Theses Abstracts : 2017 (Post Graduate theses submitted to UAS Dharwad, UAS Raichur, UHS Bagalkot and UAHS Shivamogga)

Year of publication : January, 2018

Pages : 246 + 4

Copies : 750

Copy right : University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India

Compiled and edited by : Dr. S. T. Naik, Dean (PGS), UAS, Dharwad

Dr. M. G. Patil, Dean (PGS), UAS, Raichur

Dr. N. Basavaraj, Dean (PGS), UHS, Bagalkot

Dr. T. S. Vageesh, Dean (PGS), UAHS, Shivamogga

Dr. Y. R. Aladakatti, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS, Dharwad

Dr. Pramod Katti, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS, Raichur

Dr. Y. K. Kotikal, Editor, Publication Centre, UAS, Bagalkot

Dr. K. C. Shashidhar, Editor, University Communication Centre, UAHS, Shivamogga

Publisher : Director of Education UAS, Dharwad - 580 005, Karnataka, India

DTP and Typesetting : DTP Unit Publication Centre, Directorate of Education University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad - 580 005 CONTENTS

Sl. No. Particulars Page No.

I. Theses Abstracts of UAS, Dharwad 1. Abstracts of Doctor of Philosophy ...... 01-20 2. Abstracts of Master of Sciences ...... 21-109 II. Theses Abstracts of UAS, Raichur 1. Abstracts of Doctor of Philosophy ...... 110-118 2. Abstracts of Master of Sciences ...... 119-157 III. Theses Abstracts of UHS, Bagalkot 1. Abstracts of Doctor of Philosophy ...... 158-164 2. Abstracts of Master of Sciences ...... 165-211 IV. Theses Abstracts of UAHS, Shivamogga 1. Abstracts of Doctor of Philosophy ...... 212-216 2. Abstracts of Master of Sciences ...... 217-246 ABSTRACTS OF THESES Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees in the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2017 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY A. CROP SCIENCES GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Genetic analysis of the traits related to mechanical harvesting in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) B. M. SHRIDEVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RUDRA NAIK

The present study was undertaken during rabi and kharif seasons ICCX 40183 and ICCX 40111 and for yield related traits RVSSG 9, of 2011-13 at Botany Garden, Department of Genetics and Plant BGD 1068 and Phule G 0215-2 were found promising. Crosses like Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad for assessing AT 2-3 x RVSSG 10 and Phule G 0215-2 x ICCX 40111 were found the genetic variability, inter-character association, diversity, nature superior for most of the mechanical harvesting traits. For productivity of gene action and identifying potential cross combinations for the traits, crosses like GJG 0907 x BGD 1070, GJG 0907 x BG 256 and traits related to mechanical harvesting and yield attributes in RVSSG 9 x ICCX 40111 exhibited significant sca effects. Among 36 chickpea. The material comprised of 58 genetically diverse genotypes crosses, seventeen were evaluated for generation mean analysis. obtained from AICRP on chickpea, UAS, Dharwad and ICRISAT, The magnitude of non-additive gene action was predominant in Hyderabad. The study revealed considerable variability and nature for most of the traits studied suggesting development of heritability for majority of traits. Correlation studies indicated multiple crosses and raising of large segregating populations followed highly significant negative relationship between productivity traits by intermating of desired segregants for enhancing the frequency of and traits related to mechanical harvesting. D2 analysis revealed additive genes. Based on the combining ability studies and that number of seeds per plant and seed yield per plant contributed performance of F2 crosses, segregants of crosses viz., AT 2-3 x maximum to the divergence. Among 58, twelve genetically diverse ICCX 40111, RVSSG 9 x RVSSG 10 and RVSSG 9 x BG 256 were genotypes were selected for developing cross combinations in L x T found to be potential for combining mechanical harvesting and design. For the traits related to mechanical harvesting, genotypes productivity traits.

Genetic studies related to biofortification and grain quality in Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor Moench L.) SHILPA MALAGHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. KAJJIDONI

A comprehensive study to understand the genetics of biofortification ability analysis (11 Lines x 8 Testers) revealed that plant height, 100 with micronutrients (Fe and Zn) was undertaken from 2013-16 at All seed weight and grain Fe content were observed to be governed by India Co-ordinated Sorghum Improvement Project, Main Agriculture additive gene action, whereas grain zinc content, grain and fodder yield Research Station, UAS, Dharwad among 134diverse lines of rabi were under non-additive genetic control. Among parents, SEVS-8, Barsi 2 sorghum. High estimates of GCV, PCV hbs and GAM were obtained Jawar, Madhabavi local, and DSV-4 were good general combiners for for most of the grain yield component traits along with nutritional (Fe grain yield whereas, lines SEVS-8 and Lingasgur-2 for grain Fe and Zn and Zn) and an anti-nutritional (phytate) traits in sorghum. Physiological content, respectively. Crosses Barsi Jawar x CSV-18, Kodamurki Local and root morphological basis for grain micronutrients among 25 x DSV-4, Barsi Jawar x Phule Revati and Madhabavi Local x CSV-18 genotypes selected based on preliminary screening for grain Fe and Zn were good specific combiners for grain yield with high per se performance was done. Grain micronutrient contents were significant positively for both grain yield and micronutrient content (>35 mg/kg of Fe and correlated with flag leaf chlorophyll content and stay green traits. Grain >30 mg/kg of Zn). Best crosses SEVS-8 x IS-5094 (44.12 mg/kg) for Fe, Zn content was significant positively associated with root volume, Lingasgur-2 x IS-5094 (39.56 mg/kg) and Madabhavi Local x IS-5094 spread, and dry weight, indicating the importance of these traits to be (38.54 mg/kg) for Zn can be utilized for developing micronutrient rich considered while breeding for yield and nutrition in sorghum. Combining genotypes to fight with hidden hunger.

Genetic analysis of resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) DEEPA P. SALUNKE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. KENCHANAGOUDAR

The present investigation was carried out in MARS, Dharwad to recorded stable resistance hence these were used for hybridization study the inheritance of resistance to Aspergillus flavus and improve with GPBD-5 (2976.15 µg/kg) and TGLPS-3 (3408.10 µg/kg) to the agronomic traits with resistance in F3 generation during summer generate segregating population for further studies. Inheritance

2013-14 to 2015-16. A total number of 388 genotypes were screened studies were conducted in F2 and confirmed in backcross and F3 by in vitro spore spray and pin prick methods. Among them two generation. Character association and variability studies of lines ICGV-02266 (3.23 µg/kg) and ICGV-02207 (6.25 µg/kg) Aspergillus flavus seed colonization and infection resistance with

1 other traits was done in F3 generation. In all four crosses, segregation colonization and infection in F3 generations for identification of ratio of 3 resistant: 13 susceptible was obtained in F2 population superior lines with resistance. Higher magnitude of GCV, PCV and for Aspergillus flavus seed colonization resistance. The segregation high heritability coupled with high genetic advance over mean was ratio of backcross and F3 populations confirmed the role of inhibitory observed for resistance to A. flavus seed colonization, pod yield gene interaction. The inheritance ratio of 1 resistant: 15 susceptible and kernel yield in all the four crosses. Five promising resistant F3 was observed for Aspergillus flavus seed infection in all four F2 progenies (Line no. 10, 18, 318, 246 and 15) from four crosses as populations, which was further confirmed in backcross and F3 they recorded less than 11.5 µg/kg aflatoxin content for seed coat populations indicating the role of duplicate dominant gene interaction. and cotyledon resistance are potential source for aflatoxin resistance Correlation and variability were studied for yield, A. flavus seed along with better yield traits compared to checks.

SNP based linkage mapping and QTL analysis for fibre quality and yield traits in Cotton Gossypium barbadense L. N. V. MOHAN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. S. KATAGERI

An investigation was undertaken to know the gene action and QTLs exhibited complimentary epistasis. The 63 K Illumina Infinium SNP responsible for fibre quality and yield traits in Gossypium barbadense bead chip used for genotyping, found 525 homozygous polymorphic

(extra long staple cotton). 1329 F2, 174 B1 and 185 B2 plants were markers between parents. These polymorphic markers were used in generated from true F plants of diverse parents, Suvin and BCS 23- 1 genotyping of 185 F2 plants. Linkage map was constructed with

18-7 in 2015-16, were evaluated along with parents and F1 during 460 SNP loci on 21 chromosomes spanning 1219.4 cM with an kharif 2016-17 at the Main Agriculture Research Station, Dharwad. average marker density of 2.7 cM at LOD value of 5.0. Single marker

F1 plants were confirmed thorough polymorphic SSR markers at the analysis and composite interval mapping revealed 162 and 29 QTLs Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, explaining phenotypic variation in the range of 6.29 to 16.96 and Dharwad. igh variability was observed in the segregating populations 0.4 to 28.0 per cent, respectively. Whole genome re-sequencing and top 20 transgressive segregants (104.02 to 169.46 per cent higher assembled 1.98 Gb and 1.99 Gb scaffold from Suvin and BCS23-18-7, seed cotton yield than BCS 23-18-7) were selected. Segregants, F179 respectively; identified 10,110,752 and 1,020,162 homozygous and F205 recorded higher strength of 38.3 and 38.8 g/tex with 215 and polymorphic SNP markers with reference to G. hirsutum and 150.5 g seed cotton yield, respectively. Six generation mean analysis G. barbadense, respectively. This will be helpful for saturating linkage indicated duplicate gene action for most of the traits except monopodia map and QTL analysis in the immortal mapping population per plant, sympodia per plant, fibre length and micronaire value developed by this cross.

Studies on genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of spot blotch disease [Bipolaris sorokiniana (SACC.) Shoemaker] resistance in tetraploid wheat species C. K. CHETHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RUDRA NAIK

The present investigation was carried out during rabi, 2014-15 at of Bipolaris sorokiniana at different time points after inoculations the Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Arabhavi, UAS, Dharwad. was studied. The histopathological studies revealed that six host

The six generation (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1 and B2) mean analysis was resistant components viz., number of trichomes on leaves, number used to study the gene action for spot blotch disease resistance in of spore per lesion, spore germination, lesion size and lesion four durum and two dicoccum crosses. High GCV, PCV, heritability frequency were differed in resistant and susceptible genotypes. The and GAM were observed for seed yield, disease severity and expression stability of five housekeeping genes were analyzed by AUDPC. The disease severity (%) and AUDPC were negatively Bestkeeper, gNORM, NormFinder and comprehensive ranking associated with seed yield and its components. The duplicate gene methods suggested that CDC 48 was found most stable and used as action and additive × dominance genetic effects were played an reference gene for quantitative RT-PCR. The relative expression important role in genetic control of spot blotch resistance. The profiling of defense related genes during spot blotch infection were higher percentage of transgressive segregants for disease resistance analyzed and showed significant up regulation of pathogenesis were observed in F2 population of durum cross Bijaga Yellow × related (PR) genes, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene biosynthesis NIDW-295 (15.56%) and in dicoccum cross DDK-1025 × DDK- and transcription factor genes at early stages of infection in NIDW- 50044 (11.00%). The highly susceptible Bijaga Yellow and resistant 295 (Resistant) compared to Bijaga Yellow (Susceptible) implying NIDW-295 genotypes were analyzed for host pathogen interaction their role in the defense response against spot blotch infection in studies at histopathological and molecular level. The infection pattern tetraploid wheat.

2 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY QTL mapping and marker-assisted breeding for late leaf spot and rust resistance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) ROHINI MAHALING KOLEKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH S. BHAT QTL mapping and marker-assisted breeding (MAB) were attempted both the populations. Five and eight major QTL were identified for to improve late leaf spot (LLS) and rust resistance in groundnut. An LLS and rust resistance from TAG 24 × GPBD 4 with a maximum improved linkage map of 1742.44 cM with 20 linkage groups and Phenotypic Variance Explained (PVE) of 92.34 per cent and 284 markers (193 SSR and 91 AhTE) was constructed from the 84.37 per cent, respectively. Same number of QTL were detected for recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of TAG 24 × GPBD 4. An improved LLS and rust resistance from TG 26 × GPBD 4 with the highest PVE map of 1230.77 cM with 221 markers (172 SSR and 49 AhTE) was of 92.55 per cent and 87.40 per cent, respectively. From MAB using constructed from the RILs of TG 26 × GPBD 4. From these maps, a the recurrent parents (TMV 2 and JL 24) and the donors (GPBD 4, consensus map of 1727.39 cM was constructed using 348 (239 SSRs ICGV 86699, ICGV 99005, IL 1 and IL 2), three advanced (BC1F4 and and 109 AhTE) markers. The RILs were field evaluated for LLS and BC3F6) backcross lines; two (TMG–29 and TMG–46) from TMV 2 rust resistance during 2014 and 2015. Single marker analysis and QTL and one (J8–18) from JL 24 were identified as resistant to LLS and rust analysis with the phenotypic data from 11 seasons (2004-2015) detected with higher productivity. Two of these lines have been proposed for multi- the association of GM2301, GM2009, GM1536, IPAHM103, location trial for variety development. Eleven F4 lines were also GM2079, AhTE0498 and AhTE0621 with LLS and rust resistance in selected from the straight crosses of TMV 2 × GPBD 4 and JL 24 × GPBD 4. Evaluation of γγγ-ray irradiated seed derived progenies and germplasm for plant growth, fruit quality traits, bacterial blight resistance and analysis of marker trait association in Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) DADEPEER A. PEERAJADE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYAN MOGER

Present study was conducted during mrig bahar and ambe bahar of the traits. Twenty genotypes were found superior to check 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 at the Horticulture Research and varieties with respect to fruit quality traits. Among which only ten Extension Station, Vijayapur, University of Horticultural Sciences, genotypes were found superior over best check variety Bhagwa Bagalkot to generate information on variability of Xanthomonas (25) and remaining ten genotypes found superior over Ganesh and axonopodis pv. punicae, identifying virulent strain and to evaluate Ruby. The genotype PK10-190 and PK15-41 scored the maximum 475 -irradiated seed derived progenies of pomegranate (cv. Bhagwa index score (28/45) followed by PG10-37, PK10-59 and PK20-47 and Ganesh) and germplasm planted in augmented design. The with index score of 27 points. Two genotypes (PK10-59 and irradiated seeds at different doses (10, 15 20 and 25 kR) produced PK15-48) were found to be with low bacterial blight disease severity dwarf plants, stunted growth, variation in plant growth, fruit quality of 32.43 and 30.16 per cent, respectively as compared to Bhagwa traits and bacterial blight disease resistance. Four isolates of (68.95%). Marker trait association (MTA) was performed with X. axonopodis pv. punicae were characterized with 16s rRNA, gyrB, 125 SSR markers revealed many significant associations between ERIC, BOX and Rep-PCR. Among the collected isolates, Xap I was the markers and traits. The marker (EPS-10) is common marker more virulent and used to screen the genotypes of the pomegranate showing association with bacterial blight disease resistance, leaf for the bacterial blight resistance on leaves both in vivo and in vitro length, leaf breadth, acidity and maturity index. The markers (pg14a, during the mrig bahar. Significant amount of variability was found b & c) associated with fruit diameter, fruit weight, total aril weight among the genotypes and genotype χ season interaction for majority and 100 aril weight. Analysis of taxonomic, agronomic, productivity and nutritional traits, and resistance to foliar diseases for their association with TE markers in Groundnut HAKE ANIL ARJUN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH S. BHAT An attempt was made to identify the marker-trait associations for AhTE0572 governed oleic acid (R2 15.1 %). Two genic markers taxonomic, agronomic, productivity, resistance to foliar diseases and (AhTE0357 and AhTE0391) with AhMITE1 activity in the genes nutritional traits in groundnut using AhTE marker data and two season Araip.TG1BL (B02 chromosome) and Aradu.7N61X (A09 (kharif-2014 and 2015) phenotypic data generated at IABT garden at chromosome) respectively showed strong linkage with taxonomic, UAS Dharwad using 432 RILs derived from a biparental cross (TMV agronomic and nutritional traits. Using the mutant population, 132 2 × TMV 2-NLM) and 98 independent mutants. Though the RAD- highly significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) represented by Sequencing data showed very high genome similarity between TMV 58 AhTE markers were identified for 39 traits. Nutritional traits 2 and TMV 2-NLM in terms of SNPs and CNVs, they differed recorded the highest number of MTAs (38), followed by agronomic significantly for taxonomic, agronomic, and productivity traits. A (35), productivity (31), foliar disease resistance (23) and taxonomic genetic linkage map of 1,205.66 cM was constructed from the RILs traits (5). AhTE0050 showed strong association with the number of using 91 markers. Single marker analysis detected major markers for primary branches in both the RIL and mutant population, indicating 18 traits across the years. AhTE0357, AhTE0391 and AhTE0523 the scope of its application in selections. The AhTE markers linked/ were associated with days to 50 per cent flowering, oleic acid, and associated with the important traits could help in gene discovery and eicosenoic acid, respectively. QTL analysis detected seven major QTL functional analysis. Thirty one superior RILs (15) and mutants (16) regions for 22 traits across the years. The QTL AhTE0357-AhTE0050 identified in this study could be developed into new commercial governed days to 50 per cent flowering (R2 22.0 %) while AhTE0391- varieties. 3 Molecular interaction between rhizobacteria and root pathogens in Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) and Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) K. P. ROOPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. U. KRISHNARAJ

The major limitation in crop production is diseases and pests. Among isolates elevated the secretion of these enzymes and induced ISR in the plant diseases, the most deleterious soilborne diseases in recent groundnut and brinjal in presence of respective root pathogens. Sixteen years are southern blight caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in groundnut and isolates were biochemically characterized for their plant growth bacterial wilt disease in brinjal caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. The promotional and antiphytopathogenic activities such as IAA, GA, traditional control measures are fully not effective and recently, the phosphate solubilization, ammonia, chitinase, HCN production and management of root pathogens by induction of plant’s natural defence almost all isolates exhibited the activities. Finally, the transcriptional using non-pathogenic microorganisms, referred to as induced systemic analysis, using SSH1 studies involving inoculation of AUDP48 and resistance (ISR) is gaining importance. Initially for in vitro screening, S.rolfsii in groundnut and SSH2 involving inoculation of AUDT 59 and 391 and 314 rhizobacteria were screened against S.rolfsii and R.solanacearum in brinjal realized in identification of 167 and 137 well R.solanacearum and found better inhibition by 12 and 8 isolates annotated genes, respectively. Together these transcripts were grouped respectively. These promising isolates were used for in vivo experiments into twelve functional categories, major group includes, genes related to against S.rolfsii in groundnut and R.solanacearum in brinjal and revealed disease, wound and defence, protein and carbohydrate metabolism. that AUDP 48 and AUDT 59 showed highest disease reduction of 33.3 The results indicates AUDP48 and AUDT 59 controls groundnut and 30.67 per cent, respectively and improved growth parameters of southern blight and brinjal wilt disease respectively through the the plants. Further defence enzymes were checked in plants such as mediation of Induces systemic resistance mechanism in the respective PAL, PO, PPO, phenol and results indicated AUDP48 and AUDP 59 plants.

AGRONOMY

Precision water and nutrient management in sugarcane BASAVARAJ PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. HIREMATH Field experiment was conducted to study the response of sugarcane and ratoon crop, respectively. The higher target yield level of -1 to irrigation methods (I1-sub-surface drip, I2-surface drip and I3- 300 t ha has recorded significantly higher cane (246 and -1 -1 -1 -1 furrow irrigation) and target yield levels (S1-200 I ha , S2- 250 t ha , 153 t ha ), sugar (30.74 and 19.07 t ha ) yields, net return -1 ` ` -1 S3-300 t ha and S4-RDF) during 2013-15 and 2015-16 at Agricultural ( 3,52.019 and 2.19.083 ha ) and BCR (3.51 and 3.51) than Research Station, Mudhol. Grid wise soil analysis indicated that RDF. IISJ treatment combination recorded significantly higher cane the soils were alkaline in reaction, normal in electrical conductivity yield (26S and 179 t ha-1), sugar yield (33.43 and 22.24 t ha-1), net and low to medium in organic carbon content. The study area was return (` 3,90.949 and ` 2.60,581 ha-1) and BCR (3.70 and 3.69). low to medium in available nitrogen (93-332 kg ha-1), phosphorus Significant build up of available NPK increased with increase in (10-29 kg ha-1) and high in available potassium (273-1,208 kg ha-1). target yield levels. The drip irrigation saved 60.70 and 71.6 per cent Among the irrigation methods, significantly higher cane yield (224 of irrigation water during plant and ratoon crop, respectively as and 137 t ha-1), sugar yield (27.90 and 16.91 t ha-1), net return compared to surface irrigation. I1Sj combination recorded higher water (` 3.07.510 and ` 1,85,291 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (BCR) (3.16 use efficiency (3.71 and 4.14 t ha-cm-1) followed by I2S3 combination and 3.06) was obtained in sub-surface drip irrigation in both plant (3.57 and 3.72 t ha-cm-1) in plant and ratoon crop, respectively. Effect of treated and untreated domestic waste water and fertilizer levels on the performance of Tomato-Palak sequence cropping RAHUL K. SUTAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ANGADI

A study on effect of treated and untreated domestic wastewater and (` 5,51,571 ha-1) and BC ratio (6.18) and was on par with treated fertilizer levels on the performance of tomato-palak sequence cropping wastewater + 100 per cent RDF’. The residual effect of untreated was undertaken during late rabi season of 2014 and 2015 at University wastewater resulted in significantly higher total green leaf yield of of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment comprised of four palak (190.90 q ha-1), net returns (` 28,129 ha-1) and B:C ratio (1.87). irrigation sources (I1- treated domestic wastewater, l2- fresh water, The residual effect of 100 per cent RDF resulted in significantly higher -11 ` -1 I3 untreated domestic wastewater alternated with fresh water and total green leaf yield of palak (231.75 q ha ), net returns ( 41,725 ha )

I4- untreated domestic wastewater) and four fertilizer levels (0, 50, 75 and BC ratio (2.28). Similar trend was noticed with the residual effect and 100% RDF). Irrigation with untreated wastewater recorded of untreated wastewater + 100 per cent RDF. The increase in fruit yield significantly higher fruit yield of tomato (58.20 t ha’1), net returns was 15.77 per cent with application of untreated domestic wastewater (` 4,23,300 ha-1) and BC ratio (5.24) and was on par with treated as compared to fresh water. However, 46.03 per cent increase m fruit wastewater. Application of 100 per cent RDF recorded significantly yield was noticed with 100 per cent RDF as compared to absolute higher fruit yield of tomato (68.81 t ha-1), net returns (` 5,11,964 ha-1) control. Similarly, the increase in fruit yield was 57.88 per cent with and BC ratio (5.81). Untreated wastewater + 100 per cent RDF recorded application of untreated domestic wastewater + 100 per cent RDF as significantly higher fruit yield of tomato (73.30 t ha-1), net returns compared to fresh water application without fertilizers.

4 Management of lodging in dicoccum wheat using plant growth regulators SUJATHA M. GULED MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. ARAVINDKUMAR

Two field experiments were conducted during rabi season of 2009 and (70.3 cm), stem length (60.60 cm), but, recorded higher number of 2010 in deep vertisol at Agricultural Research Station, Madurakhandi productive tillers (390 m2), test weight (37.8 g) and harvest index of Jamakhandi taluka, Bagalkot district, UAS, Dharwad. In the first (42.3%). The interaction of growth regulators and genotypes showed experiment it was aimed to induce lodging tolerance using growth that, use of ethephon at 30 ppm recorded significantly higher grain regulators to enhance yield in dicoccum wheat varieties (DDK-1029 yield (2,780 kg ha-1), straw yield (3.96 t ha-1), panicle weight (92.0 g and Mudhol local) in a RCBD with factorial concept with three plant-1) and harvest index (47.5%) in DDK-1029 than Mudhol local. In replications. In the second experiment, it was planned to identify a the second experiment, between degrees of artificial lodging, 450 bending critical crop growth stage susceptible to artificial lodging leading to recorded significantly higher grain yield (1,987 kg ha-1) compared to yield loss and yield structure modification in dicoccum wheat variety 900 (1,796 kg ha-1). Among stages, artificial lodging at mealy ripe stage Mudhol local in a split plot design with main plot having degrees of gave significantly lower grain yield of 1,681 kg ha-1 compared to before artificial lodging (450 and 900) at four feekes stages (FS 10.3, 10.52, heading stage (2,201 kg ha-1) and conventional practice (2,082 kg ha-1). 11.3 and 11.2) and a control. Treatment combinations were replicated The interactions between degrees and stages of artificial lodging showed thrice. In the first experiment, the growth regulator ethephon @ that the grain yield with 450 compared to 900 bending were significantly 30 ppm significantly increased the grain yield (2,700 kg ha-1) compared higher at before heading (2385 kg ha-1), but, it was on par with to control (1,910 kg ha-1) by significantly reducing the plant height conventional treatment (2,082 kg ha-1).

Response of plant and ratoon Sugarcane (Saccharum Spp.) to methods and levels of fertilizer application with split application of potassium G. MADHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. HALIKATTI

A field experiment was conducted at S. Nijalingappa Sugar Institute, 50 per cent at earthing up recorded significantly higher cane yield Belagavi having medium black soil. Experiment was laid out in split- (109.51 t ha-1), SCW (1.29 kg), NMC (91.54 thousands ha-1), net split plot design with two controls consisting three methods of returns (¹ 1,28,367 ha-1) and B: C (2.45) as compared to all as basal. fertilizer application as main plot, three fertilizer levels as sub plot Among interactions, application of 100 per cent RDF in plough sole and two split application of potassium as sub-sub plot. Fertilizers method along with vermicompost and potassium applied in two equal applied through plough sole with vermicompost recorded significantly splits at planting and earthing up (M3F3K2) recorded significantly higher cane yield (113.56 t ha-1), single cane weight (1.32 kg), number higher cane yield (142.84 t ha-1), SCW (1.51 kg), NMC (108.31 of millable canes (98.07 thousands ha-1), net returns (` 1,43, 912 ha-1) thousands ha-1), net returns (` 1,86,844 ha-1) and B:C (2.89) compared and B:C (2.46) compared to surface application. Application of to RPP and other interactions. In ratoon crop, similar trend was -1 250:75:190 kg NPK ha recorded significantly higher cane yield observed as that of plant crop. The interaction, M3F3K2 recorded (122.60 t ha-1), SCW (1.42 kg), NMC (103.24 thousands ha-1), net significantly higher cane yield (117.40 t ha-1), SCW (1.24 kg), NMC returns (` 1, 50,725 ha-1) and B:C (2.62) compared to lower fertilizer (99.13 thousands ha-1), net returns (` 1,63,594 ha-1) and B:C (3.25) levels. Split application of potassium, 50 per cent as basal and compared to RPP and other interactions.

Effect of land configuration and deficit irrigation on growth, yield and water productivity of maize-cowpea sequence cropping HANAMANT M. HALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ANGADI

A field experiment was conducted during summer and kharif 2015 irrigation at 50 per cent depletion recorded significantly higher maize and 2016 to study the effect of land configurations and deficit equivalent yield (100 q ha-1) and system net return (‘ 94,253 ha-1) as irrigation on growth, yield and water productivity of maize-cowpea compared to other interactions. However, it was on par with ridges sequence cropping at the Main Agriculture Research Station, and furrow method with irrigation at 40 per cent DASM. The residual University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. The effect of BBF method of planting recorded significantly higher grain experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications yield (13.4 q ha-1), net return (‘ 27,515 ha-1) and rain water use comprising twelve treatment combinations. The treatments included efficiency (5.96 kg ha-mm-1) of cowpea. The amount of water used three land configurations viz., Broad bed and furrow (BBF), varied from 329.3 to 626.2 mm among different interactions. corrugated furrow and ridges and furrow methods with four irrigation Significantly higher water productivity (1.68 kg m-3) was noticed in levels [(irrigation once in ten days, irrigation at 40, 50 and 60 per BBF method of planting with irrigation at 60 per cent DASM. cent depletion of available soil moisture (DASM)]. The results However, this interaction was on par with corrugated furrow method revealed that, ridges and furrow method of planting recorded at 50 per cent DASM (1.66 kg m-3) as compared to the rest of the significantly higher maize grain yield (70.6 q ha-1). Similarly, irrigation interactions. The results indicated that, irrigation scheduling with at 40 per cent depletion recorded significantly higher maize grain corrugated furrow at 50 per cent DASM found superior for maize- yield (69.6 q ha-1). Corrugated furrow method of planting with cowpea sequence cropping.

5 Performance of Sugarcane based intercropping systems under wide row spacings SEEMANTINI NADIGER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. S. HUNSHAL

Effect of row spacing and intercrops on plant and ratoon cane was in sugarcane at 1.2 m + onion. Ratoon at 1.2 m row spacing recorded evaluated during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at the K. J. Somaiya Institute of significantly higher NMC (1,00,953 ha-1), cane yield (67 t ha-1), sucrose Applied Agricultural Research (KIAAR), Sameerwadi, Karnataka. The content (16.9%), purity (87.6%) and CCS % (11.7 %). However, plant experiment consisted of 15 treatments in plant cane (three row spacings and ratoon cane yields did not differ significantly due to intercropping i.e., 1.2 m, 2.4 m paired row and 3.6 m paired row, three intercrops systems. MAI (1,66,755), net returns (` 2,05,155 ha-1) and B:C (2.14) soybean, greenpea and onion and three sole crops of sugarcane and were higher in sugarcane at 1.2 m + greenpea fb watermelon. Total intercrops) and 23 treatments in ratoon cane (intercropped plots were productivity of the intercropping systems showed that sugarcane at divided into two subplots to intercrops watermelon and cucumber, 1.2 m + greenpea fb ratoon + cucumber produced higher combined cane sole crops of watermelon and cucumber and sole sugarcane at three yield (187 t ha-1) along with 9 q ha-1 of greenpea and 44 q ha-1 of spacings). Plant cane was harvested at 17 months whereas ratoon at 12 cucumber. Higher net returns (`3,73,347 ha-1) were obtained in sugarcane months. Plant cane produced significantly higher NMC (1,34,717 ha-1) at 1.2 m + onion fb ratoon + watermelon. Higher B:C was obtained in and cane yield (110 t ha-1) at 1.2 m row spacing. The higher MAI sugarcane at 1.2 m + onion fb ratoon + cucumber (3.87) and sugarcane (1,32,010), net returns (` 2,09,745 ha-1) and B:C (1.98) were obtained at 1.2 m + greenpea fb ratoon + watermelon (3.87).

Agronomic fortification with zinc and iron, nutrient management and planting geometry on yield and quality of Sweet corn FAKEERAPPA ARABHANVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. K. HULIHALLI

-1 -1 Two field experiments on agronomic fortification of sweet corn with (10 kg each ha ) fortified with FYM (500 kg ha ) along with foliar zinc and iron and effect of planting geometry and fertilizer levels on application of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 (1.0% each) at 20 and 40 DAS. growth and yield of sweet corn were conducted in split plot design Significantly higher fresh cob yield with husk (321.4 q ha-1), fresh replicated thrice at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University fodder yield (606.75 q ha-1), net return (` 2,84,507 ha-1), benefit cost of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2015 and 2016. Soil ratio (5.13) and quality parameters viz., reducing sugar (3.65 %) non- -1 application of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 (10 kg each ha ) fortified with reducing sugar (5.91%) and total soluble solids (14.55%) were recorded -1 vermicompost (250 kg ha ) along with foliar application of ZnSO4 with interaction of planting geometry of 60 cm × 15 cm along with -1 and FeSO4 (1.0% each) at 20 and 40 DAS recorded significantly higher higher fertilizer level (125:60:25 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha ). Soil application 1 -1 fresh cob yield with husk (324.9 q ha ), fresh fodder yield (632.5 q of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 (10 kg each ha ) fortified with vermicompost -1 -1 -1 ha ), fresh cob weight with husk (381.7 g cob ), without husk (299.7 (250 kg ha ) along with foliar application of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 (1.0% g cob-1), total dry matter (226.6 g plant-1), zinc and iron concentration each) at 20 and 40 DAS and planting geometry of 60 cm × 15 cm ` -1 -1 in grain and fodder, net return ( 2,67,646 ha ) and benefit cost ratio along with higher fertilizer level (125:60:25 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha )

(4.88), which was on par with soil application of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 recorded higher yield and net return with better quality.

Response of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) varieties to methods of irrigation and graded levels of fertilizer SUNIL A. SATYAREDDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ANGADI

A field experiment was conducted during 2012-13 and 2013-14 to rhizomes yield (3.59 t ha-1). Pratibha variety resulted in higher curcumin study the response of turmeric varieties to methods of irrigation and content (6.30 %) and curcumin yield (201.1 kg ha-1). Application of -1 graded levels of fertilizer at Agricultural Research Station, Kalloli, 270:135:180 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha resulted in higher cured finger using split-split plot design replicated thrice. Treatment comprised rhizomes (3.51 t ha-1) and curcumin yield (178.5 kg ha-1) which was -1 of irrigation methods in main plot (Drip, Ridges and furrow and on par with 225:112.5:135 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha . Drip irrigation at Sprinkler each at 50 per cent depletion of available soil moisture- 50 per cent DASM with cv. Cudappah and 270:135:180 kg -1 DASM), genotypes in sub plot (cv. Cuddapah and cv. Pratibha and N:P2O5:K2O ha recorded significantly higher cured finger rhizomes graded levels of fertilizer in sub-sub plot (180:90:90, 225:112.5:135 yield (4.07 t ha-1) and WUE (282.4 kg ha-cm-1). Drip irrigation at 50 -1 and 270:135:180 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha ) with one control (Furrow per cent DASM with cv. Pratibha and 270:135:180 kg N:P2O5: -1 -1 irrigation at weekly interval with cv. Cuddapah and application of K2O ha recorded higher curcumin yield (241.5 kg ha ), BC ratio -1 ` -1 180:90:90 kg N:P2O5:K2O ha ). Drip irrigation at 50 per cent DASM (2.71) and net return ( 2.83 lakh ha ) which was on par with drip -1 recorded significantly higher cured finger rhizomes (3.67 t ha ) and irrigation at 50 per cent DASM with 225:112.5:135 kg N:P2O5: -1 -1 curcumin yield (188.2 kg ha ) and water use efficiency (WUE) of K2O ha cv. Pratibha and cv. Cudappah. Results indicated that irrespective 258.5 kg ha-cm-1 with water saving of 31.6 per cent over control. of the varieties, drip irrigation with application of 225:112.5:135 kg -1 Cudappah variety was superior over cv. Pratibha in cured finger N:P2O5:K2O ha resulted in higher yield and economics.

6 Nutrient management practices in Sunflower through soil and foliar application G. RAVISHANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LOKANATH H. MALLIGAWAD

Field experiments were conducted under protective irrigation during significantly higher seed yield (2,233 kg ha-1), oil yield (905 kg ha-1), rabi 2012-13 and 2013-14 at the Agricultural Research Station, Hagari, net returns (` 31,680 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.19). Interaction of RDF Ballari on medium deep black soils. The first experiment comprised + FYM @ 8 t ha-1 along with foliar application of 19:19:19 @ 2% at of four main plot treatments viz., recommended dose of fertilizer 25 and 40 DAS recorded higher seed yield, oil yield, net returns and -1 (RDF) i.e., 90:90:60 kg N, P2O5, K2O ha (M1), RDF + farm yard B:C ratio. The second experiment comprised of fourteen treatments -1 -1 manure (FYM) @ 8 t ha (M2), 85% RDF + FYM @ 8 t ha (M3) and with different N/P fertilizer ratios (0.80, 1.00, 1.20, 1.30 and 1.40) -1 -1 60% RDF + FYM @ 8 t ha (M4) and four sub-plot treatments viz., with different levels of N (60 to 126 kg N ha ) and P (60 to 90 kg -1 -1 control (S1), foliar application of 19:19:19 water soluble NPK fertilizer P2O5 ha ) in addition to K fertilization at 60 kg K2O ha . The N/P -1 @ 2% at 25 and 40 DAS (S2), foliar application of 17:44 water soluble fertilizer ratio of 1.40 with nitrogen @ 126 kg ha and phosphorus @ -1 -1 NP fertilizer @ 2% at 25 and 40 DAS (S3) and foliar application of 90 kg ha produced significantly higher seed yield (2,523 kg ha ), oil -1 ` -1 urea @ 2% at 25 and 40 DAS (S4). Application of RDF + FYM @ 8 yield (1,019 kg ha ), net returns ( 40,770 ha ) and BC ratio (2.49). t ha-1 recorded significantly higher seed yield (2,403 kg ha-1), oil yield Application of additional 36 kg nitrogen to the recommended dosage (979 kg ha-1), net returns (` 34,680 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.25). Foliar with 2 per cent foliar spray of 19:19:19 at 25 and 40 DAS increase application of 19:19:19 @ 2 per cent at 25 and 40 DAS (S2) recorded yield and returns.

Agronomic manipulation on sustainable production of Cotton and Soybean intercropping system AMIT M. PUJAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. V. ANGADI

Two field experiments, namely evaluation of Bt cotton and soybean returns and benefit cost (BC) ratio were recorded in this treatment. In genotypes in intercropping under different crop geometry and INM INM experiment - 2, higher yield and yield attributes of cotton and to sustain productivity of Bt cotton and soybean intercropping soybean were observed in 150 per cent RDF for cotton and soybean system were conducted on vertisols at the Main Agricultural Research which was on par with 125 per cent RDF for cotton and soybean (T2) -1 -1 Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015-16 and T17 (T1 + Vermicompost 1.25 t ha + Gliricidia 2.5 t ha ). and 2016-17. The experiment-1 was laid out in randomized complete Higher ginning percentage was observed in T18 (T1 + Vermicompost block design in factorial concept with 12 + 4 (control) treatments and 1.25 t ha-1 + Pongamia 2.5 t ha-1) than application of 100 per cent two replications. The experiment-2 was laid out in randomized RDF alone to both crops. Soybean quality parameters like oil content complete block design with 20 treatments and three replications. and oil yield were significantly higher in T17. Higher LER, ATER,

Neeraja Bt cotton intercropped with JS-9305 soybean in 120 cm row CEY, canopy index and SPI were observed in T3, which was on par spacing for cotton and 40 cm for soybean recorded significantly higher with T2. Lower insect and disease incidence were observed in T17 and -1 -1 seed cotton yield (20.02 q ha ) and soybean seed yield (21.25 q ha ). T18. Higher net return was observed in T2 and higher BC ratio was -1 -1 Higher land equivalent ratio (LER), area time equivalent ratio (ATER), observed in T16 (T1 + Gliricidia 2.5 t ha + Pongamia 2.5 t ha ) than cotton equivalent yield (CEY), system productivity index (SPI), net other treatments.

Eefects of conservation agriculture practices on crop productivity, soil properties and resource use efficiency in sequence cropping systems under rainfed conditions P. S. PRABHAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. BABALAD

Field experiment was carried out on a fixed site during kharif and conventional tillage systems. Whereas CT3 found significantly winter seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at MARS, Dharwad, superior with respect to net returns over rest of the treatments ` -1 Karnataka on typic Haplustalfs soils to evaluate different conservation ( 60,753 ha ). Interaction of CT3CS1NM1 recorded significantly and conventional tillage systems with and without crop residues and higher net monitory returns (` 1,05,331 ha-1). All conservation tillage nutrient management practices on crop yields and soil quality in practices recorded significantly higher available soil moisture content, three sequence cropping systems. Pooled data revealed no tillage per cent water stable aggregates, porosity, maximum water holding with broad bed and furrow and flat bed and crop residues retained on capacity, lower bulk density and penetration resistance in different the surface (CT1 and CT3) recorded significantly higher system soil depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) as compared to conventional tillage -1 productivity in terms of maize equivalent yield (78.8 and 77.5 q ha practices. CT1 and CT3 recorded significantly higher soil organic carbon -1 -1 respectively) as compared to other tillage systems. Irrespective of (8.62 and 8.61 g kg ), available N (283 and 281 kg ha ), P2O5 (38.4 -1 -1 tillage treatments groundnut-sorghum (CS1) cropping system recorded and 38.2 kg ha ), K2O (440 and 438 kg ha ) and crops nutrient uptake significantly higher system productivity (100.8 q ha-1) over other as compared to conventional tillage with no crop residues cropping systems. Among the nutrient management practices incorporation. Conservation tillage practices revealed significantly application of RDF + FYM (NM2) found significantly superior over higher soil microbial population, microbial biomass carbon and -1 RDF alone (NM1) (76.1 and 72.3 q ha respectively). Among the nitrogen, enzyme activity, nutrient use efficiency, energy output and interaction, CT1CS1NM2 recorded significantly higher maize energy use efficiency over conventional tillage with or without crop equivalent yield (108.6 q ha-1) over other conservation and residues incorporation.

7 Conservation agriculture for sustainable production in cotton and pigeonpea based intercropping systems under rainfed situations B. T. NAVEEN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. BABALAD

A field experiment was carried out at the MARS, University of surface in pigeonpea + soybean intercropping system recorded Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during rainy seasons of significantly lower bulk density (1.22 g/cc), higher aggregate stability 2014 to 2015 to evaluate different conservation agriculture practices (49.09%), porosity (54.64%), infiltration rate (1.73 mm hr-1), water on crop productivity, system profitability, soil properties and holding capacity (61.06%), soil microbial biomass carbon and soil resources use efficiency in cotton and pigeonpea based intercropping microbial biomass nitrogen (364.00 and 14.97 mg kg-1 of soil) and systems was laid out in a strip block design consisting of six tillage reduced tillage with BBF and incorporation of crop residues in practices in main plot and five cropping systems in sub-plot replicated pigeonpea + soybean intercropping system recorded significantly thrice. No tillage with broad bed and furrow (BBF) and crop residues higher soil organic carbon (0.64%), soil organic carbon sequestration -1 -1 -1 -1 retained on the surface and reduced tillage with BBF and incorporation (15.39 t ha year ), soil urease (11.86 µg NH4-N g day ), of crop residues in intercropping of pigeonpea + soybean recorded dehydrogenase (32.29 µg TPF g-1 day-1) and total phosphatase (174.55 significantly higher cotton equivalent yield (3,708 and 3,690 kg ha-1), µg PNP g-1 hr-1) activity. No tillage with BBF and crop residues retained net returns (` 1,11,580 and 1,10,834 ha-1), BC ratio (4.08 each), water on the surface and reduced tillage and incorporation of crop residues use efficiency (9.66 and 9.64 kg ha-1 mm), production efficiency (26.48 in pigeonpea + soybean intercropping system were more productive, and 26.43 kg ha-1 day-1) and energy use efficiency (12.66 and 12.54), profitable, crucial for sustaining productivity and conservation of respectively. No tillage with BBF and crop residues retained on the natural resources under rainfed farming situations.

Agronomic performance of pigeonpea as influenced by conservation agriculture practices and nutrient levels under semi-arid tropics SHIVANAND N. HONNALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. BIRADAR

Field experiments were conducted during 2015 and 2016 to study the raised bed with residues retention practices compared to other suitable conservation agricultural practices on productivity and interactions.Soil microbial activities viz., nodule number (21.33 and profitability of pigeonpea at the University of Agricultural Sciences, 19.33), nodule dry weight (128.92 and 92.05 mg plant-1), AMF root Raichur. Treatment consisted of five main treatments of zero tillage colonization (25.56 and 16.11 %), dehydrogenase (18.53 and 15.53 µg raised bed and flat bed, with or without crop residue retention and TPF g-1 day-1), phosphatase (32.55 and 24.22 µg p-NP g-1 h-1), urease -1 -1 conventional tillage and sub-plots with reduced nutrient doses of (3.60 and 2.79 µg NH4-N g h ) and Fluorescent pseudomonas (17.50 recommended inorganic fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in strip and 3.17 × 104 cfu g-1) were higher with no fertilizer applied in zero till- plot design. The pooled results indicated that application of 100 per raised bed with residues retention compared to conventional tillage cent recommended dose of inorganic nutrients in zero till-raised bed practices in medium deep black and sandy loam soils, respectively. with residues retention recorded significantly highest pigeonpea seed Energy analysis revealed that significantly highest net energy (16,512 yield, stalk yield and gross returns compared to other conservation MJ ha-1), energy productivity (0.47 kg MJ-1) and energy use efficiency agriculture practices in medium deep black soils (1,447 kg ha-1, (6.88) were observed in treatment where no fertilizer was applied in 5,297 kg ha-1 and ` 79,585 ha-1, respectively) and sandy loam soils zero tillage raised bed with residues retention. There was saving of (1,334 kg ha-1, 4,726 kg ha-1 and ` 73,104 ha-1, respectively). Net 50 per cent inorganic fertilizer in long term conservation agriculture returns were on par with each other in all the nutrient doses in zero till- practice of zero till-raised bed with residues retention on surface.

Production potential of compact cotton genotypes to fertilizer levels and growth retardants under high density planting system MANJULA UDIKERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. SHASHIDHARA

Field experiments were conducted under rainfed condition on RAH-99 and DSC-1351 at same spacing and fertilizer level. Yield performance of compact cotton genotypes to different spacings and parameters were significantly higher in wider spacing. RAH-99 at -1 fertilizer levels (Strip-Split Plot Design) and application of growth 60 × 15 cm with 100:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha recorded retardants (RCBD) at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad significantly higher ginning out turn (37.03%) and seed index (10.11 during kharif 2014-16. Genotype RAH-274 recorded significantly g). Other quality parameters were higher among the genotypes under higher seed cotton yield (SCY) of 3,199 kg ha-1 which was on par with closer spacing irrespective of fertilizer levels. Foliar spray of mepiquat RAH-99 and DSC-1351. Higher density of 2,22,222 plants ha-1 chloride (@ 50 and 100 ppm) and lihocin (@ 100 and 250 ppm) (45 × 10 cm) produced significantly higher SCY (3,372 kg ha-1). reduced the plant height (18.84 to 31.35% and 15.25 to 26.18% from -1 Application of 100:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha recorded lower to higher concentration, respectively). Higher SCY significantly higher SCY (3,175 kg ha-1). Genotype RAH-274 at 45 (3,187 kg ha-1) and net returns (` 85,871 ha-1) were recorded using -1 cm × 10 cm along with 100:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha recorded mepiquat chloride @ 50 ppm at 90 DAS. RAH-274 at 45 × 10 cm -1 significantly higher SCY, uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and along with 100:50:50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O ha and mepiquat chloride potassium (3,668, 157.5, 32.7 and 141.5 kg ha-1, respectively), net spray @ 50 ppm at 90 DAS gave higher SCY, net returns and reduced returns (` 1,04,600 ha-1) and BC ratio (3.12) and was on par with the plant height facilitating for mechanical harvesting.

