. H. T. Moody ...... 380.232 to each other. set so as to adjust their distances for AND EA"CH BEARING THAT DATE. Dovetailing machine. E. M. Byrkit; ...... 335.835 the best effect. will enable you to project a picture 2 (65) R. Dress shield. Janowitz ...... 835.225 H. asks if there is any means J. inches to 2� inches diameter. of discovering gold hy Its attracting powers. A. There [See note at end of list about copies of these patents.] Drier. See Fruit drier. Drill. See Rock drill. are no means known except regular miners' methods by (77) F. J. W.-If you are handy at tink- Drilling machine, W. Evans ...... 835.184 which the presence of metal can be satisfactorily de­ ering. and really ambitious to learn a regular trade. it . Accordion. 1<' . Wittstadt ...... 835.552 Dnstpan holder. W. W. Squier ...... 335.545 termined. Magnets are attracted by iron ore. 2. 18) is now time (age to make a start in earnest by Adding machine. W. Maxey ...... , 3.% .374 Ear knob, Adams & Dodge T...... 335,100 What books are the best on physiognomy ? A. We going into the nearest machine shop. heginning. if ne­ 835 n Air brake valve. T. H. Haberkorn ...... 446 EducatiDnal device for the illustration of lo gi- can send you .. Indications of Character." price 25 cessary clear down at the bottom. a mere laborer or Air mOistening apuaratus for factories. W. tude and time, D. C. Young ...... 10,683 V, (r) cents; .. Heads and Faces. and How to Study Them." blacksmith's helper, it matters not which. if you are Wallace ...... 335.403 Electric circuits, switch or turn·otffo r, E. Thom· price $1.00; .. New Physiognomy," by S. R. Wells, only there to see how thinge are done. industrious, Alarm. See Low water alarm. son ...... 335,548 price $5.00. and lose no opportunity to make yourself useful. Album stand. T. M. Hass ...... 835.450 Electricldistrlbutlon.!system of, E. Thomson ..•... 835,159 Animal trap. L. F. Dunn ...... 335,512 Electric mach ne and motor, dynamo, W. L. Voel" (66) i J. P. O. asks what process to put Artitlcial lllOther. P...... 3.%.l22 ker ...... (78) G. L. C.-With the best rams now Beuerleln .... 3.%,326 parchment documents through, that have been steamed Electric machine. dynamo. C. Hering ...... 335.855 made on the same principle. water can be raised 150 Atomizer, W. A. Turner ...... ' ...... 335,550 in a safe. and have drawn' up and become stiff. in the Awning. hop box. D!llenbeck & Neahr ...... 335,115 Electric machine or motor, dynamo, W. L. Voel .. feet or more, and in quantity from one-1Ifth to one­ Axle lubricator. car. Thurber & Brockway ...... 335.168 ker ...... 835.325 late .l veston. I have some land pateuts that enth . 11"" Itt. G • fifte the quantity used. according to tho availahle formerly were 4xlO inches, and now they are about 1� Bag or sa chel fastening, L. B. Prahar ...... 835.307 Electric machines. armature for dynamo, H. R. conditions of feed pipe aud height . . A siphon cannot t Bags and other articles. fastening for hand. L. Boiesler ...... 835.105 inches diameter and 4 inches long. They were in a ...... he relied on for more than feet lift. 25 Sander...... 3a5.S11 Electric motor, E. Thomson ...... 835.041 large safe. and although the fire burnt away from the Baking pan, A. B. Sparrow ...... 33.>;,251 Electric motors. device for transmitting power safe in less) than an hour. everything of a leathery na­ (79) G. K. asks: Which are the most Baling press. J. La Dow ...... 300.290 from. E. H. Johnson ...... 835,286 powerful reflectorsin use ? A. The parabolic rellectors . ture. such as backs of books. was entirely destroyed. Bar. See Pinch bar; Electrical switch. C. F. Brush...... 33.>;,269 A. We do not believe you can more than partially re­ of our locomotives are the most powerful form thllt ...... Bark shaving machine, B. Ott ...... 335.532. 335.533 Elevator. F. H. Prince ...... has yet heen devised. S:15.� store them. bnt would advise you to heat them with Barrels. device for raising. J. E. Mitchell...... 33b,376 Elevator. J. H. Wiseheart ...... 33b.4OIl collector nd w s . T. Engine. See Gas engine. Pu pi g engine. R0- steam until they become pliable and then stretch them (80) the b rec Basins. dirt a remover for a h m n C. H. I. asks est eipt for K ... .. ont as well as possible. taking care to prevent their eech ...... · ...... H .. 835.333 tary engine. Rotarylsteam engine. Steam keeping auger bits of cast steel from rusting. A. . . Beams or rails. splice for metal. J. F. Ward ...... 335.165 engine. Traction engine. Wind engine. becoming saturated with moisture. or they will pulp. Wipe them with tallow; warm the hit. using the tal' Bearing anti-friction, W. Kratzer ...... 835,527 Envelope counting machinery. A. A. Rheutan .... 335.U5 low on a rag. Vaseline or oil on a in the tool , Bed bottoms, fastening. W. S. Seymour ...... 042 Envelope machine presser, A. A. Rheutan ... . 335,244 (67) H. S. desires a remedy for the re­ rag . 335 . ... box is a ready means of preventing rust. Red. folding, W. H. Dell ...... 3a5.434 Ethers, manufacture resin aCid. E. Schaal...... 3a5 465 moval of .pots on the face resemhling freckles. A. of , B d for lnvallds. adjustable, M. G. Farmer ...... 