8 SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY Studies on soil carbon dynamics in major production systems in zone III and zone VIII of Northern Karnataka R. JAYAPRAKASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. A. YELEDHALLI A study was undertaken to know the dynamics of soil carbon fractions application of organic amendments along with inorganic fertilizer in irrigated and rainfed ecosystems of northern Karnataka involving improved the soil organic carbon (SOC) content. Integrated nutrient Zone III and Zone VIII under UAS Dharwad in the year 2014-15 in management practices followed in irrigated system, where higher both rabi and kharif season. Surface samples (0-20 cm) and a amount of organic manure along with balanced application of fertilizers representative pedon was collected from different cropping system added in to the soil resulted in higher build up and turnover of Total namely sugarcane, cotton and maize ina irrigated condition, whereas organic carbon (TOC) in soil. The Study of the different pedons groundnut, chilli and soybean from rainfed condition. Soils were revealed that soil carbon fractions like water soluble carbon, microbial analyzed for different carbon fractions at UAS Dharwad in the biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, particulate organic department of soil science and agricultural chemistry like water soluble carbon, readily oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon decreased carbon, microbial carbon, microbial nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, significantly with increase in depth. The effective soil management readily oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon. Among the different practices such as combined application of fertilizer and organic cropping system studied sugarcane cropping system accounted for amendments led to increased activity of soil enzymes which indirectly higher soil carbon fractions in soil than the rest of the cropping systems. increased the SOC turnover and buildup in irrigation ecosystem. TOC Irrigated ecosystem registered higher build up of soil carbon fractions was positively and significantly correlated with aggregate stability, compared to rainfed ecosystem. Our results clearly indicated that the organic carbon, particulate organic carbon and water soluble carbon. Studies on spectral characteristics of salt affected soils and sugarcane crop in GLBC command area of Karnataka MALLIKARJUNA LINGAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. B. KULIGOD

A survey was undertaken during 2015 at department of soil science at higher salinity level in all spectral bands of LISS-IV and UAS, Dharwad to study the spectral characteristics of salt affected spectrophotosensor. Among the spectral indices, bare soil NDVI soils and sugarcane crop for assessing soil salinity in GLBC command had inverse while NDSI, SI, SBI had direct relation withsoil salinity. area of Karnataka. One hundred each surface (0–20 cm) and sub- Spectral indices of sugarcane crop as read by spectrophotosensor, surface (20–40 cm) soil samples were drawn from a representative increased with increase in surface soil salinity at band 1 and band 3 distributory of Mudhol branch canal of GLBC command area and decreased with increase in surface soil salinity at band 2 and covering varied levels of salinityand lab analysis soils and plant band 4 and vice versa for both surface and sub-surface soil salinity. samples were done to estimate salts, nutrients and correlated with Sugarcane crop spectral indices like NDVI, EVI, SAVI, RVI and their spectral characteristics. Spectral observations using SASI values of sugarcane crop generated by spectrophotosensor spectrophotosensor were recorded; satellite image was interpreted were lower at higher salinity level and vice versa both at surface, to extract soil salinity information. Satellite image interpretation, sub-surface soil salinity. In contrast, NDSI, SI and SBI values were classification revealed that 4,611.8 ha was salt affected out of higher at higher salinity level. There was significant correlation 1,21,364.6 ha of the studied area that accounts to be 3.8 per cent of between leaf nutrient, leaf chlorophyll content and spectral indices the studied area. Spectral reflectance of salt affected soils of GLBC of sugarcane crop generated using spectrophotosensor and LISS-IV command area revealed that higher spectral reflectance was recorded datasets of GLBC command area. Characterization and mineralogy of soils of Kavalur sub-watershed (4D4A2P) of Koppal district, North Karnataka M. C. ANJALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJUNATHA HEBBARA

An investigation was carried-out by University of Agricultural non-saline while organic carbon content was low to medium (1.56 to Sciences, Dharwad to characterize soils and study mineralogy of 5.80 g kg-1). The black soil pedons contained more free CaCOi Kavalur sub-watershed of Koppal district, Kamataka during 2015-17. (58.5 g kg-1 ) than red pedons (23.4 g kg-1). The cationic dominance Twenty two soil pedons representing larger heterogeneity were studied was in the order of Ca2+>Mg2+>Na+>K+. The black soil pedons had for their morphological, physical and chemical properties. Nine typical higher CEC, base saturation and fcSP than red soil pedons. pedons, each representing a different soil scries were selected for Taxonomically, the soils of the study area were classified under the assessing their mineralogical properties. The sub-watershed was orders Entisol, Inccptisol, Vertisol and Alfisol. The mineralogical nearly level with moderate erosion and drainage conditions. The soils composition of sand fraction of soils was dominated by quartz were very shallow to very deep, sandy clay loam to clay in texture followed by feldspar, olivincs, biotite mica and pyroxenes. Quartz and weak to moderate sub-angular blocky structure with many fine followed by mica and feldspar as primary and smectite followed by roots distributed in surface horizons. The soil consistency was vermiculite and kaolinite as secondary minerals dominated in silt predominantly hard when dry, friable when moist, moderately sticky fraction. Kaolin was dominant among secondary clay minerals and moderately plastic when wet. The BD, MWHC and COLE values followed by smectite in red soil pedons. Kaolin content decreased were higher in black soils as compared to red soils and increased with with depth while, smectite content increased with depth. The black depth. The pedons were slightly alkaline to alkaline in reaction and soil pedons showed higher content of smectite than kaolin.

9 CROP PHYSIOLOGY Physiological effect of fungicides in Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] during storage and seed treatment RAJASHREE BIRADAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. I. JIRALI

Field experiments were conducted during kharif 2014 and 2015 to 17.10 per cent increase in the yield due to fungicide application in study the effect of seed treatment with Thiophanate methyl 450 g l- first and second season respectively. In storage studies fungicide 1 + Pyraclostrobin 50 g l-1 on soybean growth and productivity. treated, vacuum packed and cold stored seeds maintained high seed Laboratory investigations were carried out in the Department of Crop quality with least deterioration throughout the storage period. The Physiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad from least electrical conductivity (6.50 dS m-1) and fungal infection January 2015 to January 2016 to study the influence of different (0.02 cfu g-1) was noticed and significantly increased total sugar treatments on seed quality of soybean. Storage study included (78.69 mg g-1), protein (39.73 %), oil content (17.93 %), phytic acid treatments like fungicide treatment, packaging materials (vacuum (0.66 mg 100 g-1), isoflavonoid (0.47 mg g-1) and protease inhibitor packed, gunny, polythene and cloth bags), storage conditions (ambient (14.87 IU mg-1) were maintained at second month of storage. These and cold storage) and their combinations for a period of 12 months. In parameters decreased with increased storage period but rate of decrease field experiment, soybean seeds treated with fungicide showed was less in above mentioned treatments. á amylase (68.13 mg min-1), significantly increased seedling growth, physiological and biochemical protease (10.10 mg min-1 ml-1) and lipase enzyme (1.86 m. equ. parameters. Foliar application of Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole at FA m-1 g-1) activities were high in control, cloth bag and ambient stored 40th and 60th DAS significantly increased yield i.e. 24.78 q ha-1 seeds. As per reverse transcriptase PCR analysis the pathogenesis compared to control (21.01 q ha-1). There was 18.79 per cent and related gene expression was high in fungicide treated seedlings. AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Evaluation of different methods of supplementation of horticultural plant extracts on growth and development of Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) JAYASHREE MEKALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. PATIL

The studies on the evaluation of chlorogenic acid rich horticultural control (186.22 h) and absolute control (186.94 h). Coffee extract plant extracts on mulberry silkworm growth and development, supplementation increased the effective rate of rearing (87.70%) by evaluation of different modes of supplementation of effective plant reducing the disease incidence (12.30%). Results obtained on four extract in commercial rearing and integrated supplementation of growth different mode of supplementation, dip method of supplementation promoters, minerals and nutrients in silkworm rearing to enhance performed better than the other mode of supplementation in getting cocoon production was carried out in sericulture laboratory, maximum larval weight (39.05 g), ERR (92.00%) and silk productivity Department of Agriculture Entomology, University of Agricultural (5.66 cg/day). In the integrated supplementation, larval weight was Sciences, Dharwad during 2014-16. Among different concentrations maximum in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee (2.5, 5, and 7.5%) of chlorogenic acid rich horticultural plant extracts extract (37.94 g) and coffee extract alone 7.5 per cent (37.58 g). supplementation 7.5 per cent coffee extract were significantly Maximum cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell ratio and cocoon yield improved larval, cocoon, pupal and shell weight (35.96, 18.54, 14.83 were recorded in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) + 7.5 per cent coffee and 3.71 g) followed by sunflower seed extract and black tea extract. extract and coffee extract alone 7.5 per cent. integrated supplementation Reduced larval duration was observed in coffee extract (170.68 h) improved the effective rate of rearing 92.50 per cent by reducing followed by sunflower seeds (171.67 h) and black tea extract the disease incidence 7.67 per cent in soya flour (10 g/kg of leaves) (172.15 h). Whereas, the highest larval duration was recorded in water + 7.5 per cent coffee extract.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Studies on fungal foliar and fruit diseases of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) S. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. I. BENAGI

The leaf/fruit spot of pomegranate caused by various organisms such pathogens viz., C. gloeosporioides, Pseudocercospora punicae and as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata, Sphaceloma Pestalotiopsis algarionsis were proved. Morphological and cultural punicae, Cercospora punicae, Drechslera sp. and Phomopsis species characters of 30 isolates of C. gloeosporioides were studied in the take a heavy toll on the crop. Major pomegranate growing districts of Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agriculture Science, Karnataka were surveyed for the prevalence of fungal diseases. Survey Dharwad during 2014-16. Majority of the isolates produced white revealed that anthracnose and Cercospora disease severity was highest mycelia, regular margin, coarse texture with fluffy growth and white to in Gadag and Belagavi districts respectively in mrig bahar. Scab disease grey pigmentation. The isolates were identified as Colletotrichum sp. severity was highest in Koppal district during ambia bahar. By standard by sequencing the amplified ITS rDNA region, and analyzed in NCBI tissue isolation, microscopic observation and by Koch postulates, the BLAST program. An attempt was made to study the effect of weather

10 parameters on progress of anthracnose. During ambia bahar of 2015 of 2015-16 revealed that captan (2 g/lit) followed by vitavax power and hasta bahar of 2015-16 RH was significantly positively correlated (1 g/lit) followed by iprobenphos (1 g/lit) followed by cabriotop (2 g/l) with PDI. Variety Ganesh showed resistance to C. gloeosporioides as followed by captan (2 g/l) followed by vitavax power (1 g/l) followed accumulation of defence enzymes like PPO (0.074 absorbance/min/g), by iprobenphos (1 g/lit) followed by cabriotop (2 g/lit of water) at PAL (0.028) and peroxidase (0.029) were high in it. In vivo experiment 15 days interval gave least anthracnose disease of 6.80 and increased over two locations (Chikkasavanur and Sokanadagi) during hasta bahar fruit yield (11.87 kg/tree).

Studies on spot blotch of tetraploid Wheat caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. P. E. PRADEEP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. K. KALAPPANAVAR

Spot blotch is an important disease in warm and humid regions of showing resistant to moderately resistance during both the years India and other South Asian countries due to its widespread (2013-15). Among 31 genotypes, 45IDYN27, 45IDYN36, PDW291 prevalence and increasing severity. Cultural characters of 24 isolates and other 16 performed superior over best checks with regards to of Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. representing six agro- AUDPC and yield. Genotypes showing lowest AUDPC exhibited ecological zones of India cultured on PDA revealed five different higher SPAD and NDVI value. The two markers, Xgwm 312-2A and colony colours. The frequency of white (29.2%) was maximum, Xgwm 114- 3B contributed to phenotypic variation (22.3%) for while lowest (4.2%) was black type. The maximum and minimum spot blotch resistance. The stomatal frequency was higher in colony diameter of 89.5 and 39.3 mm recorded in Varanasi (V-2) and susceptible genotypes. The resistant genotypes showed higher Powerkheda isolate respectively. The size of the conidia varied from activity of peroxidase and lower polyphenol oxidase activity than 15.3-126.0 µm x 6.3-36.1 µm with 1-6 septa, colour differed from susceptible ones. The higher reducing sugar and total phenol content dark brown to olivaceous, ovate to elliptical in shape and germination was noticed in resistant genotypes. Quality parameters viz., GPC, pattern was by unipolar or bipolar. Variability of isolates through SDV and YP were more in diseased condition rather than in protected virulence study and SSR markers had showed high distinction. situation, while exactly opposite trend was noticed with respect to Similarity co-efficients were ranged from 0.64 to 0.98 representing starch and gluten content. The fungicide, Pyraclostrobin 13.3 per less than 64 per cent genetic variability among isolates. Thirty one cent + Epoxiconazole 5 per cent (0.1%) proved to be better alternative genotypes out of 121 were consistent in their disease response to triazoles. Variability in Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. and integrated management of foliar diseases of Pearl millet ROOPADEVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. PATIL

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted at Department of YadPg5, LudPg20 and AntPg17 pathotypes were found most Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Dharwad, Main Agricultural virulent. Under in vitro studies, mancozeb @ 0.1 per cent (100%), Research Station, Dharwad and Agricultural Research Station, carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent @ 0.05 per cent Mudhol, UAS, Dharwad, respectively to study the variability in (100%), agroneem @ 0. 25 % (74.1%), consortium of two bioagents Pyricularia grisea (cooke) sacc. and integrated management of foliar T. harzianum + B. subtilis recorded maximum inhibition of mycelial diseases of pearl millet. Roving survey conducted in Bagalkot, growth and panchagavya @ 5 per cent inhibited 75.0 per cent spore Koppal, Bellary and Vijayapura district indicated higher severity of germination. In Integrated disease management, two sprays of blast in Koppal district (18.75%) and least in Vijayapura district carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent @ 0.1 per cent (9.3%). Assessment of loss due to blast by doing artificial inoculation effectively reduced the severity of blast (PDI 18.83) and increased in 15 pearl millet genotypes revealed highest per cent loss in grain grain yield (30.75 q ha-1) with highest C:B (1:3.9). 241 pearl millet yield of 44.03 per cent and fodder yield of 49.63 per cent in ICTP mini core from ICRISAT, Hyderabad and 426 inbreed lines of RARS, 8203 and it was least in Kaveri boss 65 which has recorded 15.30 % Vijayapura were screened under polyhouse against blast. None of grain yield loss and fodder yield loss of 14.49 per cent. Twenty one the genotypes showed immune or resistant reaction to blast. isolates of P. grisea showed variability with respect to morphological However, 79 genotypes of mini core and 16 inbreed lines depicted and cultural characters and pathogenic ability. On the basis of moderately susceptible reaction and remaining were found pathogenicity, 21 isolates were grouped into 5 different pathotypes. susceptible to highly susceptible.

Studies on coat protein mediated resistance against chilli veinal mottle virus associated with murda complex disease in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) M. ABDUL KAREEM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. BYADGI

Molecular identification, characterization, development of amplification of ChiVMV, GBNV, TMV and CMV using gene specific recombinant gene construct and transformation work was carried out primers. Similarly, total DNA from virus infected and healthy samples in Departments of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, University of of chilli plants was isolated and used as template for amplification of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Chilli plants showing typical ToLCV using gene specific primers. None of chilli murda complex symptoms of murda complex were collected and total RNA was isolated disease samples were amplified for ToLCV, GBNV, TMV and CMV from diseased and healthy samples of chilli. Subsequently cDNA was except ChiVMV with amplicon of ~531 bp was amplified. Thus, the synthesized from the RNA using oligo dT primer and reverse investigation focused on molecular identification, convincingly revealed transcriptase enzyme. The cDNA was used as a template for ChiVMV association with the chilli murda complex. The ChiVMV

11 coat protein gene (~531 bp) was cloned into pTZ57R/T cloning vector. plants expressing ChiVMV-CP gene. Among 55 T1 plants, 18 putative Gene sequence and BLAST analyses clearly revealed that ChiVMV transformants showed positive results for PCR and GUS analysis. coat protein gene had 95 per cent homology with the reported Post challenge inoculation studies identified twelve T1 transgenic plants nucleotide sequences. Recombinant gene construct was developed by viz., 1-1, 1-2, 2-2, 2-5, 3-3, 3-4, 4-2, 6-4, 7-2, 7-5, 8-1 and 10-5 with sub-cloning the ChiVMV-CP gene into plant transformation pHS100 complete resistance to ChiVMV and six T1 transgenic plants viz., vector. Recombinant gene construct was mobilized into Agrobacterium 3-1, 5-4, 6-2, 7-1, 7-3 and 11-3 T1 showed delayed symptoms. tumefaciens LBA4404 strain. Agrobacterium mediated flower dip Resistant T1 transgenic plants can be used to mitigate ChiVMV with method of transformation was adopted to develop transgenic chilli further validation.

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Isolation and screening of nitrogen fixing Paenibacillus spp. for growth promotional traits and their effect on growth and yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) K. N. BASAVESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. P. SAVALGI

One seventy six isolates of nitrogen fixing Paenibacillus sp. (NFPBS) NFPBS 90 and NFPBS 137 along with the absence of nitrogen in isolated from calcareous soils of North Karnataka were characterized pot culture. The growth parameters, yield parameters and enzyme morphologically, physiologically and biochemically. Further, five activities were maximum in the treatments inoculated with isolates efficient isolates were taxonomically identified as Paenibacillus NFPBS 137 with 75 per cent RDN and NFPBS 4 with 75 per cent zanthoxyli using 16S rDNA sequencing. The plant growth RDN, Reference strain with 75 per cent RDN and RDF in green promotional traits recorded showed ranging from 77.00 to 436.33 ì g/mg house condition. In field evaluation efficient isolates were recorded of protein, Per cent P-solubilization from 3.01 to 6.33, zinc maximum inoculation of NFPBS 137 with 100 per cent RDN at 30, solubilisation from 0.94 to 7.41 ppm and phytohormone production 60 and at harvest dry matter production (24.28, 95.45 and 376.90 g/ viz., IAA (1.15 to 21.43 ìg/ml), GA (0.12 to 2.91 ì g/25 ml) and plant, respectively), chlorophyll content (44.16, 60.60 and 56.33, cytokinin (19.73 to 47.10 ìg/l). Under in vitro condition 22 isolates at 30, 60 SPAD value, respectively). Yield and yield parameters showed siderophore production, 42 isolates showed organic acid viz., cob weight (285.77 g), test weight (32.20 g) and yield (64.48 q/ha). production, 11 isolates antagonistic activity against Fusarium The predominant soil enzymes viz., dehydrogenase, alkaline oxysporum while 17 isolates were found antagonistic against phosphatase and urease activity which were on par with the Rhizotonia solani. It was observed that the growth parameters viz., treatment inoculated with NFPBS 4 and Reference strain with 100 plant height, nitrogen content and chlorophyll content were maximum per cent RDN was comparable with treatment inoculated Reference in treatment inoculated with NFPBS 4, NFPBS 21, NFPBS 30, strain with 100 per cent RDN.

Isolation, characterization and screening of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus from various crops and their influence on growth and yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) HEMA C. RAO MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. P. SAVALGI

A total of 113 isolates of Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus isolated significantly highest in the treatment inoculated with NFGM5 at from sugarcane, maize, pineapple and carrot roots through survey from 75 per cent RDN followed by NFGS25 at 75 per cent RDN. The Dharwad, Belagavi, Uttara Kannada, Haveri and Shivamogga districts population of G. diazotrophicus was maximum in the treatment NFGM5 of Karnataka during 2014, were characterized morphologically, at 75 per cent RDN (7 x 104 cfu ml-1). Based on their performance in physiologically and biochemically and subjected for in vitro nitrogen pot trial, two efficient isolates (NFGM5 and NFGS25) were selected -1 fixation which ranged between 14.01 to 147.1 µg mg . The highest N2 for field trial and confirmed as G. diazotrophicus isolates by molecular was fixed by the native isolate NFGS25 (147.1 µg mg-1). Twenty best characterization. The results of the field experiment conducted during isolates were screened for further functional characterization viz., P kharif 2016 at MARS, Dharwad, revealed that all the growth and yield and Zn solubilization, phytohormone production, antagonistic activity parameters (number of cobs, cob weight, grain yield per plant and test and endoglucanase activity. The zone of solubilization of P and Zn (3.1 weight) were significantly highest in the treatment NFGM5 at and 2.5 cm), IAA and GA production (11.54 and 10.1 µg ml-1) and 75 per cent RDN followed by NFGS25 at 75 per cent RDN. The endoglucanase activity (86 µg ml-1) were maximum in NFGS25. The maximum grain yield of 183.33 q ha-1 (15% higher than control) was highest per cent inhibition was exhibited by NFGS25 against Rhizoctonia observed in the treatment NFGM5 at 75 per cent RDN which was bataticola (83.33%) and Exserohilium maydis (88.86%). Five best better than the reference strain Azospirillum ACD15 with 75 per cent isolates (NFGS25, NFGS26, NFGM5, NFGM6 and NFGP7) were RDN. Thus it is evident that the inoculation of native isolates of selected for screening of growth parameters and N uptake of maize in G. diazotrophicus (NFGM5 and NFGS25) at 75 per cent RDN promotes the pot trial. The results revealed that plant height, stem girth, root better growth, grain yield and saves nitrogenous fertilizer up to length, chlorophyll content, dry weight, per cent N and N uptake were 25 per cent of recommended dose in field condition.

12 SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Seed technological investigations to enhance seed yield, quality and storability in Onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Arka Kalyan KOTESHI LAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. K. DESHPANDE The field and laboratory experiments to understand the effect of and seedling vigour (2,152) compared to ungraded bulk (100, 80.92% planting time, foliar nutrition, processing methods and modified and 1,529, respectively). Among the fifteen modified atmospheric atmospheric packaging on seed yield, quality and storability of onion storage conditions, the seeds preserved under cold storage recorded seeds were conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences, higher germination (81.01%), field emergence (78.51%), seedling vigour Dharwad, during (2015-17). The results revealed that irrespective of index (1,394), seedling dry weight (19.81 mg) and á-amylase (1.28) foliar application of nutrients, significantly more seed yield per hectare and dehydrogenase (0.280) enzyme activity with low electrical was produced from November 1st bulb planting (710.83 kg/ha) conductivity (0.884 dS/m) at the end of 12 months storage followed th st followed by November 15 (663.74 kg/ha) compared to December 1 by 80 per cent CO2 + 5 per cent O2 + 15 per cent N2 and vacuum (589.88 kg/ha). Application of foliar nutrients at 0.25 per cent of packing in comparisons with remaining treatments and control. The multi micronutrient mixture (680.74 kg/ha) which was on par with November 1st date of bulb planting and foliar spray of 0.25 per cent multi 0.25 per cent borax (652.65 kg/ha) compared to control (594.79 kg/ha). nutrient mixture gave highest seed yield with quality. Combination of Combination of three machines viz., air screen cleaner, specific gravity three machines (air screen cleaner, specific gravity separator and indent separator and indent cylinder among seed processing methods showed cylinder) for seed processing and cold storage improved seed quality the minimum seed recovery (74.34%) high seed germination (97.90%) parameters. Influence of provenances, seed forms, storage conditions and packaging materials on seed longevity in Groundnut M. SUJATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. UPPAR The investigation was undertaken to know the influence of provenances, germination (68.00 and 69.75%), seedling length (18.36 and 18.20 cm), seed forms, storage conditions and packaging materials on seed longevity seedling vigour index (1248 and 1270), seedling dry weight (231 and in groundnut. The results were analysed in CRD with factorial concept. 245 mg), mobilization efficiency (6.21 and 6.53%), oil content (47.59 The seed materials were produced at different locations viz., Dharwad, and 47.88%) and protein content (31.06 and 31.19%), respectively at Bagalkot and Kumta during summer season of 2015-16 and stored the end of 12 months of storage compared to other locations, seed during 2016-17 in their respective places under ambient condition and forms and packaging material. Other seed quality parameters like cold storage condition at cold storage unit Dharwad in HDPE bag, electrical conductivity (0.929 and 0.776 dS/m), lipase activity (0.54 polylined gunny bag and vacuum packing in the form of pod and kernel and 0.53 ì moles min-1), protease activity (0.262 and 0.245 U/ml), for 12 months. Seed materials were collected bimonthly from respective moisture content (7.05 and 7.31%) were significantly lower throughout places to assess the seed quality parameters in laboratory of Department the storage period in the pods produced in Bagalkot and stored in of Seed Science and Technology and National Seed Project, University vacuum packing under both ambient and cold condition, respectively, of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The results revealed that the seeds compared to other treatments. Bagalkot is suitable for both production produced in Bagalkot (L1) and stored as pod in vacuum packing under and storage of summer groundnut and the seeds stored in vacuum ambient and cold condition recorded significantly higher seed packing showed better storability under both storage conditions.

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Agro-socio-economic dimensions of solid waste management in Karnataka - An economic analysis SHILPA P. CHOWTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. KULKARNI

The present study attempted to analyze the pattern of generation, waste generated in Hubballi-Dharwad, about 390 t of waste was collection, storage, transportation, disposal of municipal solid waste dumped in two open dumping yards while, only 10 t (2.5%) was and impact of open dumping of solid waste on human health among processed through vermicomposting whereas in Bengaluru, about 3,200 t households residing near dumping yards in Hubballi-Dharwad of solid waste per day was landfilled in three sites and only 1,000 t Municipal Corporation (HDMC) and Bruhath Bengaluru Mahanagara (22.22%) and 300 t (6.67%) was processed using vermicompost and Palika (BBMP). The secondary data on all aspects of solid waste was biomethanation process. The recycling of bio-degradable solid waste collected from selected Municipal Corporations from 2001-02 to into vermicompost has high scope and was found to be financially 2016-17 and the primary data was obtained from 270 sample feasible as implied by high IRR (26.12% in Hubballi-Dharwad to respondents through multistage random sampling. The municipal solid 32.34% in Bengaluru) and BC ratio (` 1.50 and ` 2.04, respectively) waste generated in the twin cities was 400 t/day of which, 360 t was with a recovery period of just two years. The major health problems collected (90.00%) while, in Bengaluru it was about 4,500 t/day of among respondents residing near dumping yards were asthma, nose which 4,000 t of waste was collected (88.89%). Nearly 62.00 to irritation and respiratory problems in adults and in case of children, 65.00 per cent of solid waste generated was biodegradable. Among frequent omitting, fever and malaria. Therefore, infrastructure needs the family type, joint families have generated more solid waste (1.66 to be built to recycle and dump the remaining waste in the sanitary and 1.70 kg/households/day in Hubballi-Dharwad and Bengaluru, landfill that are not suitable either for recycling and biological respectively) as compared to nuclear families. Out of the total solid decomposition.

13 Performance of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) and its impact on horticulture economy of North Karnataka - An economic analysis BHEEMANAGOUDA O. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. HOSAMANI

The study was conducted to investigate the performance and impact during NHM period in the study area, it showed positive impact of of NHM in north-Karnataka under UAS, Dharwad jurisdiction during NHM but growth was slightly reduced but significantly positive. 2016-17. Primary data on three crops namely, grapes (Vijayapura), During same period crop diversification was significant towards mango (Dharwad) and pomegranate (Koppal) in three districts were horticultural crops in Karnataka (diversification index decreased collected using random sampling technique. The total sample size from 0.39 to 0.29). Investment in selected fruits was found to be was 360 (270 beneficiaries, 60 non-beneficiaries and 30 officials of economically viable even without subsidy i.e., BC ratio was 2.85, NHM). Secondary data on different components of NHM (2005-06 2.66 and 2.41, respectively. Initial investment in grape (` 9.09 lakhs/ to 2013-14) and the data on area, production and productivity of ha), mango (` 4.63 lakhs/ha) and pomegranate (` 4.29 lakhs/ha) was the selected crops (1998-99 to 2013-14) were used. Descriptive higher and the subsidy provided formed a negligible amount to the statistics, instability index, Markov chain, Herfindahl index, principal total investment (6.30, 5.76 and 7.33%, respectively). Insufficient component analysis, growth rate analysis, Benefit Cost ratio and subsidy and delay in getting the subsidy were the major constraints Garrett’s ranking technique were employed. Area coverage, creation faced by the farmers. Lack of adequate financial sanctions, procedural of water resources, protected cultivation, horticulture mechanization, delay in release of budget and interference of local politicians were post-harvest management and rejuvenation were important the major problems faced by the officials of NHM. Hence, it is components influencing the performance of NHM. The instability recommended to take care of these problems and need to revise in area, production and productivity of horticulture crops reduced policies of NHM accordingly.

Efficacy of weather based crop insurance as an adaptation strategy to climate change RAVI DUPDAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. L. PATIL

The present study was undertaken at the University of Agricultural more aware about Weather Based Crop Insurance (WBCI) as compared Sciences, Dharwad to analyze the efficacy of weather based crop to marginal (56.40%) and small farmers (67.90%). The majority of insurance as an adaptation strategy to climate change during 2015-16. crops were positively impacted by WBCI scheme. Insured farmers The primary data was collected from Vijayapur and Bagalkot districts realized more returns [(chickpea (30%), pigeon pea (40%) and maize through multi-stage random sampling technique consisting of 240 (18%)] since they are assured of getting compensation in the event of sample size (80 insured and 40 non-insured farmers from each district). crop failure thus mobilize their additional farm inputs. Lack of The weather data was collected from 11 districts of north-Karnataka knowledge and information about climate change and adaptation for period of 23 years (1990-91 to 2013-14). Descriptive statistics, strategies (78.09%), lack of access to timely weather forecasted multiple regression, Probit and Logit model and Garrett ranking information (72.88%) and lack of timely availability of farm inputs technique were employed. Bidar district was most vulnerable district (66.44%) were major constraints experienced by insured farmers. for climate change for entire study period (1990-91 to 2013-14). Hence, the study suggested to undertake special research projects on Dharwad district exacerbated from vulnerable (1990-91) to very highly climate change adaptation and need to motivate farmers to insure all vulnerable (2013-14). Diversified farming (Garrett Score 95.45) and crops under WBCI scheme. Apart from this, the scheme documentation non-farm employment opportunities (Garrett Score 70.35) were major procedure need to be simplified and quick settlement of claim coping strategies practiced by farmers. Large farmers (89.50%) were compensation need to be made under the scheme.

Dynamics of labour employment in agriculture and socio-economic impact of MGNREGA DEEPA G. WADER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. KULKARNI

The study on agricultural labour employment pattern and socio- and across districts showed an increased trend. The hike in wages economic impact of MGNREGA was taken up in three districts might be due to MGNREGA programme and high wages in non-farm (Uttara Kannada, Vijayapura and Belagavi) in Karnataka state during sector. The participants under the programme offered an annual 2016-17. Primary data on labour participation, migration and the employment for 41, 48 and 36 man days and their income increased impact of MGNREGA on households and on agriculture was studied. to 19.31, 21.10 and 14.84 per cent, respectively in Uttara Kannada, The total sample size was 270 (90 participants, 90 non-participants Vijayapura and Belagavi districts. In addition to the employment and 90 farmers). Secondary data on employment (1991-92 to 2011- opportunities, the programme had created labour scarcity for 12) was collected from Population Census and wage data was collected operations like weeding (18.66%) and sowing (16.53%). In the from Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Growth rate, Ratio selected three districts labour force participation was more in farm method, Multiple Linear Regression, Logit Model and Garrett’s sector than the non-farm sector. During off-agricultural seasons higher ranking techniques were employed. The decadal changes in 2001 over percentage of non-participants migrated to nearest cities for their 1991 and 2011 over 2001 indicated increase in total workforce but livelihood than participants. Very small size of land holding and lack percentage of cultivators decreased and it could be due to shift of of continuous work were the main push factors and availability of cultivators towards non-farm sector and small size land holding. The adequate employment and higher wage rates were the main pull factors mean real wages of agricultural workers of both gender in the state for migration in the study area.

14 AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Study of market structure, conduct and performance of vegetable seed business in Karnataka STEPHAN RAJ SWAMIDAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. D. NAIK

The present study was carried out with the objective of analyzing promotionalactivities for three vegetables except brinjal as the market structure, conduct and performance of vegetable seed business turnover in brinjal was relatively low compared to other three crops. in Karnataka. The selected vegetables were tomato, cabbage, green Sixteen parameters were identified to know the market performance, chilli and brinjal. A multistage sampling technique was adopted. which ranged from product display to distributor’s depth. Each Compound growth rates were calculated using the secondary data company was ranked on 1 to 5 scale. A comparison of individual from 2004-05 to 2014-15. The findings suggested that Haveri district parameters was done and the overall performance of each company had highest growth rate in green chilli and Belagavi had highest was calculated with help of a grid. Standardized index was used to growth in cabbage. Hassan district had the highest growth in the know the major factors, which influenced farmers’decision regarding production of tomato. In Kolar district, the study crops indicated a the purchase of vegetable seeds. The most important factors were declining trend in area. Herfindah index was used to assess market market price at the time of planting and suitability of soil. The concentration,which showed that marketshadmoderate to high degree study also indicated that the major constraints faced by dealers, of concentration in all districts. This result suggested that it was nurserymen and distributors were competition among dealers, poor difficult for the new firms to enter into the market for these vegetable credit recovery from farmers and competition from product seeds in the districts.All the companies in these districts conducted development personnel respectively.

Market competitiveness and export performance of Onion and Garlic from India - An agribusiness approach SOMANAGOUDA I. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. KERUR

India is one of the largest producer, consumer and exporter of onion both the crops which was indicated by the best fit ARIMA model. and garlic in the world and they are famous for their pungency and Onion exports increased over the years, while garlic exports medicinal value. Hence, there is a lot of demand in the world market. decreased. Russia was the most stable nation for onion and for Present study was conducted in the year 2015-16 to study growth, garlic it was other minor importing nations which were observed trend, forecasting, export of onion and garlic from India. Top four through Markow Chain model. NPC revealed that both the crops states in production of onion and garlic were selected for the study. were suitable for export and found to be competitive with the value Among four states, three major markets were selected for both the of less than unity. Projections of export were done in order to know crops. Study is entirely based on the secondary data which was which country imports more and it will increase its imports in collected from different official websites for the period of 20 years forthcoming years. In case of onion it was other minor importing (1995-96 to 2014-15). Growth rate of onion and garlic were positive countries (34,904 tones) and for garlic Bangladesh (5,878 tones) for selected states except in Gujarat state negative growth rate of and Pakistan (2,625 tones) are going to increase its imports by onion in productivity (-0.10). All the states exhibited increasing 2020-21. To increase yield/acre farmers need be educated by trend in arrivals and prices of onion and garlic. Forecasting prices of imparting knowledge of good agricultural practices and explore new onion and garlic indicated that there was an increase in prices of technologies for cultivation.

Management of Pepper economy in India- An agribusiness approach NATARAJ B. PATTED MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. A. YELEDHALLI

An empirical investigation on growth in area, production, productivity, per cent in production. Spices Board, Cochin is actively working on trends in prices, forecasting the prices and projection of exports of promotional activities in order to increase the area of black pepper in black pepper (Piper nigrum) was conducted in the Department of traditional and non-traditional areas. Financial feasibility of black Agribusiness Management, University of Agricultural Sciences, pepper revealed NPV to be ` 8,21,018 , BC ratio 1.53 and payback Dharwad during 2016-17. Kerala and Karnataka states were period of 5.97 years . Increase in arrivals and prices of black pepper purposively selected for the study based on area under black pepper. are observed in the major markets of Kerala and Karnataka. ARIMA The secondary data used for the study were from 2006-07 to 2015-16. expressed prices of black pepper are anticipated to be 800/- per Primary data was collected from Kodagu and Hassan district growers kilogram by June 2018. Export analysis revealed Indian black pepper adopting (n=120) multistage random sampling. Information was is having huge demand in the International market. Black pepper obtained through well structured schedules. Analytical techniques showed less than unity and found to be competitive in the International used for the study were growth rate, trend analysis, budgeting market. Kochi market prices are well integrated with the New York techniques, ARIMA, nominal protection coefficient, Markow chain market prices. Research and extension efforts for cultivation of black model and co-integration technique. Negative growth rate was observed pepper are to be initiated by Government for enhancing productivity for area and production in India and Kerala while in Karnataka there by evolving high yielding varieties and diversified usage of black was a positive growth rate with 11.98 per cent in area and 15.97 pepper.

15 Production and value chain of millets in North Karnataka - A management appraisal SHREYA AMARAPURKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ BANAKAR

The focus of the present study was on production and value chain of cultivation of finger, pearl, foxtail and little millets was ` 16,875.77, millets in north- Karnataka under the jurisdiction of UAS, Dharwad. ` 18,062.91, ` 19,821.03 and ` 21,784.91 per hectare, respectively, of Out of 480 samples, 120 farmers, 40 commission agents, 40 wholesalers, which the fixed cost accounted for meager proportion as this was grown 40 retailers, 40 processors and 200 consumers were selected for the almost on marginal lands. The benefit- cost ratio was worked out to be study by multistage random sampling. Primary data was collected by 1.48, 1.12, 1.12 and 1.71 for finger, pearl, foxtail and little millets personal interview method using pre-tested schedules and secondary respectively, indicating its feasibility of cultivation in rainfed marginal data on area, production and productivity was collected for the period lands. In case of consumption pattern, it was observed that, majority from 2000-01 to 2014-15. In the case of major millets viz., Belagavi of the respondents consumed it on daily basis as a staple food. The low district (finger millet), Koppal district (pearl millet) and in the case of profitability in millet production, limited market demand and limited minor millets, Haveri district (little millet) and Koppal district (foxtail market facility were the major problems faced by the farmer producers. millet) were selected. Descriptive statistics, growth rate, coefficient of Value added products of millets brought more returns than the millet variation, instability and Garette’s ranking techniques were employed grains. Hence, the study suggested the farmers to involve themselves for analysis of data. The growth in area and production of millets was in value addition of millets for getting better returns rather than selling negative except for growth in production of pearl millet. Cost of it in raw form.

Rubber economy in india- a management appraisal with respect to Karnataka and Kerala states K. N. NITHIN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. MAHAJANASHETTI

An empirical study on the rubber economy in India was conducted other uncultivated land. Markov chain analysis revealed that in in the Department of Agribusiness Management, University of Kasargod and Wayanad districts of Kerala, there was a shift in area Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2016-17. Kerala and Karnataka to rubber from its competing crops. The study estimated that the states were purposively selected for the study based on area under net present value per hectare of rubber plantation would be natural rubber. Primary data were collected from rubber growers ` 9,18,943 and Rs.10,17,215; internal rate of returns would to be (n=320) adopting random sampling technique. The secondary data 16.45 per cent and 17.32 per cent; benefit cost ratio would turn out used were for the period 2005-06 to 2015-16. Analytical techniques to be 2.55 and 3.03; and pay back period would turn out to be 9.20 used for the study were growth rate, trend, variability analysis, years and 10.17 years in the case of Kerala and Karnataka, Markov chain, multinomial logistic regression, tabular analysis, respectively. In the case of both states, producers’ share in capital budgeting techniques, Garrett’s ranking technique and SWOC consumers’ rupee was found to be the highest in channels involving analysis. The area under rubber cultivation showed increasing trend Rubber Producers’ Societies. Analysis of foreign trade revealed that in the states of Kerala (1.24%) and Karnataka (8.84%) during the the share of exports in the total production declined over the years. study period. The study depicted that the additional area under The major problems faced by the farmers in marketing of natural rubber over the years in Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts of rubber in Kerala as well as in Karnataka were high price fluctuation Karnataka were almost entirely taken away from waste land and and volatility in demand.

Coconut economy in Karnataka - An agribusiness perspective M. S. KISHORE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MURTHY

A study on coconut economy in Karnataka was conducted in the Farmers realized maximum net returns in case of copra (` 22,876/ha). University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2016-17. Per quintal cost of production of copra was ` 8,480. However, per Primary data of 80 farmers, 60 market intermediaries, 80 consumers quintal Minimum Support Price (MSP) prescribed was less. and 6 processing units were collected using multistage random Therefore, MSP of copra may be increased to cover the production sampling technique. Secondary data on area, production and cost. The NPV, IRR, PBP, BC ratio of coconut cultivation was productivity of coconut in Karnataka and its districts were used ` 3,76,861; 13.3 per cent; 21.8 years and 1.18, respectively. All 6 from 2001-02 to 2015-16. Descriptive statistics, growth rate processing units were found to be financially feasible. The best analysis, regression analysis, NPV, IRR, Pay Back Period (PBP), performing unit was coconut oil unit. Coir unit fared best in terms Benefit Cost Ratio and Garrett’s ranking technique were employed of value addition. The most profitable channels for marketing of for analysis of data. Area (1.76%), production (9.27%) and mature nut, tender nut and copra were channel-III (Producers à productivity (7.38%) of coconut in Karnataka showed positive and Village trader cum retailer), channel-II (Producer à Retail seller) significant growth and important districts were Tumkur, Hassan, and channel-II (Producer à Local trader cum wholesaler à Retail Chitradurga, Mysore, Dakshin Kannada, Udupi, Mandya, seller), respectively. Overall awareness of innovative and value added Chikkamagalur and Chamarajanagar. Per hectare initial investment, products of coconut was found to be minimum. Hence, it is maintenance and establishment costs required for coconut recommended that coconut value added products be given special plantations were ` 63,708, ` 4,68,000 and ` 5,37,266, respectively. and extensive advertizing to improve the demand.

16 Agribusiness in Karnataka – A sectoral analysis NETHRAVATHI ASHOK PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. A. YELEDHALLI

The study was conducted under the Department of Agribusiness Horticulture crops retained maximum per cent of its area compared Management, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during to agriculture crops. The Gross Domestic Product and Net Domestic 2014-15 to 2016-17. The study was entirely based on secondary Product at constant rate and current price for agriculture declined data for the period of 1999-2000 to 2014-15. Production, agri-input during 1990-00 to 2014-15 because the shares of industry and service and agro-processing were subsector considered for study. The sector have increased. Total agricultural exports increased from statistical tools such as Compound annual growth rate, instability ` 4,238.14 crores (2.96%) in 2009-10 to ` 11,231.80 crores (3.56%) index, Markov chain analysis and tabular presentation were used in 2015-16, this growth was mainly contributed by cashew, for analysis. The results revealed that majority of fruits and Bangalore rose onion and gherkins. Value added from agriculture vegetables had a positive growth with low instability indices for declined from 78.82 per cent (2004-05) to 76.55 per cent area, production and productivity in various districts of Karnataka. (2014-15). Value added from livestock increased from 21.72 per cent Highest growth in agri-input sector was in Kodagu district (82.65%). (2004-05) to 23.45 per cent (2014-15). Gherkin (65.42%) retained The food processing units had significant CAGR of 93.45 per cent maximum share in agri-export from Karnataka followed by Coffee (Koppal) and 69.51 per cent (Raichur). Highest growth of non-food products (48.77%). The Integrated Agribusiness Policy 2011 was processing units was observed in Ballari (50.53%) which was non- one which covered majority of the attributes compared to 2006 and significant but Kodagu district was found to have 42.68 per cent. 2015 policies.

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION Impact of entrepreneurship development programme in North Karnataka GEETA P. CHANNAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. NATIKAR

This study was undertaken during the year 2014-15 in Bagalkot, enterprise (22.00%), process based enterprise (16.68%) and general Vijayapur and Uttar Kannada districts of Karnataka. A sample of 50 enterprise (10.67%). Similarly, untrained entrepreneurs adopted trained and 50 untrained respondents were selected from each of the product based (62.00%) followed by general enterprise (30.67%), three districts making a total sample of 300 with ex-post facto research process based enterprise (6.66 %) and agricultural based enterprise design. The entrepreneurship development scale was developed and (0.67 %). In both the groups top priority was given for product standardized. Impact of entrepreneurship development programme based enterprises. The income of untrained entrepreneurs was on the trained entrepreneurs was around 70 per cent. The index higher than trained entrepreneurs. The reasons could be score for leadership ability, decision making ability, confidence level, establishment of enterprises as a family tradition carried forward management orientation, establishment of enterprise and growth/ over generations and their expertise in the profession from past expansion of enterprise of the entrepreneurs revealed that there many years. The problems expressed by the entrepreneurs were was significant difference between entrepreneurs who have been marketing of the produce (48.00%), health problems (36.00%), beneficiaries of entrepreneurship development programmes and electricity problem (32.00%), high cost of labour (27.33%) and non-beneficiaries. The ‘t’ value for the trained and untrained high rent of the shop (24.67%). The suggestions given by trained entrepreneurs were significant and higher than the untrained entrepreneurs were quick sanction of loan (34.66%), proper market entrepreneurs. Fifty per cent (50.66%) of the trained entrepreneurs network (18.00%), latest technologies (12.00%) and simplification adopted product based enterprise followed by agricultural based of bank loan procedure (10.66%).

Analysis of tomato production and protection technologies at farm level in Karnataka I. M. M. NAZAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. DOLLI

The study was conducted to analyze the knowledge and adoption (100.00%), staking (80.83%) and seed treatment (91.67%). Nutrient gaps in production and protection technologies in tomato cultivation management and plant protection were adopted by about 50 per cent by farmers of Belagavi district of North Karnataka during the year of tomato growers. Extension contact and area under tomato were 2015 -16. A sample of 120 tomato growers were selected from 12 negatively and significantly associated with knowledge gap of villages of two taluks of Belagavi district by simple random sampling production and protection technology, while, education and area under procedure. Pre-tested structured schedule was used to collect the tomato was negatively and significantly associated with adoption information through personal interview method. The data was analyzed gap of production technology. The significant difference in the mean by using frequency, percentage, correlation, ‘t’ test and Garrets ranking. yield of tomato was observed among low, medium and high adoption The findings revealed that lower knowledge gap of 5.77 per cent in gap category tomato growers. Further, knowledge gap and adoption production and 17.65 per cent in protection technology among gap in tomato cultivation was negatively and significantly associated marginal and small farmers respectively, while higher knowledge gap with productivity of tomato. Majority of tomato growers had manually in production (28.14%) and protection (19.48%) technology was harvested tomato, packed and sold their produce in local market. observed among big and medium farmers respectively. Adoption gap Major constraints faced by farmers include nonavailability of improved was higher among big farmers (34.09%) and low among marginal seeds, lack of proper knowledge about plant protection, lack of storage farmers (24.20%). Majority of tomato growers had adopted hybrids and market facility.

17 Mechanization gap and energy utilization pattern by farmers in relation to productivity P. NAGARJUNA REDDY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. G. ANGADI

This study was conducted during the year 2016-17 in Uttara Kannada, and 2.06, respectively. Contribution of energy utilization to the productivity Bclagavi and Vijayapura districts of Karnataka for paddy, maize and in paddy, maize and pigeon pea was 2.98 MJ kg-1, 6.30 MJ kg-1 and 7.12 pigeon pea respectively. Ex-post facto research design was employed for MJ kg-1, respectively. There was a highly significant relationship the study. Stratified random sampling was used to select a sample of 240 between energy utilization by farmers and productivity of paddy, maize farmers. Level of mechanization in paddy and pigeon pea was high in and pigeon pea. The mechanization gap in paddy for combine harvester ploughing. In maize, level of mechanization was high in harrowing. and paddy reaper was 100.00 per cent and 77.00 per cent respectively There was inverse relationship between mechanization gap and that amounts to requirement of 4 combine harvesters and 7 paddy reapers. productivity of paddy, maize and pigeon pea. Share of machinery cost in In maize, equipment-wise gap for M B plough, cultivator, rotovator and paddy, maize and pigeon pea was 45.82, 54.56 and 48.52 per cent disc harrow was 23.00 per cent, 50.00 per cent, 33.33 per cent and 25.00 respectively. Energy consumption was high in ploughing operation in per cent respectively that amounts to requirement of 6 M B ploughs, 11 paddy, maize and pigeon pea crops. Among all the sources, energy cultivators, 7 rotovators and 4 disc harrows. The mechanization gap for consumption through inorganic fertilizers was high in all the three combine harvester of pigeon pea was 100.00 per cent that amounts to crops. The energy ratio in paddy, maize and pigeon pea was 4.91, 2.33 requirement of 4 combine harvesters.

B. HORTICULTURE

Crop improvement and nutrient management studies in Marigold (Tagetes spp.) S. LATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. R. DHARMATTI

Marigold genotypes were evaluated at the New orchard, Department doses of gamma rays. Higher co-efficient of variation for majority of Horticulture, UAS, Dharwad, during 2015-2016, to study the of the vegetative and flower characters was at higher doses of 500 variability and genetic divergence and it was also aimed to generate and 600 Gy gamma treated mutants population. Further, these higher variability through mutation studies using gamma rays and to develop doses have resulted in maximum number of chlorophyll mutants production technology through Integrated Nutrient Management with higher frequency of 3.14 and 3.15 per cent (500 and 600 Gy, (INM). The results revealed that, the genotype Double Orange was respectively). Treating with higher doses resulted in maximum superior for growth, flower quality and yield attributes as well as number of morphological mutants and they were evaluated further high heritability coupled with genetic advance over mean was on large scale in M3 generation. In INM studies, application of observed for most of the traits. The genetic divergence studies, plants with 50 per cent RDF + vermicompost equivalent to grouped twenty six genotypes of marigold into seven clusters. 50 per cent RD’N’ + poultry manure equivalent to 50 per cent

Double Orange and Pusa Basanti Gainda formed solitary clusters, RD’N’ (T4) was most superior for increasing growth, flower quality indicating genetic divergence. Hence, Double Orange was used for and yield (16.73 t/ha) of marigold. However, the benefit cost ratio mutation and INM studies. Mutation studies indicated that, was highest (3.75) in treatment supplied with 50 per cent RDF + germination and survivability percentage decreased with increase in FYM equivalent to 50 per cent RD’N’ + Sheep manure equivalent gamma rays dosage, where as lethality increased with increasing to 50 per cent RD’N’ (T9) compared to other treatments.

Studies on fertigation and growth regulators in Capsicum grown under polyhouse MALLIKARJUN DHOTRE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MANTUR

Influence of different levels of irrigation and fertigation as well as the I2: 30, 45 and 60 and I3: 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after planting) along plant growth regulators on growth, productivity, quality and with an absolute control. The results revealed that, vegetative parameters profitability of capsicum (hybrid Indra) grown under a naturally and fruit yield were significantly higher with irrigation regimes I2 and I3 ventilated polyhouse was studied at the Hi-Tech Horticulture Unit, as well as F2 and F3 levels of fertigation. I3 × F3 resulted in highest fruit

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2014-15 and yield (88.56 t/ha). I2 × F2 resulted in superior fruit quality parameters,

2015-16. The treatments included three drip irrigation regimes (I1: 40, higher uptake of major nutrients and dry matter accumulation as well as ` 2 ` 2 I2: 60 and I3: 80% of ETc) and three fertigation levels (F1: 50, F2: 75 and highest gross returns ( 2,19,524/500 m ), net returns ( 1,65,226/500 m )

F3: 100% of RDF) along with a control treatment consisting of drip and B:C ratio (4.05). Spraying plant growth regulators further enhanced irrigation at 100% ETc and soil application of 100% RDF. The best growth parameters in capsicum. Fruit yield (106.61 t/ha) and fruit treatment combination from this experiment was selected for the next quality parameters were increased by the application of G2 × I3. season to study the effect of growth regulators viz., NAA 50 ppm Application of NAA @ 100 ppm at four intervals (G2 × I3) resulted in ` 2 ` (G1), 100 ppm (G2), 150 ppm (G3), and CCC 200 ppm (G4), 400 ppm highest gross returns ( 2,66,571/500 m ), net returns ( 2,11,970/ 2 (G5), 600 ppm (G6) sprayed at three different intervals (I1: 30 and 45; 500 m ) and BC ratio (4.89).

18 Investigations on planting methods and nutrition on growth, yield and quality of Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash) M. RAVIPRASAD SAJJAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. K.VENUGOPAL A field investigation was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting (219.15 g/plant), dry root weight (95.06 g/plant), root yield per ha methods and nutrition on growth, yield and quality of vetiver (Vetiveria (4,085.78 kg/ha) and essential oil yield (85.34 kg/ha) compared to zizanioides (L.) Nash Syn. Chrysopogan zizanioides) during July other planting methods. Among fertilizer levels, 75:50:25 kg NPK

2015- July 2016 at the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Unit, Saidapur per ha (F6) recorded significantly higher root length (45.98 cm), number Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka. The of roots per plant (260.97), fresh root weight (177.28 g/plant), dry experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three main plots root weight (86.32 g/plant), root yield per ha (3,453.19 kg/ha) and

(planting methods viz., P1– Ridge and furrow method, P2– Bed method essential oil yield (73.32 kg/ha) than all other lower levels of fertilizers and P3– Bag method) and six sub-plots (fertilizer levels viz., at 12 months harvest. Among interactions, the combination of P3F6

F1- 25:25:25 NPK, F2- 50:25:25 NPK, F3- 75:25:25 NPK, F4- 25:50:25 (Bag method with fertilizer levels of 75:50:25 kg NPK/ha) recorded

NPK, F5- 50:50:25 NPK and F6- 75:50:25 NPK kg/ha) comprising of significantly higher root length (55.91 cm), number of roots per plant eighteen treatment combinations with two replications. Planting (350.4), fresh root weight (238.30 g/plant), dry root weight methods and nutrition levels had significantly influenced all the growth (103.29 g/plant), dry root yield (4.33 t/ha) and essential oil yield and yield parameters. Among the planting methods, bag method (P3) (94.25 kg/ha) compared to all other interactions. The same treatment recorded significantly higher yield parameters viz., root length combination alsoregisteredmaximum gross returns (` 5,63,357/ha), (50.12 cm), number of roots per plant (316.97), fresh root weight net returns (` 4,15,295/ha) and BC ratio (1:3.80). C. HOME SCIENCE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES Breast feeding practices: Effect on infant developmental outcomes and family based intervention VINUTHA U. MUKTAMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUNANDA ITAGI Breast Feeding Practices: Effect on infant developmental outcomes exclusive breastfeeding for first six months and longer duration of and family based intervention study was conducted at the University breastfeeding when compared with urban mothers. The rate of not of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015-17 on 600 mother- feeding colostrum was higher in urban area (37.33%) than rural area infant dyads from rural area and 300 mother-infant dyads from urban (21.83%). Infants exclusively breastfed for first six months and area of Bijapur, Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka. The breastfeeding for longer duration (>12 months) showed high cognitive, objective of the study was to know the breastfeeding practices and to language, motor and socio-emotional development scores when examine the effect of breastfeeding on infant development outcomes. compared with complementarily and never breastfed infants. The The results revealed that more than fifty per cent mothers initiated influence of home environment on infant developmental outcomes breastfeeding within one hour and 25.U per cent of mothers initialed was high (34 to 60%) compared to other factors. On the basis of the breastfeeding after three days. Majority of mothers fed colostrum results of the study, an educational package on breastfeeding benefits (73%) and 57.78 per cent of mothers fed prelacteal feeds such as was developed and the efficacy of the package was tested on gutti, formula, gripe water, sugar water, glucose, honey, cow’s milk 40 mothers. Post intervention revealed gain in mean knowledge and jaggery. The knowledge regarding breastfeeding ranged from score (39.38 to 61.53%). The intervention program proved to be medium to low and majority of mothers had neutral attitude. A high effective in enhancing knowledge index of the mothers on the percentage of rural mothers practiced early initiation of breastfeeding, importance of breastfeeding. EXTENSION COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT A critical analysis of managerial leadership among panchayat development officers (PDOs) of Korthern Karnataka GEETA S. TAMGALE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHHAYA BADIGER The present investigation was purposively undertaken in Dharwad, PDOs. Managerial leadership of PDOs had positive and significant Haveri, Gadag, Bagalkot, Vijayapura, Belagavi and Uttara Kannada relationship with job involvement and organizational commitment while, districts of North Karnataka during 2015-17. The ex-post-facto and job stress had negative and significant relationship. The regression model diagnostic research design was followed. The scale was constructed to showed that about 40.30 per cent of variation in managerial leadership measure the managerial leadership among Panchayat Development could be explained by the thirteen variables included in the study. Job Officers (PDOs). Data was collected from 210 PDOs through incidental involvement, organizational commitment and trainings attended had meeting technique (thirty from each district) with the help of pre- highest direct effect, whereas family background followed by achievement tested questionnaire method. Managerial leadership was measured on motivation and organization commitment had highest indirect effect on three components viz.,technical, human relation and diagnostic. managerial leadership of PDOs. Most of the effects were observed Managerial leadership of majority of PDOs in the technical, human through job involvement and organizational commitment of the PDOs. relation and diagnostic found to be 67.10, 65.20 and 62.90 per cent, Higher per cent of PDOs belonged to medium job satisfaction (59.00%) respectively. The overall managerial leadership scores showed and high job performance (59.50%) category. Majority of PDOs had 65.24 per cent of PDOs belonging to medium level of managerial medium level of knowledge regarding rural development programmes. leadership followed by high level of managerial leadership (27.62%). The major constraints faced by the PDOs were heavy work load The chi-square value indicated a non-significant association between (89.05%), political interference (87.14%) and lack of freedom for the gender, qualification, trainings attended and managerial leadership of implementing officers in decision making (64.29%). 19 Diffusion and innovation-decision process of home science technologies LAKSHMI M. PALOTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SIIOBHA NAGNUR New technologies are being developed and released to improve practices’ and ‘care and storage practices of clothing’ was around qualits of life of rural people. To understand the diffusion and 71. For other technologies the indices were around 50. The adoption process of home science technologies the present study acceptance index for ‘health and safety practices’ was the highest was conducted in two villages of Dharwad taluk; Varanagalavi and (69.75) and the least for “dust mite control technology’ (3.25). Belur-Heggeri of Dharwad district in Karnataka state under the Implementation was highest (81.25%) for “health and safety University of Agricultural Sciences. Dharwad during 2016-2017. practices’. At the confirmation stage 72.50 per cent of the Eight home science technologies were disseminated, and adoption respondents continued to use ‘health and safety practices’ and was studied over a period of three months. Eighty women who 28.75 per cent continued “care and safety practices of clothing”. adopted the technologies were selected to study the Innovation- When data plotted for adopter categorization ‘S’ shaped curve was Decision process. The Innovation-Decision process was studied seen only for “care and storage practices of clothing’ and ‘health over five stages viz Knowledge. Persuasion. Decision. and safety practices”. The attributes of the home science technologies Implementation and Confirmation. Diffusion of ‘health and safety that influenced adoption were trialability and compatibility. Lack practices” was 31.65 per cent and for ‘care and storage practices of of observability was the main reason for non- adoptability of home clothing” it was 19.21 per cent. Knowledge showed improvement science technologies. Based on the findings, a new Innovation- after dissemination. The attitude indices for “health and safety Decision model for home science technologies has been suggested.

FAMILY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Community participation in solid waste management at Dharwad city YOGITA V. MASUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RENUKA S. SALUNKE Solid waste management (SWM) is a global environmental issue which SWM aspects through intervention of folders, demonstration-cum- concerns everyone and presents a significant problem in today’s world. lecture and videos were found to be highly significant with t-value of The study on community participation in solid waste management at 22.932, 21.827, 16.155, respectively. The desired change was Dharwad city was carried out during the year 2015-16 with a sample observed towards economical aspect at greater extent through folders, size of 390 women respondents from four types of dwellings demonstration-cum-lecture and videos for apartment, independent (apartment, independent, quarters, slum).The study included primary and slum respondents were found to be highly significant with t- and secondary data. Multistage stratified random sampling method value 13.146, 16.240, 22.117, respectively. Cent per cent of the was adopted. The findings revealed that, majority of the households independent dwellers opined that, they would like to adopt segregation (55%) were found to be major source of waste generation followed by in their houses. Nearly 97 per cent of the slum dwellers were willing commercial area (16%) and hotels (9%). Majority of the residents to adopt biomass briquettes preparation. Further, the study showed (79%) sometimes practiced improper waste management and 49 per that intervention programme influenced significantly with respect to cent of the respondents were not aware about the impact on health the knowledge, attitude and practices of the waste management among and environment. The apartment, independent and slum respondents the respondents at household level. Hence, system approach could had gained more knowledge about recycle aspect compared to other be implemented for effective management of solid waste.

TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING Herbal treated antimicrobial textiles for medical applications SHAMEEMBANU A. BYADGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SADHANA D. KULLOLI

The present study was conducted at the Department of Textile and clerodendron (12 ± 1.29 mm) and 2:1 castor: banyan (17 ± 1.50 mm) Apparel Designing, UAS, Dharwad during the year 2014-17 to elicit exhibited good antimicrobial activity. Further, the herbal combinations the information on type of textiles used in multi-speciality hospitals were applied on 100 per cent cotton (medium and heavy weight) material through personal interview method and standardize a protocol for by dip-dry and pad-dry-cure methods. The FTIR spectrum of herbal antimicrobial finishing of textiles using herbal combinations. The survey treated fabrics confirmed the presence of vinyl, aliphatic amines, carried out in ten randomly selected multi-speciality hospitals of Hubli- alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and phenol groups. Further, both Dharwad city revealed that cent per cent of them used cotton material medium and heavy weight fabrics exhibited increase in physical for first aid kit, uniforms, bed linen and surgical wear because of the parameters after antimicrobial treatment and after multiple launderings comfort properties of cotton. Phytochemical screening of eight herbal (15 washes). Meanwhile, the herbal treated fabrics depicted good extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, antibacterial activity but moderate antifungal activity. However, the tannins and terpenoids. Total phenolic content study gave good results effectiveness of the antimicrobial treatment reduced with the increase with ethanol compared to methanol and distilled water. Bioassay results in wash cycles. Besides, fabrics finished by pad-dry-cure method revealed that the antimicrobial activity of herbal combinations (15 – 25 exhibited good antibacterial activity than dip-dry method. The cost of mm) was better than single herbal extract (10 – 15 mm). The herbal herbal antimicrobial finishing of medium weight fabric was ` 10.98 per combinations viz., 1:1 castor: banyan (22 ± 1.50 mm), 1:2 castor: meter while that of heavy weight fabric was ` 11.65 per meter.

20 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCES GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Evaluation of G. anomalum introgressed G. arboreum lines for relative gene expression in special relation to fibre strength, yield and fibre quality traits MD. ASIM M. KAZI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. PATIL

Cotton fibers are single-celled seed trichomes of major economic number of locules. Plant height, number of sympodials, number of importance in textile industry. Considering the importance of fiber bolls, boll weight, lint index, seed index and number of locules quality, 225 genotypes of Gossypium anomalum L. introgressed contributed to increased seed cotton yield per plant. Also, since these G. arboreum L. lines were evaluated for their performance, assessment traits had direct significant effect on seed cotton yield, emphasis can of variability, association and path co-efficient analysis. The study be laid on these attributes. The real-time PCR analysis revealed that also focused on dissecting the molecular and biochemical basis of the CesA4, CesA7, CesA8 and GhMT1 genes were upregulated during fiber strength through real-time PCR analysis and histological study 24 DPA (initiation of secondary cell wall synthesis) and 30 DPA using contrasting genotypes Arb-1 (22.9 g/tex) and Arb-2 (19.7 g/tex) (secondary cell wall synthesis) which are the important stages in for fibre strength. The research was conducted under rainfed condition synthesizing maximum cellulose contributing towards the higher fiber at botanical garden, MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, strength. The expression studies revealed upregulation of these genes Dharwad during kharif 2013. The genotypes registered significant in the genotype possessing high fibre strength. Histological and variability for all the characters studied and association analysis biochemical results on seed cotton fiber growth stages revealed revealed that seed cotton yield was positively associated with number deposition of cellulose at 24 and 34 DPA, which conferred high fiber of sympodia, boll number, plant height, boll weight, seed index and strength.

Genetic studies on charcoal rot resistance and fodder quality parameters in minicore collection of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench ) during rabi season V. NAGAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. D. BIRADAR

Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance and correlation were The association between stay green and charcoal rot parameters was estimated for charcoal rot component traits, fodder quality traits, negative indicating stay green types are tolerant to charcoal rot. Total yield and its component traits in 236 minicore accessions of sorghum soluble solids recorded highly significant and negative correlation with during rabi season of 2016-17 at the Main Agricultural Research charcoal rot component traits. Stem girth exhibited positive and Station, University of Agricultural sciences, Dharwad. High values of significant association with number of leaves per plant, spreading of PCV and GCV were observed for majority of traits, indicating a fungus and fodder yield per plot both at phenotypic and genotypic greater scope for improvement of these traits. High heritability coupled level. Based on these results it could be concluded that, to enhance with high genetic advance over mean was observed for all the traits fodder yield and quality, the breeder need to focus on medium thick except for days to 50 per cent flowering and days to maturity. This stem, more number of leaves, higher chlorophyll content at flag leaf reveals that these characters would be more effective for further and at maturity and high brix percentage. These traits would reduce improvement through simple selection as these are more likely to be the charcoal rot disease there by enhancing quality and quantity of controlled by additive portion of the genetic variation. Significant and the fodder and grain. The accession IS7987 recorded highest grain negative association of lodging per cent with grain yield and fodder yield per plant (132.35 g) and resistant to charcoal rot and suggested yield per plant indicated lodging affects grain yield and fodder yield. to use in resistance breeding programme.

Genetic studies related to seed cotton yield, fibre quality andphysiological traits in selected advanced breeding lines of Gossypium hirsutum L. AKSHATA G. BHAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. KAJJIDONI

An experiment was carried out in cotton (G. hirsutum) during kharif LAI, leaf dry matter, stem dry matter, reproductive parts dry matter 2016 at the ARS, Dharwad Farm to assess the genetic variability and total dry matter at 90 DAS exhibited high GCV and PCV and association analysis for seed cotton yield, fibre quality and estimates with moderate heritability and high GAM. Seed cotton physiological traits in 100 advance breeding lines derived from yield exhibited significantpositive correlation with boll weight, boll crosses involving parents with traits stay green, robust, compact number, monopodial branches, dry matter of reproductive parts at and relative growth rate. Moderate to high magnitude of variance 90 DAS and micronaire while, negative association with days to and moderate heritability coupled with high GAM for boll weight, 50 per cent boll opening, plant height, SLW at 90 DAS, sympodial boll number, seed cotton yield per plant and lint yield per plant was branches and lint index. The fibre quality, fibre length exhibited observed. The fibre quality traits exhibited low variance but high significant positive association with fibre strength and negative heritability with moderate to low GAM. The physiological traits, association with micronaire indicating simultaneous improvement

21 of fibre strength and fineness.The path analysis revealed direct effects traits. KDHL 95 followed by KDHL 32 were superior progenies of lint yield, lint index, LAI at 90 DAS and total dry matter at 110 for fibre strength compared to check Suraj. Genotypes viz., KDHL DAS on seed cotton yield. The per se performance of progenies 99, KDHL 50, KDHL 61, KDHL100 and KDHL 21 were superior revealed KDHL 105 and KDHL 94 as promising lines for seed lines for seed cotton yield along with fibre quality and physiological cotton yield and good fibre quality coupled with better physiological traits.

Expression analysis of validated de-novo assembly of sequenced transcriptome data of ad genome

in A1 and A2 genomes employing variability in F2 segregants of desi cotton T. JAWAHAR SRI GOPI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. PATIL

A study on genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis maximum direct contribution from number of bolls per plant and boll for seed cotton yield and its component traits in two F2 populations weight. The number of bolls per plant had maximum indirect viz., QTP 16 × ASa 151 and QTP 5 × ASh 90 was conducted at contribution through number of locules per boll. More number of Botanical garden, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during transgressive segregants was recorded for number of bolls followed kharif 2016. Expression analysis of annotated genes was also carried by seed cotton yield per plant in the segregating populations. The out in selected high and low fibre genotypes in the F2 population of qRT-PCR analysis of the annotated genes revealed that the expression cross QTP 5 × ASh 90. The segregating populations thus obtained of Gene 1272 and Gene 32671 was found maximum during 24 days were evaluated for eight quantitative traits. A wide range of variability post anthesis (DPA) i.e. secondary cell wall synthesis stage. The was observed for plant height, number of sympodia, number of bolls expression of Gene 55808 and Gene 59335 was found maximum and seed cotton yield per plant. The two F2 populations recorded during 30 DPA i.e. fibre maturity stage. The Gene 24332 was found high GCV, heritability and GAM estimates for seed cotton yield and abundant during 18 DPA i.e. fibre elongation stage. The Gene 1272 number of bolls per plant. Seed cotton yield recorded significant and Gene 32671 showing maximum expression during 24 DPA are positive correlation with number of bolls and number of sympodia responsible for conferring fiber strength and can be used for marker per plant. Path coefficient analysis of seed cotton yield revealed the development or cloning of these genes for genetic transformation.

Heteroic grouping of newly developed inbred lines of Maize (Zea mays L.) C. S. KANTHA KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYANT S. BHAT The classification of maize inbreds into heterotic group, analysis of transmit their characteristics to the progeny and could be useful in their combining ability, heterosis and variability are crucial for breeding program. The crosses with high per se, LC-265 during kharif development of successful hybrids. Keeping these objectives in view, a and LC-286 during rabi recorded highly significant sca values (2.852 study involving 54 new maize inbreds and their crosses with two and 2.788) and high standard heterosis (40.6 and 43.70 %, respectively) testers from opposite heterotic groups was undertaken at ICAR-IARI over CMH-287 (best check). Heterotic grouping by the three (SCA- Regional Research Center, Dharwad during rabi-2015 to rabi-2016. PY, HGSCA, and HGCAMT) methods showed similar but not identical High heritability, GCV and genetic advance for grain yield and test trends. SCA-PY (Specific combining ability combined line pedigree weight during both kharif and rabi indicating that, these traits could be and hybrid yield) method was (6 and 14%) and (2 and 12%) more used in early generation selection of inbreds. Through DUS efficient than HSGCA (Heterotic group’s specific and general combining characterization, it was possible to identify each and every inbred ability) and HGCAMT (Heterotic grouping based on gca of multiple unambiguously with the combination of traits, indicating the traits) method, respectively during kharif and rabi, respectively, in effectiveness of DUS descriptors in identification, documentation and classifying inbred lines into heterotic groups. The inter group cross grouping of inbreds along with their use in registration. Inbred lines hybrids LC-194, LC-265 and LC-371 were superior for grain yield in PDM-4241, PDM-4131R, PDM-89-2, CDM-306 and DIM-334 with both kharif and rabi which should be selected for further testing across high gca effects for grain yield and yield related traits are likely to multiple locations to evaluate their suitability for commercialization.

Heterosis and combining ability studies in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) G. VIMALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. PARAMESHWARAPPA The present study was envisaged to know the performance of hybrids weight. The parents DS-10, DS-21, HT-2, AT-282, GT-10 (females) developed and to characterize the parents for their ability to transmit and DSS-9, TKG-22 (males) were found to be good general combiners desirable genes to their progenies and to know the type of gene action for seed yield per plant. On the basis of sca effects, the hybrid AT- governing yield and yield components. The experimental material 282 × DS-5 for seed yield per plant, HT-2 × DSS-9 for number of consisted of 30 hybrids and 13 parents, was laid out in RCBD with capsules per plant, RT-127 × DS-5 for 1000-seed weight and were two replications during kharif 2016 at AICRP on Sesamum and Niger, found promising. Preponderance of non-additive gene action for all MARS, UAS, Dharwad. The analysis of variances revealed that there the studied characters except for length of capsule were observed. On was significant differences among hybrids and parents for all the the basis of per se performance exploitable heterosis, sca effects and traits studied. High degree of desirable heterosis over better parent gene action involved in the expression of seed yield and its and standard check was observed for most of the characters. The components, the hybrids AT-282 × DS-5 (17.75 g), GT-10 × DS-5 hybrid combinations AT-282 × DS-5 recorded the highest positive (16.30 g), DS-21 × TKG-22 (16.20 g) and DS-10 × TKG-22 (15.70 g) heterosis over standard check for seed yield per plant, HT-2 × DSS- were considered to be the best hybrids for exploitation of heterosis 9 for number of capsules per plant, RT-127 × DS-5 for 1000-seed and to derive novel recombinants for these traits.

22 Genetic enhancement of Green gram (Vignaradiata (L.) Wilczek) genotypes through induced mutagenesis P. PRAVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA C. MOGALI

In the present investigation, eight cultivars of green gram viz., LGG 5.00 gwhereas, the initial variety had 100 seed weight of 2.80 g per 460, IPM 2-3, Sonamung, TARM 1, Vamban 2, DGGV 2, IPM 2-17 plant. Mutant number 8 derived from Sonamung had a mean number and VGG 2 were treated with different doses of gamma irradiation of pods of 90,likewise mutant number 1 derived from IPM 2-17 had a mean number of pods of 87. Morphometric mutations such as seed and M3 and M4generations were evaluatedduring kharif, 2016 and colour variation (Sonamung), constricted pod type (IPM 2-3), rabi 2016-17 at MARS, UAS, Dharwad. On evaluation ofM4 generation, 15 mutant lines were isolated which possessed higher variation in leaf type (Vamban 2) etc., were observed in mutant yield and resistant to different foliar diseases. Mutant number 63 populations. Mutants with top bearing habit were isolated derived from Sonamung had highest mean seed yield per plant (10.40 fromSonamung (mutant number 4, 8, and 38). Mutant populations g) followed by mutant number 6-1 derived from TARM 1 (10.13 g) were screened for four foliar diseases viz., powdery mildew, whereas, the best check LGG 460 had a mean seed yield of 2.90 g per anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot and crinkle virus disease. It was plant. Mutant number 32 derived from Vamban 2, mutant number found that improvement over the initial variety was achieved in all 102 derived from LGG 460 (400 Gy.) and mutant number 49 derived mutant populations for foliar diseases. Mutant number 33 derived from Sonamung possessed early maturitycompared to the initial from LGG 460 (300 Gy.) was resistant to Cercospora leaf spot, variety. Sonamung mutant number 35 had highest 100 seed weight of anthracnose and powdery mildew disease.

Genetic investigation of induced variability for quantitative traits in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) V. VINUTHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. PARAMESHWARAPPA

Thirty stabilized mutant lines along with three checks of sesame plant. Seed yield per plant showed significant and positive association were evaluated in randomized block design with two replications with days to maturity, number of primary branches per plant, during kharif 2016 at AICRP on Sesame and Niger, MARS, UAS, number of capsules on main stem, number of capsules per plant. Dharwad to determine the nature and magnitude of variability, Path coefficient analysis revealed maximum positive direct effect of character association and path coefficient analysis, knowledge of number of primary branches per plant on seed yield per plant which is helpful in selecting the parents for hybridization followed by 1,000-seed weight, number of capsules on main stem programme. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference and number of capsules per plant. The promising genotypes identified among genotypes for all the thirteen characters studied. High GCV for earliness were DSM-3-3-5, DSM-11-2 and for bold seed DSM- and PCV were observed for seed yield per plant, number of capsules 3-3-2, DSM-3-3-5 and for seed yield DSM-3-2-2, DSM-3-2-5 and per plant and number of primary branches per plant. High for high oil content DSM-3-3-2, DSM-3-3-3. DSM-3-2-2, DSM-3- heritability with high genetic advance as per cent mean was observed 3-3, DSM-3-3-4 and DSM-6-2-6-3 were identified as promising for seed yield per plant, number of seeds per capsule, number of genotypes among 33 genotypes of sesame for having maximum capsules on main stem, number of capsules per plant, number of number of desirable characters. These genotypes can be used as a primary branches per plant, number of secondary branches per donor parents for hybridization programme.

Genetic studies on variability for rust resistance and grain yield parameters in Rabi Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) LEKHASHRI RANJITHA MAJORADVISOR: Dr. S. T. KAJJIDONI

An investigation was carried out during rabi 2016-17 at AICSIP, The path analysis revealed high direct positive contribution of MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to assess earhead weight, breadth and 100 seed weight towards grain yield the genetic variability, association and path analysisfor grain yield per plant. Among the genotypes studied, the advanced breeding and reaction to rust disease in Sorghum.The material used for the linesSVD-1327 and SVD-1329 exhibited superior performance for study comprised of69 local varieties, 17 mini core collections and grain yield, earhead weight and breadth.Among local varieties Kanta 14 advanced breeding lines. Significant differenceswere recorded for Awaradi (73.94 g plant-1) and DoddaMaladandi(73.74 g plant-1) were majority of characters viz., grain yield per plant, fodder yield per superior for grain yield. Most of the local genotypes (Karada local, plant,days to fifty per cent flowering, earheadlength, breadth and Muddemothietc.) were resistant to rust. The selected genotypes weight. High estimates of PCV, GCV and heritability coupled with based on rust reaction significantly differed for phenol, total sugar, GAM were recorded for characters like grain yield, fodder yield and reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar extracted from leaf. Tandur earhead weight per plant. The rust severity exhibited higher PCV local (0.969 mg g-1)recorded highest phenolic contentand SPV-2217 and moderate GCV coupled with low heritability and genetic revealed highest phenol content (0.613 mg g-1), total sugar (2.706 mg g-1) advance. Grain yield per plant revealed significant positive correlation and non-reducing sugar (1.971 mg g-1). They exhibited resistance to with plant height, fodder yield per plant, days to 50 per cent rust disease and can be utilized as resistant sources in the breeding flowering, earhead weight, earhead breadth and 100 seed weight. programme.

23 Evaluation of experimental hybrids produced by crossing cimmyt inbred lines with proven testers for yield and it’s components by line x tester analysis in Maize (Zea mays L.) SARIPALLI VARALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MRUTHUNJAYA C. WALI

An investigation was undertaken to assess the combining ability, nature KDMI6) were superior with high magnitude of per se performance of gene action, heterosis, correlation and path coefficient analysis with along with significant positive sca effects and standard heterosis for respect to grain yield and its component traits in 52 single cross maize grain yield. The hybrids, GH1628 and GH1630 involving parents of hybrids generated by crossing 26 lines and two testers in line × tester positive and significant gca effects and also having high heterosis for fashion in rabi 2015-16. These hybrids and parents were evaluated grain yield can be exploited further after testing across locations and against three popular checks during kharif 2016. The variance due to environments to ascertain their yield stability. The top performing SCA was higher than GCA indicating the predominance of non-additive hybrids; GH1628 is tolerant to common rust but moderately tolerant type of gene action for most of the yield attributing traits except days to turcicum leaf blight and GH1630 is moderately tolerant to both to 50 per cent tasseling, days to 50 per cent silking, cob length and turcicum leaf blight and common rust. The correlation studies showed brown husk maturity. Combining ability studies revealed that lines that the grain yield had significant positive correlation with number of viz., CIMMYT10, CIMMYT16 and CIMMYT23 and among testers kernel rows per ear and cob girth. From path analysis it was found that KDMI6 was found to be the best general combiners with better number of kernel rows per ear and 100 grain weight showed highest performance for most of the yield attributing traits. Among the hybrids; significant positive direct effect on grain yield. These traits can be GH1628 (CIMMYT2 × KDMI6) and GH1630 (CIMMYT4 × considered during the selection process in maize breeding program.

Stability, combining ability and heterosis studies in single cross experimental hybrids of Maize (Zea mays L.) SIDDHARTH PANDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MRUTHUNJAYA C. WALI

An investigation was carried out to study the stability, combining NK-6240. The pooled combining ability analysis revealed that lines; ability and heterosis of 48 single cross maize hybrids developed by P-679, P-693 and P-767 exhibited signficant gca effects for 100 grain crossing 16 lines and three testers (Line × Tester design) with respect weight whereas lines; P-596, P-683, P-693, P-753 and P-767 are to their 11 yield and yield attributing traits across three diverse significant combiners for grain yield. The tester; PA-15 was found to environments, viz., ARS, Arabhavi (Zone-3), ARS, Nippani (Zone-8) be very promising as the top high yielding hybrids (GH-1502, and MARS, Dharwad (Zone-8) in Karnataka. The hybrids, parents GH-1514 and GH-1532) were produced by crossing with this tester. along with three checks; GH-0727, CP-818 and NK-6240 were sown For grain yield the best specific combiners were GH-1519 (13.04), in randomised block design across the three locations during kharif - GH-1514 (10.08) and GH-1510 (8.76). The SCA variance was higher 2016. Analysis of variance revealed significant difference between than GCA variance for all the traits except days to 50% silking, plant the three environments and among the genotypes for all the yield and height and grain yield, where the pooled ratio was more than unity yield attributing traits except 100 grain weight and shelling percentage. showing underlying additive gene action for this trait. The promising Heterosis was highest in the hybrid; GH-1514 followed by GH-1532 hybrids; GH-1514 (91 q/ha) and GH-1532 (83 q/ha) had high mean and GH-1517 across locations. GH-1514 was showing significant values for grain yield, but their regression values were significantly standard heterosis over two checks (GH-0727 and CP-818) but found higher than unity with non-significant deviation, implying stability to have numerically superior standard heterosis over the best check; in favourable environments.

Development and evaluation of turcicum leaf blight resistant single cross hybrids using elite inbreds of Maize (Zea mays L.) Y. PURUSHOTTAM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. SHANTHAKUMAR

An investigation was carried out to assess the heterosis, combining traits as they showed significant GCA effects. Hence, these lines can ability and screening against turcicum leaf blight (TLB) in six inbred be used in various hybrid breeding programmes to increase maize lines of maize using a diallel mating design (without reciprocal crosses). grain yield with superior ear traits. The crosses DH 1514, DH 1506 The six elite inbred lines viz., DMIT 121, DMIT 123, DMIT 124, and DH 1501 were best specific combiners for grain yield with highest DMIT 125, DMIT 113 and DMIT 118 are crossed in all possible SCA effects 39.81, 28.54 and 22.6, respectively. As these crosses combinations in half diallel fashion. The experiment was set up in a having one of their parents with good general combiner for all the randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications during traits having H × L or L × H GCA status indicating dominance and kharif season of 2016-17 at the Maize Research Centre, Devihosur, epistatic interactions. Field screening studies indicated there was clear Haveri district, which comes under UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka. The difference in disease response to TLB due to good infection through combining ability analysis revealed presence of higher magnitude of artificial inoculation. The hybrids DH 1515, DH 1514 and DH 1505 SCA variance than GCA variance indicating predominance of non- categorized as highly resistant with PDI 2.13, 2.5 and 4.00, additive gene action for all the traits except days to tasseling and respectively, for TLB. Both the parents of these hybrids were resistant silking. GCA studies revealed that the lines DMIT 123 and DMIT with disease score of 1 and less per cent disease index showing highly 118 were having good GCA for most of yield and its contributing resistant reaction against turcicum leaf blight.

24 Comparative analysis of progenies derived through single seed descent and pedigree methods of selection in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) TARA JANMATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. PATIL

The present investigation was carried out at the IARI, Regional Research progenies than the pedigree method of selection for these traits. These Centre, Dharwad during rabi, 2016-2017. The study was conducted to characters also recorded high heritability coupled with high genetic assess the genetic parameters and to estimate the correlation and path advance over the mean in SSD method of selection, which indicated the analysis in the progenies derived through single seed descent and pedigree presence of additive gene action. The association studies indicated that methods of selection in chickpea. Two separate experiments were laid biomass, harvest index and number of pods per plant as an important out for the progenies derived through SSD and pedigree method of yield contributing traits in both the methods of selection. Hence, these traits must be given due weightage for improving yield in chickpea. The selection. Each experiment comprised of 90 progenies (84 F8 progenies, five parents and one check JAKI 9218) laid out in RBD with two number of high yielding progenies than the check JAKI 9218 were replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among sixty six per cent and twenty per cent of the total progenies derived the progenies for all the characters. This indicated the presence of from SSD and pedigree method respectively. This indicated that apart genetic variability among the lines. The genotypic and phenotypic from retaining high variability for yield contributing traits, SSD method coefficient of variation were high for biomass, number of pods per of selection produced high frequency of high yielding progenies. Thus, plant and grain yield per plant in the progenies derived from both the SSD method of selection was found to be efficient than pedigree method methods of selection. High genetic variation was observed in SSD derived of selection in chickpea.

Induced mutation studies in Rabi Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] PREETI M. LADDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. SAJJANAR

An investigation was carried out in Rabi Sorghum at Regional Agricultural and grain weight and lowest GCV for all the traits in all the varieties. Research Station (RARS), Vijayapur during rabi 2015 and 2016 designed Highest heritability was observed for days to 50% flowering and days to study mutagenic effects of physical (ã-irradiation-350Gy and 400Gy) to maturity in DSV-5; SPAD2 and 100 grain weight in CSV 216R and chemical (EMS-0.2%) mutagens and their combination for yield respectively. Low values of GA were observed for all the traits in all the and yield components, genetic parameters and to identify desirable varieties. The total frequency of mutation observed was 0.62 per cent in mutants for reduced height, earliness and other yield related traits in DSV-5; 13.31per cent in DSV-4 and 33.2 per cent in CSV 216R three varieties of rabi sorghum viz., DSV-4, DSV-5 and CSV216R. In respectively. The overall comparison of estimates of correlation

M2 generation, individual plant selections made in each dosage coefficients obtained in each M3 families of DSV-4, DSV-5 and combinations were advanced to M3. Genetic variability was significant CSV-216R suggests that many characters were highly correlated with for yield and yield contributing traits among the M2 progenies and M3 grain yield and are needed to be considered for selection. Some of the lines families. Results indicated relatively higher mean performance in M2 were exhibited susceptibility to shoot fly and shoot bug and tolerant to and M3 families of 350Gy and EMS (0.2%) doses for most of the charcoal rot. Promising lines with high yield and charcoal rot resistance characters studied. Highest PCV values were observed for panicle weight were identified in CSV216R, Early mutants in DSV4 and CSV216R.

Heterosis and combining ability for yield and yield components using A4 cytoplasm in Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] MD S. KHAJA MOINUDDIN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. O. SRIDEVI

The line × tester analysis involving 50 hybrids, 15 parents (5 lines for grain yield. The analysis of variance for combining ability and 10 testers) and three commercial checks (GHB-558, 86 M 86 indicated that, mean sum of squares due to female × male interaction and Kaveri Super boss) were used to assess the magnitude of were highly significant for all the characters except for panicle girth, heterosis and combining ability in respect of grain yield and its productive tillers and grain yield. The parents ICMA-10444 and components in pearl millet under rainfed conditions during kharif ICMA-07333 among females and A4RLT-102 and A4RLT-112 among 2016 at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur. They males were found to be good general combiners for grain yield and were screened under field condition. Among 50 hybrids, thirteen its major contributing traits. Whereas, for fodder yield ICMA-13333 hybrids showed significant standard desirable heterosis for grain and A4RLT-102, A4RLT-112 among female and male parents, yield over check GHB558 and six hybrids over Kaveri super boss respectively. The hybrids ICMA 05666 × A4RLT 105 (869.2) and and only one hybrid over 86 M 86. Whereas for fodder yield, only ICMA 10444 × A4RLT 105 (2049.4) registered maximum sca effect one hybrid had desirable significant standard heterosis over Kaveri for grain yield and fodder yield respectively. The hybrid ICMA- super boss. The hybrid ICMA-13333 × A4RLT 102 exhibited highly 05666 × A4RLT 101 and parent A4RLT 101 showed field resistance significant positive standard heterosis over all three types of checks to for blast and rust.

25 Genetic diversity studies in Rabi sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) ANAND GOUDAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. D. BIRADAR

The study was conducted among 304 genotypes of rabi sorghum to and significant association with all the characters studied except study the variability, genetic divergence, character association and chlorophyll content at flag leaf stage and panicle length. Panicle path analysis for ten morpho-metric traits. The genotypes were weight exhibited highest direct effect on grain yield followed by evaluated in Alpha lattice design with two replications during rabi number of grains per panicle and chlorophyll content at flag leaf (2011-12) at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapur. stage. Hence, it would be rewarding to lay stress on these characters Considerable range of variation in the genotypes for all the 10 in selection programme for increasing yield. Based on diversity characters was observed. Environmental influence was moderate on studies 304 genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Among the expression of characters as evidenced by narrow gap between ten traits studied, days to 50 per cent flowering contributed maximum genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation. Genotypic and towards the total divergence followed by chlorophyll content at phenotypic coefficient of variations was high for chlorophyll content flag leaf stage. The inter cluster D2 values were maximum between at flag leaf stage followed by grain yield per plant and panicle weight. cluster V and VI indicating high diversity among the genotypes. The The characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, chlorophyll content most distant pairs of genotypes have been identified based on the at flag leaf stage and grain yield per plant exhibited high heritability D2 values viz., IS7131-IS21512, IS21512-IS20727, IS21512-M35-1, associated with high genetic advance indicating that these characters IS21512-M35-1-5 and IS2151- IS4698 hence, these can be involved are largely influenced by additive genes. Grain yield had positive in the future breeding programme.

Breeding for resistance to iron chlorosis in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) OMESH KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. O. SRIDEVI

Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) common in groundnut particularly in the genotypes, ICGV 86031, RIL 52, RIL 146, RIL 307, A 30b and G calcareous, alkaline and black soils causes reduction in yield. The 2-52 were found to be resistant/ moderately resistant with lower present experiments including F4 populations, 184 mini core genotypes visual chlorotic rating (VCR), higher SPAD chlorophyll meter reading and eleven selected genotypes were conducted for IDC at Regional (SCMR) values, higher chlorophyll content (‘a’, ’b’, and ‘total’) and

Agriculture Research Station, Vijayapur during kharif 2016. In F4 higher active iron content, while TAG 24, Dh 86, ICGV 06146 and populations of four different crosses eight lines in cross G 2-52 × TMV 2 were found susceptible. Among the 184 mini core genotypes ICGV 86031, twenty seven lines in cross Dh 86 × ICGV 86031, five genotypes viz., ICG # 11322, 6888, 9961, 14475 and 4389 were twenty six lines in cross GPBD 5 × ICGV 86031 and twenty one resistant to IDC with significantly lower VCR scores and higher lines in cross TAG 24 × ICGV 86031 were resistant to iron deficiency SCMR values at severe stage (60 DAS). Association studies between chlorosis at all the stages with high pod yield per plant. The iron traits related to IDC and productivity parameters both in mini core absorption efficiency response of eleven groundnut genotypes was and eleven genotypes indicated significant negative correlation between studied under iron sprayed and unsprayed condition in factorial VCR with all other iron absorption efficiency parameters and randomised block design under iron deficient calcareous soil. Among productivity parameters (haulm weight and pod yield).

Pyramiding of major and minor genes in bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for leaf rust resistance V. LAVANYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. DESAI

Present investigation to pyramid two effective slow rusting genes, based on these traits in advanced generation will be effective. Highest

Lr34 and Lr68 from the donor EC 693306 into ‘BIL-DWR 162’ transgressive segregants were found in BC1F1 population for spikelets background which carries major genes, Lr24 and Lr28 through marker per spike (43.30%), yield per plant (33.62%), tillers per plant (19.46%) assisted selection using markers SCS73719, wmc313, cssfr-5 and csgs and seeds per spike (6.19%). Presence of different combination of for Lr24, Lr28, Lr34 and Lr68 genes, respectively was carried at the major and minor genes were molecularly confirmed in 10 and 9 plants

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. BIL-DWR 162 was out of 210 and 190 plants of F2 and 9 BC1F1 respectively, which crossed with EC 693306 to obtain F1 in rabi 2015-16. Molecularly exhibited zero coefficient of infection and area under disease progress confirmed F1s were selfed to obtain F2 and simultaneously backcrossed curve. Plant number ‘1-24’ (16.80 g), ‘6-115’ (11.30 g), ‘4-98’ (10.30 g) to BIL-DWR 162 to develop BC1F1 population during kharif, 2016. and ‘7-122’ (9.10 g) of BC1F1 and ‘1-27’ (8.39) of F2 were superior

The F2 and BC1F1 generation were evaluated for leaf rust resistance compared to BIL-DWR 162 (6.57 g) and EC 693306 (4.44 g). These under artificially inoculated condition along with molecular confirmation plants can be advanced further, to identify homozygous lines which in rabi 2016-17. High GCV and PCV values coupled with high can be evaluated for leaf rust resistance under artificial inoculated heritability and high genetic advance over mean were recorded for tillers condition along with yield and yield attributes, and such lines can be per plant and yield per plant in F2 and BC1F1 population. Selection utilised in durable resistance breeding program.

26 Genetic studies on target genotype and response to selection in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) ADARSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. PATIL

Concept of target genotype was applied to determine the superior performance of B2 derived populations over F2 and B1 derived distribution of desirable alleles of a quantitative character between populations. The results clearly indicate that practicing selection for the two parents by comparing B , F and B . Present study aimed at yield should be in B derived segregating generations of DSMR10 × 1 2 2 1 determining target genotype, assessing response to selection, role of DRCR4 and in B derived segregating generations of DRGR2572 × 2 genotypic differences and estimating the type of gene action by M5 because in these two crosses the yield contributing alleles are involving nine generations (P , P , F , F B F , B F F , B F , B F ) unequally distributed between the two parents and the distribution 1 2 1 3, 1 2 2 2, 4 1 3 2 3 in two cross combinations (DSMR10 × DRCR4 and DRGR2572 × must be closer to 75:25 (alleles from P1:P2) in DSMR10 × DRCR 4

M5) for yield and other quantitative traits in Gossypium hirsutum and the distribution must be closer to 25:75 (alleles from P1:P2) in during kharif 2016. In cross DSMR10 × DRCR4, B1F2 population DRGR2572 × M5. Generation mean analysis was done by deducing revealed higher seed cotton yield and the trend of selection response six equations based on nine generations and the six genetic effects m, d, h, i, j l was also matched with superior performance of B1 derived and were significant for most of the traits. Duplicate populations over F2 and B2 derived populations. In contrast B2F2 epistasis was observed for almost all the characters studied in both population revealed higher seed cotton yield in cross DRGR2572 × the crosses. It indicates delay in the improvement in trait through M5 and the trend of selection response was also matched with selection in early generations.