835,441 Excavator. inclined wheel, S. M. Lockwood ...... e . 835.2.10 The following treatment. which is used for moles, may (81) M. G. F. & F. L. W.-Wind has . Bed rest. W. H. Aldrich ...... 335.412 Excltvator, inclined wheel earth. S. M. J.ockwood. 835,229 be found effective : Take tartar emetic in impalpahle no effect npon a th ermometer. 'f otherWIse' protected 1 Bedstead. adjustable. C. J k ns Extension t bl , T. B. Hennessy ...... 335,453 en e ...... 835,360 a e ...... powder 15 grains. soap plaster 1 drachm. and beat them from radiation from the grouud.or buildings. A ther- A. Bedstead. invalld, Fillebrown & Chandler ...... 835,218 Eyeglass nose guard. W. Freeman ...... 335,277 to I . .. to a paste. Apply this paste to nearly a line in thick· mometer. indicate the temperature of the air. uni' Beehives. device for nverting, M. Shuck ...... 835.153 Fan. toilet, J. SUbernlk ...... l J. . 835.318 ness (not more). and cover the whole with strips of form with the regulations as issued by the Smithsonian Bell attachment. sleigh, D. W. Sexton ...... 835.151 Fare box and lantern, combined. H. D. Clark ...... 335.340 Institution. should be sheltered from the suu. and Belt. galvanIc. H. Beidler ...... 335.417 Feather sorter, H. Penner ...... 3.% ;144 gummed paper. In 4 0(5 days. eruption or suppuration M. . . : will set in. and in a few days after leave ouly . a very from radiation, by being placed in a latticed CRj(e of Belting, T. Gingras ...... 835.187 Feed water heater. F. Shlckle ...... 3.% .317 Bench hook. J. B. Boyce ...... 8.15,423 Feeding rack, sheep. D. Phillips ...... slight scar. about a cubic foot space. so much open on one side 835.334 Bicycle leg. J. Morgan Fence m"king machine. J. B. Thies ...... 835,399 as to admit of ion the cage to be s heltered ...... 335.227 . observat F. . : (68) J. P. R. asks why he failed to Bicycle saddle. G. Rothgiesser ...... 835,246 Fence post, Myers & Anderson from 'the direct rays of the un, and thermometer pro- ...... 835,293 Bl nd slat. �tc .• ayes Fences. machine for manufacturin , R. B. Stapp .. make platinnm chloride adhere to a silver deposit in � G...... �.353 3a5.253 tected from rain. � � P g trying to get a black with It. A. We would advise you Blmd staphng machme. N. P. Peterson...... 835.3O!l Fertilizer distributer, Sheldon & atterson ...... 335,152 oa See Hunting boat. Ice b t•. FUlng prescriptions. J. S. Jarn gi 835.457 to use a solution of silver nitrate instead of platinum (82) D. D. J. asks how to make a com- R t. oa machine for. a n ... Boiler furnace. E. Boileau ...... 835.207 Firearm, magazine. 1<' ranklin & Ehbets ...... chloride. The article is dipped in the solution men­ pound used for coating small pieces of steel intended 335,511 Bolt. See Flour bolt. Fire escape. W. Bailey ...... 835.414 tioned. then heated In the lIame of a· Bunsen burner to cast into iron. Where nothiup. is used. the iron does H. Bo t headin machine, B. Glover ...... 335.280 Fire escape. W. Brown ...... 335,108 until black. and lInally all superfiuous black removed not lie to the steel. and blow holes are formed. l g A. Bolting cloth. device for tightening. G. Smith .. 835.155 Fire escape, electriC. Ma cus & Epsteyn T. r ...... S35.372 by meanS of a rag dipped in sweet oil. This method which[spoil the castings. I have seen a compound Boneblack. process of and apparatus for drying. Fishing lIy book. T. J. Conroy...... 835.506 will fouud more economical and fully as satisfac­ used. of which one the ' Ingredients Is nitric acid. S. J.illie ...... 835.137 Fishing lIyb oo . H. P. Wells ...... 835.491 be o.f M. . .. k one used by you. wWch entirely prevents blowiug. and the iron and Book. cOPY. A. Agar hea r. Benn ...... • ...... 835.42 tory as the ...... 335,103 FlatirOn te G. s ......

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 124 [FEBRUA�Y 20, .1886.

835.197 . . G. Fleshing and unhalrlng machine. W. M. Holfman. Painting •• •tretcher frame for, F. P. Pfleger.... . 385.38S Swaging machine. A. Smltb .... '" ...... 335,320 · ...... : ...... 835,454 & Flour"lx>It, N. W. HOlt.:: Paper bOl13 Paper . . . .. 335,266 . .. .. pulp. maklna. F. McCormick ...... 335,468 Table leaf .upport, I. Winans ...... centll a i e . . . : ...335.351 Fruit drler.;A. J. HAtch ...... 335.202 . 335.515 Inllide Pasc, cach insertion - - - Of 3 l n Paper roll holder and cutter. C. C. Jobn.on ... .. I '.r ack driving machine, M. V. B. Ethridge ...... _ 81.00 ...... 335.330 Back• Pase, each Insertion - - a line. Fruit jar. H. Wilcox ...... Peanut cleaning machine. B. . . . 335.61£ H. Velllnes ...... 385.402 Tack Iilllng machine. M. V. B. Ethridge ...... (About eight word. to a line.) Funnel for forCing . .. C. mola.ses. etc .• H. Henke ...... 335,452 Photographic camera shutter. S. W. Geery et aI :a.518 Tag. merchandise. H. Daniel ...... 385.274 Engraving8 mag head advertiBement8 at tTte 8CI11Ie rats Furn8ce. See Boller furnllce. Heating and melt- Pin. See Cl(>tbes pin. Safety pin. .. . 385.274 ]Nfl' line. by meaauremetit, tlte letter Adver­ Teleerapb. printing. R. N. Dyer ...... CI8 pt'688. Ing fumace. . . . mUlt received at publication qjJIIM Pinch bar. M. A. Sheldon...... 