Assessment of exploitable genetic variability and molecular diversity in photo-thermo-insensitive clones of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) SMITA S. SHIVAYAGOL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL

The present investigation was carried out at the ARS, Sankeshwar Jaccard’s similarity coefficient (0.86) with polymorphic information under University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015-16 to content (PIC) values ranging from 0.0587 (primer NKSCSSR9) to 0.6704 elucidate the variability present in 32 pre-selected photo-thermo- (primer NKSCSSR7). Out of 32 pre-selected genotypes, fifteen insensitive clones of sugarcane for the component traits of cane and genotypes were found to be non-flowering based on both time and sugar yield, the amount to which they are heritable and also to assess intensity of flowering and four were found to be shy flowering based the molecular diversity present among the pre-selected clones. Traits on intensity of flowering. Efforts were made to identify genotypes such as total shoots, cane formed shoots, number of millable canes with acceptable productivity combined with non-flowering feature as (NMC), green top yield, flowering intensity (%), brix yield, Commercial flowering results in arrest of growth, side shoot formation, pith Cane Sugar (CCS) yield and cane yield exhibited higher GCV and PCV formation and sets ceiling on yield. The genotypes, SNK 10280, SNK values indicating presence of wide range of variation. Moderate levels 11041, SNK 10274, SNK 10232, SNK 10245, SNK 11280, SNK 10058 of variability was observed for the characters viz., germination per and SNK 10286 exhibited significantly higher tonnage yield than the cent, average internodal length, single cane weight, cane fibre, sucrose best performing commercial check (Co 86032). The genotypes SNK per cent at 8th and 10th month, and CCS per cent. Diversity analysis of 11041 (117.50 t ha-1), SNK 10058 (110.00 t ha-1) and SNK 10286 32 sugarcane genotypes, employing 30 sugarcane specific SSR primers, (109.00 t ha-1) have exhibited higher tonnage combined with non- provided information about the presence of seven clusters based on flowering feature, which is desirable for commercial cultivation.

Genetic variability studies for grain nutrients, yield and yield attributes in tetraploid Wheat U. FYROJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA S. BIRADAR

Developing the wheat varieties with enhanced iron and zinc content is attributes, number of tillers per meter row (8.05%) has contributed an important strategy to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. Genetic maximum to genetic diversity. Significant differences existed among the study was under taken to know the variability, character association, genotypes and environments for all the characters. Genotypes such as diversity, stability and molecular association studies involving 56 DDK-50534 (44.58 ppm), DDK-50400 (42.07 ppm) for iron content, tetraploid wheat genotypes, during rabi 2016-2017. These genotypes DDK-50533 (40.91 ppm) for zinc content and DDK-50342 (3637.17 were evaluated in alpha lattice design at three locations (Dharwad, Ugar kg ha-1) for grain yield were found to be stable across the locations. and Kalloli) of UAS, Dharwad. Moderate PCV, GCV, high heritability Ugar had favourable environment for expression of traits. Among the and GAM were recorded for yellow pigment and thousand grain weight, genotypes, DDK-50422 (grain yield- 4440kg ha-1, 41.46 and 49.11 while low for other productivity traits and grain micronutrients. In ppm, iron and zinc content, respectively) found to be superior in yield association studies, traits like number of tillers per meter row and and grain micronutrients and on par with checks in its yield performance. thousand grain weight exhibited positive association with yield whereas, Single marker analysis indicated that among 30 reported SSR markers zinc and protein content showed negative significant association with screened, nine markers were found to be polymorphic, out of which yield. D2 statistics revealed existence of sufficient genetic diversity four with iron content, for zinc and protein content, one marker each where in genotypes were grouped into eleven clusters. Among the was found to be strongly associated.These markers also exhibited quality parameters, yellow pigment (62.53%) and among the yield significance for Z-test suggesting their possible use in MAS.

27 Studies on variability and correlation for yield traits and sucking pest tolerance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. and Gossypium arboreum L.) GIRIRAJ KANIHAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJULA S. MARALAPPANAVAR

A study was carried out to assess variability in 79 genotypes of tolerant respectively. Correlation studies revealed significant negative G. hirsutum and 7 genotypes of G. arboreum for different yield and correlation of the pubescence traits with the entomological sucking pest tolerant traits, to find out the correlation of traits imparting observations such as jassid count and jassid injury grade and correlated sucking pest tolerance with yield traits and also to assess the pest positively with some of the yield attributing traits. Mahalanobis D2 reaction of the genotypes under investigation under unprotected analysis revealed ten clusters at Dharwad and seven clusters at conditions at two locations, Dharwad and Annigeri during 2016-17. Annigeri. The maximum inter-cluster distance was observed between The analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the cluster VII and VIII at Dharwad and cluster I and VII at Annigeri. Test genotypes for all the characters studied. Traits like plant height, of significance indicated that G. arboreum genotypes are significantly number of bolls, number of sympodia and seed cotton yield, all sucking better performing than the G. hirsutum genotypes under water stress pest tolerance traits studied at Annigeri and abaxial leaf pubescence, conditions and significantly tolerant to sucking pests with significantly lower leaf pubescence and gossypol gland count on veins at Dharwad higher mean pubescence grades at both locations. Pubescence traits showed higher values of GCV and PCV indicated presence of wide were the most important traits imparting sucking pest tolerance and range of variation. All the genotypes of G. arboreum were found to be these traits were positively correlated with yield traits. Hence it is resistant to sucking pests whereas, among genotypes of G. hirsutum, possible to improve sucking pest tolerance by selecting for pubescence DHS-17 at Annigeri and DHS-54 at Dharwad were tolerant and slightly without adversely affecting yield.

Genetic variability studies for yield, yield attributes and quality parameters in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) MANOHAR BANAKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RUDRA NAIK

An investigation on genetic variability, association and transgressive selection as it showed moderate GAM. Grain yield per plant had high segregants for yield and quality in the F3 population of three crosses degree of positive association with number of productive tillers per of bread wheat (DBW17 × Binnu, DBW17 × K9017 and plant, number of grains per spike and thousand grain weight while WYALKATCHEM × PBW581) was carried out during rabi 2016 at protein content was significantly negatively associated. Number of the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Considerable grains per spike had direct positive effect on grain yield per plant. amount of genetic variability was present in all the F3 populations. In High percentage of transgressive segregants for both yield and quality three populations, moderate to low genotypic coefficient of variation traits appeared in the cross WYALKATCHEM × PBW581 (15.20 (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was recorded and 12.60%, respectively) followed by DBW17 × K9017 (12.50and for most of the traits. High GCV, PCV and heritability was reported 8.00%, respectively) and DBW17 × Binnu (10.00 and 5.60%, for traits like number of productive tillers per plant and grain yield respectively) indicating the potentiality of these two population in per plant. Most of the traits showed high heritability with moderate generation of recombinants. Top transgressive segregants for yield to low genetic advance over mean (GAM). Quality characters like (g/plant) in cross I were 69 (26.63), 70 (23.53) and 98 (27.90); in protein content and sedimentation value exhibited low GCV, PCV cross II were 14 (19.71), 67 (21.95) and 74 (20.08) and in cross III with high heritability. Sedimentation value may be amenable for were 23 (21.48),50 (23.00) and 59 (33.20).

Characterization of plant types and stability analysis in promising genotypes of Gossypium hirsutum L. under rainfed situation J. SOUMYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAJESH S. PATIL

Twenty eight new Gossypium hirsutum L. genotypes were evaluated number of bolls per square meter, boll weight, ginning outturn, seed in three different planting density environments viz., E1 (60 cm × 15 index and total plant biomass on yield. Based on plant height and plant cm), E2 (60 cm × 30 cm) and E3 (60 cm × 60 cm) at Agricultural diameter, the plant type was characterized into six classes viz., super Research Station, Dharwad Farm. The objectives included evaluation compact, compact, compact spreading, tall compact, robust and highly of genetic variability, association studies, path co-efficient analysis robust. The study revealed that no genotype had the same plant type with major emphasis on the plant type characterization and stability across all three environments but thirteen new super compact to analysis. High variability was observed for boll weight, lint index and compact spreading genotypes were common to two environments. harvest index. High heritability with high GAM was observed for plant Across the three different planting densities, the mean per cent diameter, boll weight, boll capsule weight, lint index, total plant biomass, differences noticed for the plant type traits were the highest between seed cotton yield per plant and harvest index. The seed cotton yield E1 and E3 with some genotypes showing desirable minimal change. was positively and significantly correlated with all the traits except The genotypes U-16 and A-16 were super compact and N-30 and F-21 with fibre upper half mean length and fibre strength. Path analysis were compact in nature. The genotypes SCS-1206, A-2, BRCC-1601, revealed strong positive direct effects of plant height, number of A-16 and N-30 were identified as promising for high density planting sympodia per plant, sympodial length at 50 per cent plant height, based on their plant type and yielding ability across environments.

28 Characterization of mutants of landraces for plant type and yield traits in upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) L. MOHANKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. G. HANAMARATTI

Popular traditional two landraces of rice viz., Dodiga and Antarsaliwell checks indicating absence of these genes for dwarfism in these adapted to rainfed upland condition and tolerant to abiotic stresses mutants. Marker specific to DGWG allele of sd1 gene amplified with higher protein content, subject to mutation studied to induce (348 bp) only in check, BPT 5204 confirming the presence of lodging tolerance.TheM5 mutant lines selected from early mutant DGWG allele but did not show any amplification in parents and generations for productivity and plant type were used for the present dwarf mutants indicating the dwarfism in mutants could be due to investigationwith the objective to estimate genetic variability for both other alleles of sd1gene or different gene. To identify the productive productivity and root traits.High genetic variability as well ashigh semi-dwarf mutants with better root system, 41 promising mutants heritability with GAM was recorded for number of filled grains per from M5 generation were selected based on plant height and panicle and yield inboth the mutant populations.Grain yield was productivity and screened for root traits. Significant variationwas positively and significantly correlated with number of filled grains noticed for all the studiedroot traits.The three mutants from Dodiga and panicleweightin both the mutant populations.The four reported (DM-2, DM-SS-33and DM-3) and three from Antarsali(AM-8, SSR markers linked to dwarfism viz., RM3126, RM7023, Ds3, AM-SS-163 and AM-SS-144) were identified as promising semi- RM1880 and one marker specific to DGWG allele of sd1 genewere dwarf mutants with good root system and higher yield. Instated of used for validation of mutant lines for semi-dwarfism. The SSR markers theselandraces, identified high yielding semi-dwarf mutants could showed monomorphism for the semi-dwarf mutants, parents and be recommended for upland rainfed condition.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Validation of molecular markers linked to powdery mildew resistance QTL in advanced breeding lines and mutant lines in Mungbean SURYA PRAKASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA BHAT

The present study was conducted to evaluate advanced breeding reaction and were on par with TM-96-2. However, for other yield lines and mutant lines of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L). Wilczek] for related traits such as number of cluster per plant, number pods per powdery mildew resistance and to validate with previously reported plant, number of seeds per pods and 100 seed weight these two molecular markers associated with powdery mildew resistance. The lines were not superior to BGS9, the female parent involved in field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research developing these lines. Advanced breeding lines were also genotyped Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif using markers (CEDG259, CEDG304, MBSSR238, CEDG290, 2014. The molecular experiments were conducted in the Department DMBSSR199 and CEDG191) already linked to powdery mildew of Biotechnology. Phenotypic screening of advanced breeding lines resistant QTLs. None of the markers showed significant association and mutant lines along with the respective parental lines confirmed with powdery mildew resistance in the advanced breeding lines that parental lines BGS 9, Chinamung, DGGV 2, Selection 4, CO 7 used in this study. As they might carry additional QTLs imparting and SML668 are susceptible to powdery mildew reaction and TARM resistance to powdery mildew, BGT96-7 and BGT96-12 can be 1 and TM-96-2 resistant to powdery mildew. Among the advanced used as a resistance source while breeding for powdery mildew breeding lines only BGT96-7 and BGT96-12 showed resistant resistance. Identification of single chain fragment variable Monoclonal antibody against coat protein of Groundnut bud necrosis virus (GBNV) causing bud blight disease in Tomato L. S. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. M. S. PATIL

The present investigation was carried out at the Institute of homology with the isolates (KF723559.1 and GU980748.1) were Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural observed. Coat protein was expressed at 3 hr after induction with 1 Sciences (UAS), Dharwad, during 2015-16 with an objective to mM IPTG. A band of 32 kDa on the gel confirmed that coat protein identify single chain fragment variable (scFv) monoclonal antibodies was fused to the His-tag. Using His-tag purification kit, 0.3 mg/litre against Groundnut bud necrosis virus coat protein (GBNV-CP). of the coat protein were purified. Four rounds of biopanning was Tomato spotted wilt disease or bud blight disease caused by GBNV performed by coating purified GBNV-CP into the immunotube using is one of the serious vector transmitted diseases in tomato. Tomlinson library. Fourth biopan reading (1.31) showed higher Identification of antibody using phage display technology needs binding specificity. These were used for scFv monoclone for GBNV- pure protein therefore, GBNV coat protein was bacterially expressed. CP. Randomly selected scFv clones were screened with ELISA. GBNV infected and healthy samples were collected from fields of ELISA reading showed that two clones had higher binding affinity KVK and MARS, Dharwad. A 831 bp PCR product containing coat to GBNV-CP. Sequencing of the clones showed 91 per cent protein coding region of GBNV was amplified using GBNV-CP.F homology with the scFv antibody gene (AB107654.1). The selected and GBNV-CP.R primers. Amplified product was cloned into clone was highly specific to GBNV-CP as there was no cross pTZ57R/T and further subcloned into pQE30. After transformation reaction with BBTV, CMV and PRSV. The sensitivity test results the clones were confirmed through PCR and sequencing. indicate that the developed scFv antibody can detect at the Amplification with expected size of 831 bp and 99 per cent concentration of 10 ìg/ml.

29 Genetic investigations on heat adaptive traits in bread Wheat by using molecular markers JAYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA S. BIRADAR

Breeding for heat tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a based on Heat Susceptibility Index and only one genotype (UASBW top most global priority due to increasing threats of high temperature. 10453) by Heat Tolerance Index was identified as heat tolerant. To An investigation was under taken to dissect out heat tolerance find out the association of markers with the morpho-physiological mechanisms in different genetic backgrounds by evaluating hundred traits single marker analysis was performed which combines molecular genotypes in non-heat stress and heat stress condition by following data with conventional genetic technique to work out under both the alpha lattice design at the All India Coordinated Wheat Improvement conditions. Among the fifty markers, five markers (xgwm661, Project, University of Agricultural Science (UAS), Dharwad, during xwmc500, xbarc55, xwmc661and gwm291) showed association with rabi 2015-16. The traits like thousand grain weight, tillers per meter traits viz., days to maturity, canopy temperature at grain filling, and grain yield exhibited high GCV and PCV under heat stress membrane stability index, spikelets per spike and tillers per meter condition. Same traits exhibited moderate GCV and PCV under non- under non-stress condition. Whereas, in heat stress condition, four stress condition. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance markers (xbarc55, xgwm577, gwm291 and xwmc661) exhibited as a per cent mean were observed for the traits viz., days to 50 per significant association with days to 50 per cent flowering, NDVI at cent flowering, leaf waxiness, tillers per meter, thousand grain weight anthesis, tillers per meter, plant height and spikelets per spike. The and grain yield. Eight genotypes (MP 4010, KRL 237, HI 8730, identified genotypes carrying different QTLs can be used further to DBW 14, MP 1293, QCSN 35, 2 WYCYT10 and 4 SATYN 9427) pyramid QTLs by marker assisted recurrent selection.

Evaluation and characterization of genetically modified Cotton G. herbaceum Var. Jayadhar for Helicoverpa armigera resistance SONAM MAHAWAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. S. KATAGERI

Jayadhar (Gossypium herbaceum) was the widespread diploid desi indicated that the insect mortality started from twelve hours and cotton variety under cultivation in rainfed condition of Karnataka. It reached maximum at seventy two hours with recorded highest mortality is known for high degree of resistance to sucking pests and moisture in event J2 (76.16%). Yield parameters such as boll number (7.33 to stress but not to cotton bollworms. Twenty two Jayadhar Bt cotton 13.00 per plant), boll weight (2.70 to 3.26 g) and seed cotton yield lines generated during 2010-11 as independent transgenic events were per plant (18.82 to 37.18 g) were found significantly higher in evaluated in open field but under contained condition during 2014-15 transgenic lines than non-transgenic Jayadhar (4.86 bolls per plant, at Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. On estimation of Cry1Ac 2.50 g boll weight and 10.71 g/plant seed cotton yield). As expected protein at 60 days after sowing (DAS) using Cry1Ac EnviroLogix there was no much difference between transgenic and non-transgenic QuantiPlate ELISA kit, two independent transgenic lines, J2 (1.68 Jayadhar lines with respect to fibre traits. As J2 and J8 lines were µg/g) and J8 (2.23 µg/g) recorded higher Cry1Ac protein in leaves than promising based on insect bioassay, protein expression and in yield non- Bt Jayadhar (0.00 µg/g). Insect bioassay study, carried out at 60 parameters, large scale verification studies of these two events is DAS using the laboratory reared Helicoverpa armigera neonate larvae required to be carried out for commercialization.

Studies on the molecular basis of resistance against asian Soybean rust in advanced lines GAUTAM VATS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHAMARAO JAHAGIRDAR

Soybean rust is one of the most important production constraints in screened,Satt275 showed polymorphism for the parents (EC241780 northern Karnataka. The present investigation comprised of and JS 335). Hence, itwas further used in screening the genetic identification of sources of resistance and screening of SSRmarkers resources. The marker showed significant relationship with the disease for polymorphism in the genetic resources under study.Screening of severity with a R2 value of 3.75 at 5 per cent level of significance after the genetic resources was carried out at (R & D) centre, Ugarkhurd in single marker analysis.Most of the query sequences of the different the Belgaum district of Karnataka, which is a hot spot for rust during genotypes under study scored an E value of 0.031 and an identity of kharif 2015. Among the 16 advanced lines , EC241780 and EC241778 90 per cent when blasted with the predicted Glycine max disease were exotic while the rest were advanced breeding lines. The resistance protein Rpp5 mRNA sequence in the NCBI database after observations on disease severity (0-9 scale), lesion count (number/ the sequencing results of their PCR products. The sequence of the sq.cm) and lesion colour (TAN / RB) were recorded periodically and advanced line DSb 30-2 showed the highest degree of identity with statistically analysed. The lines such as DSb 21, DSb 23-2, DSb 28- the concerned Rpp5 like disease resistance mRNA sequence after the 3,DSb 2010-1, DSb 2010-4,DSb-34, EC 241780 and EC dendrogramconstruction.This is the first report of Satt 275 linked to 241778showed highly resistant reaction by scoring a disease grade Rpp5 gene conferring resistance to PhakopsorapachyrhiziSyd. in of 1 while JS 335 recorded a disease grade of 7. Among 25 markers Indian soybean genotypes.

30 Molecular interaction of actinobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhiza with Fusarium oxyspomm F. sp. lycopersici in Tomato (Solatium lycopersicum) ANUSHA SURESH GADAG MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. U. KRISHNARAJ

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is a soil borne plant superior in this treatment. Finally, the transcriptional analysis of the pathogen causing Fusarium wilt an important and destructive fungal tomato plants was carried out using suppression subtractivc plant diseases worldwide. The pathogenic strain of FOL was isolated hybridization (SSH). SSH products were sequenced on Ion torrent from the infested plant samples, and the identification of the isolate was NGS platform and data was processed and function was annotated to done by cultural characteristics, pathogenicity test and PCR identify differentially expressed transcripts. The dominant transcripts amplification by using specific primers and sequencing of ITS region in which were expressed were pathogencsis related genes expressed during the 18S rDNA gene. Initially, 80 isolates of the actinobacteria were the interaction in the leaves in response to inoculation of AUDT 626 screened against FOL. Out of these, six isolates showed significant alone and with AM in the presence of the pathogen. Results revealed inhibition. Further, three of these were selected for the in vivo evaluation 61 and 240 well-annotated genes expressed due to inoculation of AUDT under greenhouse conditions. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) culture 626 alone and with AM treated respectively. Uprcgulated transcripts was collected from the Department of Agricultural Microbiology, UAS, correspond to the general stress, pathogen and abiotic stress and other Dharwad. Under challenge inoculation with FOL, the actinobacterial function. Few expressed transcripts were of unknown function. isolate, AUDT 626 alone and with AM culture showed significant Actinobacterial strain. AUDT 626 and AM controlled the wilt disease in control of the wilt disease compared to others. Growth parameters such tomato probably by mediating induced systematic resistance and as shoot length, root length and total dry weight were observed to be far contributed to plant growth and development.

Development of mapping population and identification of molecular markers associated with powdery mildew resistance in Mungbean S. K. POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA BHAT

The present study was conducted to evaluate mungbean accessions moderately resistant, nine genotypes showed susceptible reaction for powdery mildew resistance, identify polymorphic markers and the remaining 114 genotypes were rated as highly susceptible to between powdery mildew resistant and susceptible parents and the disease. High heritability and genetic advance over mean was validate molecular markers previously reported to be associated with observed for percent disease index (PDI) among 130 mungbean powdery mildew resistance, at the University of Agriculture Sciences, accessions. The molecular experiments were conducted in the Dharwad. Phenotypic screening of 130 mungbean accessions Department of Biotechnology. Out of 64 SSR markers used for (procured from IIPR, Kanpur and AICRP on MULLaRP, UAS, polymorphism survey between powdery mildew susceptible Dharwad) including susceptible check (DGGV2) under natural (DGGV2) and previously identified resistant (TARM1) parents,only epiphytotic condition was carried out at the Main Agriculture Research four markers (CEDG121, CEDG245, MB-SSR238 and GMES5773) Station during kharif and rabi, 2016 using augmented design. During showed polymorphism. F1s were confirmed using polymorphic kharif, four genotypes (NUL- 7, GPM- 19, V. umbellata and marker (MB-SSR238) and confirmed F1s were selfed to obtain F2.F2 V. trilobata) showed immune response, three genotypes viz., phenotypic ratio showed good fit for 3R:1S indicating resistance to COGG- 913, VAIBHAV and TARM1 showed moderate resistance,six powdery mildew in TARM1 line is controlled by single dominant genotypes were rated as susceptible and the remaining 119 genotypes gene. In the present study, marker MB-SSR238 (found to be linked to were rated as highly susceptible. During rabi, only three genotypes qPMR2) showedsignificant association with powdery mildew viz., GPM-19, V. umbellata and V. trilobata showed immune response, resistance through single marker analysis, explaining the phenotypic four genotypes (NUL-7, COGG-913, TARM1 and Vaibhav) were variance of 11.64 per cent. Development of ahte and caps markers in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) M. GAYATHRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH S. BHAT

An attempt was made to enrich the marker resources in groundnut upstream regions followed by 30.8 per cent from intronic regions, (Arachis hypogaea L. 2n=4x=40) using the whole genome 16.6 per cent from downstream regions, 12.8 per cent from UTRs and re-sequencing (WGRS) data of four genetically unstable genotypes. 4.6 per cent were from exonic regions. Of the 343 markers tested for A total of 1,632 Arachis hypogaea miniature inverted-repeat validation, 82.2 per cent of the markers showed the amplicons of transposable element (AhMITE1) insertion polymorphisms were expected size in all the four genotypes used for marker discovery. The detected using PTEMD (polymorphic TEs and their movement parents of four recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations detection) computational method. 1,125 AhMITE1 insertion and eight backcross populations showed high polymorphism ranging polymorphisms (AIPs) were new and 507 were already detected from 12.8 per cent to 35.5 per cent. Using the SNP data from the earlier. For PCR amplification of these Arachis hypogaea transposable WGRS, 11,730 snip-SNPs were identified from A03, B01, B02 and element (AhTE) markers, primers could be designed for 1,079 B03 chromosomes since they carried the genomic regions governing polymorphic sites. The “B” sub-genome showed more number of foliar disease resistance and other important productivity traits. From AhTE markers than the “A” sub-genome. Distribution also varied the snip-SNPs on the chromosome A03, 500 CAPS markers were among the chromosomes of both the sub-genomes. Moreover, developed, which showed 30.0 per cent validation and high 45.8 per cent of the markers were associated with inter-genic regions polymorphism among the genotypes. The markers developed in this and 54.2 per cent with genic regions, where 35.2 per cent were from study will be useful for various genetic studies and mapping in groundnut.

31 Identification of single chain fragment variable monoclonal antibody against coat protein of Tomato leaf curl virus using phage display technology S. H. HONNESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. PATIL An investigation was carried out to identify single chain fragment The coat protein was expressed using 1 mM IPTG. A band of 31 kDa variable monoclonal antibody against Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) on the gel confirmed that coat protein was really fused to the His-tag. coat protein using phage display technology, conducted at department Further, the coat protein was purified using His-tag purification kit. of biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during Four rounds of biopanning was performed by coating purified ToLCV 2015-16. ToLCV is a major Geminivirus which causes serious loss to /CP in to the immunotube using Tomlinson library. The fourth biopan tomato production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. reading (1.37) showed higher binding specificity to ToLCV/CP. These The most commonly used diagnostic tool for ToLCV detection is were subsequently used for scFv monoclone for ToLCV/CP. Finally, immunological assays, which is dependent on the availability of highly the randomly selected scFv clones were screened with ELISA. ELISA specific antibody to differentiate the viruses. Production of antibody reading showed that one clone had higher binding affinity to ToLCV/ using phage display technology needs pure protein therefore, ToLCV/ CP. The sequencing of the clone showed 80% similarity with the CP was bacterially expressed. A 786 bp PCR product containing coat scFv antibody gene (DQ375454.1). The selected clone is highly protein coding region of ToLCV was amplified using ToLCV CPF specific to ToLCV/CP as there was no cross reaction with PRSV and and ToLCV CPR primers and the amplified product was cloned into groundnut GBNV. Further, the sensitivity test results imply that the the pTZ57R/T and further subcloned in to the pQE30. The developed scFv antibody can detect ToLCV coat protein at the transformed clones were confirmed through PCR and sequencing. concentration of 20 g/ml.

Cloning and transfer of ectB gene from marine bacteria into Tomato G. N. NAYANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYAN MOGER

Salinity, the everlasting threats to agriculture production worldwide, ectB gene. A 1375 bp PCR product containing ectB gene was amplified affects almost every aspect of the physiology and biochemistry of using ectB.F and ectB.R primers. The amplified product was cloned plants. Although, plants follow a number of salt tolerant mechanisms into pTZ57R/T and further sub-cloned into pCAMBIA1305.1 plant still there are inherent limitations to the plant’s ability to overcome expression vector, transformed and maintained in E. coli DH5á. These the stress. The present situation calls for the development of salt constructs were named as pGNM16 and pGNM17. After tolerant transgenic lines to combat this abiotic stresses. In this transformation, the clones were confirmed through colony PCR, background, the study was under taken in the Department of restriction digestion and sequencing. The amplification with expected Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during size of 1375 bp showed 82 per cent similarity with the isolates 2015-17 to develop transgenic tomato lines by cloning and transferring (CP000285.1, AJ011103.2 and EF486239.1). Recombinant plant ectB gene, an ectoine derivative capable of enzymatic action for the transformation vector pGNM17 containing ectB gene was mobilized production of L-2, 4-diaminobutyrate, which is involved in maintaining into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 through triparental mating the osmotic balance of plants. The bacterial strains AUDI8, AUDI18, system. The transgenic tomato (Pusa Ruby) lines were developed AUDI34 and AUDI144 isolated from marine samples along the West- through in planta transformation method. PCR analysis of the genomic

Cost of India which showed salinity tolerance at 20 per cent salt DNA isolated from T0 transformants demonstrated that the transgene concentration were used as ectB gene source. AUDI8 isolate from the was integrated successfully in the genome of the three out of nine PCR positive AUDI series strains was selected for the presence of transformed tomato plants.

Validation of molecular markers linked to quality and quantitative traits in advanced mutant population of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) J. CHARITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA MOGALI

aIn the present investigation, fifty mutants (M5) derived from two generated in our study showed highest linolenic acid of 54.3 per cent linseed cultivars viz., Indira Alsi and NL-115 were sown in rabi, in mutant no “43-5” with increased seed yield of 170 kg/ha followed 2016-17 at AICRP on MULLaRP, MARS, Dharwad and evaluated by mutant no “57-2” (53.4%) with seed yield 202 kg/ha. Higher seed for genetic variability and used to validate molecular markers yield was recorded in mutant no “90-3” with 236 kg/ha. These mutants previously reported to be associated with yield and quality with higher linolenic acid with higher seed yield can be used as genetic components. Higher GCV and PCV coupled with higher heritability stock for breeding of high yielding and genotypes with rich omega-3 and genetic advance were obtained for seed yield per plant, number of fatty acid. In the present study thirteen SSR markers which are capsules per plant, number of secondary and primary branches per previously reported to be associated with yield and yield attributing plant and also showed positive significant association between them. traits were used for genotyping linseed mutants and to find the Hence, these characters are amenable for selection process and association of markers to different traits. Out of thirteen markers, importance should be given for these traits to improve yield potential. five markers were validated which are reported to be associated with Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) had positive significant association with ALA content (Lua60, Lua49B) with R2 value 6.04 and 7.93, oil seed yield which can be used as a source of high linolenic acid for content (Lub14) with R2 value 17.46 and number of capsules per pharmaceutical and health benefits. Fatty acid analysis of the mutants plant (Lu138, Lu144a) with R2 value 10.61 and 11.91, respectively.

32 Validation of molecular markers linked to non-shattering trait in Mungbean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) SONAM ANGMO MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA BHAT

Present investigation was carried out to validate the molecular markers shattering resistance in evolving high yielding and shattering resistant linked to non-shattering trait in mungbean at the IABT and MARS, genotype in mungbean. Significant positive correlation was observed

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Three populations [(F2 between pod shattering and number of twists per pod and between

2015-16), (F2:3and F2 2016-17)1 developed from the cross Chinamung yield related traits themselves but no significant association between

(shattering) x Pantmung-2 (non-shattering) were studied for poad pod shattering and yield related traits. In both the F2 populations, duplicate shattering and yield related traits at Held condition and incubation at room dominant genes were observed for inheritance of non-shattering of pod temperature. Phenotypic screening of all three segregating generations (F2, in mungbean as evidenced from F3 ratio (15:1) observed during two

F2:3 and F2) were done. The magnitude of GCV was lower compared to summer seasons (2015-16 and 2016-17). Twenty one SSR markers were PCV for all the characters under study, indicating the variability observed used for validation. Ten markers were polymorphic between the parents. was not only due to genotype but also due to interaction with These ten GMES0969. MB-87, MB-91. X-33, MBSSR008, X-62. environment. Traits like pod shattering percentage, number of twists MBSSR021, CEDG245, GMES5773 and X-54 were used for per pod and 100 seed weight exhibited high GCV and PCV coupled genotyping both the F2 populations. Two (CEDG245 and GMES0969) with high heritability and high genetic advance as per cent of mean. were validated. CEDG245 and GMES0969 showed PVE of Therefore, these traits should be taken into account while selecting 13.17 per cent and 19.7 per cent, respectively. They can be used for desirable plants for further improvement of yield parameters and pod further screening of other varieties in mungbean.

Molecular interaction of Arabidopsis-rhizobacteria for induced systemic tolerance under water deficit condition B. R. BASAVAARYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. U. KRISHNARAJ

Root colonization by actinobacteria induces systemic drought tolerance Only genes having a log2-fold change ≥ 2.0 or ≤ -2.0 and an adjusted in Arabidopsis thaliana. Actinobacterial cultures were taken from p-value < 0.05, were included in present analysis of differential gene culture repository of Department of Biotechnology, UAS, Dharwad expression. While genes involved in metabolism , transport and abiotic on February, 2015. Experiment was conducted in vitro at the stress tolerance were up regulated in actinobacterial inoculated Department of Biotechnology. Collected isolates were screened under conditions, stress responsive genes like scavenging enzymes (catalase, water deficit condition using Poly Ethylene Glycol 6000 (PEG) and superoxide dismutase, peroxidase), LEA protein and ethylene- tested for the production of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), a plant growth responsive transcription factor were down regulated. Transcripts of promoting harmone. Three actinobacterial cultures were tested for photosynthetic genes (cytochrome b6-f complex subunit, their rhizospheric interaction with Arabidopsis thaliana plants under photosystem II reaction center protein), and transporter genes water deficit conditions. The isolate AUDT 651 promoted good root (detoxification protein, chloroplastic) were uniquely expressed in (10.68 cm) and shoot (11.38 cm) growth better than AUDT 545 and actinobacterial colonized plants. These data show how gene expression AUDT 605. Illumina RNA seq was performed to identify differentially in plants in water deficit condition can be influenced by microbial expressed genes from plants inoculated with or without actinobacteria colonization leading to plant protection, induced by the presence of under drought stressed conditions and normal growth conditions. actinobacteria in the rhizosphere.

Genetic analysis and validation of markers linked to nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and yield components in bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) K. M. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA S. BIRADAR

The present investigation was carried out for genetic analysis and × K9107 and 2 WYCYT34 × C306 for root and shoot parameters validation of markers linked to NUE and yield components in bread and the crosses namely, GW322 × C306, 2 WYCYT34 × C306 and wheat. Six parents were crossed in half diallel fashion and all the 15 K9107 × C306 for NUE and yield attributes were found to be the diallel crosses obtained along with the six parents were evaluated in best specific combiners. Out of 15 diallel crosses, three populations hydroponic culture for root and shoot parameters under Hoagland GW322 × K9107, 2 WYCYT34 × C306 and 2 WYCYT34 × UAS323 half NO3 media in the Department of Biotechnology, UAS, Dharwad, were selected and advanced to F2 population. Genetic variability, during 2015-16. The same 15 diallel crosses and six parents were correlation and transgressive segregants analysis indicated that these evaluated in field under 50 per cent N condition for yield attributes three populations could be used for future breeding programs to and NUE related traits at AIRCP wheat, MARS, UAS, Dharwad improve NUE. However, the F2 population of the cross 2 WYCYT34 during 2016-17. Results of combining ability analysis showed the × C306 found to be more promising. Validation by using 44 SSR predominance of non-additive gene action in controlling all characters markers in the three F2 populations showed that the potential SSR under both the condition. The parent UAS323 for root characters and marker m081 showing significant association with most of the the two parents GW322, 2 WYCYT34 for yield and NUE related agronomic traits and the marker wmc720 associated with NUE in traits were found to be the best general combiners. The crosses GW322 particular hence it can be used for improvement of NUE in wheat.

33 Evaluation of mapping population for flowering behaviour and productivity traits in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) J. MAHANTESHWARA GOUDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL

The present investigation was taken up at Agriculture Research NKSCSSR 24, NKSCSSR 53 and NKSCSSR 56) were found Station, Sankeshwar and Main Agriculture Research Station, polymorphic between the two parents. Single marker analysis showed University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the flowering significant association of NKSCSSR 23 with flowering intensity at behaviour and productivity traits along with marker trait association 15th November with a R2 value of 4.19 per cent, NKSCSSR 24 with in mapping population developed from two diverse parents viz., Co corrected brix, corrected polarization and commercial cane sugar per 7204 (late/sparse flowering) and Co Pant 97222 (early/profuse cent with R2 values of 9.99, 8.71 and 6.55 per cent, respectively. The flowering) which are differing for flowering behaviour. Further the correlation studies revealed that, traits viz., single cane weight was study was done to identify non-flowering clones combined with significantly positively correlated with girth of cane. Similarly plant superior cane, sugar yield and juice quality parameters. height was significantly positively correlated with cane height, plant Characterization of flowering indicated that, clones viz., SNK 008, height with brix yield, cane formed shoots at 120 days with number SNK 010 and SNK 009 were early profuse flowering types while the of millable canes, flowering intensity at early stage with mid stage clones viz., SNK 094, SNK 250, SNK 325 etc. were characterized as and flowering intensity at mid stage with late stage. Cane yield was moderate mid flowering. The clones viz., SNK 020, SNK 013, SNK significantly positively correlated with SCW and number of millable 082, Co 86032 etc. were late flowering types. Of the 30 SSR markers canes. The clones SNK 082, SNK 157, SNK 346 etc. are most promising used for parental polymorphism survey, four (NKSCSSR 23, due to low flowering intensity, better tonnage and sugar yield.

Identification of single chain fragment variable clones expressing monoclonal antibody against Potato leaf roll virus coat protein C. SHIVARANJINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYAN MOGER

The present investigation was carried out at the Institute of Agricultural expressed at three hour after induction with 1 mM IPTG. A protein Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during size of 23 kDa confirmed through SDS PAGE that coat protein was 2016-17 with an objective to identify single chain fragment variable fused to the His-tag. Using His-tag purification kit, 0.3 mg/ml of the (scFv) monoclonal antibody against Potato leaf roll virus coat protein coat protein were purified. Four rounds of biopan were performed by (PLRV-CP). Potato leaf roll disease caused by PLRV is one of the coating purified PLRV-CP into the immunotube using Tomlinson library. serious vector transmitted diseases in potato. Identification of antibody The fourth biopan reading (1.49) showed higher binding specificity. using phage display technology needs pure protein therefore, PLRV These were used as scFv antibody for PLRV-CP. Randomly selected coat protein was expressed in bacteria. PLRV infected and healthy scFv clones were screened with ELISA (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent samples were collected from fields of Narendra, Dharwad. A 627 bp Assay). The ELISA reading showed that the two clones had higher PCR product containing coat p0rotein coding region of PLRV was binding affinity to PLRV-CP. Then the sequencing of the clones showed amplified using PLRV-CP.F and PLRV-CP.R primers. Amplified product 94 per cent homology with the scFv antibody gene (AF401989.1). The was cloned into pTZ57R/T and further sub-cloned into pQE30. After sensitivity test results indicate that the developed scFv antibody can transformation, the clones were confirmed through PCR and sequencing. detect at the concentration at 10 ì g/ml. It possible to detect PLRV in Amplification with expected size of 627 bp and 99 per cent homology early stage of infection and to develop transgenic plants expressing with the isolate (JQ420904.1) were observed. Coat protein was scFv monoclonal antibody against PLRV.

AGRONOMY Seed economy in Sugarcane cultivation and its influence on yield and quality P. PRAMOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. T. NADAGOUDA

A field experiment was conducted to study seed economy in sugarcane materials but BC ratio was higher in two eye bud setts (2.54). Planting cultivation and its influence on yield and quality at Agricultural of sugarcane with variety SNK 07680 recorded significantly higher Research Station (ARS), Sankeshwar during spring season of 2015- 16. germination per cent (64.43%), number of clumps (16,632), number The experiment was laid out with spilt plot design consist of two of tillers (84,471), cane height (2.37 cm), number of internodes (22.03) varieties (SNK 7337 and SNK 7680) in main plot and four planting internode length (11.26 cm), number of miilable canes (76,530), cane materials (three eye bud, two eye bud, single eye bud and seedlings) girth (3.18 cm), single cane weight (1.60 kg), cane yield (121.33 t ha-1), in sub plot. Sugarcane planting with three eye bud setts recorded sugar yields (15.65 t ha-1), sucrose percent (18.26%), juice significantly higher germination per cent (71.28%), number of clumps weight (0.86 kg), juice extraction percent (54.52%), gross returns (19,518), number of tillers (1,01,080), cane height (2.56 cm), number (` 2,42,667 ha-1), net returns (` 1,33,270 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.28) as of internodes (23.52) internode length (11.5 cm), number of miilable compared to SNK 07337. In nutshell, planting of sugarcane with canes (89,818), cane girth (3.29 cm), single cane weight (1.60 kg), either three eye bud or with two eye bud setts and variety SNK cane yield (139.50 t ha-1), sugar yields (17.96 t ha-1), juice 07680 was found to be feasible and more remunerative. Under limited weight (0.99 kg), juice extraction percent (61.43%), gross returns quantity of planting material two eye bud setts was found to be more (` 2,79,000 ha-1) and net returns (` 1,69,015 ha-1) than other planting feasible.

34 Effect of different sowing devices and fertilizer levels on growth, yield, quality and economics of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) DILIPKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P. CHANDRASHEKAR

A field experiment was carried out during kharif 2015 at MARS, saved 25 per cent of fertilizers. Quality parameters like oil and protein Dharwad under rainfed conditions. The experiment comprised of content were non-significant. But oil and protein yields were higher twelve treatment combinations laid out in strip plot design with four with tractor drawn seed drill. Significantly higher uptake of nitrogen seeding devices (happy seeder, inclined plate planter, tractor drawn (209.18 kg ha-1), phosphorous (24.53 kg ha-1) and potassium seed drill, bullock drawn seed drill) as main plot and three fertilizer (137.96 kg ha-1) were also observed with tractor drawn seed drill than levels (75%, 100%, 125% RDF) on sub-plot. The treatments were other seeding devices. Among the fertilizer levels, 100 per cent RDF replicated four times. The experimental result shows that, higher recorded significantly higher seed yield (32.28 kg ha-1) and haulm grain yield (36.30 q ha-1), harvest index (0.40) higher number of pods yield (53.14 q ha-1). Application of fertilizers from 75 to 125 per cent (29.43 pods plant-1), grain weight per plant (11.57 g plant-1), test RDF did not affect quality parameters. Application of 125 per cent weight, were recorded with tractor drawn seed drill than all other RDF recorded significantly higher uptake of nitrogen (208.37 kg ha-1), treatments. However, bullock drawn seed drill recorded significantly phosphorous (24.53 kg ha-1) and potassium (123.76 kg ha-1) than higher plant height, plants per meter row length, plant population, lower levels of RDF. The economic analysis revealed that, sowing plant spread and haulm yield (54.94 q ha-1). The grain yield produced with tractor drawn seed drill recorded higher gross returns (` 1,25,193), with 75 per cent RDF was on par with 100 and 125 per cent RDF and net returns (` 80,503) and B:C (2.8) than other seeding devices.

Effect of different residue based composts and biofertilizers on growth and yield of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) T. R. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANAJAXI MATH

` -1 ` -1 A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2016 at MARS. to T8 ( 1,486 kg ha and 52,208 ha , respectively) and T9 University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to evaluate the effect (` 1,283 kg ha-1 and ` 49,068 ha-1, respectively). All other treatments of different residue based composts and biofertilizers on growth and T4, T7, T2, T3, T1 and T5 were on par with T6 treatment. The growth yield of pigeonpea. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three parameters like primary branches plant-1, secondary branches plant-1, -1 replications and treatments comprised of T1:Sesame residue compost total dry matter production plant , chlorophyll content, number of -1 -1 -1 at 6 t ha + RDF + Biofertilizers, T2:Wheat residue compost at 5.4 t nodules plant and yield parameters like, pods plant , grain weight -1 -1 -1 ha + RDF + Biofertilizers, T3:Pigeonpea residue compost at 4 t ha + plant and 100-grain weight were also significantly higher with T6 -1 RDF + Biofertilizers, T4:Cotton residue compost at 7.1 t ha + RDF treatment compared to T8 and T9, all other treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, -1 + Biofertilizers, T5:Maize residue compost at 6.4 t ha + RDF + T5 and T7 were on par with T6 treatment. Similar trend was obtained -1 Biofertilizers, T6:FYM at 6 t ha + RDF + Biofertilizers, T7:FYM at with dehydrogenase activity, phosphatase activity and availability -1 6 t ha + RDF + without Biofertilizers,T8:RDF + Biofertilizers, of N, P2O5 and K2O status of soil. The observations emphasized the

T9:Only RDF. The results revealed that among different management utility of on-farm residues as composts for enhancing the yields, soil practices T6 treatment recorded significantly higher seed yield and net fertility and soil microbial activity along with recommended doses of returns (` 2,157 kg ha-1 and ` 1,03,318 ha-1, respectively) compared chemical fertilizers in case of non availability of FYM.

Soil and foliar nutrient management in Bt and non-Bt cotton genotypes under protective irrigation K. R. SAN THOSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. A. H OS MATH

A field experiment on “Soil and foliar nutrient management in Bt and non- nitrogen in seven splits and foliar application of KNO3 recorded Bt cotton genotypes under protective irrigation” was conducted at Main significantly higher seed cotton yield (1,847 kg ha-1). Cry 1Ac protein Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, (1.26 and 0.97 µg-1, respectively) at 90 and 120 DAS, net return Dharwad during kharif 2014. The experiment was replicated thrice in (` 43,532) and BC ratio (2.19) compared to other nutrient levels. split plot design and executed on black vertisols. The treatments Among nutrient levels, application of nitrogen in seven splits along comprised of three main plots of Bt cotton hybrids; RCH-2 ( BG-I) Bt, with foliar application of KNO3 recorded the highest dehydrogenase, Chiranjeevi (BG-II) Bt and NHH-44 non-Bt and sub-plots consisted phosphatase, urease activity and AM fungal root colonization at 90 four nutrient levels; RDF (100:50:50: NPK kg ha-1 + iOt FYM + 1% and 120 DAS. However, the results obtained with different hybrids

MgS04 foliar spray), RDF + Foliar application with KNO3, RDF + with respect to soil enzymes and AMF root colonization was at par -1 19:19:19 (0.5%) + MgS04 soil @ 25 kg ha and foliar application with each other. In Chiranjeevi BG-II Bt hybrid application of nitrogen (1%) and Absolute control. Chiranjeevi BG-II Bt hybrid recorded in seven splits and foliar application of KNO3 recorded significantly significantly higher seed cotton yield (1,693 kg ha-1) compared to other higher seed cotton yield (2,328 kg ha-1). CrylAc protein (1.26 and genotypes followed by RCH-2 BG-I Bt hybrid (1,395 kg ha-1). The 0.97 µg, respectively) at 90 and 120 DAS compared to other lower seed cotton yield is registered significantly in NHH-44 non-Bt treatments. Net return (` 43,532) and BC ratio (2.25) followed the hybrids (917 kg ha-1). Among different nutrient levels, application of similar trend.

35 Crop diversification and intensification for higher productivity and profitability in transplanted Pigeonpea H. T. SUJATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. BABALAD

A field experiment was conducted to study the “Crop diversification transplanted pigeonpea at 120 cm × 60 cm geometry with greengram and intensification for higher productivity and profitability in (2,550 kg ha-1) and soybean (2,537 kg ha-1) intercropping systems transplanted pigeonpea’’ at the Main Agricultural Research Station, which were on par with each other. Similar trend was observed with University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka on medium respect to growth and yield parameters and per cent light interception. deep black soil under rainfed condition during 2016. The experiment Transplanted pigeonpea at 120 cm × 60 cm geometry with blackgram was laidout in RCBD with twelve treatment combinations replicated intercropping system produced significantly higher pigeopea thrice. The treatments consisted of transplanted pigeonpea at 120 cm equivalent yield (3,987 kg ha-1) and net returns (` 1,38,476 ha-1) as x 60 cm and direct sown pigeonpea at 120 cm x 60 cm and 90 cm x 30 compared to sole transplanted pigeonpea (2,662 kg ha-1 and ` 80,907 cm planting geometries intercropped with soybean, greengram and ha-1) and direct sown sole pigeonpea as well as intercropping systems blackgram at 1:2 row proportion compared with sole treatments of at 120 cm × 60 cm and 90 cm × 30 cm geometry. The next best transplanted and direct sown pigeonpea for their productivity and systems which recorded significantly higher system productivity and profitability. Significantly higher grain yield (2,662 kg ha-1) of net returns were transplanted pigeonpea at 120 cm × 60 cm geometry pigeonpea was recorded with sole transplanted pigeonpea at a planting with soybean (3,861 kg ha-1 and ` 1,31,105 ha-1, respectively) and geometry of 120 cm × 60 cm as compared to pigeonpea with greengram (3,833 kg ha-1 and ` 1,29,650 ha-1, respectively) intercropping and sole direct sown pigeonpea treatments except intercropping. Precision nutrinet management in maize to achieve target yield under Northern transition zone of Karnataka NEHA JOSHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P. CHANDRASHEKARA

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 at the Main along with growth (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, LAI, Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, LAD, NDVI, SPAD values dry matter production plant-1 and nutrient Dharwad. The experiment laid out in split plot design with two maize uptake) and all the yield parameters. However, agronomic efficiency, hybrids (NK-6240 and S-6668) in main plot and eight sub plot recovery efficiency, net return (` 65,069 ha-1) and BC ratio’s (2.00) treatments of three precision nutrient management techniques (PNM) were higher in NE with target yield of 10 t ha-1 than other PNM i.e. site specific nutrient management (SSNM), soil test crop response techniques. Interaction shows higher grain and stover yield in S-6668 (STCR) and nutrient expert (NE) to achieve target yield of 8 and 10 t with SSNM 10 t ha-1 (9.87 t ha-1 and 11.5 t ha-1, respectively) than all ha-1, recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) and absolute control. The other treatments. Further, the same treatment recorded higher growth, results revealed that S-6668 recorded higher growth (LAI, LAD), yield and yield parameters, gross return and nutrient uptake (total N, yield (grain and stover yield) and yield attributing characteristics P and K uptake at 90 DAS and at harvest stage) than all other (cob length, number of kernels row-1, number of kernels cob-1, kernel treatments. However, agronomic efficiency of N and P, net return and weight cob-1 and test weight) and economics (gross return and net BC ratio’s were higher with NE with 10 t ha-1 (34.99 and 82.02 kg kg-1, return) than NK-6240. Among the PNM techniques, SSNM 10 t ha-1 ` 67,663 ha-1 and 2.04, respectively) than all other treatment recorded higher grain and stover yield (9.88 t ha-1 and 11.30 t ha-1) combinations.

Effect of conventional and water soluble fertilizers through fertigation on growth, yield and quality parameters of Bt cotton PRADESH JENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. R. ALADAKATTI

A field experiment was undertaken to study the effect of fertigation 3,783 kg ha-1). Significantly lower bolls plant-1 (39.20) and seed cotton levels with conventional and water soluble fertilizers on growth, yield yield ha-1 (2,638 kg ha-1) were recorded in PS with fertigation of and quality of Bt cotton at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, 15 per cent RDF (22.5: 11: 11 kg ha-1) applied in six equal splits. Karnataka during the kharif 2016-17 with nine treatments replicated Fiber quality parameters of Bt cotton did not differ significantly due thrice in a randomized complete block design. Paired row sowing (PS) to fertigation levels with CF or WSF except for fiber strength. PS with fertigation of 100 per cent RDF (150:75:75 kg ha-1) through with fertigation of 30 per cent RDF through WSF applied in six equal conventional fertilizers (CF) applied in six equal splits recorded splits recorded higher fiber strength (28.03 g tex-1) as compared to significantly higher number of bolls plant-1 (54.40) and seed cotton other treatments. The Cry 1Ac and Cry 2Ab protein content in leaves yield ha-1 (4,000 kg ha-1) than other treatments, but was on par with was non-significant at all the growth stages with varied levels of PS with fertigation of 30 per cent RDF (45: 22.5: 22.5 kg ha-1) through fertigation. The highest net returns (` 1,46,115 ha-1) and benefit cost water soluble fertilizer (WSF) and 25 per cent RDF through CF ratio (2.97) were recorded in PS with fertigation of 100 per cent RDF applied in six equal splits (50.1 and 3,894 kg ha-1), PS with fertigation (150:75:75 kg ha-1) through CF applied in six equal splits which were of 25 per cent RDF (37.5: 19: 19 kg ha-1) through WSF and on par with PS with fertigation of 25 per cent RDF through WSF and 25 per cent RDF through CF applied in six equal splits (48.13 and 25 per cent RDF through CF applied in six equal splits.

36 Effect of foliar application of nano zinc particles on growth, yield and quality of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) SHAM S. PATEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. ARAVIND KUMAR

The investigation was carried out on green synthesis and conventional fertilizer ZnSO4 @ 5000 ppm at 35 and 55 DAS with characterization of zinc sulphide nanoparticles in the nanotechnology and without boron @ 0.5 per cent was sprayed at 40 DAS. Among all laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. An eco- the treatments, foliar applied zinc sulphide @ 400 ppm at 35 and 55 friendly and a low-cost, green synthesis of ZnS nanoparticles is DAS and boron @ 0.5 per cent at 40 DAS significantly recorded reported in this investigation using 0.3 per cent latex solution prepared higher leaf area index (0.377), total dry matter production plant-1 from Jatropha curcas L. ZnS nanoparticles were characterized by (19.91 g), and seed yield of 10.24 g plant-1 which were on par with particle size analyzer, energy dispersive analysis of X-rays and UV– foliar application of nano zinc oxide at 1000 ppm and boron @ vis optical absorption. The average size of ZnS nanoparticles was 0.5 per cent. This treatment also recorded higher seed oil content found in the range 30-60 nm. A pot experiment was conducted during (41.15%) which was on par with nano ZnS @ 400 ppm (41.07%). kharif 2016-17 to study the effect of foliar application of nano zinc However, lower yield parameters were registered with control (RDF). particles on growth, yield and quality of sunflower (Helianthus annuus The results of the present investigation indicated that foliar application L.) in Agronomy polyhouse, University of Agricultural Sciences, of zinc sulphide with 400 ppm at 35 and 55 DAS and boron at Dharwad. The treatments comprised foliar application of different 0.5 per cent at 40 DAS was found optimum for sunflower crop for nanoparticles (Zno @ 1000 ppm and ZnS @ 400 ppm) and obtaining higher growth, yield and oil content. Standardization of fertigation schedule in transplanted Onion (Allium cepa L.) M. S. NARENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. WALI

A field experiment entitled Standardization of fertigation schedule in (12.64 mm), was recorded in the treatment T2: drip irrigation with transplanted onion was conducted during summer 2016, on clay soils 75 per cent of recommended dose of fertigation as per schedule during at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur, Karnataka harvest, followed by T1: drip irrigation with 100 per cent of (Zone-3). The experiment was carried out under open condition in a recommended dose of fertigation as per schedule (27.58 cm, 5.79, randomized block design with six treatments namely, T1: drip irrigation 34.20 g/plant, 27.71 mm, 12.33 mm, 27.05 t/ha, respectively). The with 100 per cent recommended dose of fertigation as per schedule, yield attributes viz., bulb weight per plant (56.43 g), bulb size (5.42

T2: drip irrigation with 75 per cent recommended dose of fertigation cm), bulb index (1.19) and bulb yield (29.26 t/ha) were higher in drip as per schedule, T3: drip irrigation with 50 per cent recommended irrigation with 75 per cent of recommended dose of fertigation as per dose of fertigation as per schedule, T4 : drip irrigation with 100 per schedule, followed by drip irrigation with 100 per cent of recommended cent conventional fertilizer (soil application), T5: drip irrigation with dose of fertigation as per schedule (54.66 g, 5.39 cm, 1.18, 27.05 t/ha) no fertigation (control) and T6: surface irrigation with 100 per cent when compared to recommended package of practise (RPP) and conventional fertilizer (RPP), replicated four times. Among the various control. Significantly higher net returns (` 3,70,510/ha) and B:C (3.24) treatment combinations, significantly higher plant height (27.84 cm), were noticed with the treatment T2: drip irrigation with 75 per cent of number of functional leaves (5.99), total dry matter production per recommended dose of fertigation as per schedule as compared to plant (37.17 g/plant), leaf width (28.00 mm), neck thickness other treatments.

Response of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) to planting geometry and foliar nutrition during summer V. ANANDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. PATTAR A field experiment was conducted to study the Response of sesame to leaf area, number of branches, total dry matter per plant and yield planting geometry and foliar nutrition during summer 2016 at the attributes compared to the other narrow spacing. Foliar application of Agriculture Research Station, Bagalkot, University of Agricultural 1.0 per cent water soluble NPK recorded significantly higher seed yield Sciences, Dharwad. The treatments comprised of four planting (940 kg ha-1), stalk yield, number of branches per plant, total dry geometries (30 ×15 cm, 30 × 20 cm, 45 × 10 cm and 45 × 15 cm) and matter per plant, chlorophyll content, leaf area, yield attributes and three foliar nutrition (19: 19: 19 water soluble fertilizer at 0.5, 1.0 per seed protein content compared to other foliar nutrition treatments. The cent and control). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete treatment combination 45 cm × 10 cm spacing with foliar application Block Design with factorial concept in three replications. Spacing of of 1.0 per cent water soluble NPK (19:19:19) recorded significantly 45 × 10 cm (2,22,222 plant ha-1) recorded significantly higher seed higher seed yield (1,031 kg ha-1), uptake of N, P, and K, gross returns yield (1,003 kg ha-1) while wider spacing of 45 cm × 15 cm (1,48,148 (` 69,044 ha-1), net returns (` 49,915 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.70) plants ha-1) recorded higher light transmission ratio, chlorophyll content, compared to other treatment combinations.

Studies on weather relationship under different sowing dates in Sweet corn genotypes GURUBASAVARAJA CHILAGODA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. K. HULIHALLI

A field experiment entitled “Studies on weather relationship under 75, SAKATA 16 and SV 6881 SN and five sowing dates as sub- different sowing dates in sweet corn genotypes” was conducted at plots i.e., II fortnight of June, I fortnight of July, II fortnight of the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural July, I fortnight of August and II fortnight of August having three Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2016. The experiment was laid out replications. Genotype SUGAR 75 recorded significantly higher in split plot design with three genotypes as main plots i.e., SUGAR fresh cob yield (264.9 q ha-1), green fodder yield (514.6 q ha-1), net

37 return (` 2,25,493 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (4.50) as compared to rainfall, growing degree days, heat use efficiency, light absorption SAKATA 16 genotype. However, it was on par with genotype SV ratio, soil moisture content as well as morning and afternoon canopy 6881 SN. Among the various sowing dates, sweet corn sown during relative humidity during the cropping period. Whereas, sweet corn II fortnight of June recorded significantly higher fresh cob yield yields showed negative correlation with light transmission ratio, (266.2 q ha-1), green fodder yield (544.5 q ha-1), net return (` 2,27,771 ha-1) morning and afternoon canopy temperature. Among the interactions, and benefit cost ratio (4.58) as compared to subsequent sowing sweet corn genotype SUGAR 75 sown during II fortnight of June dates and it was on par with I fortnight of July sowing. The resulted in higher fresh cob yield, green fodder yield, net return and interaction effects were not significant. Among the weather benefit cost ratio (282.7 q ha-1, 564.1 q ha-1, ` 2,46,972 ha-1 and parameters, sweet corn yields showed positive correlation with 4.87, respectively) as compared to rest of the interactions. Effect of sources and levels of sulphur on Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) during summer in UKP command area CHINNAVVA PALABHAVI MAJOR ADVISOR:Dr. S. B. KALAGHATAGI

A field experiment to assess the response of sesame to different seed weight per plant (6.00 g), seed yield (899 kg ha-1), over other sources and levels of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of sesame levels of sulphur (10, 15, and 20 kg ha-1). Application of sulphur at was carried out during summer 2016 at the Agriculture Research 25 kg ha-1 to the sesame improved the quality parameters like oil Station, Almel, Sindagi taluk of Vijayapura district with 9 treatments content (48%), oil yield (435 kg ha-1), and seed protein (18%) as and 3 replications under factorial randomized block design. Main compared to control. Among the levels of sulphur applied, plot consisting of two sources (sulphur bentonite and gypsum) and significantly higher net returns (` 41,002.00 ha-1) and benefit cost sub-plot consisting of 4 levels (10, 15, 20 and 25 kg ha-1). The ratio (3.0) was recorded with application of sulphur at 25 kg ha-1 results indicated that, application of sulphur at 25 kg ha-1 to the irrespective of sulphur sources as compared to control (` 14,497 ha-1) sesame crop from both the sources (sulphur bentonite and gypsum) and (2.0), respectively. Both the sources of sulphur i.e. sulphur increased the seed yield significantly. Application of sulphur at bentonite and gypsum were on par with respect to seed and oil 25 kg ha-1 resulted in significantly higher plant hieght at harvest yield and also increased the net returns and benefit cost ratio. (133.20 cm), number of branches per plant (3.90), dry matter Significantly higher growth, quality and yield parameters are obtained accumulation (10.90 g ) ,number of capsules per plant (65.60), and in the treatment received sulphur at 25 kg ha-1 with gypsum source.

Effect of band application of organic manures on growth and yield of Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] PALLAVI S. MANIKASHETTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. KALAGHATAGI

A field experiment to study the effect of band application of organic of pods plant-1 (116), seed weight plant-1 (37.35 g), seed yield (1,647 kg manures on growth and yield of pigeonpea was conducted during ha-1), stalk yield (2,920 kg ha-1) and harvest index (0.36) and was on par kharif 2016-17 at Seed Farm, College of Agriculture, Vijayapura. The with the band application of VC @ 2.0 and 2.5 t ha-1 and sieved FYM experiment was carried out in randomized block design with thirteen @ 4.0 and 5.0 t ha-1 as compared to broadcasting of FYM @ 6 t ha-1 -1 -1 treatments viz., T1 to T6 were band application of vermicompost @ (99.33, 24.07 g, 1,061 kg ha , 2,920 kg ha and 0.36, respectively). -1 ` -1 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 t ha , respectively. The treatments T7 to T12 Significantly higher net returns ( 59,410 ha ) and benefit cost ratio of -1 -1 includes band application of sieved FYM @ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 t ha , 2.92 recorded with band application of VC @ 3 t ha over broadcasting respectively and were compared with broadcasting of FYM @ 6 t ha-1 of FYM @ 6 tonnes per ha (` 25,401 ha-1 and 1.78, respectively). It can -1 (T13) and recommended dose of fertilizer (25:50:0 NPK kg ha ) was be concluded from the above results that growing of pigeonpea with applied to all the treatments. The results revealed that, band application band application of VC @ 2, 2.5 and 3 t ha-1 and sieved FYM @ 4 and of vermicompost (VC) @ 3 t ha-1 recorded significantly higher number 5 t ha-1 lead to saving of 1 tonne VC and 2 tonne FYM per ha.

Bio-efficacy of early post-emergent herbicides in irrigated Maize (Zea mays L.) SOUMYA G. ARAKERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. WALI A field experiment to evaluate Bio-efficacy of early post-emergent Atrazine 50 per cent WP @ 0.50 kg ha-1 have shown lower weed herbicides in irrigated maize was conducted at farmer’s field of density (6.00 m-2) and weed dry weight (5.10 m-2) at 30 DAS. Total Nagathan village, Vijayapura (Karnataka) during kharif, 2016. The dry matter production was also higher (5.39 g plant-1) compared to -1 experiment was laid out in randomised block design replicated thrice rest of the treatments except (T13) weed free check (5.82 g plant ) -1 with 13 treatments which includes pre-emergent application of and (T10) recommended package of practice i.e. Atrazine 1.00 kg ha Atrazine (0.50 kg ha-1), post-emergent herbicide 2,4-D sodium salt + IC + HW (5.58 g plant-1). Grain weight per plant (36.13 g plant-1), (0.50 kg ha-1) and early post-emergent herbicides applied at 2-3 leaf grain yield (6,215 kg ha-1) and stover yield (7,167 kg ha-1) were also stage of weeds both single and tank mix. The treatments T1, T2 and significantly higher. The net returns and benefit cost ratio were -1 ` -1 T3 were Tembotrione applied at (75, 100 and 125 g ha , significantly higher ( 59,623 ha and 2.77, respectively) compared respecaatively), and T4, T5 and T6 are tank mix application of to rest of the treatments. The above results concluded that (T6) -1 herbicides i.e. Tembotrione + Atrazine. Treatment T7, T8 and T9 are Tembotrione applied @ 125 g ha + Atrazine 50 per cent WP @ application of Tembotrione + 2,4-D sodium salt. The results of 0.50 kg ha-1 has given lower weed density, weed dry weight. And -1 investigation revealed that (T6) Tembotrione applied @ 125 g ha + also recorded higher grain and stover yield.

38 Effect of nitrogen levels and modified urea on growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency in rainfed Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L).] GANAPATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. K. GUGGARI A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen 4.00 t ha-1, respectively). Application of neem coated urea recorded levels and modified urea on growth, yield and nitrogen use efficiency significantly higher grain (2,965 kg ha-1) and stover yields (6.13 t ha-1) in rainfed pearl millet during kharif 2016 at Regional Agricultural to normal urea. Net income and benefit cost ratio were higher with Research Station, College of Agriculture, Vijayapura, UAS, Dharwad. application of 75 kg N ha-1 (` 28,815 ha-1 and 2.91, respectively) There were 15 treatment combinations involving three nitrogen levels compared to 25 kg N ha-1 (` 21,366 ha-1 and 2.57, respectively), viz., 25, 50 and 75 kg ha-1 and five modified ureas viz., neem coated, however it was at par with 50 kg N ha-1 (` 27,517 ha-1 and 2.90, tar coated, sulphur coated, vermicompost coated and normal urea. respectively). Among the modified ureas, neem coated urea recorded The experiment was laid out in factorial randomised block design significantly higher net income (` 32,316 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio with three replications. The results indicated that, application of 75 (3.32) compared to normal urea (` 23,817 ha-1 and 2.69, respectively) and 50 kg N ha-1 were at par and recorded significantly higher grain and other modified ureas. Application of 50 kg N ha-1 with neem (2,878 and 2,730 kg ha-1, respectively) and stover yields (5.32 and coated urea was found to be optimum in pearl millet crop to achieve 5.15 t ha-1, respectively) compared to 25 kg N ha-1 (2,296 kg ha-1 and higher grain yield, stover yield and economic returns. Bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of herbicide imazethapyr 10% SL on Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] and succeeding rabi crops KIRAN EMMIGANUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. A. HOSMATH A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, days after sowing, among herbicides higher soil dehydrogenase activity University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif and rabi (5.42 ì g TPF formed g-1 soil day-1) was recorded with the application seasons of 2016-17, to study the bioefficacy and phytotoxicity of of Pendimethalin 30 per cent EC @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 as pre emergence, herbicide Imazethapyr 10 per cent SL on soybean [Glycine max (L.) whereas lower activity (4.03 ìg TPF formed g-1 soil day-1) was recorded Merrill.] and succeeding rabi crops. During kharif, significantly higher with the application of Imazethapyr 10% SL @ 150 g a.i. ha-1. Higher soybean seed yield (18.08 q ha-1) was recorded with the early post benefit cost ratio (1.90) realized with the application of Imazethapyr emergence application of Imazethapyr 10 per cent SL @ 100 g a.i. ha- 10 per cent SL @ 100 g a.i. ha-1. After soybean harvest, during rabi 1. However, it was on par with application of Chlorimuron 25 % EC @ season the germination and establishment of succeeding crops viz. wheat 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 and Pendimethalin 30 per cent EC @ 1.5 kg a.i. ha-1 (17.50 and sorghum were affected due to residual toxicity of Imazethapyr and 16.82 q ha-1, respectively). At 30 days after sowing higher weed 10 per cent SL @ 75, 100, 125 and 150 g a.i. ha-1 compared to safflower control efficiency was recorded with the application of Imazethapyr and chickpea. Hence, Imazethapyr 10 per cent SL could be recommended 10 per cent SL @ 125 and 150 g a.i. ha-1 (90.06 and 93.94%, respectively), to control weeds in soybean with a rider that during rabi season, crops however yielded less on account of phytotoxicity on soybean. At 45 such as safflower / chickpea could be taken instead of sorghum / wheat. Weed management in direct seeded rice through brown manuring SUCHITRA HAROMUCHUDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. T. CHANDRANATH A field experiment to study the “Weed management in direct seeded to other treatments while nutrient removal by weeds was least in this rice through brown manuring” was carried out on farmer’s field at treatment. Further, application of butachlor 50 EC @ 3.0 l ha-1 as pre Kelageri village of Dharwad district during kharif 2016. The emergence followed by knockdown of sunnhemp by bispyribac experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with sodium 10 per cent SC @ 250 ml ha-1 recorded significantly higher three replications and ten treatments consisting of five treatments of seed yield (3,593 kg ha-1) over all other treatments except weed free without green or brown manuring, one treatment with sunnhemp check, increased the seed yield up to 20 per cent over farmers practice. green manuring and other four treatments were brown manuring with The various growth parameters, yield parameters and nutrient uptake varied concentration of 2,4-D and bispyaribac sodium herbicides. by crop followed the similar trend. The same treatment also registered Application of butachlor 50 EC @ 3.0 l ha-1 as pre emergence followed higher gross returns (` 73,578 ha-1), net returns (`43,016 ha-1) and by knockdown of sunnhemp by bispyribac sodium 10 per cent SC @ which was on par with weed free check (` 80,266 ha-1), (` 42,766 ha-1), 250 ml ha-1 recorded significantly lower number of grasses, broad respectively but significantly superior over rest of the treatments, leaved weeds, total number of weeds, dry weight of weeds, weed while benefit: cost ratio (2.41) was significantly higher over all other index (9.39%) and higher weed control efficiency (90.07%) compared treatments.

Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to moisture conservation practices, supplemental irrigation and nutrient management in rainfed situation MAHABUBSAB G. JORAMMANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. SURAKOD

A field experiment on the effect of moisture conservation practices, conservation and supplemental irrigation practices as main plot supplemental irrigation and nutrient management on growth and treatments and three fertilizer levels as sub-plot treatments with yield of maize in rainfed condition was conducted during kharif, three replications. The result showed that, among the moisture 2016 at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Vijayapura. The conservation practices, two supplemental irrigations at jointing and experiment was laid out in split-plot design with five moisture silking stages recorded significantly higher grain yield (5,609 kg ha-1),

39 stover yield (7,404 kg ha-1), gross returns (` 76,616 ha-1) and net Significantly higher test weight (32.1 g) and grain weight per plant returns (` 44,641 ha-1) as compared to other moisture conservation (127.7 g plant-1) were recorded with treatment combination of two practices. Among the fertilizer levels, application of 100:50:25 supplemental irrigations at jointing and silking stages and application -1 -1 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha recorded significantly higher grain yield of 100:50:25 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha . Soil moisture content was (5,248 kg ha-1), stover yield (6,894 kg ha-1), gross returns significantly higher in moisture conservation practices over without (` 71,675 ha-1) and net returns (` 38,957 ha-1) as compared to other moisture conservation practices. Non-significant difference was fertilizer levels. Interaction of two supplemental irrigations at jointing observed among the different fertilizer levels with respect to soil -1 and silking stages with application of 100:50:25 N:P2O5:K2O kg ha moisture content. Among the interactions, two supplemental recorded significantly higher grain yield (5,780 kg ha-1), stover yield irrigations at jointing and silking stages with application of 100:50:25 -1 ` -1 -1 (7,519 kg ha ), gross returns ( 78,904 ha ) and net returns N:P2O5:K2O kg ha recorded significantly higher soil moisture (` 45,765 ha-1) as compared to other treatment combinations. content at all the growth stages.

Bioefficiency of post emergent herbicide mixtures on weed management in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) VISHWANATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMESH BABU

A field experiment to study the “Bioefficacy of post emergent herbicide weight (1.32 g m-2) over application of Imazethapyr alone (100 and mixtures on weed management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” 75% dose) at 30 DAS and significantly higher weed control efficiency was conducted on black soil at the Main Agricultural Research Station, (89.60%) and lower weed index (3.24%) compared to remaining UAS, Dharwad during kharif, 2016. The experiment consisted of 14 treatments except weed free and RWP. Pod yield was significantly treatments laid out in randomized complete block design. The higher with this treatment (2,869 kg ha-1) and also with tank treatments consisted of different post emergent herbicide mixtures mixture of Imazethapyr 100 g ha-1 + Propaquizafop-ethyl 100 g ha-1 involving Imazethapyr tank mixed with either Quizalofop-ethyl or (2,861 kg ha-1). The similar trend was noticed with net returns Propaquizafop-ethyl or Fenoxaprop-ethyl or Fluazifop-butyl at their (` 81,748 and ` 81,435 ha-1, respectively) and benefit: cost ratio 100 or 75 per cent of the recommeneded dose compared with (3.48 and 3.47, respectively). Herbicide mixtures resulted in effective Imazethapyr alone and with recommended weed management practice broad spectrum weed control compared to application of Imazethapyr (RWP) i.e Alachlor 1.5 kg ha-1 as PE + 2 IC at 25 and 35 DAS + 1 HW alone. Higher dehydrogenase activity (4.51 ìg TPF g-1 soilday-1) was and pre mix herbicide mixture Imazehapyr + Imazamox. Tank mixture observed with Imazethapyr 100 g ha-1 + Fluazifop-butyl 100 g ha-1 application of Imazethapyr 100 g ha-1 + Quizalofop-ethyl 50 g ha-1 compared with other herbicide treatments. There was no phytotoxicity recorded significantly lower weed density (3.98 m-2) and weed dry with application of tank mixtures.

Response of quality protein Maize to nitrogen and sulphur levels ASHOK B. SHEGUNASHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. GADDANAKERI A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, and 1.82, respectively). Among the sulphur levels, application of 30 Mudhol during kharif, 2016 to study the response of quality protein and 45 kg S ha-1 recorded significantly higher grain (47.04 q ha-1) maize to nitrogen and sulphur levels was carried out in a factorial and stover yield (78.50 q ha-1), quality parameters, net returns RCBD using the hybrid ‘Vivek QPM-9’ with twelve treatment (` 30,127 ha-1) and BC ratio (1.91) as compared to application of -1 combinations involving three levels of nitrogen (N1:100, N2:150 and 0 and 15 kg S ha . Among different treatment combinations, -1 -1 N3: 200 kg ha ) and four levels of sulphur (S1: 0, S2: 15, S3: 30 and S4: application of 200 kg N + 45 kg S ha recorded significantly higher 45 kg ha-1) replicated thrice under irrigation. The results revealed that grain (53.67 q ha-1) and stover yield (84.17 q ha-1), protein (9.16%), among the nitrogen levels, application of 200 kg N ha-1 recorded lysine (3.60%), methionine (1.36%), tryptophan (0.79%) and significantly higher grain (52.25 q ha-1) and stover yield (81.39 q ha-1), cystine content (0.25%), net returns (` 38,428 ha-1 ) and BC ratio protein (8.90%), lysine (3.43%), methionine (1.30%), tryptophan (2.15) as compared to application of 150 kg N + 0 and 15 kg S ha-1 (0.76%) and cystine content (0.22 %), net returns (` 36,928 ha-1) and (41.68 and 74.85 q ha-1, 7.47, 2.90, 1.20, 0.66 and 0.16 per cent, BC ratio (2.11) as compared to application of 150 kg N ha-1 (43.84 ` 23,938 ha-1 and 1.76, respectively) and were on par with 200 kg N and 76.69 q ha-1, 7.73, 3.13, 1.23, 0.69 and 0.18 per cent , ` 26,360 ha-1 + 30 kg S ha-1. Performance of Soybean and Millets in intercropping systems M. G. MANJUNATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. SALAKINKOP A field experiment to study the performance of soybean and millets Further, sole crop of soybean and millets recorded significantly (foxtail millet, finger millet and little millet) under 2:1 and 4:2 row higher seed yield, haulm yield/straw yield, seed weight plant-1, test proportionswas conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, weight and harvest index. Similarly,chlorophyll content and light Bailhongal, Karnatakaand it was laid out in randomized complete transmission ratio (LTR) were higher in sole crops compared to block design with three replications on mixed red and black medium intercropping systems.Significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus, soil during kharif -2016. Laboratory analysis (both soil and plant) potassium and sulphur uptake by the system was recorded in was done in agronomy department (UAS, Dharwad). Growth soybean + finger millet in 4:2 row ratio (121.58, 31.45, 98.28 and parameters of soybean and millets viz., plant height, leaf area, leaf 15.54 kg ha-1, respectively) compared to soybean + foxtail millet area indexand total dry matter production were significantly higher and soybean + little millet. Significantly higher soybean seed in sole cropping compared to their respective intercrops systems. equivalent yieldand land equivalent ratio (LER) was recorded in 4:2

40 row ratio of soybean + foxtail millet (2,334 kg ha-1 and 1.50, BC ratio were significantly higher in 4:2 row ratio of soybean + respectively) compared to soybean + finger millet and soybean + foxtail millet (` 96,403 ha-1,` 68,457 ha-1 and 2.45, respectively). little millet either in 2:1 or 4:2 row ratio. Whereas, area time equivalent Soybean + foxtail millet under 2:1 and 4:2 row proportions was ratio (ATER) was higher in both 4:2 (1.47) and 2:1 (1.46) row ratios more profitable over soybean + finger millet and soybean + little of soybean + little millet.Similarly, gross returns, net returns and millet. Influence of iron and zinc fortified with organics in Rabi Sorghum A. H. ANILKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. KUBSAD

A field experiment to study the effect of iron and zinc fortified with of RDF + Enriched vermicompost [(50 kg vermicompost ha-1 + 15 kg -1 -1 -1 organics in rabi sorghum under rainfed condition on clay loam soil was ZnSO4 ha ) + (50 kg vermicompost ha + 15 kg FeSO4 ha )] recorded conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of significantly higher iron content in both grain (39.52 mg kg1) and fodder Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (Karnataka) during rabi 2016. The (42.34 mg kg 1) which was 13.4 and 15.8 per cent increase over control, experiment consisting of eleven treatments with varied levels of FeSO4 12.6 and 13.8 per cent increase over recommended dose of fertilizer, and ZnSO4 was laid out in randomized complete block design with 9.4 and 9.4 per cent increase over recommended package of practice. three replications. Soil application of RDF + Enriched FYM [(50 kg Similarly, zinc content in grain and fodder was significantly higher with -1 -1 -1 -1 FYM ha + 3.75 kg ZnSO4 ha ) + (50 kg FYM ha + 3.75 kg FeSO4 the same treatment (28.44 and 29.44 mg kg , respectively) which was ha-1)] recorded significantly higher total dry matter production 13.5 and 16.0 per cent increase over control, 12.2 and 14.5 per cent (193.61 g plant 1), grain weight (62.33 g plant-1), test weight (37.77 g), increase over recommended dose of fertilizer, 7.4 and 5.6 per cent grain yield (4,287 kg ha-1), fodder yield (7.51 t ha-1), net returns increase over recommended package of practice respectively. Soil ` 1 ( 85,702 ha ) and benefit cost ratio (3.50) over control, recommended application of RDF + Enriched FYM with ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each @ dose of fertilizer and recommended package of practice. Soil application 3.75 kg ha-1 gives higher yields, with higher iron and zinc content.

Influence of irrigation levels and water soluble fertilizers on growth, yield and water productivity of Sunflower SABYA RANJAN MOHAPATRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ANGADI

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of irrigation significantly higher grain yield (2,166 kg ha-1) and 100 seed weight levels and water soluble fertilizers on growth, yield and water (4.35 g). The total water requirement of sunflower under moisture productivity of sunflower at the Main Agricultural Research Station, depletion levels, critical stages of irrigation, farmers practice of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during summer2016. irrigation and irrigation once in 15 days were 382, 372, 412 and The experiment consisted of three irrigation levels as main plot 432 mm respectively. Irrigation scheduled at moisture depletion levels recorded significantly higher gross return (` 78,559 ha-1) and (I1: Irrigation based on moisture depletion levels, I2: Irrigation based net return (` 50,043 ha-1) as compared to other levels. However, on critical stages and I3: Farmers practice of irrigation-once in 10 days spraying of 19:19:19 at 2.0 per cent with RDF recorded significantly interval) and four foliar nutrition levels as subplot (F1: 1.5 per cent higher gross return (` 82,300 ha-1) and net return (` 54,367 ha-1). 19:19:19 + RDF, F2: 2.0 per cent 19:19:19 + RDF, F3: 2.5 per cent Control plot receiving RDF with irrigation interval once in 15 days 19:19:19 + RDF and F4: 3.0 per cent 19:19:19 + RDF) with one control (irrigation once in 15 days with RDF) and laid out in split- was inferior than the rest of the treatment combinations. Scheduling plot design with three replications. The experimental results revealed of irrigation based on moisture depletion (I1) with foliar application -1 of 19:19:19 at 2 per cent with RDF (F ) was found suitable for that, I1 recorded higher grain yield (2,067 kg ha ) and 100 seed 2 summer sunflower. weight (4.33 g) over other levels. Among foliar spray, F2 recorded Performance of Maize hybrids for the current and rising temperature scenarios: DSSAT model based assessment M. G. PRADEEP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. H. PATIL

A study to assess the 21 private and 15 public maize hybrids grown yield of maize hybrids using historic weather as baseline (1985-2016) under potential condition was conducted during kharif 2016 at the and by creating scenarios of + 1 and + 2°C over baseline. The reduction Main Agriculture Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, in mean yield of private hybrids as compared to baseline was to the Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in randomised complete block tune of 5.74 and 11.38 per cent, whereas for public hybrids it was design replicated twice. Detailed phenology and yield traits were 5.77 and 12.08 per cent when temperature was increased by + 1 and recorded and the data was used in DSSAT model for calibration. The + 2°C, respectively. Sowing window was optimized as one of the highest grain yield among the private hybrids was recorded by DKC- adaptation strategies for both current and elevated temperature 9141 (11,492 kg ha-1) which was 19.8 per cent higher than the best scenarios. Six dates of sowing at fortnightly interval between June among public hybrid GH-15305 (9,227 kg ha-1). The lowest yield of and August were used. Simulations under potential conditions showed 6,631 kg ha-1 was recorded by a public hybrid GH-1314 which was that late sowing (August) was better over June and July sowing. Late 22.1 per cent lower than the lowest private hybrid NMH-145 sowing recorded 19.37, 13.84 and 7.76 per cent and 15.54, 10.87 and (8,511 kg ha-1). Genetic coefficients of all hybrids within CERES- 5.14 per cent higher yield for private and public hybrids for baseline, Maize model were optimized and the calibrated model was further +1°C and +2°C climate scenarios, respectively, over the crop sown used to quantify the impact of rise in temperature on maturity and during I FN of June.

41 Response of Sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata) cultivars to fertility levels FAVIDA BEGUM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. BASAVARAJAPPA

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 at the Main and Hi-brix 53. On the contrary Hi-brix 53 recorded significantly Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad, which lies in Northern higher total soluble solids (13.68%), reducing sugar (5.37%), non- Transition Zone of Karnataka to study the response of sweet corn reducing sugar (18.66%) and total sugar (23.76%) which was on par genotypes to fertility levels. The treatment consisted of three sweet with Sugar-75. Among the sub-plot treatments application of -1 corn genotypes (Sugar-75, Hi-brix 39 and Hi-brix 53) as main plot 125 per cent RDF (187.5: 94: 47 kg N: P2O5: K2O ha ) recorded and three fertility levels (75% RDF, 100% RDF and 125% RDF) as significantly higher cob yield (220 q ha-1), green fodder yield sub-plot and was laid out in split-plot design with three replications. (279 q ha-1), gross returns (` 2, 25,840 ha-1), net returns (` 1, 60,978 ha-1) The results revealed that significantly higher growth parameters and benefit cost ratio (3.48) compared to other fertility levels. The (plant height, LAI, dry matter production), yield parameters interaction of sweet corn genotype Hi-brix 39 supplemented with (number of cobs per plant, fresh grain weight, cob length, cob girth), 125 per cent RDF recorded significantly higher cob yield (243 q ha-1), cob yield (226 q ha-1), green fodder yield (278 q ha-1), gross returns green fodder yield (287 q ha-1), gross returns (` 2,47,564 ha-1), net (` 2, 30,969 ha-1), net returns (` 1, 67,764 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio returns (` 1,82,638 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.81) compared to (3.65) was recorded with genotype Hi-brix 39 compared to Sugar-75 other interactions.

Precision nutrient management in Bt cotton to achieve target yields M. D. GOWRAMMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. P. POTDAR A field experiment was conducted during 2016 kharif season at the number of bolls (43.94 plant-1), boll weight (4.94 g), total dry matter MARS, Dharwad to study the effect of precision nutrient management (286.3 g plant-1), leaf area index (2.73) at 120 DAS, chlorophyll content in Bt cotton to achieve target yields. The experiment was laid out in (49.35 SPAD value), NDVI value (0.95) at 90 DAS, higher gross split plot design with two Bt cotton hybrids viz., Superb and RCH- returns (` 1,69,764 ha-1), net returns (` 1,05,895 ha-1) and BC ratio 659 in main plot and eight treatments in sub plot viz., target yield (2.66). Significantly higher uptake of N (151.5), P (37.65) and K level of 30, 35 and 40 q ha-1 with two splits of N and three split (160.2) kg ha-1 was recorded in treatment with three split application -1 application of N and K2O, RDF and absolute control. The nutrients of N and K2O for target yield level of 40 q ha . Nutrient balance required to achieve target yields of 30, 35 and 40 q ha-1 were studies showed positive balance of N in all the treatments except in -1 161:53:138, 188: 62:162, 215: 70: 185 N: P2O5: K2O kg ha , absolute control. P2O5 and K2O found negative balance in all the respectively. The results revealed that, two Bt cotton hybrids did not treatments. Interaction effect between Bt cotton hybrids and precision differ significantly for yield and yield attributing characters. Among nutrient management found to be non- significant. The results indicated the precision nutrient management treatments, nutrients required to that, application of nutrients required to achieve target yield of -1 -1 achieve target yield of 40 q ha with three split application of N and 40 q ha with three equal splits of N and K2O recorded significantly -1 K2O recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (35.9 q ha ), higher yield and gross returns. Fertigation in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] through drip irrigation in Northern dry zone of Karnataka J. KADAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. PATIL

A field experiment entitled “Fertigation in pigeonpea through drip and which was found to be on par with treatment 50:100:25 NPK irrigation in northern dry zone of Karnataka” was conducted at the kg ha-1 and treatment 50:100:0 NPK kg ha-1. Similarly seed yield per Agriculture Research Station, Almel, during kharif, 2016-17 in plant, seed yield per hectare, gross returns and net returns was medium black soil. The study consisted of eleven treatments, higher in dripfertigation scheduled at 50:100:50 NPK kg ha-1 involving three levels of water soluble fertilizers applied in four (107.5 g. 3,585 kg ha-1) `1,79,263 ha-1 and ` 1.24.1 14 ha-1, equal splits through drip irrigation system. The experiment was laid respectively) compared to RDF without irrigation (25.3 g, out in randomised block design with three replications. Among the 844 kg ha-1. ` 42,223 and ` 7.283, respectively) followed by drip three levels of fertilizer application, drip fertigation scheduled at fertigation scheduled at 50:100:25 NPK kg ha-1 (91.5 g/plant. 50:100:50 NPK kg ha-1 registered significantly higher growth 3.050 kg/ha. `1,52,503 ha-1 and ` 99,004, ha-1, respectively ). Growing parameters like higher plant height (185.3 cm), number of primary of pigeonpea with application of water soluble fertilizers in four branches (11.6) and total dry matter per plant (428.1 g) at harvest equal splits doubled the yield and higher net returns with saving of compared to RDF without irrigation (120.3, 7.6, 248.5, respectively) water fertilizers compared to rain led crop.

Sulphur and boron nutrition in Niger (Guizotia ahyssinica Cass.) PRAVEEN M. GONDAGAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. RAJKUMARA

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 at the Main ha-1 with sulphur oxidizing biofertilizer (Thiobacillus thiooxidans). Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad to study the effect of sulphur Three subplot treatments foliar application of solubor (0.2%) at and boron nutrition in niger. The experiment was laid out in spilt plot branching, branching and flowering along with control were tried. with three replications. Main treatments consisted of sulphur Application of 20 kg sulphur ha-1 with sulphur oxidizing biofertilizer applications @ 0, 10 and 20 kg ha-1 alone and sulphur @ 10 and 20 kg recorded higher seed yield of niger (628 kg ha-1). Niger seed yield was

42 increased by foliar spray of solubor at branching and flowering yield attributes like number of capitulum per plant, seed yield per (597 kg ha-1) over no foliar spray (510 kg ha-1) and the increase was by plant and 1000 seed weight of niger contributed for higher yield. 17 per cent. Application of 20 kg sulphur ha-1 with sulphur oxidizing Increased oil content (40.08%) and oil yield (273.02 kg ha-1) were biofertilizer along with foliar spray of solubor (0.2%) at branching also observed in these treatments. This also resulted in higher net and flowering recorded higher seed yield (683 kg ha-1) and it was on returns of niger (` 28,326 ha-1) with BC ratio of 2.66. However, it par with 10 kg sulphur ha-1 with sulphur oxidizing biofertilizer along was on par with 10 kg sulphur ha-1 with sulphur oxidizing biofertilizer with foliar spray of boron at branching (630 kg ha-1). Better growth along with foliar spray at branching resulted in net returns of parameters such as leaf area, leaf area index and total dry matter and ` 26,250 ha-1 with BC ratio (2.68).

Effect of different water regimes on growth and yield of summer Groundnut genotypes R. NAVEEN KUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. H. PATIL A field experiment entitled “Effect of different water regimes on (28.57 q ha-1), haulm yield (46.48 q ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.9) growth and yield of summer groundnut genotypes” was conducted as compared to other water regimes. However, it was found at par at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural with I1. Groundnut, Dh-86 recorded significantly higher number of Sciences, Dharwad during rabi/summer 2016-2017 The experiment pods per plant (20.0), pod yield (23.76 q ha-1), haulm yield was laid out in split plot design which comprised of four water (38.16 q ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (2.5). Significantly higher water -1 -1 regimes as main plots i.e., I1 (Control:7 irrigations at 15 days interval use efficiency was recorded with I2 (6.2 kg ha mm ) compared to -1 -1 from sowing to 105 DAS) I2 (Stress at pegging stage withdrawal of other water regimes. Genotypes Dh-86 (5.3 kg ha mm ) recorded one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS), I3 (Stress at pegging and pod significantly higher water use efficiency. The interaction of I2 (Stress filling stage: withdrawal of 2 irrigations between 45-75 DAS), at pegging stage withdrawal of one irrigation between 45 - 60 DAS)

I4 (Stress at pegging, pod filling and kernel development stage : with genotype Dh- 86 (G1) recorded significantly higher pod yield, -1 withdrawal of irrigation from 45-105 DAS) and four genotypes as haulm yield, net return and water use efficiency (31.68 q ha , -1 ` -1 -1 -1 sub-plots i.e., Dh-86 (G1), Dh-101 (G2), K-9 (G3) and G2–52 (G4), 48.81 q ha 95,655 ha , and 6.9 kg ha mm respectively). For replications, thrice. Stress only at pegging stage (I2) recorded summer season Dh- 86 performed better and also it can with stand significantly higher number of pods per plant (20.6), pod yield moisture stress to some extent.

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to nitrogen levels, conventional and enriched organic manures in a vertisol M. DILIP KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. TOLANUR

A field experiment was conducted to study the “Response of maize total dry matter production were increased significantly over control. to nitrogen levels, conventional and enriched organic manures in a The improvement in yield contributing attributes resulted in higher Vertisol” in farmers field at Mulamuthala village Dharwad district in stover yield. The uptake of nutrients (N, P, K, S and micronutrients) karnataka during kharif 2015. Experiment was laid out in split plot also increased significantly over control. The highest net returns was design with four replication. Main plot included three levels of nitrogen recorded in this treatment. Organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and viz., 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1 and sub-plots included four types of DTPA-extractable Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in soil were improved due to organic manures viz., farm yard manure (FYM), FYM enriched with combined application of 200 kg N along with both enriched organics rock phosphate and phosphorus solubilising bacteria (PSB), FYM and vermicompost. Highest B: C ratio (3.59) was recorded in -1 vermicompost and vermicompost enriched with ZnSO4 + FeSO4. the treatment receiving 200 kg N ha + FYM enriched with rock Results showed that, application of 200 kg N ha-1+ vermicompost phosphate and PSB. Hence, application of 200 kg N ha-1 along with -1 enriched with ZnSO4 + FeSO4 at 2.5 t ha resulted in significantly rock phosphate enriched FYM and ZnSO4 + FeSO4 enriched higher grain yield (79.93 q ha-1) which was 23 per cent higher than the vermicompost improved productivity and quality of maize as well as control (55.37 q ha-1). The growth parameters like plant height and soil nutrients status.

Response of Maize (Zea mays L.) to green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles in a calcareous vertisol AMRUTHA S. AJAYAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. S. HEBSUR

A laboratory study was conducted at the Department of Soil Science The shape ZnO NPs varied from rod to spherical. The chemical and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Dharwad during 2016-17 to green composition of green synthesized ZnO NPs was determined with synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from analytical grade energy dispersive atomic X-ray analysis which revealed that zinc nitrate using five different plant leaf extracts viz., calotropis, synthesized particles were not pure, but contains other elements tea, neem, tulasi and datura. The green synthesized ZnO NPs were from leaf extracts. A pot culture experiment was conducted with 12 characterized for their size and shape. In UV-spectroscopy, treatment combinations and 60 days duration to study the response absorbance peaks of particles ranged from 345-370 nm confirming of maize to green synthesized ZnO NPs. The study revealed that their size in nano range. In particle size analyzer and scanning electron foliar application of nano ZnO at lower concentrations of 250, 500 microscopy calotropis leaf extract synthesized nanoparticles and 750 ppm (T7, T8 and T9, respectively) were very effective in recorded smallest size (79.6 nm) and datura the highest (497.4 nm). enhancing growth and nutrients uptake by maize plants than the

43 conventional zinc sulphate spray @ 0.5 per cent. The growth on par with T7. Nano ZnO spray at higher concentrations (@ 1,000, parameters such as plant height, leaf area, chlorophyll content and 1,500 and 2,000 ppm) reduced growth and nutrients uptake of maize dry matter production recorded maximum for treatment which compared to lower concentrations (250, 500 and 750 ppm) due to received nano ZnO spray @ 250 ppm. Treatments T8 and T9 were zinc toxicity.