385.S89 Telegrapb. printing, A. C. Robbins ...... UBementa be early 835,482 Thursday morning CI8 . . .. . 385.101 . 335.436 ·to in fl6Xt iBB'ue �Olnace. Boulicault & Lehnbeuter ...... 335.176 Pipe coupling. J. S. Adam ...... Telephone cirCUit. T. B. Doolittle ...... CI8 appear . Furnace. Lennox Krepp ...... Pipe wrench. J. . .. 3:l5.198 335.321 See & 336,367 T. Hayden ...... Telephone diaphragm. mechanical, W. Taylor .. .. Gauge. Micrometer gange. Pipes, 835,5Ol. 3 35,002 connecting water apparatus with SOil. T. Telephone transmitter. W. Burnley ...... Remington �tandard Type-Wri SS5,� N...... 835.010. 335,511 ter Gas burner. J. C. English ...... Durran ...... 836,513 Telephone tran.mitter. Dowling ...... 835,462 & Gas engine. J. J. E. Lenoir ...... Pipe •• elastic coupling for steam. E. Major ...... 385.871 Telephone transmitter. Keller Lyon ...... 335,361 Purchaser. per­ . . .. 385.405 ...... 335,525 Gas making apparatus. J. C. Wands ...... Planter. A. J. Jone Telephonic transmitter. J. F. McLangblln ...... 3d5,294 mitted to return by' ...... 385.156 . . & . . C. Gas r""'ulatar. N. Sleeman ...... Planter cbeck rower. earn. Jewell Dick.on ...... 335.961 Telephony, J. Houlehan ...... 335,522 Express O. D. for J. . Gas under pressure, system for conveying, J. A. Planter. com. L. B. Berrien ...... Tempering machine. . 335,551 full purchase price ...... 335.(67 ...... 385.200 Il'. Web.ter ...... 335.116 MoCormlck. . Planter. corn. C. E. Townley ...... 335,265 Terret. hames •• G. F. Eberhard ...... at any time within ...... 335,2M ' & .aate. J. F. Towner ...... Planter. seed. G. Lovick ...... &l5.:170 'l' hlll breaching attachment. TIn.ley Ro.e ...... 385.401 thirty day.. thus Generator. See Steam Kenerator. . Planter . . . ••ngar cane. E. & B. Holme ...... 335.129 Thill coupling. G. W. La Baw ...... 335.289 giving an opportun­ Governor. Casho:.·.: ...... 835,270 Plastic arllcle. Low ...... 836,628 . Ity for comparison J. � �.� & Streeter ...... Thill coupling. W. P. Teed ...... 835,398 . . 835,273 . . 385.38'1 Grain binder cord holder,'O. Cooley ...... Pla.tlc material, prwslng and moulding arllcles Tbrashing machine tootb. G. A. Roberts ...... with other ma­ . . Grain binder knotting' mechanism. J. F. Appleby. &l5.8S2 of. E. Kipper ...... SBIi.626 Tile machine table. J. M. Powell ...... 385.626 chines. . . . 385.456 Grain drill attachmerit. J. McLain ...... 385.468 Plow. L. Gibbs ...... '335.348 Till lock, C. B. Hopkin ...... J. . . . Grate bar; ·L. Roll ...... 335.540 Plow. H. Putman ...... 335.59'l Time controlling and correcting .y.tem. W. F. ONW._"''''''''', Seamans & Bflnedict, K. . . . 335.391 339 Grinding mill, G. Smith ...... Plow ••ulky. C. R. Thomas ...... 385.400 Gardner ...... ; ...... Brondway New York...... 385.186 ...... 385,492 1 4 GrindinK mUls. etc .. feed mechanism for roller. P. Plow, wheel. J. Wheeler ...... Time lock. A. O. Behel ...... 335. 7 Van Gelder...... 835.257 Plumbers' t.raps...... apparatus for making. J. A. Tire tightener. J. H. Pluck ...... 336.531i Guard. See Eyeglass nose guard. Whitney ...... 335,407 Tobacco box and cutter. combined. D. M. De . . . . 835,123 Hame; B. Goe ••mann ...... Po.t. See Fence po.t. Silva ...... �...... 385.375 ...... ; 335,.1S5 .. 385.313 Hame fastener. H. C. Minton ...... Power I!IIld .• peeq.regulator. C. Rowland ...... 385.541 Tongue support for vehicle •• I. Schlegel ...... 385.894 f. " ...... J...... 385.102 Hammer. powel , H. St. Lawrence ...... Power stand •• Hetherington ...... s85,128 Tower. S. Adam ...... Handle. See Umbrella handle. Press. See BaIlnll press. COtton prea.. Hay Toy. C. F. RltcheL ...... 385.626 .. . . 335.104 Hanger. See Door hanger. . pre... Screw pre... Toy pistol. Badger & Lakin ...... ON THE ...... Harne ••• Fanyo & Wright ...... 335,«0 Printer'. galley. D. W. Whitaker ...... 385,494 Traction engine. B. J. Arnold ...... 335,497 . .. . Harne.s pad, J. Pendergast ...... 38,<;,477 Printer's quoin. 1;'. C. Grave ...... 385.282 Tramway for curves and cable grip •• A. S. HaIll- . . 835,170 Harve.ter. corn. J. I. Wolf ...... PrlntlnK machines. Inking apparatus for cylinder. die (r)...... ••...... •...... •• 10.681 •••... 335.3Il7 . . . ; ...... 385.196 . ... . 335,310 Harve.ter knife. reCiprocating. W. S. Taylor F. A. Hetherington ...... Tran.om pivot, F. C. Robinson ...... Care ofKARL DAHLSTROM.Boiler s. . . . . 835,189 Translated by P. M.E, Hat and coat rack, H. F. Gray ...... PrIvy vaults and apparatus for u.e therewith. Trap. See Animal trap...... 335.200 , Third edition. l2mo. cloth...... 335.177 .. . 00 Hay press. J. H. Mereditb ...... con.tructlon of. T. W. Carrico ...... Truck and turntable. transfer. E. Samuel...... 3S5,48S PrIce cent •• po.tpald. Hay rake and loader. E. A. Gerrard ...... 335,519 Projectile •• manufacture of compound. W. Lo- Tug attachment, hame, W. S. Sherman ...... 336,{86 Deocriptlve Circular and Catalogue of Technical Books ...... SBIi.464 Head covering. Ovenu & Frelnkelsteln ...... 335.000 renz ...... Type writers. machine for easing the lever. of. V. .ent free on appllcatloll. • ...... 385.188 . . . 