Characterization and classification of soils of Nagaral-1 micro-watershed in Gadag taluk, Karnataka I. R. MAHESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. L. PATIL

A study was undertaken to characterize, classify and map the soil crops like wheat and pearlmillet. Whereas, cotton, pigeonpea, resources of Nagaral-1 micro-watershed in northern dry zone of bengalgram, groundnut, rose, jasmine, maize, chilli, sorghum, soybean, Karnataka in order to assess their land capability, irrigability and sunflower, pomegranate, mango, sapota, guava and tamarind were suitability for crops and also to assess soil fertility constraints. Soil marginally suitable (S3) with limitations of soil pH and organic carbon. survey was carried out during April 2016 using IRS P6, LISS-IV Citrus crop is currently not suitable (N1) with limitations of rainfall image and cadastral map. Based on soil heterogeneity, fourteen profiles and fertility. Sixty eight surface soil samples were drawn from the were studied for the morphological, physical and chemical properties study area and analyzed at UAS, Dharwad for their fertility status and classified using Soil Taxonomy as Entisols, Inceptisols and and mapped by GIS technique. The soil pH was strongly alkaline to Vertisols. Eight soil series were identified and mapped into 11 mapping very strongly alkaline and free from salinity. Soil organic carbon and units by GIS technique. The identified land capability sub-classes available phosphorus content were low to medium. Available nitrogen are; IIIsf, IIIesf, and VIs and have been mapped and indicated that 90 was low and potassium was high. Available sulphur was medium to per cent of total geographical area is cultivable. Soil suitability high in range. Boron was deficient to excess, copper and manganese evaluation for irrigation showed that, 90 per cent of the cultivable were sufficient while, zinc and iron were deficient. The fertility area was moderately suitable for surface irrigation with limitation of constraints identified in the micro-watershed are organic carbon, texture and ESP. The study area was moderately (S2) suitable for available nitrogen, iron and zinc.

Response of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) to domestic wastewater irrigation and fertilizer levels in red sandy loam soil of zone-8 SHIVAYYA HIREMATH SIDDAYYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. B. KULIGOD

A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research (151.84 kg ha.cm-1) were noticed under the treatment combination Station, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka, during the late kharif season of of DWW + 100 per cent RDF (8.6 t ha-1) followed by DWW irrigation 2016. Split plot design was adopted with three replications and + 75 per cent RDF. Soil physical properties like bulk density, four main plots as wastewater and five fertilizer level as a subplots MWHC and aggregate stability did not differ significantly due to and okra as a test crop. Experimental soil was sandy loam, alkaline different treatment combinations. Available nutrients status viz., in reaction (7.98), non saline (0.20 dS m-1), medium in organic carbon nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (265.4, 39.2 and 294.5 kg ha-1, (6.41 g kg-1), low in available nitrogen and medium in available respectively) were higher under DWW irrigation sequenced with phosphorus and potassium. Higher plant height (172.30 cm) was TWW + 100 per cent RDF. Nitrate (42.53 mg kg-1) and ammoniacal noticed under TWW irrigation + 100 per cent RDF which was on (34.79 mg kg-1) nitrogen were higher under DWW irrigation sequenced par with sequenced irrigation with DWW and TWW + 100 per cent with TWW + 100 per cent RDF. Organic (479.6 mg kg-1) and total RDF (169.73 cm). Total dry matter of okra was higher under nitrogen (538.18 mg kg-1) were recorded high under DWW irrigation sequenced irrigation with DWW and TWW + 100 per cent RDF + 100 per cent RDF. All the fractions of phosphorus and potassium (85.07 g plant-1) which remained on par with TWW irrigation + were higher under DWW + 100 per cent RDF applied plots and 100 per cent RDF (81.68 g plant-1). Significantly, the higher fresh significantly lower fractions were recorded under fresh water pod yield (8.4 t ha-1), B:C ratio (3.35) and water productivity irrigation and control plots. Effect of different organics and inorganics on soil properties and yield of rainfed Maize in a vertisol DEEPA KALAPPANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. GALI

A field investigation on the effect of different organics and inorganics S) and micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu) in post harvest soil. The on soil properties and yield of rainfed maize was carried out at University highest dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease activity in soil at peak of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2016. The experiment crop growth stage was recorded in 100 per cent RDF + PM followed was laid out on Typic Haplustert in RCBD with 13 treatments replicated by other organics with 100 per cent RDF. Application of 100 per cent thrice. The nutrients were supplied through organics such as FYM, RDF + FYM accounted for higher grain (75.05 q ha-1) and stover vermicompost (VC), poultry manure (PM) and sheep manure (SM) (78.01 q ha-1) yields as well as higher net returns (` 77,190) followed and chemical fertilizers. Among the organic manures used, poultry by 50 per cent RDF + organics. Application of organics alone resulted manure contained highest amount of the three major nutrients viz., N, in lowest grain yield (28.01 to 46.20 q ha-1) and stover yield (30.11 to -1 ` P2O5, K2O and S (2.20, 1.60, 2.30 and 0.46%, respectively). Physical 48.02 q ha ) and net returns ( 5,966 to 31,744) compared to INM properties of soil such as bulk density, porosity, MWHC and aggregate treatments and RDF alone treatment. The total uptake of N, P, K, S, stability improved significantly due to application of organic manures Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu by the crop increased with the application of alone as well as in INM treatments. Application of 100 per cent RDF 100 per cent RDF + FYM which was significantly higher than the

+ PM recorded the highest available major nutrients (N, P2O5, K2O and treatment receiving only RDF and organics alone. 44 Quality and yield of Byadgi Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) as in fluenced by foliar feeding of calcium nitrate in a vertisol KAVITHA P. JADHAV MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. I. BIDARI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 in the farmer’s was on par with one foliar spray given on 45 DAT as well as 60 DAT field at Agadi village (Tq: Hubli) in Dharwad district to investigate the of same concentration. Uptake of calcium and magnesium were

“Quality and yield of Byadgi chilli as influenced by foliar feeding of significantly influenced by foliar spray of Ca(NO3)2 and highest uptake calcium nitrate in a vertisol”. Experiment consisted of 12 treatments was noticed due to three foliar applications of Ca(NO3)2 at 1.5 per cent. with three replications. Three foliar sprays of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 Nitrogen content of red fruit bears significant positive relationship recorded highest fruit yield (21.76 q ha-1) followed by treatment that with colour value (r= 0.681*) and oleoresin content (r=0.680*) while -1 received one spray of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 at 45 DAT (21.38 q ha ). calcium content bears significant positive relationship with colour

Three foliar applications of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 recorded significantly value (r=0.671*) and oleoresin content (r=0.768**). The BC ratio highest colour value (280.22 ASTA units) and highest oleoresin content was highest (5.98) due to three foliar application of Ca(NO3)2 at 1.5

(20.39%) which was on par with one foliar spray of Ca(NO3)2 (19.16%) per cent while lowest ratio (2.65) was in control. Foliar spray of 1.5 and 1.0 per cent on 75 DAT (16.98%). Lowest flower drop (10.02%) per cent Ca(NO3)2 is superior in improving the yield and quality of was recorded due to three foliar sprays of 1.5 per cent Ca(NO3)2 that Byadgi chillies.

Influence of sewage irrigation and NPK levels on yield and quality of green Chilli and soil properties B. C. SINDHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. HEBBARA

A field experiment to study the influence of sewage irrigation and NPK acid, total sugars and total ether extract of chilli fruit were higher under levels on yield and quality of green chilli and soil properties was DSW + 100 per cent NPK which remained on par with DSW + conducted at the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad 75 per cent NPK and DSW-GW + 100 per cent NPK. Higher N, P, K, during summer 2016. It was laid-out in split-plot design with four main S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu concentration in chilli fruit and plant and their plots viz., S1- Domestic sewage water (DSW); S2-Treated sewage water uptake was observed under DSW + 100 per cent NPK. Irrigation with

(TSW); S3-Groundwater (GW) and S4-Domestic sewage water DSWimproved aggregate stability, reducedBDand increased MWHC. alternated with groundwater (DSW-GW) and five sub-plots viz., Higher soil available N, P2O5, K2O, S and B were observed under DSW

F1- Absolute control; F2-25 per cent NPK; F3-50 per cent NPK; + 100 per cent NPK. Whereas, higher micronutrient concentration was

F4-75 per cent NPK; F5-100 per cent NPK. Growth parameters were observed under DSW without fertilizer application.Dehydrogenase significantly higher under DSW + 100 per cent NPK. Yield (10.47 t ha-1) activity was higher under DSW + 25 per cent NPK. Higher gross and yield attributes were significantly higher under DSW + returns (` 5,76,125 ha-1), net returns (` 4,17,607 ha-1) and B:C (4.80) 100 per cent NPK. Irrigation with DSW + 75 per cent NPK (9.73 t ha-1) were observed under DSW + 100 per cent NPK. Chilli irrigated with was on par with the former followed by DSW-GW + 100 per cent domestic sewage water, only 75 per cent NPK was enough underlining NPK (9.18 t ha-1). Quality parameters like total chlorophyll, ascorbic a saving of 25 per cent of inorganic fertilizer.

Effect of irrigation and ferrous sulphate levels on yield and quality of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in a vertisol H. NARENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. GUNDLUR

-1 A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 at the Water FeSO4.7H2O ha + 0.5 % FeSO4.7H2O spray + 1 per cent lime Management Research Centre, Belvatagi, Karnataka. Split plot design spray compared to RPP. Significantly higher oil content (39.27%) was adopted with three replications and two irrigation levels as and WUE (6.32 kg ha-1. mm) were noticed under RPP + 25 kg -1 main plots along with nine ferrous sulphate levels as a subplots and FeSO4.7H2O ha + 0.75 per cent FeSO4.7H2O spray + 1.5 per cent -1 sunflower as a test crop. Experimental soil was clay in texture, lime spray closely followed by RPP + 10 kg FeSO4.7H2O ha + -1 alkaline in reaction (8.45), non saline (0.29 dS m ), medium in organic 0.75 per cent FeSO4.7H2O spray + 1.5 per cent lime spray compared carbon (6.64 g kg-1), low, medium, high in available N, P and K, to RPP. Highest B:C ratio (3.82) was noticed in RPP + 25 kg -1 respectively with deficit in DTPA iron. Significantly higher plant FeSO4.7H2O ha + 0.75 per cent FeSO4.7H2O spray + 1.5 per cent -1 height (201.6 cm) was noticed under Recommended Package of lime spray followed by RPP + 10 kg FeSO4.7H2O ha + -1 Practice (RPP) + 25 kg FeSO4.7H2O ha + 0.75 per cent 0.75 per cent FeSO4.7H2O spray + 1.5 per cent lime spray (3.72).

FeSO4.7H2O spray + 1.5 per cent lime spray which was on par Available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (200.85, 32.58 and -1 -1 with RPP + 25 kg FeSO4.7H2O ha + 0.5 per cent FeSO4.7H2O 722.83 kg ha , respectively) were higher under RPP + 10 kg -1 spray + 1 per cent lime spray (201.0 cm) as compared to RPP. The FeSO4.7H2O ha + 0.5 per cent FeSO4.7H2O spray + 1 per cent highest grain yield (19.7 q ha-1), stalk yield (46.9 q ha-1) was noticed lime spray. Soil application of 25 kg ferrous sulphate at sowing along -1 under RPP + 25 kg FeSO4.7H2O ha + 0.75 per cent FeSO4.7H2O with 0.75 per cent foliar spray of ferrous sulphate at 45 DAS + 1.5 spray + 1.5 per cent lime spray followed by RPP + 25 kg per cent lime coupled with RPP gave highest yield and oil content.

45 Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to split and foliar applicaton of potassium in a vertisol UMMESALMA SANADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. K. MATH

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the response of significantly enhanced the oil (47.84%) and protein (37.98%) groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) to split and foliar application of contents in kernel with 6.07 and 6.89 per cent increase, respectively potassium in a Vertisol at the Main Agricultural Research Station, over control. Split and foliar application of potassium significantly University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif, 2016. increased the uptake of major nutrients. Split application of MOP The experiment was laid out with twelve treatments replicated thrice to groundnut significantly enhanced pod yield and quality of in completely randomized block design. Pod yield in groundnut was groundnut. The pod yield and quality showed a significant positive not significantly influenced by different potassium nutrition correlation with the nutrient concentrations (N, P, K and S) in index treatments. However, split application of 150 per cent RDK, half leaves before and after foliar application of SOP. The treatment as basal and half at 30 DAS through muriate of potash with with 150 per cent RDK through muriate of potash in split application 2 per cent foliar spray of potassium sulphate at 60 DAS recorded (half as basal + half at 30 DAS) plus 1 per cent foliar spray through highest pod yield (3,617 kg ha-1) closely followed by basal application potassium sulphate at 60 DAS recorded highest BC ratio (2.65). of 150 per cent RDK along with 2 per cent foliar spray of potassium Thus, split application of 150 per cent MOP + foliar spray of one sulphate (3,574 kg ha-1). Split application of 150 per cent RDK per cent SOP at 60 DAS is beneficial over basal application of through MOP plus 2 per cent foliar spray of SOP at 60 DAS 100 per cent MOP.

Studies on forms and distribution of soil potassium in selected Maize growing areas of Haveri district B. R. HARSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R. JAGADEESH

Potassium exists in different forms viz., water soluble, exchangeable, (r= 0.527*) soils. The exchangeable K was significantly and positively non-exchangeable and lattice potassium and these forms are in a state of correlated with CEC. Whereas, non-exchangeable K, lattice K and total K quasi-equilibrium with each other. These different forms of potassium K showed positive correlation for clay. The higher ARe in red soils and their distribution in surface and sub-surface layers were studied in indicated the immediate availability of K. The labile K in black soils twenty representative red and black soil types spreading over seven recorded higher compared to red soils. The specific site K varied taluks of Haveri district of Karnataka during 2016-17 at UAS, Dharwad. depending on amount of clay and organic matter present. The planar The soils studied were generally sandy clay loam to clay in texture, site K was high in surface samples of red soil (0.11 cmol kg-1) compared slightly acidic to near neutral in reaction and different forms of potassium to that of black soil. The black soil type registered higher PBCK [42.86 were high in black soils compared to red soils. The water soluble and and 90.90 (cmol kg-1)/(mol l-1)0.5 in surface and sub-surface layers, exchangeable K was higher in surface sample than in the sub-surface of respectively]. The -∆G0 was higher in sub-surface soils of both the soil both the soil types except for non-exchangeable, lattice and total K types compared surface. The present study suggests that the coarse which were high in sub-surface. The water soluble K showed a significant textured red soils having low PBCK need frequent K fertilization for and positive correlation with sand in red (r= 0.755*) and black sustained production of maize crop.

Studies on soil organic carbon fractions in selected cropping systems of zone III and VIII of North Karnataka H. N. SUJATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. A. YELEDHALLI

A study was carried out during 2016 to characterize soil organic based cropping system accounted for higher soil organic carbon carbon (SOC) fractions as influenced by different cropping systems because of high organic matter availability. The TOC was significantly using samples collected from twenty Agricultural Research Stations and positively correlated with soil aggregate stability (0.408*), of University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in Zone III and readily oxidisable carbon (0.448**), particulate organic carbon VIII of North Karnataka. Surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were (0.708**), water soluble carbon (0.438**) and negatively correlated collected from different cropping systems which included rice, with bulk density (0.330**). Multiple regression analysisindicated maize, wheat, sorghum, soybean, groundnut, greengram, sugarcane that, in greengram based cropping system total organic carbon and cotton crops.Samples were analyzed at the Department of Soil contributed only 90.40 per cent for soil aggregate stability, followed Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS, Dharwadforwater soluble by maize based cropping system (80.40%) and weakly correlated carbon, microbial biomass carbon, particulate organic carbon, readily in rice based cropping system (55.00%). Maximum correlation oxidizable carbon and total organic carbon. Among the cropping was observed between equivalent yield of different cropping systems, pulse based cropping system accounted for higher water systems and WSC (r=717**), followed by MBC (r=0.491*). Pulse soluble carbon (44.57 mg/kg), readily oxidizable carbon (8.38 g/kg), based cropping systems enhances the labile organic carbon microbial biomass carbon (87.39 mg/kg) and total organic carbon (11.97 fractions. Rice based cropping systems had high recalcitrant organic g/kg) andwere lowest in rice based cropping system (8.96 g/kg). Pulse carbon fraction.

46 Response of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) to soil and foliar application of zinc sulphate in a vertisol of North Karnataka PRASHANTKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. RADDER

A field experiment on the “Response of greengram (Vigna radiata L.) 0.5 per cent zinc sulphate spray. The available S and Zn (0.82 ppm) to soil and foliar application of zinc sulphate” was conducted during content in soil after the harvest of crop were higher in the treatment kharif 2016 at the Indian Institute of Pulse Research, Regional with soil application of zinc sulphate @ 10 kg ha-1 + 1 per cent zinc

Centre,UAS, Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in randomized sulphate spray followed by soil application of zinc sulphate @ -1 complete block design with ten treatments including application of 7.5 kg ha + 0.5 per cent zinc sulphate spray. Soil application of zinc -1 -1 zinc sulphate @ 5, 7.5 and 10 kg ha along with zinc sulphate spray @ sulphate @ 7.5 kg ha + 0.5 per cent zinc sulphate spray recorded 0.5 and 1 per cent at 20 DAS along with RDF and replicated thrice. highest gross returns, net returns and BC ratio (2.94) followed by soil Plant height, number of branches, test weight, grain yield (8.65 q ha-1), application of zinc sulphate @ 10 kg ha-1 + 0.5 per cent zinc sulphate haulm yield, zinc content (16.60 %), crude protein content (21.53%), spray with respect to economics of greengram production. Application -1 total uptake of N, P, K, S and Zn by greengram were highest with soil of zinc sulphate @ 7.5 kg ha + 0.5 per cent zinc sulphate spray was -1 application of zinc sulphate @ 7.5 kg ha + 0.5 per cent zinc sulphate economically viable for obtaining higher productivity and quality of -1 spray which was on par with the zinc sulphate application @ 10 kg ha + greengram beside maintaining zinc and sulphur status in soil.

Studies on yield and quality of Pomegranate in relation to soil properties in Koppal and Bagalkot districts R. PRADEEP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. TOLANUR

Survey study on yield and quality of pomegranate orchards in Mn (16.37 mg kg-1), Cu (2.60 mg kg-1) and B (0.70 mg kg-1) content relation to soil properties was conducted on randomly selected thirty were observed in high yielding orchards while, the higher exchangeable pomegranate five year old orchards, in ten villages of Koppal Ca (16.64 [cmol (p+) kg-1] and Mg (6.24 [cmol (p+) kg-1] were noticed (Madalagatti, Shakapura, Kalakbandi and Alwandi) and Bagalkot in medium yielding orchards. All these nutrients in soil decreased (Chukankal, Govinakoppa, Hiresamshi, Chiksamshi, Kaladagi and with depth except for exchangeable Ca, Mg and B in soil. The nutrient Guledagudda) districts in Karnataka during hasta bahar season of composition in index leaves indicated that the higher concentrations 2016 - 17. Thirteen orchards were low yielding with mean yield of of N (1.74%), P (0.2%), K (1.75%), Ca (2.01%), Mg (0.49%), 9.42 t ha-1 (7.94 - 12.3 t ha-1), seven orchards were medium (13.26 - Zn (16.79 mg kg-1), Fe (178.35 mg kg-1), Mn (68.04 mg kg-1) and 17.02 t ha-1) and 10 orchards were high yielding (17.64 - 24.28 t ha-1). B (14.88 mg kg-1) were observed in high yielding orchards and The soil texture ranged from sandy clay loam to sandy clay and soils S (0.29%) and Cu (26.53 mg kg-1), in medium yielding orchards. were alkaline with non-saline in nature. The higher organic carbon, Quality pomegranate with higher total soluble solids (16.610B), available N (379.38 kg ha-1), P (33.59 kg ha-1), K (413.47 kg ha-1), reducing sugar (16.16%) and lower total acidity (0.56%) were from S (18.93 mg kg-1), Zn (2.40 mg kg-1), Fe (9.07 mg kg-1), the high yielding orchards.

CROP PHYSIOLOGY Physiological studies on heat stress tolerance in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes DEEPALI DASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. P. CHIMMAD

A field experiment was conducted at MARS. University of Agricultural G-2-52 and Kadiri-9 recorded significantly higher carotenoid content Sciences. Dharwad during kharif, 2016-17. The experiment consisted at 50 per cent and 15 days after 50 per cent flowering stage. Highest of three temperature regimes (dates of sowing 24th, 28th and 33rd SMW) pollen sterility (12.73%) and reduced total flower production (59.11) and five groundnut genotypes (Dh-86. G-2-52, Kadiri-9, TMV-2 and was noticed under 33rd SMW temperature regime. The genotypes, R-2001-2) laid out with factorial RBD design. The result reveals G-2-52 and R-2001-2 were recorded significantly less pollen sterility that 24th SMW temperature regime recorded significantly higher (8.44%) and more number of flower productions (100.74), number of days to 50 per cent (lowering (35.73). days to peg respectively. However, significantly higher number of pods (17.69) initiation (40.20) and days to physiological maturity (109.73) with and lower flower to pod ratio (3.989) was observed under 24th SMW higher growing degree days (GOD), pheno thermal index (PTI) and temperature regime. Among the genotypes. G-2-52 recorded heat use efficiency (HUE). Chlorophyll b pigment increased significantly higher number of pods (16.67) and lower flower to pod significantly with delayed sowing and hence chlorophyll a/b ratio ratio (4.706), respectively. Yield and yield components viz., number decreased. Under stressed condition (high or low temperatures) the of pods plant’1 (17.69), test weight (35.78 g). harvest index (31.78%), chlorophyll-b will be more. The genotype. G-2-52 and Kadiri-9 oil content (44.26%) and yield (4952 kg ha-1) were higher under 24th maintained higher chlorophyll content across all the temperature regimes SMW temperature regime. The genotypes. G-2-52 and Kadiri-9 with high pod yield. In general, higher carotenoid content was recorded performed better irrespective of temperature regimes with optimum under 33rd SMW followed by 28th SMW. While among the genotypes. yield (3.074 kg ha-1) indicating its relative tolerance to heat stress.

47 Rust resistance in Soybean: A physiological probe S. S. AKSHATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. V. KOTI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 to study the manganese sulphate and potassium silicate treated plants. The rust resistance mechanism of soybean in the background of foliar physiological parameters, chlorophyll content, total phenol and all application of manganese and potassium at MARS, University of enzymes activity (peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and chitinase) Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of two increased with the increase in disease severity. The activity of peroxidase, susceptible (JS 335 and Kalitur) and three resistant (DSb 21, polyphenol oxidase activity was higher in manganese treated plants DSb 23-2 and EC 241778) varieties with four foliar treatments viz., with the higher leaf manganese and lower PDI. All enzymes activity manganese sulphate (0.3%), potassium silicate (0.3%) and combined had negative correlation with disease severity. The application of application of manganese sulphate (0.3%) and potassium silicate manganese sulphate recorded higher seed yield, higher test weight and (0.3%). The experiment was laid out in RBD with three replications number of pods per plant as compared to control. The resistant and the inoculum and treatments were imposed at 30 DAS and genotypes DSb 21, DSb 23-2 and EC 241778 had 45 per cent higher 45 DAS respectively. The rust severity increased as the crop growth Mn content, higher peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase with lower PDI advanced. Foliar application of manganese sulphate had significantly when compared to susceptible genotypes JS 335 and Kalitur. Resistance lower disease severity with a PDI of 11.4 followed by potassium to rust character of soybean varieties could be attributed to the higher silicate (13.9 PDI) as compared to control (15.8 PDI). Plant height and Mn accumulation, which has role in shikimic/chorismate pathway in branches decreased due to rust severity in control when compared to soybean leading to the formation PR proteins and lignin.

Different soil moisture regimes at various growth stages on physiological response of Groundnut genotypes BASAVARAJ UPPAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. JANAGOUDAR

A field experiment was conducted during summer 2016-17 with other stress tolerant genotype Dh-256 showed higher number of four groundnut genotypes (Dh-256, Dh-257, TMV-2 and Dh-86) branches (7.91) compared to susceptible genotype TMV-2 and five irrigation levels (M1 - Pre-flowering stress, M2 - Post- (32.38 cm and 5.40, respectively). Similarly these two genotypes flowering stress, M3 - Peg-development stress, M4 - Split stress recorded significantly higher dry matter accumulation and pod yield.

(M1 + M3) and M5 - Control) at the Main Agricultural Research At 90 DAS, twenty per cent reduction in relative water content was Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the noticed under post flowering stress condition and thirty performance of groundnut genotypes under varied soil moisture two per cent reduction in chlorophyll content in split stress regimes. The number of days to flower initiation and fifty per cent compared to control. The pod yield was significantly decreased by flowering were significantly early in pre-flowering stress (36.05 forty one per cent (1,774 kg ha-1) and fifty one per cent (1,394 kg ha-1) and 41.30 days, respectively) compared to control (38.30 and 43.20 in split stress and post flowering stress respectively compared to days, respectively). Physiological maturity was advanced by one normal irrigation (3,040 kg ha-1). The genotypes, Dh-256 recorded week under severe moisture stress which reduced the pod yield significantly higher pod yield (2,899 kg ha-1) followed by Dh-257 -1 significantly. The genotypes Dh-257 being relatively tolerant to (2,834 kg ha ). Under severe moisture stress (M4), Dh-256 and stress had significantly higher plant height (32.90 cm) whereas, the Dh-257 were found to be moisture stress tolerant.

Calibration and validation of INFOCROP simulation model for Bt cotton hybrids SIDDALING MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. PATIL

Crop simulation models are used as tool for agricultural risk analysis as sub plot treatments. The results of simulation studies in respect of and allow researchers to explore potential cropping location and the effect of different dates of sowing on phenology, crop growth appropriate farm management strategies. These models, when parameters and seed cotton yield were compared with the observed properly calibrated and validated against experimental data have the values from the field experiment. Performance of INFOCROP v2 potential for tactical and strategic decision making in agriculture. In was evaluated in terms of per cent deviation from the observed. Under the present investigation, INFOCROP v2, a generic model that normal date of sowing (First and second) it was over estimated the integrates genotype, soil, environmental and management practices yield by 18.3 per cent. This over estimation further increased at third was used to simulate the phenology, growth and yield of Bt cotton date of sowing. Over estimation for the growth parameters were crop sown on different dates. The genetic coefficients were generated 5.3 per cent for days to anthesis, 2.2 per cent for days to maturity, for three popular Bt cotton hybrids viz., ATM, Chiranjeevi and 28.2 per cent for leaf area index, 15.5 per cent for boll number, Firstclass. By conducting a field experiment during kharif season of 7.3 per cent for boll weight, 15.6 per cent for total dry matter and 2016 at Main Agricultural Research station, UAS, Dharwad, 23.2 per cent for seed cotton yield. Thus it was observed that INFOCROP Karnataka. Three dates of sowing were assigned as main plot v2 estimated about 87 per cent accuracy across the different dates of treatments viz., 25th June, 10th July and 25th July with three Bt hybrids sowing and genotypes by considering all the parameters under study.

48 Investigation on the use of nano based nutrients on physiological performance of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) SHIVAPUTRAPPA BETAGERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. JANAGOUDAR

A pot experiment was conducted at UAS, Dharwad during 2016 to 40, 70 DAS and at harvest respectively), photosynthetic rate, stomatal study the response of sunflowerto three differentnanoZnS application conductance and transpiration rate, zinc and sulphur uptake in both with three concentrations infactorial CRD design with three plant and soil, seed oil content (38.02%) and oil yield (10.57g plant-1) replications. The experiment consisted of thirteen treatment compared to control. Significant difference among the ZnS application combinations of sunflower with two factors, three applications and concentration combinations with respect to growth, yield and

T1-seed treatment, T2- Foliar spray (At 35 DAS), T3- seed treatment physiological parameters were observed. Thetreatment combination

+ Foliar spray (35 DAS), and four concentrations C1- 300 ppm, T2C2 (400 ppm of nanoZnS foliar spray (at35 DAS) recorded -1 C2-400 ppm, C3-500 ppm, C4- 5000 ppm bulk ZnSO4 respectively significantlyhigher seed weight (31.60 g plant ) and it was higher and one control (water treatment). Nano ZnS applied sunflower than the control (23.03 q ha-1).Seed germination (86.60%) and seedling recorded significantly higher plant height (128.19 cm at harvest), leaf vigour index (1721) showed significantly higher in 400 ppm -1 area and TDM (65.47 g plant ) with yield attributes like, seed weight concentration over the other nanoZnS, ZnSO4, and control treatments. (28.76 g plant-1), 1000 seed weight (37.67 g), head diameter The study indicated that sunflower responded well to nanoZnSfoliar (8.33 cm), stalk yield (14.81 g plant-1), head weight (50.93 g plant-1), spray at 400 ppm concentration and foliar spray of Nano ZnS help in relative chlorophyll content (40.26, 43.92 and 32.87 SPAD valuesat sunflower crop for better physiological performance.

Screening of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes for physiological traits and yield productivity M. H. JYOTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. NAWALAGATTI

The present investigation was carried out at the Main Agricultural PBNS-12 were the spineless genotypes. The genotypes GMU-2444, Research Station, Dharwad during rabi, 2016 to screen the 20 safflower GMU-2453 and GMU-1798 recorded higher photosynthetic rate, (Carthamus tinctorius L.) genotypes for physiological traits and yield stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. The genotypes GMU-2453 productivity. The results of the investigation revealed that the recorded maximum chlorophyll content (2.84 mg g-1 fr. wt.). Relative genotypes differed significantly with respect to the various water content was highest in GMU-2444 (82.96%). GMU-2444 and morphological, biophysical, biochemical and yeild characters. Among GMU-1798 showed highest proline content (65.49 mg g-1 fr. wt). the genotypes, GMU-1303, GMU-3624, GMU-3101 and GMU-2444 GMU-2453 recorded highest wax content (2.04 mg cm-2). recorded maximum plant height, number of primary branches, number GMU-1798 registered significantly higher membrane stability index of secondary branches and total dry weight. Genotypes GMU-753 (70.73%). Whereas GMU-753 and HUS-305 showed least values in and GMU-7422 recorded minimum number of days to flower and these parameters. The genotype NARI-57 recorded maximum oil physiological maturity as compared to other genotypes. While, content (38.00%) and lowest was in GMU-1303 (28.42%). GMU-1464 recorded more number of days to flower and maximum Significantly maximum seed yield was recorded in GMU-2444 number of days to physiological maturity. The values in growth (43.30 q ha-1) followed by GMU-1798 (35.34 q ha-1) and minimum parameters such as LAI, LAD, SLW, RGR, CGR and NAR were was in GMU-753 (5.4 q ha-1). The increase in the yield was due to higher in the genotypes GMU-2444, GMU-2453, GMU-1798 and increase in number of capsules, number of seeds per capsule, average A-1 as compared to other genotypes. GMU-753, GMU-3103 and capsule weight, hundred seed weight and harvest index.

Phenotyping of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) for Fe uptake mechanism in calcareous soil GADDAM MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. Y. PATIL

Phenotyping of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for Fe (33.73 g plant-1), DH-86 (31.90 g plant-1) and TAG-24 uptake mechanism was studied in split-plot design replicated thrice (28.94 g plant-1). Total dry matter production (27.84 g plant-1) -1 and it consists of ten genotypes (GPBD-4, TMV-2, JL-24, G-2-52, increased by foliar application of FeSO4 than control (24.98 g plant ). KADIRI-9, R-2001-2, GPBD-6, DH-86, TAG-24 and ICGV-86031) The yield and yield components viz., 100 seed weight, number of with two treatments control and foliar application of 0.5 per cent pods plant-1 and pod yield improved by foliar spray of ferrous sulphate. Foliar application of ferrous sulphate resulted in maximum leaf ferrous FeSO4 (5 g/l) at 25 and 55 DAS during kharif, 2016 (both field and pot culture) at the Main Agricultural Research Station, University content, ferric reductase activity, protonation, root length, root volume and root dry matter. This reduced chlorosis and increased yield when of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Foliar application of FeSO4 @ 0.5 per cent at 25 and 55 DAS decreased chlorosis and increased compared to control. Lime induced iron chlorosis suppressed the uptake chlorophyll content, nitrogen content and ferrous content in leaf of iron from soil and more chlorosis was observed in Vijayapur soil -1 compared to control. The genotypes KADIRI-9 (2.39 mg g fresh (pH (8.4) with 34% lime medium). Foliar application of FeSO4 increases weight), ICGV-86031(2.27 mg g-1 fresh weight) and DH-86 the leaf ferrous content and relative chlorophyll content resulting in (2.23 mg g-1 fresh weight) contained maximum total chlorophyll less chlorosis. Genotypes KADIRI-9 and ICGV-86031 are resistant content. Higher accumulation of dry matter in KADIRI-9 and TMV-2 and JL-24 are susceptible to chlorosis.

49 AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Studies on nursery raising, pests and culturing Eri Silkworm (Samia cynthia ricini boisdual) on Flemingia semialata Roxb. S. B. NEMACHANDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. PATIL

Studies on nursery raising, pests and culturing eri silkworm on F. semialata plants. Among the different orders observed, Lepidoptera Flemingia semialata Roxb. were carried out at Ericulture laboratory, was the dominant group comprising ten insects. Nine insects belonged Department of Agricultural Entomology, UAS, Dharwad during, 2015-16. to Hemiptera and one each to Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Isoptera and The study on nursery raising with different pre-sowing seed Diptera. Major insects causing significant damage were pigeonpea treatments of F. semialata revealed that seed germination parameters pod fly (88.65%), mealy bug (22.28%) and spiraling white fly were higher on treating seeds with concentrated H2SO4 viz., (18.43%). Culturing eri silkworm revealed that among the host plants germination, shoot length, root length, number of roots, number of tried for eri silkworm rearing high survival rate (97.03%), larval weight leaves and seedling vigour index (75.00%, 11.15 cm, 8.65 cm, 13.96, (7.10 g), silk gland weight (0.54 g), higher shell percentage (13.8%), 9.08 and 1482, respectively) when compared to other treatments. ERR (96.52%), short larval duration (19.96 days) and short life cycle With respect to stem cuttings, treatment with IBA @ 2000 ppm on (45.96 days) were observed when reared on castor. Within Flemingia hardwood cuttings gave significantly higher results viz. sprouting, treatments high survival rate (67.18%), larval weight (4.68 g), silk gland establishment and seedling vigour index (46.67%, 33.33% and 1718, weight (0.41 g), ERR (42.87%), short larval duration (40.95 days) and respectively) than other treatments. About twenty three insect-species short life cycle (66.89 days) was observed when reared on tender leaves were recorded during the study period (Jun to Feb, 2015-16) on upto 3rd instar and medium mature leaves in 4th and 5th instar.

Studies on predatory mite (Neoseiulus longispinosus Evans) and management of red spider mite, (Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard) in Brinjal B. NIKHIL BHARAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. NANDIHALLI

Studies on predatory mite (Neoseiulus longispinosus Evans) and Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillium lecanii management of red spider mite, (Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and were safer and among the chemicals, spiromesifen 240 SC was slightly Pritchard) in brinjal were carried out during 2015-16 at University of toxic to predatory mite. Dicofol 18.5 EC, fipronil 5 SC, fenazaquin Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Between two rearing techniques with 10 EC, profenofos 50 EC and spinosad 45 SC were extremely toxic to 1:50 and 5:50 ratios of predatory prey ratios, pot method with 5:50 predatory mite under laboratory condition. Among the biorationals predator prey ratio produced highest number of eggs (172.67), immature tested under field condition, Metarhizium anisopliae + neem oil stages (48.33) and adults (81.66). The rate of predation increased as (2 g + 20 ml/ l) reduced mite population to an extent of 72.10 per cent prey density increased up to 1:50 and above which predation decreased over untreated control with highest yield of 14.40 t/ha and incremental following type 3 functional response curve. The total life cycles of benefit cost ratio of 25.88. Among chemicals, spiromesifen 240 SC @ male and female predatory mites were 31.10 ± 5.60 days and 39.80 ± 1 ml/l was significantly superior in reducing T. macfarlanei population 6.40 days, respectively. The net reproductive rate was 41.44, the mean to an extent of 89.88 per cent over untreated control with highest yield generation time was 18.76 days, the innate capacity for increase was of 15.43 t/ha and incremental benefit cost ratio of 26.54 which was 0.12 and the finite rate of increase was 1.13. Among biorationals, followed by diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 1 g/l and fenazaquin 10 EC @ 2 ml/l.

Effect of different sources of organic manures on soil arthropod population, insect pests and their natural enemies in Maize and Greengram ecosystem C. S. PADMALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHEKHARAPPA

The present study was carried out to know the effect of different (2.15/100 g of soil) and others (6.10/100 g of soil) as compared to other sources of organic manures on soil arthropod population, insect pests, treatments. Macrofauna viz., scarabids (24.28, 19.87/ pitfall trap), other natural enemies in maize and greengram ecosystem at Bioresource macrofauna (4.70, 4.63/ pitfall trap) and ants (3.633.65/ pitfall trap) farm, MARS, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, during were higher in vermicompost, FYM and enriched compost treatment in kharif 2016. The treatments comprised of farmyard manure (FYM), maize and greengram, respectively. Soil arthropod population was more vermicompost, enriched compost, greenleaf manure and combination in maize as compared to greengram. The insect pests and natural enemies of these manures which were supplemented with recommended population did not differ in different treatments in both maize and nitrogen in maize and phosphorus in greengram. In maize, combined greengram. However, combination of vermicompost, FYM and enriched application of vermicompost, FYM and enriched compost recoded compost recorded less incidence of stem borer (3.33%), higher significantly higher population of collembola (12.92/100 g of soil), coccinellids (1.43/ plant) and syrphids (1.67/ plant) in maize. Whereas mites (12.60/ 100 g of soil), cryptostigmatids (4.58/ 100 g of soil), ants in greengram, less pod borers (14.37%) and defoliators (0.80/ m row) (2.53/ 100 g of soil) and others (7.35/100 g of soil). In greengram, were recorded with same treatments. Further it favoured higher braconids combination of vermicompost, FYM and enriched compost recorded (3.67 cocoons/m row) and coccinellids (2.00/ plant). In general, significantly higher population of collembola (6.95/100 g of soil), mites combination of different organic manures supported more beneficial 8.23/100 g of soil), cryptostigmatids (2.10/100 g of soil), ants soil arthropods, natural enemies and less pest population.

50 Studies on population dynamics of pest complex and validation of existing IPM module of Cotton under high density planting system ANAND HARSHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL

The field experiments on population dynamics of pest complex and (0.82/plant) and normal spacing (0.46/plant) on ARBC-64, while the validation of existing IPM module of cotton under high density population was negligible in Bindaas BG II. Among bothspacings, planting system (HDPS) were carried out at MARS, UAS Dharwad, significantly higher incidence of rosetted flowers (5.53 and 6.2%), Karnataka during kharif 2016-17 involving compact genotype PBW larvae (11.25 and 11.44/ 25 bolls) and green boll damage (18.00 (ARBC-64) and commercial hybrid (Bindaas BG II). The results and 18.75%) were noticed under HDPS compared to 3.68 and revealed that irrespective of the genotypes, significantly higher mean 4.41 per cent, 7.00 and 6.75 larvae/25 bolls, 14.00 and 14.75 per cent incidence of sucking pests viz.,thrips (14.44 and 17.30/3 leaves), under normal spaced crop. The population of beneficial fauna was aphids (7.83 and 6.62/3 leaves), leafhoppers (2.56 and 2.95/3 leaves) comparatively higher under HDPS. Under the IPM module, and mirid bugs (11.07 and 10.00/25 squares) recorded under HDPS irrespective of genotypes, non-significant difference was observed (45 × 15 cm) as compared to (7.69 and 9.66/3 leaves, 3.64 and 3.68/ among pests population under HDPS and normal spaced crop. Further, 3 leaves, 1.19 and 1.48/3 leaves, 5.86 and 5.57/25 squares) normal HDPS blocks registered higher seed cotton yield of 26.12 and spacing (90 × 60 cm). Similarly, per cent twisted flower buds were 23.95 q/ha as compared to 20.35 and 21.20 q/ha under normal spacing significantly higher (10.65 and 10.40%) under HDPS compared to with net profit of ` 90,485/- and ` 67,508/- per hectare under HDPS normal spacing (6.39 and 7.30%). The difference in mean larval as compared to ` 68,215/- and ` 66,976/- per hectare in normal spaced population of Helicoverpa armigra was non-significant under HDPS crop in ARBC-64 and Bindaas BG II, respectively.

Influence of bee attractants on bee visitation and their impact on yield parameters of Okra B. R. USHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. N. SATTAGI

Investigations on the pollinator fauna, foraging activity of honey bees, number per meter square for 5 min was 13.60, 9.40, 7.07, 2.00 and 1.13 influence of different bee attractants on honey bees visitation and impact pollinators/m2/5 min, respectively. Significantly higher bee attraction of bee pollination on yield parameters of okra were carried out at the was noticed with spraying of cacambe 10 per cent and Bee-Q Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, 1.25 per cent with a mean visitation of 5.91 and 4.78 pollinators/m2/5 Dharwad during late kharif 2016. Pollinator fauna of okra included 13 min, respectively. Next best treatment was jaggery solution 10 per cent species of insect pollinators. Among these, Hymenopterans were the with 4.32 pollinators/m2/5 min. Spray of cacambe (10%) resulted in dominant group (94.05%). Under Hymenoptera, Apis cerana Fabricius higher number of fruits (16.34 fruits /plant), number of healthy fruits was most abundant pollinator (34.39%) followed by A. florea (28.16%), (15.27 fruits/ plant), highest fruit length and diameter (18.39 and A. dorsata (21.84%) and Trigona iridipennis Smith (5.02%). The other 2.78 cm, respectively), fruit weight (19.30 g) and highest fruit yield Hymenopterans, Dipterans and Lepidopterans constituted 4.64, 3.81 (85.25 q/ha) which accounted for an increase of 93.75, 272.36, 115.99, and 2.14 per cent, respectively. Foraging activity of pollinators 143.44, 55.83 and 125.03 per cent, respectively over control. Among commenced at 0800 h and gradually increased to attain the peak at 1000 the different bee attractants, cacambe was the best in attracting bees h and least activity was observed at 1600 h of the day. At peak activity, and enhancing productivity of okra. Bee-Q was the next best treatment A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata, other pollinators and T. iridipennis followed by jaggery solution.

Evaluation of different methods of supplementation of Azolla pinnata to silkworm, Bombyx mori L. on growth and cocoon parameteres J. S. NANDEESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. PATIL

Studies on “Evaluation of different methods of supplementation of respectively) followed by 50 per cent Azolla aqueous extract (19.32, Azolla pinnata to silkworm Bombyx mori L. on growth and cocoon 16.00, 3.22 g and 16.66%, respectively). Studies on evaluation of parameters” were carried at the University of Agricultural Sciences, different modes supplementation of Azolla aqueous extract revealed Dharwad during kharif, 2016. Studies on evaluation of different that dipping of mulberry shoots in Azolla aqueous extract of concentrations (100, 75 and 50%) of Azolla aqueous extract revealed 75 per cent before feeding followed by dusting of soya flour, Azolla that 75 per cent was well accepted by the silkworms and showed in the rearing bed. The fifth instar larval duration was significantly better performance. The fifth instar larval duration was significantly minimum in dipping of mulberry shoots in Azolla aqueous extract of minimum in mulberry shoots supplemented with 75 per cent Azolla 75 per cent before feeding (161.61 h) further, highest ERR (97.67%), aqueous extract (159.87 h) and 50 per cent Azolla aqueous extract lowest disease incidence (2.13%) and maximum cocoon, pupal and (161.84 h). The highest Effective Rate of Rearing (ERR) (96.33%) shell weight were recorded 20.74, 16.69 and 3.78 g, respectively. and lowest disease incidence (2%) was recorded in 75 per cent Azolla Supplementation of mulberry shoots dipped in protein rich Azolla aqueous extract. Cocoon parameters such as cocoon, pupal, shell aqueous extract at 75 per cent twice a day during fifth instar silkworm weight and shell ratio was maximum in shoots sprayed with Azolla of PM × CSR2 hybrid before feeding showed the superiority in all the aqueous extract of 75 per cent (19.80, 16.46, 3.36 g and 16.90%, quantitative and qualitative parameters.

51 Supplementation of probiotic amendments to mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. AMOL M. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. RAYAR

Effect of supplementation of commercial Spirulina and Baker’s yeast and 2.41) and fibroin (79.02 and 76.94%). Supplementation of two on fifth instar silkworms of Kolar Gold and Pure Mysore silkworms per cent Baker’s yeast to Kolar Gold and Pure Mysore silkworms was studied during rainy and winter seasons 2016 in Department of significantly reduced the fifth instar larval duration (159.91 and 180.44 hr) Agricultural Entomology, UAS, Dharwad. Spirulina and Baker’s yeast and increased larval weight (41.88 and 20.85 g/10 larvae), pupal weight were supplemented from 0.25 to 10 per cent with V-1 mulberry (16.68 and 7.17 g/10 pupae), cocoon weight (20.90 and 9.30 g/10 leaves daily once in the morning followed by normal feeding in afternoon cocoons), cocoon shell weight (2.38 and 2.06 g/10 shells), filament and night. Supplementation of two per cent Spirulina to Kolar Gold length (907.28 and 438.78 m), fibroin (77.03 and 76.94%) and finer and Pure Mysore silkworms significantly reduced the fifth instar denier (2.63 and 2.47). Supplementation of Spirulina and Baker’s larval duration (157.62 and 180 hr), enhanced the mature larval weight yeast at two per cent to Pure Mysore enhanced female moth weight (44.70 and 21.52 g /10 larvae), pupal weight (16.82 and 7.51 g/10 (7.09 and 7.09 g/10 moths), egg weight (47.05 and 46.97 mg/100 pupae). The cocoon weight (21.13 and 9.62 g/10 cocoons), cocoon eggs), ovariole length (9.08 and 8.08 cm) and fecundity (460 and shell ratio (20.99 and 24.74%) and cocoon yield (845.34 and 438). Supplementation of Spirulina and Baker’s yeast two per cent 384.80 g/dfl). cocoon filament (925.99 and 464.77 m), denier (2.50 significantly enhanced in all the growth, cocoon ,silk and grinage traits.

Biodiversity of natural enemies in grape ecosystem S. SUJATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. D. SUNITHA

Studies on biodiversity of natural enemies in grape ecosystem were The highest abundance was recorded for coccinellids (37.00%) and undertaken during 2016-17. The experiment was conducted in three lowest abundance was recorded for ichneumonids (11.00%). Among locations namely Vijayapur (Study area-1), Aliyabad (Study area-2) the natural enemies collected, predators constituted 89.00 per cent and Tikota (Study area-3) of Vijayapur district, Karnataka (India). and parasitoids 11.00 per cent. Studies on input usage pattern in Assessment of different methods of natural enemy collection and to the study areas revealed different levels of pesticide pressure and study the effect of herbivore induced plant volatile on biodiversity of also the variations in pest load, land use practices and pest natural enemies and the identification of insect predators and management practices and weather conditions. Keeping this in view parasitoids of major grape pests were carried out. Natural enemies diversity indices were calculated. The Simpson diversity index values were collected through three methods viz., Herbivore induced plant were 0.76, 0.79 and 0.81, Shannon index values were 1.68, 1.70 and volatile (Methyl salicylate 99-100% , Lobal chemie), Yellow sticky 1.73 and Evenness values were 0.96, 0.93 and 0.87 for study area - trap (YST) and Sweep net (SN). Collection method through Herbivore 1, 2 and 3 respectively. There were seven families of natural enemies induced plant volatile (HIPV) was found significantly superior and from five orders in three study areas viz., Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), on par with yellow sticky trap method. The abundance of natural Syrphidae (Diptera) Icneumonidae (Hymenoptera), Pentatomidae enemies was highest by HIPV (43.00%) followed by yellow sticky and Miridae (Hemiptera), Chrysopidae and Hemerobidae trap (35.00%) and lowest in sweep net (22.00%) method of collection. (Neuroptera).

Biology and management of Citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: papilionidae) on acid Lime PRAMODA M. KAMBALIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. JAGGINAVAR

Studies on biology and management of citrus butterfly, Papilio March and April. Maximum population was recorded during first demoleus were conducted on acid lime at the Horticulture model fortnight of August 2016 (3.12 larvae/plant) in nursery and nursery, College of Agriculture, Vijayapur and farmers orchard at (9.89 larvae/plant) in orchard. The correlation study between the Ukkali village, Vijayapur district during 2016-17. A study on the larval population and weather parameters indicated that, positively biology of citrus butterfly, Papilio demoleus was carried out under significant correlation with morning relative humidity, evening relative nursery condition. Incubation period was 2.80 ± 0.08 days. Total humidity and rainfall. Whereas, negatively significant correlation with larval period was 12.22 ± 0.30 days, while pre-pupal and pupal maximum temperature and was negatively non-significant correlation period were 1.44 ± 0.04 and 11.30 ± 0.20 days, respectively. The with minimum temperature. Nursery and orchard experiment were fecundity was 24 ± 1.84 eggs, with the longevity of male and female conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of insecticides and bio- being 4.12 ± 0.08 and 6.23 ± 0.15 days, respectively. The total lifecycle pesticides against citrus butterfly on acid lime. Among the insecticides took 34.08 ± 0.54 days (female) and 31.90 ± 0.54 days (male). The evaluated, chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.20 ml/l was found pre-oviposition and oviposition period were 1.13 ± 0.01 and 1.97 ± significantly superior with least larval population followed by 0.02 days, respectively. The population dynamics of citrus butterfly emamectin benzoate 5 SG @ 0.20 g/l, flubendiamide 480 SC @ conducted in nursery and orchard on acid lime revealed that the larvae 0.10 ml/l, spinosad 45 SC @ 0.10 ml/l, these insecticides also recorded found throughout the year in nursery and orchard on acid lime except highest fruit yield and BC ratio.

52 Studies on natural enemies and management of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae) K. BASAVARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. P. BIRADAR

An experiment entitled “Studies on natural enemies and management in lime orchard. Investigation on managing the citrus leaf miner were of citrus leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: conducted with ten treatments of organics and twelve treatments of Gracillaridae)” was conducted in farmers field at Ukkali of Vijayapur insecticides on citrus leaf miner. Among the foliar sprays of organics, district. A survey for natural enemies of the citrus leaf miner in neem seed kernel extract 5 per cent + biodigester solution 3 per cent citrus ecosystem was carried out in Vijayapura district of Karnataka (2.52 live mines per 10 cm shoot) recorded least number of live during 2016-17. During the survey parasitisation of citrus leaf miner mines per shoot, which was on par with biodigester solution 3 per by Citrostichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was noticed. Six cent (2.42 live mines per 10 cm shoot) treatment. Among the generas of predaceous spiders viz., Neoscona nautica (Araneidae), inorganics, thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.2 g/l (3.52 live mines per Neoscona sp. (Araneidae), Bianor sp. (Salticidae), Peucetia sp. 10 cm shoot) recorded least number of live mines per shoot, which (Oxyopidae), Stegodhyphus sp. (Eresidae) and Oxyopes sp. was on par with flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.1 ml/l (3.62 live mines (Oxyopidae), one species of Coccinellid, Chilomenes sexmaculata per 10 cm shoot), spinosad 45 SC (5.62 live mines per 10 cm shoot) and green lacewing, Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi were noticed. The and flonicamide 50 WG @ 0.3 g/l (6.46 live mines per 10 cm shoot) genus Citrostichus parasitoids were solitary, most common and treatments. Thus, both insecticides and botanicals can be used for parasitized the second and third larval stages of citrus leaf miner. management of citrus leaf miner in integrated pest management Predaceous spiders out numbered the coccinellids and green lacewing programme.

Studies on seasonal incidence, crop loss estimation and management of sucking pests in Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) R. R. PURAM CHATWAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. RAFEE

The studies on population dynamics, crop loss estimation and humidity. Similarly, among biotic factors, aphids showed significant evaluation of newer insecticides against sucking pests in green gram positive correlation with spiders, chrysopids and coccinellids. The were undertaken at Main Agriculture Research Station (MARS), per cent avoidable loss due to sucking pests was 38.90 recorded when Dharwad (Karnataka) by using variety DGGV-2. The peak activity two sprays of thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3 g/l given at 15 and 30 days of thrips was recorded during 37th standard week (16.78 thrips/ after sowing (DAS) during kharif 2016. Similarly, the seed treatment trifoliate leaf) and 12th standard week (24.67 thrips/trifoliate leaf) in with imidacloprid 60 FS @ 10 ml/kg along with one spray of kharif and summer 2016-17, respectively. Thrips showed significant thiamethoxam 25 WG @ 0.3 g/l at 30 DAS was on par with best positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature. treatment with avoidable loss of 37.50 per cent. Management of Similarly, among biotic factors, thrips showed significant positive sucking pests in green gram the seed treatment with imidacloprid correlation with spiders, chrysopids, coccinellids and predatory thrips. 60 FS @ 10 ml/kg along with one spray of imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ The higher incidence of aphids was recorded during 34th standard 0.3 ml/l at 25 DAS achieved highest per cent reduction of sucking week (5.60 aphids/trifoliate leaf) during kharif 2016. Further, the pests and recorded significantly higher yield (12.12 q/ha) during kharif highest population of aphids was noticed during 10th standard week 2016. Further, this treatment was on par with seed treatment with (3.59 aphids/trifoliate leaf) in summer 2017. Aphids showed thiamethoxam 70 WS @ 5 g/kg along with one spray of thiamethoxam significant positive correlation with maximum and minimum relative 25 WG @ 0.3 g/l at 25 DAS (11.10 q/ha). Population dynamics of sucking insect pest complex and their management on Bt cotton H. MEGHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. JAGGINAVAR

A field experiment was conducted to study the population dynamics of maximum and minimum temperature had positive correlation with sucking insect pest complex and their management on Bt cotton under thrips, aphids, jassids, whiteflies and natural enemies but negative rainfed situation at the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur during kharif relationship with rainfall. However, red cotton bugs, mealy bugs, mirid season 2016-17. Population dynamics studies revealed that peak bugs and dusky cotton bugs were negatively correlated with minimum incidence of thrips was observed in the month of September (107.60 temperature, relative humidity and rainfall but positive association and 121.43 thrips/3 leaves) and the load of jassids (5.20 and with maximum temperature. Management studies revealed that, 9.33 jassids/3 leaves) and whiteflies (4.27 and 5.13 whiteflies/3 leaves) flonicamid 50 WG @ 0.3 g/l was the most promising insecticide against were maximum during October. Whereas, aphids (94.20 and thrips, aphids, jassids and whiteflies followed by dinotefuron 20 SG, 102.17 aphids/3 leaves) and mirid bugs (3.28 and 3.32 bugs/5 squares) diafenthiuron 50 WP, fipronil 5 SC, acetamiprid 20 SP and thiamethoxam were highest in November. However, maximum population of mealy 25 WG. However, fipronil 5 SC was superior insecticide in suppressing bugs (29.80 and 33.40 bugs/plant), red cotton bugs (64.60 and the mirid bugs followed by acetamiprid 20 SP and thiamethoxam 88.40 bugs/plant) and dusky cotton bugs (41.20 and 46.60 bugs/plant) 25 WG. Significantly highest seed cotton yield was obtained from were observed in December on ACH-155 BG II and MRC-7918 BG II flonicamid 50 WG (25.13 q/ha) followed by fipronil 5 SC (23.95 q/ha), hybrids, respectively. The sucking insect pests and their natural enemies dinotefuran 20 SG (23.36 q/ha) and acetamiprid 20 SP (23.05 q/ha) were higher in inter-specific Bt cotton hybrid MRC-7918 BG II. The which were significantly on par with each other.

53 Present status of sugarcane root borer, Polyocha depressella (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Northern Karnataka and its management SHOBHA H. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. TIPPANNAVAR

Investigations were carried out on various aspects of sugarcane root attack followed by SNK 07360 and SNK 088789 resulting in borer, Polyocha depressella (Swinhoe) viz., survey on farmers’ fields, significantly higher cane yield. However, Co 86032 and CoC 671 the varietal reaction and estimation of loss due to sugarcane root borer and major commercial varieties under cultivation recorded the highest field evaluation of insecticides at the Agricultural Research Station, incidence (29.22 and 25.39%, respectively) and were found highly Sankeshwar, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka, susceptible to root borer. Field evaluation of insecticides against root during rabi 2016. The survey results indicated that incidence of root borer revealed the significant superiority of chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G borer was higher in Belagavi district (20.54%), whereas, a lower incidence @ 20 kg/ha (2.94%) followed by phorate 10 CG @ 25 kg/ha (3.8%) and of 14.51 and 12.34 per cent was recorded in Bagalkot and Dharwad the next best treatment was fipronil 0.3 G @ 20 kg/ha. Further, it could districts, respectively. Fixed plot survey revealed that incidence of root be concluded that the incidence of root borer in northern Karnataka was borer varied during June (4.00%) to October month (23.11%). The observed with peak activity of pest during the month of July-October. peak activity of the pest was commenced from the month of June and Co 86032 and CoC 671 were highly susceptible to root borer attack peak was noticed during the month of October and continued till harvest. and gave higher yield with application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G The varietal reaction and loss estimation studies indicated that varieties (110.56 t/ha) and also highest incremental benefit for every rupee invested viz., SNK 09293 which was emerged as promising variety to root borer was recorded (3.88).

Current status of insecticide resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Karnataka S. B. HONNAKERAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. UDIKERI

The field and laboratory experiments were conducted during 2016-17 The least resistance was found to newer chemicals followed by at the Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad to know the status of Bacillus thuringensis kurstaki and growth regulator. The population population dynamics and insecticide resistance with respect to of Shivamogga and Dharwad could not offer a considerable degree of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). In a multi-cropping system resistance to all insecticides indicating lower selection pressure. On H. armigera preferred all host crops included in the population the contrary H. armigera is experiencing a great selection pressure in dynamics studies. However, the highest egg load was noticed in Raichur, Kalaburgi and Haveri. The survey across the Karnataka state chickpea (3.36/ plant) followed by pigeonpea (2.77/ plant). Larval revealed that the major cultivated host crops for H. armigera were incidence was more in chickpea (1.59/ plant) followed by pigeonpea. cotton, pigeonpea in Raichur and Kalaburgi, chickpea (Gadag), chilli Pigeonpea and okra appeared to be major host crops in kharif and (Haveri) and tomato (Kolar). The most relied insecticides by the chickpea in rabi. Among the insecticides used against H. armigera farmers were emamectin benzoate 5 SG (39.44%), rynaxypyr highest resistance was observed to pyrethroids followed by 18.5 SC (27.22%) and profenophos 50 EC (23.89%). Manually organophophates. The resistance to deltamethrin was highest operated knapsac sprayer was most commonly used in all localities (24.95 fold) in Raichur population followed by Kalaburgi population of Karnataka except in Raichur and Kalaburgi where power operated (20.67 fold). Among the organophosphates highest resistance was sprayer were used. This study indicates that H. armigera is still a noticed to monocrotophos in the Raichur population with resistance key pest in many crops warranting suitable insecticide resistance ratio of 18.23 fold followed by Kalaburgi population (12.05 fold). management strategies.

Biology and management of Maruca vitrata (Gayer) on Groundnut LALITA HANABAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. HEGDE

An investigation on Maruca vitrata (Gayer) infesting groundnut The female moths laid eggs singly or in a cluster of 2 to 4 with an involving studies on population dynamics, biology, loss estimation and average number of 97.50 ± 9.26 and incubation period of 2.78 ± 0.50 management under field and laboratory conditions was carried out at days. The duration of first , second, third, fourth and fifth instar was the Main Agricultural Research Station, UAS, Dharwad, during 3.45 ± 0.06, 3.43 ± 0.05, 2.46 ± 0.07, 2.45 ± 0.05 and 4.42 ± 0.03 days, kharif 2016. The pest infestation commenced from 32nd Meteorological respectively with different colour patterns. The total larval and pre- Standard Week (MSW), attained peak at 35thMSW and decreased to nil pupal duration was 16.21 ± 0.26 and 1.24 ± 0.45 days, respectively. during 39thMSW of 2016. The peak larval population was They entered into the pupal stage in silken web for 6.16 ± 0.04 days. comparatively lower in the intercropping systems viz, foxtail millet The average adult duration was 6.91 ± 0.52 days and the pest took followed by chilli than sole groundnut. The pest showed positive 35.30 ± 1.77 days to complete one life cycle. When Maruca vitrata correlation with higher temperature and negative correlation with (Gayer) population exceeds 2.00 larvae/plant causes economic yield minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, rainfall loss and estimated economic injury level was 2.50 larvae/plant. Spraying and wind velocity. The biology of this pest on groundnut was studied of thiodicarb 75WP @ 0.60 g/l + DDVP 76EC @ 0.50 ml/l effectively for the first time under laboratory condition at 26 to 27 0C temperature. reduced the M. vitara population in groundnut ecosystem.

54 Assessment of yield loss in Maize due to stem borers and their management ARUNKUMAR R. MALIPATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P. MALLAPUR

The present investigations involving survey in eight districts of major (20.66%) and dead heart incidence (2.00%) with lower yield loss maize growing areas of Karnataka, yield loss assessment and (10.23%). The results of management studies revealed that, the pest management studies with eight treatments in RCBD were carried out infestation (8.00 %), dead heart incidence (0.89%) with highest grain at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 2016-17. The roving yield (76.24 q/ha) were recorded in the treatment comprising of seed survey revealed, the maximum infestation noticed in Davanagere treatment with thiamethoxam 30 FS @ 8 ml/kg and fodder cowpea as district 28.50 and 23.46 per cent during kharif and rabi, respectively. inter crop (8:1 row proportion) followed by nimbecidine spray @ While, minimum in Uttara Kannada district 9.30 and 8.51 per cent 5 ml/l compared to maximum pest infestation (37.33%) and mean during kharif and rabi, respectively. The yield loss assessment studies dead heart incidence (4.22%) with lowest grain yield (52.71 q/ha) indicated that mean maximum pest infestation (56.00%) and mean recorded in untreated check. Large scale evaluation of effective dead heart incidence (5.99%) with higher yield loss (34.09%) were management strategy against maize stem borers i.e. seed treatment recorded in the treatment where, release of lab reared Chilo partellus with thiamethoxam 30 FS at 8 ml/kg and followed by nimbecidine and Sesamia inferens (20 eggs each/plant) at 20 DAS was made with spray at 5 ml/l along with fodder cowpea as inter crop (8:1 row no insect control. While, release of lab reared S. inferens (20 eggs/ propotion) and seed treatment with thiamethoxam 30 FS at 8 ml/kg plant) at 20 DAS followed by insect control at 5th day after insect followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC spray at 0.2 ml/l to ascertain release treament recorded the mean minimum pest infestation the best treatment for recommendation to the farming community. Eco-friendly approaches for the sucking pests management in cutflowers (Gerbera) under protected cultivation K. N. VENKATACHALAPATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. K. PATIL

A polyhouse study on monitoring, varietal evaluation, coloured sticky thrips infestation (22.33 thrips/flower). Among the seven colour traps traps, bio-pesticides and synthetic chemicals for the management of evaluated for management of thrips, yellow sticky trap was sucking pests in gerbera was carried out in completely randomised significantly superior in trapping thrips (2.84 thrips/2.5 cm2 /week) block design during 2016-17 at the Hi-Tech Horticulture Unit, followed by blue sticky trap (1.90 thrips/2.5 cm2 /week). Among the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. During monitoring, bio-pesticides evaluated for management of thrips, highest per cent three species of thrips (Frankliniella schultzei, Scirtothrips dorsalis protection (89.12% with net returns of ` 2,07,424 and BC ratio of and Haplothrips gowdeyi), red spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and 2.29) was recorded with three sprays of Lecanicilium lecanii (OF) + natural enemies (spiders and anthocorids) were recorded. The highest Nimbicidine 0.03 per cent, followed by Profenofos 50 EC (86.91% population of thrips and mites were recorded during May reduction with net returns of ` 1, 92,708 and BC ratio of 2.20), (33.05 thrips/flower and 2.95 mites/flower, respectively) and lowest L. lecanii (OF) (82.73% with net returns of ` 2,01,258 and BC ratio population was recorded during July (19.30 thrips/flower and of 2.25) and Chlorofenpyr 10 SC (78.98% reduction with net returns 1.35 mites/flower, respectively). Nine varieties were screened for of ` 1,84,708 and BC ratio of 2.14). Three sprays of L. lecanii (OF) thrips incidence. “Rosalin” variety with pink flower had least thrips + Nimbicidine 0.03 per cent effectively controlled thrips in gerbera (4.43 thrips/flower) whereas “Stanza” with red flower had highest under polyhouse.

PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY

Seed deterioration and biochemical changes associated with accelerated ageing in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) GAUTAM KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARATNA S. OLEKAR

Studies to determine the extent of loss in seed viability in groundnut changes in enzymes activity. An increase in lipase activity from (0.50 (Arachis hypogaea L.) under accelerated ageing condition, and to identify to 0.76 µ eq of free fatty acid released/ min) i.e 52 per cent and decrease important deteriorative processes that induce cellular debility within in â-amylase activity from (1.46 to 0.92 µmol/min/mg of protein) i.e kernels and pods were carried at the Department of Biochemistry, 36.98 per cent were recorded. Other biochemical changes due to ageing University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2016-17. Two include increase in total soluble sugar (107.35 to 189.20 mg/g) i.e genotypes of groundnut viz., GPBD-5 and DH-86 were aged under 76.24 per cent and decline in total soluble protein from (159.50 to accelerated ageing chamber (45° C and 90% RH) up to eight days at 141.50 mg/g) i.e 11.28 per cent. Among the two genotypes, GPBD-5 two days interval for viability tests and biochemical analysis. The was superior over DH-86 in all the seed quality parameters and biochemical experiment was laid out in two factorial Completely Randomized Design analysis due to ageing. Physiological and biochemical changes due to with four replication. The results indicated a significant variations for accelerated ageing were similar to those which can observed during natural the seed quality parameters due to accelerated ageing for different ageing. This study can be useful for comparison and selection of genotypes intervals. Seed deterioration was evident from losses in seed viability for better resistance to ageing and gives a clear picture of the effect of and vigour from (2042 to 584) i.e 71.40 per cent, electrolyte leakage accelerated ageing on the mode of deterioration in the seeds of groundnut from (0.25 to 1.56 dS m-1) i.e 16.02 per cent, loss in lipid content and genotypes when stored in pod and kernel form.

55 PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY

Pyramiding of durable leaf rust resistance genes in popular Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Variety C-306 through marker assisted backcrossing G. S. SOWMYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. DESAI

The present investigation was undertaken to pyramid two effective alone, Lr46 alone, Lr34 and Lr46 and plants lacking both genes to durable leaf rust resistance genes Lr34 and Lr46 for genetic study the influence of these minor genes on yield and yield enhancement and improvement of a bread wheat variety C-306. attributing traits. Individual plants of BC1F2 and F3 were confirmed HD2189 carries both Lr34 and Lr46 genes were used as donor for for the presence of Lr34 and Lr46 using SSR and STS markers. introgression of these two genes employing marker assisted BC1F2 plants with Lr46, and Lr34+Lr46 genes exhibited high backcrossing. The F1 hybrids of the cross between C-306 x HD- frequency of transgressive segregants, for most of the agronomic 2189 were validated for the presence of both slow rusting genes traits as compared to Lr34 gene alone. In F3 population, the highest Lr34 and Lr46, with the help of already reported molecular markers transgressive segregants were recorded for the trait seeds per spike viz., SSR marker cslv34 for Lr34, STS marker Xwmc44 for Lr46 for background of Lr46 alone. Positive promising segregants for genes respectively. The obtained BC1F2 and F3 populations were both slow rusting genes Lr34 and Lr46 will be the source for durable subjected to molecular analysis and thus confirmed plants for Lr34 leaf rust resistance breeding through molecular/marker assisted and Lr46 were grouped into four categories as plants carrying Lr34 selection (MAS).

Marker aided introgression of blast resistance genes pi1, pi2 and pi54 into Intan rice variety PRASENJIT DEBNATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. PRASHANTHI

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is the most devastating fungal (0.10 cM) for Pi2 gene, RM206 (0.6 cM) for Pi54 gene showed disease that causes approximately 80 per cent yield loss. Use of resistant polymorphism among the parents. These polymorphic markers were cultivars is the most effective and economical way to control rice blast employed to confirm target genes in hybrids and backcross population. disease. “Intan” is a medium slender indica variety, popular with farmers F1 plants generated from ‘Intan x Tetep’ cross was confirmed for the and consumers in Karnataka but highly susceptible to blast disease. presence of Pi1 + Pi54 genes and confirmed plants were backcrossed.

BPT5204 NIL-28, 18, 30 introgressed with Pi1, Pi2 and Pi54 which Further, these F1 plants were challenge inoculated with Magnaporthe was developed in the Department of Biotechnology, UAS, Dharwad oryzae isolates and F1’s showed resistant reaction, confirming the and Tetep, having Pi1 and Pi54 were used as donor parents in the hybridity. Foreground selection was exercised and heterozygous plants crossing programme to develop F1’s, BC1F1’s and BC2F1’s. Marker with Pi1, Pi54, Pi1 + Pi54 pyramids were identified in BC1F1 generation. assisted backcross breeding approach was adopted to introgress broad Sixty three genome wide markers were subjected for polymorphism spectrum blast resistance genes Pi1, Pi2 and Pi54 independently and and polymorphic markers were employed for background selection. pyramided into Intan in 2015 & 2016. Molecular markers genic/linked, From ‘Intan x BPT5204 NIL-18’ cross, heterozygous plants for Pi2 flanking and unlinked to target genes were used as foreground, gene were confirmed in BC2F1 generation and subjected for background recombinant and background selection markers, respectively. Genic selection, in which recurrent parent genome recovery ranged from 57.40 marker RM224 for Pi1 gene, tightly linked marker AP5659-5 to 81.48 per cent.

Study of MYMV resistance in Mungbean (Vigna radiata) and Urdbean (Vigna mungo) emploning NBS-LRR and in-silico based markers N. JYOTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. R.PATIL

The present investigation was carried out at the Institute of Agriculture high genetic advance over the mean were recorded for number of branches, Biotechnology (IABT), Dharwad, during 2015- 16 with an objective to number of bunches, number of pods per plant and total seed yield study the mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) resistance in indicated the presence of additive gene action. So these traits can be urdbean and mungbean employing NBS-LRR and in-silico based markers. improved through simple direct selection. The total seed yield exhibited 107 and 13 genotypes of mungbean and urdbean were screened for highly significant and positive correlation with pods per plant, pod MYMV disease at GPB botanical garden in summer 2015. Genetic length, seeds per pod and hundred seed weight at both phenotypic and variability, correlation and molecular diversity were studied. Sixteen genotypic level among urdbean genotypes which indicates indirect genotypes of mungbean were found to be resistant to MYMV. Among selection of these traits will improve the seed yield. The mungbean the urdbean genotypes only three genotypes, viz., UTTARA, genotypes viz., HUM1, SML 134, HUM 12 and urdbean genotypes, sIPU-02-43 and DU3 exhibited moderate resistant reaction to MYMV. viz., IPU-02-43, UTTARA which showed resistance to MYMV can Markers MTB 99, RGA1-TG, VuRS02F16V and SI-INV were specific be utilized as parents in developing disease resistant varieties. The four to MYMV. The molecular diversity analysis revealed that markers putative markers identified can be used to differentiate the resistant used in the study distinguished the mungbean and urdbean genotypes and susceptible genotypes among mungbean genotypes and they could by forming separate clusters. High GCV, PCV, higher heritability and also be further validated using mapping populations.

56 Evaluation of lectin transgenic events in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum var. Bikaneri Nerma) for resistance against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) ANIRUDHA KUMAR SAHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M. VAMADEVAIAH

The study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, pairs of primers. To reconfirm the PCR results SDS PAGE and Dharwad to evaluate the previously generated transgenic cotton plants haemaglutination assay of the bio-assay positive plants were done; engineered with a modified form of the SRL (Sclerotium rolfsii Lectin) results of those defended the PCR results. Thus it was concluded gene called rSRL or SRL 2 variant originally belonging to a soil borne that the resistance shown in the bio-assay positive plants was not pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii for their resistance against cotton due to the transgene but possibly due to genetic and/or epigenetic aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover). 48 plants belonging to five different changes occurred during in planta transformation under tissue culture events were evaluated in the T2 generation by polymerase chain reaction conditions. The results obtained in the study suggested that under (PCR) using a pair of gene specific primers where only one plant was low to moderate aphid attack; even in the absence of rSRL gene the identified to be positive. Further confirmation was done in the T3 transgenic events may show some resistance due to genetic and/or generation by conducting an in vivo insect bio-assay in which the epigenetic variations accumulated during in planta transformation in plants were artificially infested with aphids at 90 DAS followed by vitro. Thus, screening of the transgenic events was done but evaluation PCR of the bio-assay positive plants with gene, nos promoter, Npt II of the Sclerotium rolfsii Lectin (SRL 2 variant) gene for imparting and CaMV 35S promoter specific primers. None of the bio-assay resistance against Aphis gossypii in cotton was attempted but could positive plants showed amplification in the PCR with any of the not be carried out successfully.

PLANT PATHOLOGY Studies on collar rot of Brinjal caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. S. A. WAHID MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. KAMANNA

Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable inhibition (60.25 %) of S. rolfsii followed by captan at 0.3 per cent crop. Collar rot of brinjal caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is serious concentration (55.19%). Combi-products fungicides viz., thiram soil borne disease. A study on this was undertaken at the University 37.5 per cent + carboxin 37.5 per cent WP and hexaconazole of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif 2015-16. Survey 4 per cent + zineb 68 per cent WP at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 per cent revealed that disease incidence ranged from 2.33 to 24.25 per cent. concentrations inhibited cent per cent o growth of S. rolfsii. Among Highest mean disease incidence (9.75%) was recorded in black soil. six bioagents Trichoderma harzianum recorded maximum inhibition. Dhruva hybrid showed high mean disease incidence of 11.52 per cent. Among thirteen botanicals, parthenium leaf extract recorded maximum Significantly highest per cent disease incidence of 59.75 was recorded inhibition (64.57%). Among the different treatment combinations in plants of 15 days old in pot culture studies to know susceptible tested under pot conditions the combination of seedling dip with stage of brinjal. None of the genotypes were found resistant to thiram 37.5 per cent + carboxin 37.5 per cent WP @ 2 g/l + collar rot pathogen. Among the six systemic fungicides tested under application of FYM @ 200 g/pot + soil application of Trichoderma in vitro difenconazole, tebuconazole, hexaconazole and harzianum @ 4 g/kg followed by soil drenching with thiram propiconazole at 0.1 per cent and 0.15 per cent concentrations 37.5 per cent + carboxin 37.5 per cent WP @ 2 g/l on 0, 15, 30, and inhibited cent per cent growth of S. rolfsii. Among the five contact 45 days after transplanting recorded the least per cent disease fungicides mancozeb at 0.3 per cent concentration recorded maximum incidence (12.04%). Isolation, characterization and use of bacteriophages against bacterial wilt of Brinjal [Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith), yabuuchi et at.] M. AMRUTHA LAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. BYADGl

A major constraint in brinjal production is bacterial wilt disease caused φRsab3, having clear plaques were obtained with titre value of 2.40 x by Rahionia solanacearum. An attractive option is the use of 105 2.60 x 105 and 0.50 x 105 PFU ml-1 and diameter of 12.10, 3.01 and bacteriophages, (viruses) that specifically kill bacteria. The present 8.20 mm, respectively. From host range analysis, phages were found to investigation on isolation and characterization of bacteriophages against be non-effective against other tested bacteria Escherichia coli, bacterial wilt of brinjal was carried out at Department of Plant Pathology, Staphyhcoccus aurens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Xanthomonas University of Agricultural Sciences. Dharwad during 2016-17. Five axonopodis pv. citri and X. a. pv. punicae and have a broad lytic activity isolates of R. solanacearum from brinjal were collected during survey on R. solanacearum isolates. The chloroform sensitivity test showed covering four districts of northern Karnataka, cultured and confirmed that the phages were insensitive to the chloroform. The genetic diversity for their biochemical and molecular identity using specific primer pairs of isolated phages was confirmed by Randomly Amplified Polymorphic Rs-sp and fliC which showed their genetic uniformity. The DNA (RAPD). In vitro UV sensitivity test showed pregelatinised corn bacteriophages were isolated from raw water of municipal sewage Hour (1%) as phage formulation. In rhizosphere stability studies, treatment plant, pond and river water, rhizosphere and phylloplanc persistance of formulated phages was observed up to 16th day. samples of brinjal plant. The plaque forming units (PFU) assay was In glasshouse studies, sole application of phage mixture on one month conducted to understand plaque morphology. Among the nine phage old seedling was found better in comparison to standard chemical check isolates, three phages against R. solanaceanm viz., φRsabl, φRsab2 and (Copper oxy Chloride (0.3%) + Streptocycline (500 ppm)).

57 Epidemiology and management of foliar fungal diseases of Green gram (Vigna radiata (L.) wilczek) VIDYA HULIKATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. I. BENAGI

Greengram (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is an important pulse crop of WS at all four concentration, Neem, Trichoderma harzianum, green India. The crop is affected by many foliar fungal diseases such as nanoparticles (Eu and Po extract) CuNPs and SNPs at 1500 ppm were anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot and powdery mildew. The severity effective against C. truncatum and against C. canescens propiconazole of anthracnose, Cercospora leaf spot and powdery mildew varied from 25 per cent EC, thiram 37.5 per cent + carboxin 37.5 per cent at all 0.00 to 40.78, 0.00 to 45.04 PDI and 0.00 to 39.01 PDI respectively. concentration,. yellow oleander and Trichoderma harzianum were Maximum mean severity of foliar fungal diseases was observed in found to be effective. Among green nanoparticles seed treatment with Bagalkot, Dharwad and Belagavi district. The correlation studies of PDI CuNPs (Eu + Po extract) was found good for germination. Foliar spray indicated negative with minimum temperature and relative humidity with 0.05 per cent propiconazole was found effective in managing whereas positive with cumulative rainfall and number of rainy days. foliar fungal diseases and recorded highest yield with better economic The genotype NL-2 was identified as immune line against foliar fungal returns under field conditions. Seed treatment with CuNPs (Eu + Po diseases under field conditions. In vitro studies revealed that, carbendazim extract) + foliar spray with same was found to be significantly superior 50 per cent WP and carbendazim 12 per cent + mancozeb 63 per cent in controlling the foliar fungal diseases.

Studies on turcicum leaf blight and common rust of Maize (Zea mays L.) POORNIMA A. DALAVAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. I. K. KALAPPANAVAR

Turcicum leaf blight (TLB) and common rust (CR) are major foliar Agriculture, Dharwad. The study revealed that Bnlgl662, Phi330507, diseases of maize caused by Exserohilum turcicum and Puccinia sorghi, UmcI728 and Umc2210 markers were closely linked to TLB resistant respectively, causing yield loss. Intensive roving survey was carried gene with the R2 (Phenotypic variance explained by environment) of out during kharif 2016 to know the severity of the diseases in northern 89.02, 90.71, 89.39 and 89.89 per cent respectively and Phi054 Karnataka viz., Bagalkot, Belagavi, Dharwad, Gadag, Haveri and showed significant association with resistance to CR with the Vijayapur. Maximum severity of both TLB (39.35 PDI) and CR (23.15 R2(PVE) of 84.08 per cent. In vitro study revealed that, Tcbuconazole PDI) was noticed in Belagavi district and minimum severity of TLB 50 per cent + Triiloxystrobin 25 per cent WG found to be effective (6.59 PDI) and CR (5.22 PDI) was noticed in Vijayapur district. against E. turcicum and P. sorghi by Azoxystrobin 20 per cent + Among 101 germplasm were screened at Agricultural Research Station, Tcbuconazole 20 per cent SC. In field condition the pooled data of Nippani, 19 were resistant and 11 were moderately resistant to both two locations revealed that the foliar application of Tcbuconazole TLB and CR. Out of 101 inbred lines screened at Main Agricultural 50 per cent + Trifloxystrobin 25 per cent WG @ 0.25 per cent Research Station, Dharwad, 14 were highly resistant, nine were followed by Azoxystrobin 20 per cent + Tebuconazole 20 per cent resistant and two were moderately resistant. Single marker analysis SC @ 0.25 per cent found significantly effective in the management of resistant and susceptible germplasm in molecular validation study of both diseases with high grain and fodder yield as compared to was carried out at Department of Plant Pathology, College of other treatments.

Epidemiology and management of post flowering stalk rot of Maize (Zea mays L.) R. SAHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. HARLAPUR

An investigations on post flowering stalk rot of maize (Macrophomina inbred lines and sixty hybrids screened, twenty four inbred lines and phaseolina) comprised of survey, epidemiology, screening, and twenty three hybrids registered moderately resistant reaction. management of the disease. Lab and field experiments were conducted Fungicides viz., Propiconazole 25 EC, Carbendazim 50 WP, at department of Plant Pathology and MARS, University of Chlorothalonil 75 WP Thiram 75 WP, Thiophonate methyl 400 g/l+ Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad respectively during rabi/ summer Pyraclostrobin 50 g/l and Carbendazim 12 per cent + Mancozeb 63 2016-17. Among the five districts surveyed maximum disease incidence per cent 75 WP were effective. Among the bioagents, Trichoderma was noticed in Bagalkot followed by Haveri. Lower disease incidence harzianum recorded maximum mycelial inhibition. Significantly higher was observed in Gadag district. Air temperature of 33.90 °C to 38.10 °C germination per cent (96.60), shelling per cent (87.92), 100 seed weight and soil temperature from 25.46 °C to 35.98 °C showed significantly (27.42 g), grain yield (62.37 q/h), fodder yield (14.52 t/h) and highest positive correlation whereas soil moisture of less than 15.06 per cent BC ratio (2.07) and lower per cent disease incidence of 14.20 were showed significantly negative correlation with disease development recorded in the treatments with soil application of T. harzianum @ (49.26%). The multiple regression equation developed for per cent 2.5 kg fortified with 250 kg farm yard manure/ ha 15 days before disease incidence was Y= -106.48 + 3.11X1 + 1.15X2 - 0.41X3 + sowing and seed treatment with T. harzianum @ 6 g/kg of seed followed 2 1.13X4 + 83.89X5 – 470.15X6 with R = 0.98. Among the sixty two by seed treatment with Tebuconazole 2 DS @ 1 g/kg of seed.

58 Studies on major hemibiotrophic foliar fungal diseases of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] MAMATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHAMARAO JAHAGIRDAR

The severity of hemibiotrophic foliar fungal diseases has increased in respect to spore size in case of Altenaria leaf spot (20.80- 65.67 × northern Karnataka in recent years. The present investigations were 6.80- 14.30 ìm) and Cercospora leaf spot (35.90 -75.50 × 6.30- 10.20 ìm). carried out during kharif 2016 at Department of Plant Pathology, Among the fungicides evaluated, mancozeb 75 WP at College of Agriculture, Dharwad. It included main aspects, viz., survey 0.25 per cent (100%), difenconazole 25 EC at 0.15 per cent (100%) for diseases, variability study, in vitro evaluation of fungicides, and difenconazole 25 per cent + propiconazole 25 EC at 0.2 botanicals, bioagents and biorationals and screening for resistance per cent (100%) were found very effective against foliar fungal under in vitro and in vivo. Roving survey was carried out in northern pathogens in inhibiting the growth of mycelium in vitro. Among Karnataka viz., Bagalkot, Belagavi, Bidar, Dharwad and Haveri botanicals tested neem gold at 1.0 per cent (45.42%) was effective, districts. Severity of anthracnose, Alternaria leaf spot and Cercospora among bioagents tested combination of Trichoderma harzianum leaf spot was found more in Belagavi (49.43 PDI), Haveri, and Bacillus subtilis was effective (72.53%), among biorationals, (28.46 PDI) and Bidar (11.11 PDI) districts respectively. Variability cow urine (76.83%) and panchagavya (64.86%) at 20 per cent study indicated that, there was no difference with respect to the were effective against foliar fungal pathogens. The genotypes DSb spore shape and spore size (20.00 -25.10 × 2.56- 4.75 ìm) in 32, DSb 33 and DSb 34 were highly resistant for all the three Colletotrichum truncatum isolates. There was significant difference with diseases while, JS 335 was highly susceptible.

Studies on yellow mosaic disease on Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] A. S. REKHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. PATIL

A study on Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease involving pigeonpea, blackgram, horsegram, frenchbean, cowpea, fieldbean and survey of four districts (Belagavi, Dharwad, Haveri, Gadag) in kharif three weed hosts viz., Ageratum conyzoides, Corchorus trilocularis 2016 and summer 2017, molecular characterization, host range, seed and Sida acuta and these hosts acts as collateral hosts. Studies revealed transmission, screening of advanced breeding lines and disease that MYMV was present in MYMV infected seeds and detected seed management was carried out during 2016-2017. During kharif 2016, borne nature. Twenty-one of 24 advanced genotypes screened against the highest incidence (16.12%) was in Haveri and the least (11.7%) MYMV during summer 2016 showed resistant reaction. Among different was in Gadag. During summer 2017, highest incidence (22.54%) was modules tested for the management of Mungbean yellow mosaic disease, in Dharwad and the least (20.73%) was in Belagavi. The coat protein adoptive module (M3) including seed treatment with Rhizobium gene of MYMV (642 bp) was amplified using specific primers. PCR (5 g/ kg), border crop of maize (3 lines), yellow sticky trap (20/ha), amplification, sequencing and construction of phylogenetic tree showed Verticillium lecani (5 g/ l), Triazophos (1.5 ml/ l) at 30 DAS and spray that MYMV Dharwad isolate was 99 per cent homology with different of neem oil (5 ml/ l) at 45 DAS recorded least disease incidence (8.94%) isolates of Horsegram yellow mosaic virus (HYMV). Therefore, and lowest whitefly population (2.20 whiteflies) with highest yield of MYMV of Dharwad isolate is the close relative of HYMV. MYMV 11.61 q/ha with BC ratio of 3.00. Hence, adoptive module is best for was transmitted to seven crop plants except bhendi namely soybean, management of yellow mosaic disease.

Seed mycoflora associated with Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) with special reference to Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler. VEENASHRI JAINAPUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHALINI HUILGOL

The present investigation is carried out during 2016-17 in Department seven seed dressing fungicides tested against R. bataticola by Poisoned of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Vijayapura. Seed is the basic Food Technique and Paper Towel method, carbendazim was found input and utmost outcome in agriculture. The seed borne diseases affect most effective followed by carboxin + thiram. Among the four seed parameters and contaminate the disease free areas. This bio-agents tested for their efficacy against R. bataticola, maximum investigation included testing of chickpea seed samples for seed borne inhibition of mycelial growth was noticed by Trichoderma harzianum mycoflora, evaluation of seed health testing methods, seed to plant (78.67%) in dual culture technique. In Paper Towel method, seed transmission studies and management of seed mycoflora. Among the treatment with T. harzianum at 1.2 per cent concentration showed different varieties, the chickpea seeds collected from northern Karnataka least per cent seed infection with maximum per cent germination and revealed the dominance of per cent total fungal count in variety JG-11. vigour index. Among the seven treatments tested for effect of biopriming, Among different seed health testing methods, water agar method was the treatment Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 0.8 per cent + T. harzianum found to be good for detecting the seed borne infection of Rhizoctonia @ 0.8 per cent + vermiculite showed least per cent seed infection bataticola to an extent of 26.32 per cent. The pathogenic ability of seed (13.00) and highest per cent seed germination (91.00) and seedling borne infection of R. bataticola was proved in seed to plant transmission vigour index (1753.13). So seed health testing and accurate control study by component plating technique and pot culture method. Among measure on dominant pathogens is needed before sowing.

59 Antifungal and growth promotional activities of rhizobacteria for Pigeon pea fusarium wilt [Fusarium udum (Butler.)] A. N. SHREEJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. CHATTANNAVAR

Antifungal and growth promotional activities of PGPR are of greater resulted in the lowest wilt incidence as well as the highest germination importance in managing soil borne pathogens and enhancing the percentage. The shoot length was maximum in Pf218 + AUDT502 yield potential. An experiment entitled “Antifungal and growth + AUDT626 (11.30 cm) treatment and root length in PCF(SS)1 + promotional activities of rhizobacteria for pigeon pea fusarium AUDT502 + AUDT626 (11.20 cm) treatment. Amongst [Fusarium udum (Butler.)] wilt” was carried out during 2016-17 at actinobacteria AUDT626 and amongst Pseudomonads Pf218 were the College of Agriculture, Vijayapur. Four strains of actinobacteria found to be effective. The fungi toxicity of volatile metabolites was (AUDT 502, AUDT 626) and Pseudomonads (Pf218, PCF(SS)1) monitored and then further, expressed by measuring the diameter of were used in vitro against the Fusarium udum (FuYd1). The mean mycellial growth (mm) by double dish chamber method. Metabolites per cent inhibition of the strain AUDT626 was significantly superior produced by rhizobacteria are known to suppress plant pathogenic (56.82%) inhibition by four way streak method. Effect of fungi. Metabolites present in supernatant were detected by colour rhizobacterial supernatant on pigeon pea seeds were tested. development through thin layer chromatography (TLC). AUDT626 inoculated treatments showed maximum growth Highest sample movement and retention factor (RF) was found in parameters. PCF(SS)1, pseudomonad strain resulted in the lowest case of Pf218 (0.62 cm) and AUDT626 (0.77 cm) at eight minutes. wilt incidence (11.80%), when inoculated through seed soaking Antifungal metabolites like phenazine and pyocyanin were method. In pot culture studies, combination of Pf218 + AUDT502 confirmed through TLC.

Slow rusting mechanism in Wheat varieties of peninsular zone and integrated management of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) R. NANDEESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. V. PATIL

An experiment on slow rusting mechanism and integrated studies, chlorothalonil and hexaconazole at 0.1 per cent, hexaconazole management of leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) was conducted at 4 per cent + zineb 68 per cent at 0.2 per cent, Nimbicidine at the AICRP on wheat, MARS, Dharwad during rabi 2016-17. 1.0 per cent, combination of Trichoderma harzianum + Bacillus Screening and race studies on peninsular zone (PZ) varieties were subtilis at 1.0 per cent, panchagavya at 10 per cent concentration carried out both under natural infection (Ugar Khurd) and artificial effectively inhibited uredospore germination. Two sprays of inoculation (Dharwad) during rabi 2015-16 and 2016-17. In rabi hexaconazole at 0.1 per cent with 15 days interval has recorded 2015-16 maximum leaf rust severity was observed in Bagalkot (ACI lowest leaf rust severity (CI 0.27) and higher grain yield (35.38 q/ha) 17.20) and Belagavi (ACI 12.61) and there was no leaf rust with highest BC ratio (2.30) followed by single spray of hexaconazole appearance during rabi 2016-17. Leaf rust pathotypes 77-9, 77-5 at 0.1 per cent soon after the appearance of disease which has recorded and 104-2 were predominant in northern Karnataka and 77-9 and rust severity of CI 0.61, grain yield of 32.70 q/ha with BC ratio of 77-5 were on PZ wheat varieties. Out of 57 varieties 17 have found 2.23. In integrated spray schedule, hexaconazole 4 per cent + zineb resistant (CI up to 10) to leaf rust. Based on the slow rusting 68 per cent WP at 0.2 per cent – panchagavya at 10 per cent found components, UAS 415, UAS 446, UAS 334, UAS 347 and HD best. Thus promising slow rusting genotypes and integrated spray 2189 were identified as slow rusters. Under in vitro evaluation schedule helps in reducing leaf rust epidemics.

Studies on epidemiology and management of Cucumber powdery mildew H. PARAMESHWAR NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr: SHRIPAD KULKARNI

The present investigation involving roving survey in 4 districts, correlation whereas, rainfall and number of rainy days were significantly epidemiological studies, in vitro evaluations, field screening of 23 negatively correlated. Azoxystrobin showed maximum conidial genotypes, molecular characterization of pathogen and management was germination inhibition (94.51%) among the combiproducts, tebuconazole carried out at the University of Agricultural Sciences Dharwad during the 50 per cent + trifloxystrobin 25 per cent resulted in maximum inhibition year 2016-17. In survey maximum disease severity was recorded in (87.78%). In bioagents tested maximum inhibition observed with Bacillus Dharwad (33.06 PDI) and least in Haveri (27.21 PDI). Under protected subtilis (55.74%), Leaf extract of Reynotriu sachalensis resulted in 100 cultivation maximum disease severity (64.01 PDI) was recorded in per cent inhibition. 15, five and three genotypes were found to be Dharwad and least was recorded in Haveri (40.07 PDI). The rDNA-ITS moderately resistant, moderately susceptible and highly susceptible, sequencing of E. cichoracearum indicated that Dharwad isolate had 96 respectively. Field evaluation of fungicides revealed that two sprays of and 94 per cent homology with Berkely isolate and Australian isolate. tebuconazole 50 per cent + trifloxystrobin 25 per cent with least PDI Highest conidial germination (48.52%) was observed at 250C and 85 per (6.73) and yield up to 11.42 t/ha with BC ratio of 1:3.60 which was cent relative humidity. Sowing during second fortnight of August recorded significantly superior followed by two sprays of Azoxystrobin maximum severity and maximum temperature showed positive (14.66 PDI) with an yield of 10.16 t/ha.