335.118 E. & F. Heater. See Feed water heater. Flatiron Pulley. loo.e. G. T Eame ...... H. Ern.t ...... N. I'U'ON, 33 MURRA Y ST., N. Y...... ; .. 385.111 heater. Pump. J. J. De Kinder ...... Type writing machine. C. Spiro ...... & 835.200 •••••..... &l5.201 . 335.3\l2 PORTABLE BRIDGES. -DESCRIP- Heating and melting furnace. James Schwab ... Pump •• gearing for operating. A.· Jeffery Type writing machine feed guide. A. Thoma 335.242 C. •. . 3.%.488 . . . .. 335.476 . . .. . SBIi.314 Heel nailine·machlne. F. ". Raymond, 2d ...... Pumping engine. beam. B. Obenchain ...... Umbrella handle, A. T. Schlichting ...... tion of a novel system of portable brldJl(es devl.ed by 385.241 . Mr. Alfred Cottrau. of Naples. Dlu.trated wltb 14 Heel., attaching. Raimond. 2d ...... Rack. See Hat and coat rack. SCIENT IFIO AM EHIC'AN en­ F. F. . Vacuum pan •• construction and operation of. W. graving •. Contained in Sup_ ...... - Ra . . 385.292 H...... PLEMENT. Hides or .kin •• puUlng-out and strlking out ma- il joint trus •• J. McEwen ...... Collings ...... 3.'15 .<180 No.. 466. I'rtce lO cents. 'l·o be had at �his . . . . . 835,198 office and from all new.dealers. cbine for. W. M. Holfman...... Railway jOint, J. Kellow ...... 835,456 Valve, J. J. De Kinder ...... 335,112 .. . al . Holder. See Burnlshin", tool holder. Du.tpan Rallway .lgnai. N. M. Reynold ...... ; ...... :. 8.l5.243 V ve E. A. C. Giebeler ...... 335.221 . J. FRICTION CLUTCH holder. Mop holder. Lemon holder.' Paper Railway sleeper IlIld chair. Howard & Bouslleld. . 385,623 Valve. balanced rotary. S. Glenn ...... : 335.188 ...... roll holder. Rein holder. Sash holder. Railway switch. A. Boyd ...... 335,209 v g ...... eys Val e ear. G. L. Hoxsie ...... ; 1j,·15.l99 Pull and Cut-offCo u P II ngs. RaIlway .wltch. C. 10.682 Hook. See Bencb hook, Clothes hook. Rein E. Samnel...... 385.494 Valve, .team-actuated, li. Sergeant (r) ...... JAS. HUNTER &.SON; North Adams. Mass. . .. 335.288 hOOk. RaIlway switching device. C. B. Price ...... VapOrizing liquids. apparatus for. H. Goldwater . . 335,281 ...... 385.500 Horseshoe. H. M. Oliver ...... 335.476 Railways ••pring rail frog for. J, E. Clifton ...... 335.341 Vegetable cutter. D . Bullock ...... 335.350 Horseshoe calk. S. Stone ...... 335.3Il5 Rake. See Hay rake. Vehicle. two-wheeled. C. H. Gleason ...... ELECTRIC LIGHT ...... •...... •...... 335.259 FOR THE Horse.hoe calk. B. H: Willren Recorder. See Speed and time recorder. Vehicle. t.wn-wheeled, H. C. Sear ...... 835.243 J. . . . . 385.145 . . . 385.171 Horticultural building. Plenty ...... Recording speech. G. K. Anderson ...... Vehicles. safety rail and rein grip for. F•. W. 335,442 ...... Hub. vehicle, C. W. Fillmore ...... Refrigerator. Waltjen & Keller ...... : .. 335,627 Kroeber ...... 335,288 : .. : ...... 335.190 836.425 Hunting boat. ii� A. iiariilUm...... Retrlgerator Ice receptacle. J. Ca.tell ...... Ventilator. See Edl 335.2311 Car ventilator. MAAn GICn Spiral Incande.centLANTE ofRN 40 candle. . . on IdUDP . Refrigerator safe for bread. cake, etc H. D. . . . . Hydrometric conveyer. W. C. ParsOns:...... • Wagon body lifter. S. Muttl ...... ; ...... 385.28S power, with adju.table stand for lantern. portable bat- R. S: . . . om:: Olm Ice boat: Green ...... : ...... 835.124 St rea tor ...... tery, and two extra lamps, for UO. Easily managed. eta!: ...... - 0. 151 W agon box. H . J Il CO b B. ... . , ...... Give. 8S good eJfect as ordinary calcium light Leonar . . . . . Ice machlne� G. O. Rlnman: .... ; ...... 835.386 Refrigerator ohelf. d & Gray ...... :115.136 Wall paper. manufacturing. W. Wil.on ...... EDISON LAMP8. BAT I'ERIES INI'TRU.ENTII, 335.418385.264 MOTORI!, AND ELECTRICiL SUPI'L1ES. . Indicator. 'See Steam 1ioiler water Indicator. Regulator. See Ga. regulator. Power and ·.peed Wa.hing apparatus. lIl.lW.Allen ...... • • . 335.3S2 . . .. . 'Inhaler and atomizer. combined. H. Thoma • .. . regulatOr. Speed regulator. Watch case pendant. B. Y. Hope ...... 835,455 Send 50. stamp for po.tage on catalogue...... 335.471 Injector, F. W. Kremer ...... , ...... 335.227 Rein bolder. T. O. Butler ...... 385.004 Watch windlng mechanism. C. Morlet ...... 385.141 H. In.ulatlng material. compo.ltlon of matter for. J. Rein holder. T. S. Mitcbell ...... Water supply ·plpes. regl.terlng valve for. P. The Stout-Meadowcroft CO., - J. Authorized B. Williams ...... 335.495 Rein hook. Pomeroy ...... 385.S06 Brown ...... Agent for EDISON LAMP COMPANY...... SBIi.213 �1 ANN STREET,. Jar. See FrUit jar. Rope jar, Ring. See Spinning frame ring. Waterworks .ystem. P. B. Perkin ...... ; ...... 835,803 N.EW YORK. . . . . 385.445 ...... �873 SBIi.I18 f' Jar fa.tenlng, H. M. Guild ...... Rock drill. R. G. Marcy Wave power, .ystem for utilizing. A. De Souza ...... > ...... •...... •... B IDGE ACRO Jar fa.tenlng. preServe,·H. M. Guild ...... 385.444 Rock drill. E. Moreau.... 335,469. 335.410 Wheat cleaning and poll.hlng machine. E. . R SS THE MISSISSIPPI AT . . . . 385.356 ...... Prairie du Chlen.-By John J oint. Sole Railway jOint. Rock drilling machine. W. S. Isham...... ·Frltsch ...... 385,220 Lawler. C.E. A paper read � at the Annual Meetmg of the American . . . 835,333 . . . . Soclety of Civil Key .eat cutter. A. M. Ben.on ...... ROCking chair. R. G. Clayton ...... 385.428 Whip socket. G. M. Hubbard ...... 335.524 Engineers. . and di.cus.lonSClEI!,vements. Appll- Millstone bush. D. A. Bellows ...... 385.418 Slag buggy. W. B. Devereux ...... : . . ... 12.989 of lI.h hook •• T. H. Harper ...... eatlons f Bituminous Mastic or Cement. ASjlbait ...... & 335.224 o Mlnbig machine. G. D. Whitcomb ...... 335,628 Smelting furnace •• matte pot for, TIes Keiper.. . .• preservative �st lire.. Illustrated "With ' en Polishing powder for metoJ. glass. etc Fi.chier & IS a asphalt ­ . 335.164 of Moujd .. See Sewer'gas trap mould. ' . Smokestacks. portable platform for. B. Vitalls ...... 12.996 aravifur s, showing the probable formation unr Co In '1 t .trata ; the construetiOIlof emen J...... 335,295 A. . . . 335.5.'19 soft lmes one pav ts Mop holder. McWilliams ...... Soap holder. E. Robinson ...... Rubber boot. and shoe. and other article. ot- cloth- from erode asphalt at Paris. and tbe mode of mak- J. . . . 335,147 AMERICAN Motion. device for converting. N. Powell .. ... Speed and time recorder. C. H. Scltarar...... 8.%.312 . . . 12.9 N sidewalks. COntained In ing. Goodyear Rub ber COmpany ...... 88 SUPPLElIIENT. SCIEN'l'IFIC ...... ••..... No. 276. PrIce 10 cents. To be had Motor. See Electric motor. J.ogglng motor. Me- Speed governor. A. Lawrence 385.228 .•. at Soap. laundry and toilet, Empire Soap Company 12.996 this office and from all newsdealers. chanical motor. . Speed regulator. automatic. C. W. A. Koelkebeck 335,460 385.385 Spectacle.. eyeglasses. opera. field. and marine Muslc81 in.trument. valve. H. Ch"Re ...... 835.271 'Spinning and twlstinj( machine, caP. W. Riley . ... J. glas.eo, telescopes. microscope•• and len.es. T. . J. Mu.lcal ln.trument. mechanical. H. Cha.e ..... 835,272 Spinning frame ring and hOlder. W . Wattle •... :185.406 . ... . 18,000 J. . B. Hag.toz & Co ...... 12,999, ...... 12.981. 12.990 Mu.ieal ln.trument. mecbanlcal. R. W. Pain .... . 335.534 Spinning machine. J. J. Bourcart ...... ',. 385.2011 Tea. Japan. Carter, Hawley & Co.· Muslcal lnstrumenf. mechanical, E. Treat ....•. 335,549 Spinning ' mules. apparatus' for clearing waste ' J. Varnl.hes. stain.,. japan •• surfacers. and kindred C. . . .. 385• 12.986 Nail, C. Doten .. :...... 385.181 from tbe spindles of. P. Aubin ...... 198 ",ood Chicago Varnish COmpany ...... 12.982 to .. 335,260 •...... •• )fall • maldnll( cut. Weeks. : ...... Spoke driver. J Rakow ...... 18,001 • ·H. . 335.2011 Whl.ky. Ireland & Vannatta ...... •• . . 8.15.131 J. A. 385.473 Nails, manufaoture of .crew. H. K Tone ...... Spooling machine; & Nelson ...... 835.138 J .. ... 335.29S Nalls. wire stock for. H. K. Jone Square bevel attachment. M. McKinney...... printed . . .. 335.261 A COpy of the spemficatlon and drawing of Nailing machine. Weeks & Wood ...ard ...... Stand; See Power stand...... 8.15.138 A...... any patent In the foregoing lI.t. also of any patent Needle. o. H� MerrIll ...... Stapling machine. B; Smith ...... 335,154 1800 SANITARY EXAMINATION OF DRINK­ 385.4.13 •. . .. 335.139 I ••ued since . will be fllmi.hed from this office for 25 Net and lImbrella, combined fi.b. E. Q. Darr ...... Ijteam boiler water indicator. J Mertens...... R e d centa. In ordering please state the numher and date T d "J:.:� X�p�I�"tr�: Numbering houses. device for. M. P. Hooper ... Steam englne;L. W. Hardy ...... 385.191 • ��t;:ri-;;-BletP,:'�t-lf· :.� �� C. 395.180 & Lead and Iron. Test for lead...... of the patent de.lred. and remit to Munn Co • 361 Nitrate. and Nitrite.. Nursery chair. J. Thnnborg ...... 8.15,324 Steam englrie;M:N: Lynn ...... ; ...... 8.% ,6S0 Te.t. for organic matter. valuable paper; Contained Broadway. New York. We also fnml.h cople. of patent. ScIENTIFIO AMlilRICANA SUPPLEMENT...... 335,134 No. 462. Nuta. device for making. W. Hel.er ...... 385.195 Steam generator; O. Kel.ey ...... In 10 had all ...... 335.520 J. . granted prior to 1666 ; but at IncrelUled cost. a. the Price cents. To be at tbls office and 'from can. He Jensen ...... Stereotype .havlng machIne. H.Fergn.on ..... 011 •• & 3S6,2�6 specilication.. not being printed. must be copied by newsdealers. Concentrator. W. Frank ...... 3.% .219 Stove. heating. G. Benns ...... 3:15,420 01'8 A. . . hand...... 335,388 ...•....•....•.. Ore .eparator� A. C. Campbell ...... Stovepipe thimble, 0: C. M·cDannell 335,291 Ca1lad11l.1I Ore. by electricity. heating and reducing. Bradley tltralner and trap for water pipe •• eto.� combined .. Patentll may now be obtained by the . . & crocker ...... : ...... : ...... , ... 335,499 T • Lee. .. .. • ...... 335,866 InventOrs for any of the Inventions rui,med'I n the fore­ Pad: See COllar pad� ' Harness pad. Strap ciampinI! andstretching device, J. 'Cooper .. 3:l6,I79 going 1I1\t. at a cost of � eaCh. F:or full In.tructlon Su.penders; ...... 835,411 ' •• Pslnters, etc.. progressivecllmblna 4evicitl for the J. 11.. A damson address MunD. '" CO 361 'Broadway. New York. Other ...... IIIll1 uIeof. Eo H. Gadsby ...... 335,.278 Suspension device; C. J. Petersen...... ; ... ; 335,4'18 10te\tln patenta alsobe obtained.

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC FEBRUARY 20, 1886.J

One o ume, thick Svo,cloth, YORK TINC PACKINC V l jive jO/il1Jng platlJ8.777 paglJ8, NEW BEL AND COMP'Y. Price, The Olde.t and l.araeBt Manufacturers of the Orlldnal. FOOT POWER THE MACHINERY SOLZD V"ULOANZTE LATHES. SAWS, etc. practical Workshop. E::: �ery �hee1s. Outlltsfor Iron or Wood· Theory ofIN Stresses otber kinds and Iuterior. Is stamped fnll upon all our All Imhntiou8 Our name in workers, Amateur Tools,&c. standard BELTING, PACKING, and HOSE. Address Send for Catalogue. . . &:; J?..A.CKJ:NG CO. RO , N::El"'VV YOE.K :s::ElJ::.... J:'J:NG , J. J. WAT US 218 Wal'ellouse , 1 6 Park Row, 0pp. Astor House, New York Race St •• Cincinnati, O. :Branches: hestnut St., Phlla., 167 Lake St., Chicago,52 Summer St., Boston. WITH 008 C TRAINING FOR MECHANICAL ENGI- neers.-A paper Prof. G. Alden, treating of the PRAOTIOAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRENGTH bye I. t o AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS, ��:r't�I:e:rf�� ::-��i��hd'�':J1: otrfiet p:�l'e'!�Yo�� JW:XN"XN"G- AND �C>XSTl:N"G- Conta1ned In SOIENTIFIC AMERIOAN S P E BY llIachillery; also, Statioual'Y Enlrines, Boilers, and Ventllatinll' Faus. Estimates U PI, M EN'r. BINDON B. STONEY, LL.D., F.R.S. contracts taken for constructing all kinds of Mining Machinery. 4 ents. TO be had at,thls office and Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers. made and r.�iu:fr ne��!i':"i�rs� • OC>•• SO�.a..N'X' C>N. - :E .a... F:ENC� do :BC>X 885, :E-.a... e New edition, revised, with numerous additions. on .Grn.- Esp c iall y for 'Steam Hammers. phi t n e ng are hereby invited and will be UnequaledllI l I,LER' for Swa tel'PAC packing,KING. and �r;::��:: ���kTn� j?� a�� �i���r��� sg:�i� l ICE·BOATS - THEIR. CONSTRUCTION for oil pumps. In rope form of all and Tests of Materials. and management. With working drawings, d�taIl8,and i���l�l:iti!'��e sizes, *, )(, I •... � %, 1", etc, D. VAN NCll"TItAND, Publisher, directions in full. Four engravings, showing mode of ville, North Carolina, with "Iectrt or l�td,gr���as. Lighting "', �5 ", �, construction. Views of the two fastest ice.slllUng boats aP·Rrea ab O-Pout 10� Smil Ae LSs uar �a f. •I I · ' � k g Murray and 27 Warren Sts., New York . q � b?w� 23 . used on the Hudson river in winter, H. A. Horsfan. E si§'8Tf!Alderman. ����t:�i�toget'iiNaher!l Pack-;:;' ! with��� It-take "'.' Oopies sent to any oj th States prepaid, M.E. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMEHICANBy SUPPLE. N. W. GIRDWOOD, .. noneever out-addput a rou - nd whenever there parte e United on . 'l' ceiptof price. MENT, 1. The samenumber also contains the rules and A,RANKIN, Is room for it. MILLER PACKING WORKS, regulat,lons for the formation of Ice·boat clubs, the sall. February 1886. Committee. 1338 Buttonwood St., Philadelphia, Pa., U, S. 10 13, A. .JUST PUBLISHED. Inga nd management of ice-boats. Price c�nts . A New Drill "Chuck. An Engineer's Field Book. MechanicaiNCLUDING THEl VARIOUS Integ FORMSrat ors, THE HARTFOR D. P RICE 26 CENTS. OF No. 1 holds 0 to % in. Price, $7.00. Address ENGINEERING NEWS PUBLISHING No. 2 holds 0 to % in. Price, $8.00. TRIBUNE BUILDING, NEW YORK,. CO., PLAINMETERS. iT It cannot be Address Specimen copy of the BanJoand Gmta'I' euelled. SENT FREE, CHUCK CO" ln u a s DVERTISEUS Can learn tbe cost of an pro· :Sy J?rof. EC. s. EC. Sha:,"". THE CUSHMAN fa= iu����:.!a p'h : Tl,:'t �f�;: 3��ft fn �h� o f ve i Jb' Hal'tford, Conn. world (with portraits of celebrated players),'W� rJ8 together ACO. '� ���s'i>:\ pi� l���i��;\�r�';u�qrS�c � 18mo, Board, Illustrated, Price 50 Cents. No. 83 of Van Or any dealer in machinists' Tools. with very interesting book on the BanjO and catalogue St., New York. Send 10 cents for a loo·pagepamphlet. Nostrand's Science Series. of alla the latest music and songs. No cards r n r postal of noticed, VAN NOSTRAND, Publisher, BLOWPIPE·FLAME FURNACE.-A ih�:I� 1��t f':1Wi��r�� i�� t��������:tr:. :t"�rl�� GLASS PAINTING. BY FRED MIL- D. paper lJyA. C. Engert, describing a new. boiler furnace, this paper, Address, ler. A Course of Instruction in the Various Methods of In the designing of whlcb the chief obJects. have been eTEWAltT, d I i 23 MURRA.Y and 27 WA.RREN STS., NEW YORK. . the boiler. Illus­ l!I. S. economy in fuel and preservatIOn 0.1 No. North 8th St., Philadelphia, Pa. r.�t':'��f�J�grot� L���o���� 1i�igt$r.&� ¥'li IS trated with 2 figures. Contained in ScmNTIFIC AMEHI. 412 able book s�nt by mail prepaid by MUNN & Co., �!y�:New No, 4'�. price cents. To be York, on receipt of price. " had.OAN S tUPPL thisa officeIOM ENT,and from all newsdealers.10 ������o�n�� goo�s. SalaryTED $75 er th and Expenses.£'0" :8��� Can. vAN l � W �¥'l'�JXiPi> fI'L VEit\\i�f{� d'J.�¥ioston,Mass 'rHERAPEUTICAL EFFECT OF THE Internal Administration of Hilt Water· In the Treat· ment of Nervous niseaseB.-By Ambrose Ranney, M.D. Rules for administration. The effectL. s of tile treatment. Theory of the action of hot water. Points in Its favor. Conclusions. Contained in SCIE"TIFIO AMEIUCAN SUPPLEMENT, No. Price 10 cents. To be had at this officeand :fromall 463. uewsdealers. THE NEW " GRESHAM " PATENT Double Reductlou GRINDING MILL. Corn and-FOR- Cob Feed & Table M.eal. Drew liW8t Antomatic Ro-Starting Inloctor. PTe1n. Penna. State } air. SEND �'OR CIRCULAR, Invaluable for use Tractiou, Farm, POI'table, "'tranb Co., 011 A. W. & aud Stationary Engines of all No Filbert Street, Mal'ine, kinds. 3131Philadelpl lia, P ... Haudles l'eqnh·ed. Watel' Supply difficult to very break. Capability of restal'tina Immediately, auto­ PURE NATURAl, T,UBRIeATI�G Clll,. Cold matically, after interl'uptlou fe ed ii'Oll1 any cause. test, below zero. $12.50 per barrel of 50 gallons. te ' 40 Reliable aud Cheap. WITHERB¥, RICliA-aDSON. Manufacturers FRANKLIN OIL WORKS, �'ranklin, Pa. of Patenl!�dRUGU Working /Ii, Machinery of every descrip­ tion. Fac!1lties unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied Save your pOBtage by using - by R. Ball & . Worcester, Ma Send e l Sole Manufacturers In the United States and Canada, ('0 ••• for Catalogue. �o� : :�� En� :f��e�U���� . Corner Protectors, metal, paper covered. }1�orsending i r d �n����;O��h �h: b. t. and Foreign mails. Officially a proved by the P. O. Dept. Nathan :Manufacturing Co., !'te st 92 94 ltg:. 'M������g"::°'M,m & LIBERTY ST., N. Y. gsizes. 0 Send for samples, cir­ culars, aDd prices to The Weaver Mailing Envelope Box Co., 525 527 North St" Philadelphia. A. De ROSSITER,& Sole& Less"e. PULLORDER FROMEYS OUR O. 4 "SPECIAL LIl!IT." .. C .. 2�c. THE . John GUARANTEEDOTTO TO CONSUME CAS 25 to ENCIO'I'HER GAS·N ENGINEE. T. Noye DIf/t, (Jo. ROUOH N, Y. FINISHED PER CENT. LESS GAS THAN '2'5 A NY Per BRAKE.HORSEPOWER BUFFALO, 1!i0El:XaExO�E�, SC�UJI/I:D/I: PHILADELPHIA CHICA� O. PORTLANI) do co., and CEMENT.-'-TH E S C 1- :��:::�:�-::-:��:-:���;:-�:-�;-:��:-:�==--;--;:=:::======:- f t SINKING THR UGH UICKSA . ��e�r;tYJ��gn�t�� �� y[: O Q ND ��f{itions. By Henry Reid, C.E . authorgJn ;;�� of JfI. A�� Practical���W�;� -A paper by H. W. Hughes, describing the Poetsch t n t . . e $7.25. d FOREIGN PATENTS. process of sinkingthrough qUIcksand by means of artl- s C �� :li�'i; J; �.;. �:1� A - 'l'heir Cost Reduced. ficial freezing. Contained S NT I AMERIOAN ;r:-:: �'hWN £ 3��, a ���� Y 10 10CI " IF C To SUPPLEMENT, No. 468. Price cents. be had ta 'fheexpenses attending'�e procnring of patents h. this officeand newsdealers. most foreign countries havi�g been considerably re­ (rom all duced the ob_tacle of cost Is no longer in the way of • PECK'S IMPROVED CUSHIONED large proportion of our inventors patenting theirinven_ CUPATENTRE F��EDEAFEAR DRUM'S t e tlons abroad PA TENT HORSE SHOE MACHINE �:rtr�¥ lhe � �t d�� . FC>R. S.a..XII E. ::! c vHfnllyf:�o fe! a:!fo�bY;  CANAUA.-The cost of a patent in Canada is even t e r alwa.ys in pOSItion. All on e ati n and even whispers Pa�!�raJ��';r���j t�� WC���L��'?f,�O:de���: heard distlDctly. Send for illustratedrs book with testimoni­ less than the cost of a United States patent, and the :eIAState of Rbode Island, at the time of bis deceas had in als, FltEE. Address HISCOX, Broadway, former includes the Provinces of Ontario, Qnebec, �ew u id f t 'tv F. 858 N. Y. i£o��: gg�� �a�����,� lt�g���' pattei��7 Brunswick, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and' Mani. ��11 a �:r�gf r toba. ��1:����it g� �a� � ¥�;::Ir.���r,, �';,�ro'i- r, :fNg��fd''::t The·number of our patentees who avall themselves of pnblic auction for tbe purpose of settling the estate of e c the cheap and easy method now offered for obtaining �m���fuc�� l'�:.?tK'th� o�c�� �m�N. :l'te�,:d�: patents in Canada is very large, and Is .steadily Increas. Auctioneer,j� No. 27 Custom Honse Street, Providence, Ing. � atent was i.sued July 27, 1880, and is num· NU.-The new English law, which went into l:eied  JJ. ENGI,,\ Said patent and machine is an improvement in ma­ Mention this paper. Instant relief. Final cure in 10 da)'S1""d • never returns. No purge, no salve" no torce on Jan. 1st. 1885, enab:es parties to secure patents chines for the manufacture of horse shoes, whereby a PILUSCJ in Gteat Britain on very moderate terms. ABritish pa. bar of iron is fed to the machine from the furnace. 'llhe suppository. SufferersC. wiI1 learn of a simple remedy, bar is then creased, cut the desired length, formed into Free, by addressing J. MASON, 78 Nassau St., N. Y. tent includes England, Scotland, Wales,Ireland and tbe shoes, otherand hammered, beforeproperty passing from t.hemachine. Channel Islands. Great Britain Is the acknowledged The half of saidto Is owned by two per. financial andcommercial center of the world, and her sons, who will agree reasonable terms, with reliable fects of youthful partIes, for the development and use of said machine and WEAK- ENsuft'erors.ringfromearlydecay,thelostef-..... good� are sent to. ev�I2Jl.��_ ��o�e. AKQod patent. P. J. McCAItTHY, Executor, No. 19 College e manhood, etc. willsend a valuable treatis (sealed) ��1'...for cor. :southMain St., Providence, I 1nvention is likely to realize as 'mUCh the pa tentee Street-. of R. 1. TOcontaining full p Mculars for home cure, free Providence, R. I., February 20,1886. a of AddressProf.F,rti e il> England as bis United States patent produces for oharge, C. FOWLER,Moodus, Conn. him athl' 'lle, and the small cost now renders it possible PERFUMES.-A PAPER BY JACOB . for almost every patentee in this countl·y to secure a pa­ SHOEING HORSES.-ABSTRACT OF A Jesson, describing various article. used In perfumery, f:::perby Secretary Russell, of the Massachusetts State d a e t s ONXaYfo A QuIE'iiPe1'lDAMlllt well e tent in Great Britaiu, where his rights are as pro· ;�'i,:� : ��:f ���:::��f :e �T:-:����d �:i� �ure :�"e�� q��!��r: tected as In the United State�. p�� ��r,;cl'�l�&�er�'f.���. ,(\,� �t��e�� r::�over thlrt, ,ormu'as� for handkerch1ef extracts, wlt� • Proofs. Book sent seal� TIFIO AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 461. Price 10S'g cents.��� tbe cost4bl "ach. Contained In S" IENTIFW AMERICA" dlspu eOUN'J'ltIES.-Patents are also obtained To be had at tbis officeand from all newsdealers. SUPPLEM"!'IT.No. 41�. Price cents. To be had at . . tree. E MED, CO., BUFFALO, N.Y. onCI'!' very HI< reasonable: It terms in France, Belgium, Germany, this Officeand from all newsdealers.10 'M E N Austria, Russia. Italy. Spain (the latter Includes Cuba I -;.lIiI.��-�-_IIi.II."iiIi__ II.- and all the otber 8panish Colonies), Brazil, British Iudia, aluable I'n lentfor sale for producing Turkey Reds Australia, and tbe other British Colonies. V at less than half the cost and time of pre.ent process. I B a e e An experience of FORTY yeara has enabled the �!:\�g ����� S�:::'pI� '1'j����s W� 'll��o(���"a�� g; publishers of SCIENTIFIC Al\IEltICAN to establish W. Vickers,f"CJ Nicholas Lane, London, E. C, _ l'RE J. 5 • Whose Brain competent and trustwortby agencies In all the principal VITALITYEAor Po IswK rfalllrur , DRAINED ·""d COPPER WIRE ; HOW DRAWN.- AN EXHAUSTED PJU;!MA'l'URELY foreign countries, and It bas always been their alm to rfect an ia le cu W A8'I', Interesting description of the process of drawing copper E pW MEN1� reIn t ' have tbe business of the!.r clients promptly and proper. wire as £racttced at the celebrated works of Mouchel, at e IES o�natedW i;'France. Aube, polstborel, and Tlllieres, �'rance. Illustrated 'REN'filby·Prof. HelviA ' � Iy done and their intere.cs faithfully guarded. � New Catalogue of Valuable Papers Adopted all F :N n oontatoedIn SCIENTIFIC AMbatICAN SUPPLEMENT, sent by yaleians a A pamphlet containing a synopsis of the patent laws C treeoj charge o any address. .. s wl dly an

© 1886 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC [FEBRUARY 20, 1986.

RUBBER, BEL AND In!!lde Pace. each rtlon - - - t cents a line. TINe,ALL OTHER KINDSPAQKI OF NC, HO In.e. li SE, Back .Pqe, each Insertion ___81 .00 a line. (About eight words to. aline.) R.u:a ·:El E..R G-C>C>DS, THE AflnI�AN�ELL TELErH�NE��. lilngrq/oings may 11eOO advertl8ementa at the 8amB rate FOR 95 MILK ST" per line by '1lUl(!8Urement, the lettar BOSTON, �. Q8 press. ' Adver­ MECHANICAL tisemen s be receivedat p!dilicatton ojJloe eat'ly AND MANUFACTURING PURPOSES. t must 08 The Lureest ancl Most Extensive Manufactnrers in AlDericn. Thursday ppear next This Company owns. he Letters Patent 08 morning to a in i88U/J, � granted to Alexander Graham Bell, March THE aUTNewTA York.PEReHA Chlcalro, AND "'an Francisco, RUBBER 'l'oronto. MF G. CO., 7th, 1876, No. 174,465, and January 30th, 1877, No. 186, ENGINEERING PROGRESS IN 1884.- 787. ltenortof the 18th Annual Convention of the American The transmission of Speech by all known \v.'JOHlfS' Society of Civil Engineers. Contained In SCIESTIFIC It forms of Electric Speaking *lA&�S{lO-Sl< AMERICAN SOPPLEMICN ]So.49S. Price cents. To Telephones in­ Roof!.ng, Building Felt, be had. at this ofllce'and fromr all neWSdealers.10 Steam Packings, Boiler Ooverings. fringes the right secured to this Company Fire Proof Paints, Cements. Etc. by the above patents, and renders each Samples DescriptivePrice Lists Free and . individual user of telephones not furnish­ H. W, JOHNS M'F'G CO" 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. Y. A NEW HYDRAULIC MOTOR.-FULL t 75 Randolph St" Chicago I 170 N. 4th St" Philadelphia. deSCription, with nine illustrative ligures, of novel ed by it or its licensees responsible for such ls a �lh�:> �s�:: <'5gneKn�l'lnY�E�':IF�rtr��fl �f� unlawful use, and all the consequences J'. O. '�ODD, flUPPLEMENT, No. 463. Price 10 cents. To be had at thereof. and liable to suit therefor Manufacturer. AERIAL NAVIGATION.·- D ESCRIP- this officeand from all neWSdealers. . a tlon and illustration of a new aeronautic machine, de- k r e t e THE RESOURCES OF a:.l l' lJl�I:?M ���rne�P�te�;' ��! 8�I�r;��·�ea� !�r:.iln� 'g����in�\ � S�Ie:� POINTERS for Users of Steam Pumps. ALASKA.-AN gines, 'Wollers. etc. Soie Agent for TIFIOri!:,�8 c�AM ERICAN SUPPLIfJ;IIll.as possible abstruse terms. To every Intelllgent mind, four, six, and two half horse power this journal alfords a constant supply of instructive ' A .I BORDEN, �LLECK & CO., {MIl.�::M�rs.} Chicago, IlL Edgerton Motors. MANLY & COOPER reading. It is promotive of knowledge and progress In MFG.FOR SALE.• Street and Elm Avenue, Philadelphia. Co 42d every communIty where It circulates. SLATE ROOF COVERlbms.-BY JOHN Tel'msof Subocl'iPtion.-one copy of the SCIEN­ r AND FiNE GRAf IM.VN il"L\(\ ST E[L , Slater. 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