60 Studies on bacterial blight of Sesame caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. Sesami Sabe T and Dowson PRAVEENKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PALAKSHAPPA

The present investigations involving survey in four district of northern seeds. Among different antibiotics under in vitro, K-cycline (1,000 Karnataka, pathogenicity studies, pathogen characterization, seed borne ppm) was effective. In chemicals, Copper - oxy - chloride (COC) at nature, in vitro and in vivo studies was done during kharif 2016-17 at 3,000 ppm and K-cycline (1,000 ppm) + COC (3,000 ppm) with the the UAS Dharwad. Roving survey revealed, maximum disease severity inhibition zone of 22.09 mm were effective. Allium sativum (10%) in experimental plot, Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad among the botanicals, Pseudomonas fluorescens in bio-agents were (51.50%) and least in Konankere village (2.75%) of Haveri. Pathogenicity effective. Among the germplasm lines screened, 71 lines were moderately by pin prick method was best. Based on the morphological and resistant, 30 lines were susceptible and none were resistant. Field biochemical characteristics, the bacterium was identified as Xanthomonas experiment revealed, seed soaking in K- cycline @ 0.5g + COC @ 3 g/l + campestrispv. sesami. Nutrient Glucose Agar recorded maximum furrow application of Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2.5 kg + 500 kg of recovery of colonies (94.33) followed by Nutrient Agar (85.00). The FYM/ha and spray of K- cycline @ 0.5 g + COC @ 3 g/l was effective growth of bacteria started after 24 hr and maximum growth was observed with least PDI (15.11%) and highest yield of 1,152.78 kg /ha with at 72 hr after inoculation. Temperature of 300C and pH of 7.0 were (` 46,993) net returns. This IDM strategy was found successful and optimum for the growth. Yellow colonies were observed near the infected feasible in managing the disease.

Epidemiology and management of powdery mildew [Leveillula taurica (lev.) Arnaud] on Pigeon pea ATAULLA CHAPPARABAND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. M. JAMADAR

Powdery mildew of pigeon pea caused by Leveillula taurica (Lev.) positive correlation with disease intensity. Among seven hosts tested Arn. is a major menace for pigeon pea cultivation in recent years. The for host range cross inoculation, tomato, chilli, cluster bean and field present investigations involving survey, epidemiological aspects, in bind weed were found to act as collateral hosts for the pathogen. vitro and field evaluation of fungicides were conducted at the College In vitro evaluation of different fungicides for their sensitivity against of Agriculture, Vijayapur during kharif 2016-17. The random roving L. taurica revealed that azoxystrobin 23 SC (100%) across all the survey conducted in three districts of Northern Karnataka revealed concentrations was significantly superior in inhibition of spore maximum disease severity in Vijayapur (35.17 PDI) followed by germination followed by hexaconazole 5 EC (97.71%) and Belagavi (28.39 PDI) and Bagalkote district (18.17 PDI). The pigeon myclobutanil 10 WP (97.37%). In field evaluation of fungicides, two pea crop sown in II fortnight of August recorded maximum disease sprays of captan 70 per cent + hexaconazole 5 per cent (Taqat 75 severity (51.37% PDI) followed by I fortnight of August (46.91% WP) and hexaconazole 5 per cent EC recorded the lowest per cent PDI) and the least disease severity (10.41%) recorded in II fortnight disease index (13.5 PDI) and (20.95 PDI) and higher seed yield (12.79 of June sown crop. Minimum temperature, both morning and evening q/ha) and (11.23 q/ha) respectively. captan 70 per cent + hexaconazole relative humidity had significant negative correlations with disease 5 per cent (Taqat 75 WP) was found to be most effective fungicides incidence. Maximum temperature and cloud cover had significant for the management of the powdery mildew of pigeon pea.

Morphological and physiological studies on Grape powdery mildew caused by Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr. PARASHURAM NADUMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. ADIVER

Studies on grape powdery mildew caused by Uncinula necator (Schw.) per cent conidial germination (45.50%) was recorded in indole acetic Burr, was carried out at the Department of Plant Pathology, College acid (IAA) fallowed by gibberellic acid (GA) (36.50%). Least conidial of Agriculture, Vijayapur and farmer field, Hittinahalli during rabi germination was observed in ethylene (9.66%). Phenol content was 2016-17. The survey during 2016-17 revealed that, the disease was higher in diseased leaves (4.61 mg/g) and fruits (3.71 mg/g) as compared noticed in varying intensities in three districts; maximum disease to the healthy leaves (3.95 mg/g) and fruits (3.30 mg/g). The reducing severity was in Vijayapur (50.18 PDI and 24.17 PDI) followed by sugars (3.25 mg/g and 74.51 mg/g) total sugars (4.74 mg/g and 84.75 Bagalkote (27.18 PDI and 10.47 PDI) and Belagavi (20.00 PDI and mg/g) and protein (7.41 mg/g and 2.57 mg/g) contents were higher in 8.23 PDI) was recorded least disease severity during foliage healthy leaves and fruits as compared to the diseased leaves and (vegetative) and fruiting stage, respectively. The pathogen produced fruits. Azoxystrobin 23 EC (99.66%) showed highest inhibition of conidia in chains and they were ellipsoid or ovoid to cylindrical. powdery mildew of grape caused by of U. necator followed by They were non septate and hyaline in nature which measured about hexaconazole 5 EC (98.00%) and Chlorothalonil 75 WP (43.33%) 29-42 × 12-20 µm. Maximum conidial germination was observed at shows least inhibition under in vitro conditions. Azoxystrobin 23 EC 24 hrs after incubation. Temperature range of 20 to 25 0C, relative at 0.05 per cent was best fungicide recoding least incidence (4.00%) humidity of 80 to 85 per cent and slightly acidic pH (5.0 -6.0) were followed by hexaconazole 5 EC (6.67%) and propiconazole 25 EC found congenial for conidial germination of U. necator. The maximum (10.00%) at 0.1 per cent after four spray under in vivo conditions.

61 Studies on leaf blight of Turmeric caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler IZAZAHAMMAD SAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VIRUPAKSHA PRABHU

The present investigations involving on survey, cultural, total sugars were more in ‘Cudappah’ variety (moderately resistant) morphological, biochemical and in vitro studies were undertaken during when compared to ‘IISR Allepy Supreme’ variety (susceptible). In Kharif 2016 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Roving relation to defense enzymes, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and survey in five districts of northern Karnataka revealed, maximum phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was more in ‘Cuddapah’ in disease severity in Arabhavi village (41.00%) of Belagavi district and comparison with the ‘IISR Allepy Supreme’. In vitro studies revealed least in Honwad village (11.25%) of Vijayapur district. Out of the that, among systemic fungicides evaluated against A. alternata, seven different media, the radial growth of Alternaria alternata was hexaconazole 5 per cent SC and propiconazole 25 per cent EC recorded maximum on potato dextrose agar medium. Among fifteen isolates, cent per cent inhibition of mycelial growth at 0.025, 0.05 and Ar-4 and Mi-7 isolates were recorded maximum radial growth. 0.10 per cent concentration. Among non-systemic fungicides evaluated Majority of them showed moderate to good sporulation with regular mancozeb showed cent per cent inhibition at 0.20 and 0.25 per cent grey colonies. Flat mycelial growth was mainly observed in Mo-3, concentration. In case of combi fungicides, carbendazim + mancozeb Mu-5, Ha-6, Rj-11 and Ra-12 isolates. Zonation was present in some at 0.1 and 0.2 per cent and difenconazole + propiconazole at isolates viz., Ba-1, Mu-2, Mi-7, Ja-9 and Si-13. Mu-2 recorded 0.2 per cent showed maximum per cent inhibition. Whereas, in maximum length and breadth of conidia whereas, minimum length and commercially available botanical, neem gold showed maximum breadth was seen in Ko-14 isolate. Total phenols, reducing sugars and inhibition (54.81%) at 1 per cent concentration.

Studies on yellow mosaic disease of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] GADDEPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. ASHTAPUTRE

The study on Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease significant positive correlation was noticed between disease incidence involving survey transmission and host range, epidemiology, and whitefly population. Among the 48 genotypes screened under screening of soybean genotypes and disease management was carried field conditions, six genotypes (DS 3105, SL 1104, RVS 2009-9, out at the UAS, Dharwad during 2016-2017. During kharif 2016, NRC 127, DS 3106, and NRC 124) showed highly resistant reaction. the highest incidence of yellow mosaic disease was in Belagavi The maximum disease incidence was recorded in susceptible check (27.90%) and the least was in Haveri (6.44%). During summer 2017, JS 335. Among different modules practices for the management of highest incidence was in Belagavi (28.09%) and the least was in yellow mosaic disease in soybean the adoptive module (seed Dharwad (15.53%). Host range study for yellow mosaic disease treatment with Trichoderma harzianum 6 g/kg and Rhizobium revealed that successful transmission of virus was noticed in soybean, (1250 g/ha) with three rows of maize as a border crop, yellow horsegram, french bean, field bean, cowpea, blackgram, red gram sticky traps (20/ ha) with spray of neem seed oil (@ 0.5%) followed which was later confirmed by PCR amplification with specific by thiomethoxam (@ 0.2 g/l) sprayed at 65 DAS) was superior over primers of MYMV. There was significant and positive correlation other modules under study. It recorded least disease incidence of maximum temperature and maximum relative humidity with both (24.9%) and lowest whitefly population (2.15) per trifoliate leaf per cent disease incidence and whitefly population. Highly with highest yield of 19.50 q/ha and BC ratio of 2.72.

Studies on brown leaf spot of rice and its management SATISHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. S.V. HIREMATH

The investigations on brown leaf spot of rice caused by Bipolaris showed highly resistant reaction and thirtythree genotypes moderately oryzae (Breda de Haan) Shoemaker, including survey on disease severity, showed resistant reaction to the disease. In vitro studies of fungicides pathogen variability studies, screening of genotypes under natural revealed that maximum mycelial inhibition (100%) was recorded in condition and efficacy of fungicides, botanicals, bioagents under in propiconazole 25 per cent EC at 0.05 and 0.1 per cent and tricyclazole vitro and in vivo conditions were conducted during kharif 2016. During (18%) WP + mancozeb (62 %) WP at 0.20 per cent. Among botanicals, survey, maximum disease severity (58.46%) was recorded in neem gold at 0.2 per cent and amomg bioagents Trichoderma harzianum Mummigatti village of Dharwad district followed by Belur of the same recorded 60.74 and 64.44 per cent mycelia inhibition, respectively. district (28.35%) and least disease severity recorded in Navangere village Effective treatments under in vitro studies were implemented in field of Uttara Kannada district. Cultural, morphological and molecular management. Field management studies indicated that seed treatment variability study revealed that host extract dextrose agar medium was with bioagents (Trichoderma harzianum (5 g) + Pseudomonas found supportive to all isolates. GNG-3 (107 × 16.20 ìm) isolate had fluorescences (5 g) and foliar spray of propiconazole 25 per cent EC at maximum sized conidia. Based on comparison of ITS rDNA sequences, 0.1 per cent was significantly effective in managing the disease with the isolates were confirmed as B. oryzae. Among fortyfive genotypes, lowest PDI (13.03%), highest thousand grain weight (23.33 g) and four (Bili Nellu, Dodda Mollare, Medium Sali and Bilidadi Muratiga) grain yield (32.40 q/ha).

62 AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Isolation and screening of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for suppression of Orobanche sp., A parasitic weed in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) B. CHANDRASHEKHARAGOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. JONES NIRMALNATH

An investigation was carried out to isolate native arbuscular AMF isolates significantly improved the spore count over the mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) isolates from the Orobanche suppressive uninoculated plants. The maximum spore count was recorded in AMF soils of tobacco growing areas of Nippani in Belagavi district, in order consortium (standard) (621 spores per 50 g), UASDAMFAMFT to screen them for their ability to suppress obnoxious weed Orobanche consortium (tobacco native) (619 spores per 50 g) and native isolates as well as to promote plant growth under pot culture studies. These viz., UASDAMFT5, UASDAMFT2, UASDAMFT6 and experiments were conducted at the Weed Control Scheme, Main UASDAMFT3 (277, 268, 267 and 265 spores per 50 g, respectively) Agriculture Research Station and Department of Agricultural over the uninoculated control (45 spores per 50 g). The present study

Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad from has indicated that UASDAMFT5, UASDAMFT2, UASDAMFT6

2014-16. The results of the pot experiment revealed that the native and UASDAMFT3 isolates are quite promising in inhibiting

AMF isolates UASDAMFT5 (Glomus fasciculatum), UASDAMFT2 Orobanche seed germination similar to AMF consortium (standard)

(Glomus radiata), UASDAMFT6 (Glomus deserticola), and UASDAMFT consortium (tobacco native) under pot culture

UASDAMFT3 (Glomus mosseae), AMF consortium (standard) and studies. Thus, it can be concluded that UASDAMFT5 and

UASDAMFT consortium (tobacco native) suppressed the UASDAMFT2 isolates can suppress the Orobanche seed germination Orobanche parameters and plant growth parameters of tobacco over efficiently and these can be used as a biotic tool in the Orobanche uninoculated plants in the presence of Orobanche. Inoculation of management.

Isolation and charecterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from rhizosphere and endorhizosphere of Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) GURUBASAYYA KALLIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. R. PATIL

An investigation was carried out to isolate plant growth promoting 13.61 and 11.93 µg ml-1 IAA respectively. Isolates 10DWRR and rhizobacteria from (PGPR) the rhizosphere, endorhizosphere and 11UKA produced 7.72 and 7.40 µg GA per 25 ml respectively. Under root nodules of green gram soil samples collected from three different in vitro studies seven isolates inhibited six plant pathogens tested. agro-climatic zones of Karnataka conducted at the Department of 2UKR recorded the maximum zinc solubilization (7 mm) followed by Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, 2DWRR and 1UKFPe (10 mm). Similarly, isolate 10DWRA (6 mm) Dharwad during 2015-16. A total of 108 isolates from green gram produced maximum zone of potash solubilization. Rhizobium isolates rhizosphere, roots and nodules were isolated and categorized as 45 2DWRR and 9DWRR were efficient in nitrogen fixation and nodule rhizospheric, 34 endophytic from roots, 29 rhizobial from nodules. formation on green gram. Among 40 fluorescent pseudomonads Based on morphology and Gram reaction these isolates were grouped 1UKFPe and 6DWRFP were effective in four traits such as phosphates as Rhizobium (29), fluorescent pseudomonads (40), phosphates solubilization, production of IAA, GA, solubilizition of zinc and solubilizing bacteria (9) and actinomycetes (30). All isolates were potash and antagonistic activity. Among 30 actinomycetes isolates evaluated for eight plant growth promotional traits under in vitro. 11UKA and 13DWRAe were found efficient. 1UKPSMe and -1 2DWRR and 9DWRR fixed 5.07 and 4.46 mg N2 g of carbon utilized 10UKPSMe among phosphate solubilizing bacteria were efficient in respectively. 11UKA and 1UKFPe released 35.5 and 62.77 per cent zinc and potash solubilizition. These are potential PGPR strains for Pi respectively from TCP. Isolates 12UKR and 7DWRFPe produced green gram.

Effect of mycorrhization in the management of striga in Sugarcane under field conditions H. P. MANJUNATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. JONES NIRMALNATH

Striga spp. are very problematic obnoxious obligate parasitic weeds emergence significantly. Among them, UASDAMF consortium native which attach themselves to the roots of cereals, not only robbing (Acaulospora maarowe + Glomus leptotichum) suppressed the Striga them of nutrition but also causing various debilitating effects which (13%) over uninoculated control (83%). With respect to the have earned them their common name of “witchweeds”. The control mycorrhizal parameters viz., root colonization and spore count was of Striga is difficult to achieve because of its high fecundity. In addition, highest in treatment UASDAMF consortium native (88 per cent and seed germination is asynchronous. In this regard an attempt was 535 spore count per 50 g of soil, respectively). Highest plant height made to evaluate native arbscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) isolates (236 cm), chlorophyll (50.48 SPAD reading), N (0.81%), P (0.57%) against Striga in sugarcane crop under Striga infested farmer field at and K (2.50%) content was recorded with UASDAMF consortium Yergatti village of Belgaum district during 2015-16. An experiment native over un inoculated control, which has recorded the lowest was laid out in randomized complete design with factorial concept. plant height (122 cm), chlorophyll (32.34 SPAD reading ), N (0.23%) There were three replications nighnteen treatments. AM fungal , P (0.19%) and K (1.33%) content. Thus, study has identified colonization is likely to induce resistance to plant parasitism by UASDAMF5 and UASDAMF 9 isolates as quite promising in converting strigolactones into mycorradicin, which is accumulated in inhibiting Striga seed germination similar to UASD AMF Consortium mycorrhized roots and thereby reduces availability of strigolactones (native) and UASD AMF (standard). Our findings are indicative of for Striga to germinate. In general, AMF inoculations inhibited Striga the effectiveness of AMF suppressing Striga in sugarcane.

63 Optimization of cell protectants, adjuvant and additives to develop liquid formulation of Azospirillum SANDESH PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. R. PATIL

An effort was made to optimize the additives, adjuvant and surfactant Among them, formulation 2 under both conditions was found to be for the growth and shelf life of liquid formulations of Azospirillum far superior to others in terms of the population of Azospirillum ACD-15 at the Institute of Organic Farming, University of Agricultural ACD-15 at all stages over 180 days of incubation. This formulation Sciences, Dharwad during 2014-15. Sodium malate broth was amended recorded the highest populations in terms of the most probable number with additives such as polyethylene glycol at 0.5 and 1.0 per cent, estimation of Azospirillum ACD-15 under ambient condition (6.18 x trehalose at 5 and 10 mM and glycerol at 5 and 10 mM. Adjuvant like 106 cells ml-1) and under refrigerated condition (1.07 x 106 cells ml-1). gum arabica at 0.15 and 0.30 per cent; surfactant like polysorbate - 20 The population was also assessed by direct plate count technique at 125 and 250 ppm. A total of 32 combinations of formulations were with values of 1.58 x 109 cells ml-1 at ambient condition and 7.0 x developed and evaluated for their ability to support growth and higher 107cells ml-1 at refrigerated condition. In the present study, the cost populations of Azospirillum ACD-15 over a period of 72 h. Based on involved in the production of this efficient formulation 2 was ` 376 population dynamics only nine formulations with population more litre-1 and 58 per cent of this cost was on one amendment trehalose than 9.6 x 109 CFU ml-1 after 72 h were chosen for further incubation (additive) alone. The results from this study clearly indicated that the studies. These nine formulations were kept for shelf life study over a liquid formulation of Azospirillum ACD – 15 was better in terms of period of six months at both ambient and refrigerated conditions. viable population and shelf life compared to lignite formulation.

Bacterial endophytes in bioremediation of sewage K. ARCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. R. PATIL

A laboratory study was conducted at the Institute of Organic Farming, 45 to 47 (%) and total phosphorus by 42 to 55 (%) when inoculated UAS, Dharwad (2016-2017) to isolate bacterial endophytes from the to sewage. These three efficient isolates in consortia were used in a plant parts in contact with sewage. Thirteen plant samples from pilot scale study both in the presence and absence of Bracharia nearby constructed wetland and also along sewage drains of Hubli- mutica as a host plant under greenhouse conditions. Floating bed Dharwad municipal corporation, Karnataka state were collected and technique was followed for evaluation. Among the four treatments, used for isolation. The surface sterilization procedure was standardized treatment 2 (sewage + bacterial consortia) recorded the highest and a total of 109 bacterial endophytes including 50 from root, 43 reduction of BOD (79.10 per cent), COD (78.73 per cent), pH (7.78), from leaf and 16 from stem were obtained. The isolates were tested EC (0.11 dS/m), nitrate nitrogen (70.98 per cent) and total phosphorus for their traits suited to remediate sewage such as production of (59.81 per cent) which was followed by treatment 4 (sewage + exopolysaccharide and ability to affect pH, EC, Biological Oxygen bacterial consortia + Bracharia mutica) with a reduction of BOD by Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), total phosphorus 58.67 (%), COD by 76.45 (%), total nitrate nitrogen by 58.60 (%) and nitrate nitrogen. Out of 109 isolates, three viz., E67, E84 and and total phosphorus by 42.67 (%), pH value of 7.8 and EC of 0.14 E104 were found to be very efficient as they reduced EC by 53 to 63 dS/m over control clearly indicating the sewage remediating ability of (%), BOD by 66 to 70 (%), COD by 50 to 55 (%), nitrate nitrogen by the isolates.

Effect of lactic acid bacterial fermented Lantana camara extract on the growth and yield of Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) TANUJA I. GANAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. S. JAGADEESH

In vitro studies were conducted at the Department of Agricultural out in green gram. Out of the two isolates, DB 27 resulted in the Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during highest values in the growth parameters. LFE spraying twice @ 2016-17. Fifty isolates of lactic acid bacteria were tested for their 10 ml/l resulted in increased chlorophyll content by about 40 per tolerance to different concentrations (10, 20 and 30%) of L. camara cent. This treatment also significantly increased microbiological extract. Finally, two efficient isolates (DB 27 and T(JH)) were population both in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, with a selected. The Lantana leaves fermented with these two lactic acid concomitant increase in the activities of critical soil enzymes such bacteria were compared for chemical, phytochemical and as dehydrogenase, urease and phosphatase. Spraying green gram microbiological composition. Fermented product of isolate DB 27 seedlings with LFE significantly increased pod and grain yield. The showed the highest chemical, phytochemical and microbiological highest pod yield (11.17 g/plant) and grain yield (10.58 g/plant) composition compared to other treatments. DB 27 also showed the was obtained by spraying LFE, fermented with DB 27, sprayed proteolytic and lipolytic activity. The germination as well as seedling twice @ 10 ml/l. The present investigation clearly brought out the vigour index was significantly increased due to priming of seeds potential of LFE in stimulating microbiological population and their with Lantana Fermented Extract (LFE). Pot culture evaluation on activities in terms of soil enzymes eventually improving growth spraying of LFE at different concentrations and number was carried and yield of green gram.

64 Influence of dual inoculation of Azospirillum and p-solubilizing fungal isolates on growth, nutrient uptake and biomass of Maize (Zea mays L.) G. AMRUTHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. P. SAVALGI

Studies to assess the influence of dual inoculation of Azospirillum and selected isolates were further studied under a pot-culture experiment P-solubilizing fungal isolates on growth, nutrient uptake and biomass to analyze their influence on growth, nutrient uptake and biomass of of maize were conducted at the Department of Agricultural maize. The co-inoculation of M-10(1) and Azospirillum along with Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during RPP resulted in highest plant growth parameters, chlorophyll content 2016-17. Soil sampling was done and forty seven soil samples were and microbiological population in the rhizosphere, with a concomitant collected from maize rhizosphere in Dharwad, Haveri and Belagavi increase in the activities of critical soil enzymes. The treatment districts of Karnataka. Twenty-one P-solubilizing fungal isolates were significantly increased plant and soil N, P, K content, root growth, obtained and were screened for phosphorus solubilizing ability on root morphology and biomass of maize plant. The soil nutrient status Pikovskaya’s agar and broth. Isolate M-10(1) showed highest was also found highest in the inoculation of M-10(1) and Azospirillum phosphorus solubilizing activity. Five efficient P-solubilizing isolates along with RPP resulted in highest soil N, P, K content. The present were selected, recoded and assessed for various functional activities investigation clearly brought out the potential P- solubilizing fungal such as zinc and potassium solubilization, phytohormone production isolates which are more efficient than the P-solubilizing bacteria and

(IAA and GA3•) and also cellulolytic activity. All five isolates were the effect of dual inoculation of Azospirillum and P-solubilizing fungal able to solubilize zinc and produce phytohormones. Highest isolates in stimulating the microbial population and their activities in phytohormone production was observed in isolate M-10(1) and terms of soil enzymes eventually improving growth nutrient uptake isolate DM-3(2) was able to produce cellulase enzyme. The five and biomass of maize.

Influence of p-solubilizing fungal isolates on growth, nutrient uptake and biomass of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill.) T. M. PREM KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. P. SAVALGI

Laboratory experiments were conducted in the Department of study. The treatment which received inoculation of S-8-1(PSF-1) Agricultural Microbiology at University of Agricultural Sciences, along with package of practices (POP) resulted in significant increase Dharwad during the year 2016-17. Twenty-four Phosphorus (P) in the plant growth parameters and chlorophyll content, solubilizing fungal isolates were isolated from 50 soil samples collected microbiological population in the rhizosphere, with a concomitant from soybean rhizosphere from the three districts (Dharwad, Haveri increase in the activities of critical soil enzymes (dehydrogenase, and Belgaum) of Northern transition zone. The isolate BS-9-1 showed urease and phosphatase). This treatment also increased plant and soil the highest P-solubilizing activity. Out of 24 P-solubilizing fungal N, P, S content, root morphology, nodule number and biomass of isolates, seven were biocompatible with the soybean nodulating soybean significantly. The present investigation has come out with bacterium i.e. Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain SB-120 and P- potent fungal isolates like Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. capable solubilizing bacterium Pseudomonas striata which were characterized of solubilizing insoluble phosphates with other beneficial properties up to genus level based on morphological and microscopic like production of plant growth promoting substances, Zinc mineral observations. Further they were examined for their ability to produce solubilizaion and cellulolytic activity and their influence in stimulating plant growth promoting substances and other beneficial traits. These the microbial population and their activities in terms of soil enzymes biocompatible fungal isolates were also tested for their influence on eventually improving the growth, nutrient uptake and biomass of growth, nutrient uptake and biomass of soybean under pot culture soybean along with the recommended POP.

SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Influence of different dates of sowing and varying levels of phosphorus and potassium on seed yield and quality in Pea (Pisum sativum) ABHILASH MAHAKUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GURUMURTHY

A field experiment was conducted during kharif and rabi season, 2013- 14 October revealed more plant height (34.76 cm), seeds yield per plant (10. at WALMI farm, Dharwad to evaluate the influence of three different 04 g/ plant), 100 seed weight (24.69 g), seed germination (95.67%), seedling viz., dates of sowing in each season separately first week of June, July vigour index (2883), delay in pod maturity (57.74 days). N3 fertilizer and August in kharif season and first week of September, October and level recorded significantly highest seed yield per plant (18.44 g and

November in rabi season with three fertilizer levels viz., N1 (38:60:50 kg 10. 40 g), 100 seed weight (23. 83 and 23.76 g), seed germination (88.89

NPK/ha), N2 (38:75:62.5 kg NPK/ha) and N3 (38:90:75 kg NPK/ha) on and 95.25%) and vigour parameters in kharif and rabi, respectively. crop growth, seed yield and quality in pea cv Ap-1. During kharif season, Treatment interaction effects have no significant effect on the above significantly more plant height (34.97 cm), seeds yield per plant parameters. A laboratory experiment was conducted under ambient (14.39 g/ plant), 100 seed weight (23. 68 g), seed germination (89. 80%), condition for six months to study the seed storability of pea as influenced seedling vigour index (2801), delay in pod maturity (59.34 days) were by mother plant nutrition. The results revealed that, there is very little noticed in first week of June sowing. During rabi season, first week of effect of mother plant nutrition on storability of pea seed.

65 Investigations on harvesting stages, seed mycoflora and its management on seed yield and quality in Forage grasses C. T. SUPRITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VINOD KUMAR

A field experiment was conducted at the Indian Grassland and Fodder T1 (seeds harvested at 6 DAPE) in guinea grass and treatment T6

Research Institute, Southern Regional Research Station, Dharwad (180.32) in Brachiaria grass. The treatment T5 (seeds harvested at 14 during kharif 2016 to identify the suitable harvesting stages and DAPE) in guinea grass and T6 (seeds harvested at 16 DAPE) in case laboratory experiment was conducted in the Department of Seed of Brachiaria grass produced maximum seed yield per panicle and Science and Technology and Plant Pathology to study seed mycoflora seed yield per hectare (3.48 g and 0.53 g and 103.90 kg/ha and and its management on seed yield and quality in guinea and Brachiaria 138.90 kg/ha, respectively). The treatment T8 recorded highest grasses. Experiment one was laid out in simple RCBD with eight germination (28.83 and 12.00%) and vigour index (415.1 and 180.1) treatments i.e. seeds harvested at every alternate day from 6th day to in guinea and Brachiaria grasses, respectively. Among the fungicides 20th day after panicle emergence and replicated thrice. In second and bio-agents used, seed treatment with (Psudomonas fluorescens) experiment, nine treatment combinations of fungicides and bio-agents recorded highest germination (33.52%), seedling vigour index (510.27) were tested. The results revealed that treatment T8 (seeds collected at and lowest seed infection (13.73%) in guinea grass whereas, in 20 days after panicle emergence (DAPE)) produced more number of Brachiaria grass, significantly highest seed germination (18.11%), panicles (23.75 and 51.19) and number of racemes per panicle (96.40 seedling vigour index (277.46) and lowest seed infection (25.86%) and 3.41) in guinea and Brachiaria grasses, respectively. On the was recorded in seed treatment with Carboxin + Thiram and was contrary, number of seeds per panicle (5717) were highest in treatment significantly superior over other treatments.

Influence of sowing dates on seed setting, yield and quality of Rabi Sorghum genotypes V. CHAITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. UPPAR

A Field experiment on four sorghum genotypes was conducted to higher number of seeds per panicle, seed weight per ear head, seed set study the influence of dates of sowing on seedyield and quality traits per cent, test weight and seed yield was higher under 39th SMW in the in rabi sorghum during 2016-17 at the Main Agricultural Research genotype BJV-44 (1,403, 69.80 g, 81.13%, 45.81 g and 1,508 kg ha-1, Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The respectively). The influence of dates of sowing resulted in reduced experiment consisted of six sowing dates and four genotypes assigned test weight and seed yield under delayed sowing conditions. Similarly, to sub plots in a split plot design with three replications. The seed germination, root length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour phenological results indicated that, the days to 50 per cent flowering, index were found significantly higher under 39th SMW in genotype complete flowering and pollen fertility per cent was more under 44th BJV-44 (94.94%. 15.52 cm, 3535 and 16.23 mg, respectively). SMW (Standard Meteorological Week) in the genotype BJV-44 (83.33 However, the shoot length was maximumunder 37th SMW in genotype days, 89.19 days and 90.18%,respectively). However, the pollen BJV-44 (23.23 cm). The quality parameters of the genotypes were germination per cent was found significantly maximum under 39th reduced with delay in sowing dates. The results indicated that, genotype SMW in the genotype M 35-1 (63.85%) and the least was recorded BJV-44 was found to be thermo insensitive and higher reproductive by RS-585 (35.56%) under 44th SMW sowing. Further, the yield and efficiency as compared to other genotypes. Thus, it may provide better yield associated traits decreased with delayed sowing. Significantly source for breeding heat tolerant genotypes in rabi sorghum.

Effect of date of sowing and foliar application of salicylic acid on seed yield and quality of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in cv. G2-52 G. S. SUBHASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. UPPAR

A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research content and relative water content for June 15th sowing. Yield and Station (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during yield attributes like, number of pods per plant (30.02), number of kharif, 2016 to assess the effect of date of sowing and foliar application seeds per plant (44.03), shelling per cent (73.92), 100 seed weight of salicylic acid on seed yield and quality of groundnut (Arachis (39.79 g), yield per plant (17.51 g), haulm yield (4.74 q/ha), pod yield hypogaea L.) in cv. G2-52. The field experiment consisted of four (4.62 kg plot-1) and pod yield (3,852 kg ha-1) was significantly th th st maximum under D date of sowing. Seed quality parameters like dates of sowing [June 15 (D1), July 7 (D2), August 1 (D3) and 1 st germination per cent, root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index August 21 (D4)] and four different dosages [0 (S1), 50 (S2), 100 (S3) and seedling dry weight were also showed significantly maximum in and 150 (S4) ppm] of salicylic acid was laid out in split plot design th with three replications. Among all the dates, significantly higher plant D1 (June 15 ) date of sowing. Significantly higher morpho- physiological parameters, yield and yield components were recorded height and leaf area were recorded under D1 and D2 dates of sowing.

The phenological parameters like days to 50 per cent flowering, days in S3 (100 ppm), followed by S2, S1 and S4. The similar trend was to pod initiation and days to physiological maturity took significantly observed in seed quality parameters. Thus the application of more number of days with optimum growing degree days, heat use 100 ppm of salicylic acid was optimum to increase the groundnut efficiency, total dry matter production and its distribution, chlorophyll productivity under D1 date of sowing.

66 Influence of packaging materials and desiccant on storability of kernel and pod of summer Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) N. VIJAYALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. A. MALABASARI

A study was conducted to know the influence of packaging materials (294.7 mg), seed weight (36.21 g), field emergence (69.33%), oil content and desiccant on storability of kernel and pod of summer groundnut at (46.98%), protein content(27.32%), dehydrogenase enzyme activity the Seed Quality Research Laboratory of National Seed Project, (0.440 OD value)compared tothe seeds stored in gunny bag recorded University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during July 2016 to March lower seed quality traits viz. germination (48.33%), seedling vigour 2017. Groundnut variety G2-52 was used for the experiment. index (624), mobilization efficiency (7.20%), seedling dry weight Groundnut seeds were stored in both pod and kernel form. The (131.1 mg), seed weight (28.00 g), field emergence (46.33%), oil content harvesting of summer produce coincides with beginning of (44.81%), protein content (25.16), dehydrogenase enzyme activity monsoonseason; hence seeds cannot be dried through sun drying. Hence, (0.142 OD value)at the end of storage period. From the experiment, it the seed moisture content was reduced using desiccant zeolite bead and is estimated that groundnut seeds by reducing the moisture content to seeds were stored in four different packaging materials like PICS bag, desired level and storing them in moisture impervious packaging materials HDPE bag, polythene bag (700 gauge) and gunny bag. At the end of will enhance the storability of groundnut seeds for a longer period of ninth month of storage period the seeds stored in PICS bag recorded time compared to seeds stored in moisture pervious nature of packaging higher quality in all seed quality traits viz., germination (79.33%), seedling materials (gunny bag). Pod storage was better than the kernel storage in vigour index (1632), mobilization efficiency (8.97%), seedling dry weight all the containers in maintaining the seed quality traits.

Synchronization techniques for hybrid seed production of Pearl millet hybrid BPMH-3 M. PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. GURUMURTHY

An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of different (85.03%), test weight ( 10.63 g), seed yield per plant (22.13 g plant-1), staggered sowings and application of additional dose of nitrogen to seed yield per plot (1230 g), seed germination (95.40%), seedling late parent at different days on synchronization of flowering between vigour index (3603) and seedling dry weight (726 mg 10 seedlings-1) male (TPRT 111) and female parental lines (ICMA 9277) of pearl compared to other treatments. Another field experiment to know millet hybrid BPMH-3 during kharif 2016 at the Main Agricultural the effect of dates of sowing on flowering behaviour of parental Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. lines of pearl millet hybrid BPMH-3 was conducted at Saidapur Male parent flowered late by eleven days than female parent with farm Dharwad. The sowing dates influenced the flowering behaviour simultaneous sowing. Among the different staggerings, staggered of parental lines. Sowing during second fortnight of December was sowing of male parent nine days earlier to female parent and better as compared to other sowing dates because the difference in application of additional dose of 10 kg N ha-1 at 35 days after sowing days to 50 per cent flowering in both the parents was narrow down resulted in better synchronization of flowering and highest seed from 12 to 5 days leading to synchronization. None, of the sowing yield (1138 kg ha-1) over control (644.1 kg ha-1). This treatment also dates gave perfect synchrony and flowering difference (50%) ranged resulted in narrow difference in flowering between pollen parent from twelve to five days during first fortnight of June to second and seed parent and significantly increased the seed set per cent fortnight of December.

Influence of planting materials, sowing dates and spacing on seed yield and quality of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) ASHA KASTURINAIK KATTIMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. ESHANNA

The experiment with 12 treatments involving two planting materials (54.4), days to 50 per cent flowering (61.6), days to pod formation (seed and root), three sowing dates (1st Nov, 15th November and 1st (71.7) and pod maturity (103.5) more number of pods per plant December) and two spacings (60 cm × 30 cm and 60 cm × 45 cm) was (433.3), pod yield per plant (40.17 g) and pod yield per hectare laid out in three factorial RBD design with three replications at the (34.08 q), seed yield per plant (20.4 g) and seed yield per hectare Agricultural Research Station, Kallolli, Belgaum district of Karnataka (16.74 q) compared to other two sowing dates. Seed yield and yield state during Rabi season 2013. The results revealed that the yield parameters were significantly higher with wider spacing. Number of components like number of pods per plant (440.22), pod yield per pods per plant (376.8), pod yield per plant (37.17 g), pod yield per plant (38.46 g), pod yield per hectare (18.60 q), seed yield per plant hectare (31.39 q), seed yield per plant (18.59 g) and seed yield per (19.17 g) and seed yield per hectare (19.20 q) were higher in root hectare (14.07 q) increased under 60 cm × 45 cm spacing compared to transplanting. Among dates of sowing, 1st November sowing exhibited 60 cm × 30 cm. Transplanting of roots on November 1st at 60 cm × significantly increased growth parameters viz., more plant height 45 cm spacing recorded higher pod yield , seed yield and seed quality (90.6 cm), number of branches per plant (13.3), early flower initiation of radish.

67 Effect of biofertilizer on seed quality, storability and seed yield in Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVI HUNJE

The laboratory and field experiment was carried out with two factorial Rhizobium NC-92 @ 50 g kg-1 of seed + Pseudomonas striata @ concept in CRD and RBD design during kharif 2016 - 17 at the Seed 50 g kg-1 of seed recorded significantly higher seed germination Quality and Research Laboratory and Main Agriculture Research (73.76%), shoot and root length (8.71 cm and 11.68 cm), seedling Station Farm, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, vigour index (1503), seedling dry weight (0.238 g), seed moisture respectively. First factor consisted of fertilizer level viz., 100 per cent (9.96%) and lower EC value (1.46 dS m-1) as compared to control RDF and 75 per cent RDF, second factor consisted of nine treatments. (68.89%, 7.65 cm, 9.97 cm, 1213, 0.173 g, 10.27% and 1.95 dS m-1, The results revealed that seed quality, seed storability and field respectively). Plots having sown with 100 per cent RDF + greengram performance was superior in seeds treated with Rhizobium NC-92 seeds pelleted with Rhizobium NC-92 @ 50 g kg-1 of seed + Pseudomonas @ 50 g kg-1 of seed + Pseudomonasstriata @ 50 g kg-1 of seed as striata @ 50 g kg-1 of seed recorded significantly maximum plant height compared to control. Significantly high seed germination (95.54%), (73.14 cm) maximum number of branches (5.37) / plant, less number of vigour (3373), seedling dry weight (0.397 g) and seedling length days taken for 50 per cent flowering (37.19), number of pods/ plant (35.31 cm) and less EC value (0.40 dS m-1) were found at initial (29.62), number of seeds pod / (14.51) and seed yield / hectare (14.11 q) period. At the end of storage period, treatment combination of as compared to 75 per cent RDF + control in field experiment.

Effect of seed moisture, vigour levels and packaging materials on storability of sorghum, greengram and Sunflower SAVITA S. B. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. BIRADARPATIL

A study was undertaken to elucidate the effects of different moisture, sorghum and oil content (39.43-37.10%) in sunflowerwere found to vigour levels and packaging materials on storability of sorghum, greengram decrease, as the storage period progressed while the electrical and sunflower crop seeds at the Seed Quality and Research Laboratory, conductivity and reducing sugar content increased with increase in National Seed Project (crops), University of Agricultural Sciences, storage period. Whereas the total dehydrogenase (TDH) and peroxidase Dharwad during 2016-2017. The experiment was laid out in Completely activity decreased with increase in storage period. The rate of reduction Randomized Design (CRD) with 13 treatments replicated thrice. The in seed quality was lower with lower vigour seeds compared to high zeolite beads were found to be useful to reduce the seed moisture to vigour seeds. A significantly better improvement in the seed quality lower level and further maintenance during the storage, thus resulting in was maintained in low vigour seeds though high vigour seeds maintained better storability of seeds. The low moisture content (5%) has affected higher seed germination and other seed quality parameters throughout the seed germination and vigour in sorghum and greengram because of the storage period. High vigour seeds at 7 per cent moisture level in low temperature injury and in case of sunflower, the seeds dried to sorghum and greengram and at 5 per cent in sunflower seeds stored in 5 per cent showed high value for seed germination and other quality aluminum pouch recorded better germination and other seed quality parameters.Among the various biochemical parameters studied, the parameters over low vigour seeds with other moisture level and packaging protein content (5.79-5.59%) in greengram, sugar (68.37-66.74%) in material at the end of storage period.

Effect of desiccants on seed quality under hermetic storage KISHORE KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. HILLI

An investigation was undertaken with main objectives to know the recorded the highest germination (88.8, 88.2 and 89.4%) which was effect of desiccants on seed quality parameters of crop seeds during on par with silica gel (87.2, 86.8 and 88.0%) at the end of storage storage and to assess the benefit cost ratio of storage method period. Lower seed moisture, 100 seed weight was observed in the (economics) in wheat, bengalgram and sunflower with initial seed seeds stored with silica gel at the end of storage period. Higher rate of moisture content of 12.3, 10.2 and 8.9 per cent, respectively was germination, shoot length, root length, seedling vigour-I, seedling dry carried out between August, 2016 to April, 2017 at the Department weight and dehydrogenase activity was observed in seeds stored with of Seed Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS, zeolite beads which was on par with silica gel at the end of storage Dharwad. Quantity of desiccants stored per kilogram of seed in each period. The maximum benefit cost ratio of (14.57:1, 18.11:1 and crop viz., wheat, bengalgram and sunflower seeds is 0.37, 0.26 and 71.88:1) and (12.7:1, 16.28:1 and 67.85:1) was recorded with zeolite 0.21 kg for zeolite beads (Rhino Research), one kg for both silica gel, beads and silica gel in wheat, bengalgram and sunflower crop, calcium carbonate and control without desiccant in air tight container. respectively at the end of storage period compared to control. The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with Therefore, we can be concluded that the zeolite beads can be used four treatments and five replications. Seed stored with zeolite beads safely for seed drying without impairment in seed quality.

68 Effect of growth retardants and micronutrient (boron) spray on seed yield, quality and storabality of Fodder Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) R RENUKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. VYAKARANAHAL

A field experiment to investigate the effect of growth retardants and higher in maleic hydrazide sprayed @ 60 ppm and lowest values micronutrient (boron) on seed yield and quality of fodder cowpea cv. observed in control. A laboratory experiment on the effect of polymer MFC 9-1 was laid out in randomized block design in factorial concept coating, plant biocides and insecticides on seed quality of fodder cowpea during kharif 2016-17 at the Regional Centre of Indian Institute of during storage was conducted at the Seed Quality Research Laboratory, Pulses Research, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The National Seed Project, Dharwad. The experiment had 16 combinations experiment comprised of two factors viz., spraying of growth retardants involving two containers and eight seed treatments. Among all these, and stages of spraying with three replications. Foliar spray of maleic seed treatment with vitavax recorded maximum seed quality parameters hydrazide @ 60 ppm recorded significantly higher pods per plant like germination (89.83%), seedling vigour index (2623), shoot length (14.67), seeds per pod (12.89), seed yield per plant (7.62 g) and seed (13.0 cm) and lowest electrical conductivity (0.574) upto nine months yield per ha (654 kg/ha). Plant growth parameters were significantly which were on par with castor oil and sweet flag. Whereas the lowest influenced with the same treatment viz., number of leaves (93.33) and germination (80.00%), seedling vigour index (2125), shoot length chlorophyll content (48.57) compared to control. Quality parameters (11.26 cm), and highest electrical conductivity (0.643) were noticed in viz., root length and seedling vigour index (3557) were significantly control at nine months of storage period.

Effect of genotypes, date of sowing and fertiliser application on seed yield and quality of Sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) SANGGONDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. ESHANNA

-1 A field experiment to study the effect of three dates of sowing [first F3 recorded significantly higher seed yield (1,808 kg ha ) and fortnight (FN) of July (F1), second FN of July (F2) and first FN of significantly higher values of yield componentscompared to F2 and F1.

August (F3)], two genotype [Local and SUN-053] and three fertilizer Similarly the growth parameters were significantly higher at F3 fertilizer levels [25:50:25 (F1), 31.25:62.5:31.25 (F2) and 37.5:75:37.5 (F3) NPK compared to F2 and F1. Among genotypes significantly higher growth, kg ha-1] on seed yield and quality of sunnhemp was conducted at the seed yield and seed quality parameters were recorded in local genotype Agricultural Research Station, Kalloli, in Belgaum district of Karnataka (1,712 kg ha-1) over varietySUN-053 (1,657 kg ha-1). Since dry matter during kharif 2016. The experiment was laid out in a split-split plot is more in local genotype (98.55 g plant-1) so it is more suitable for design with three replications under irrigation. Among all dates of sowing, growing as green manuring crop. Best treatment combination (D3G1F3) significantly higher plant height,number of branchesand dry matter was sunnhemp local genotype sown during 1st FN of August applied production with yield and yield attributes like, number of pods per with 37.5:75:37.5 NPK kg ha-1 recorded higher seed yield (1,999 kg ha-1), plant, number of seeds per pod, seed yield per plant (20.02 g plant-1), seed germination (81.50 %) and seedling vigour index (3431) over the thousand seed weight (44.91 g) and seed yield (1,798 kg ha-1) were other variety, dates of sowing and fertilizer dosages in the Northern recorded under D3 date of sowing. Application of high dose of fertilizer Dry Zone of Karnataka (Zone-3).

Biopriming with seed endophytes and its effect on seedling vigour in Green gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] SIQUEIRA JOVITA ROSADA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. CHANDRASHEKHAR

An investigation was undertaken to assess the presence of seed recorded higher germination (89.79%), root length (22.46 cm), shoot endophytes in ten different genotypes of greengram viz., DGGV-2, length (20.56 cm), vigour index (3874), seedling fresh weight, seedling IPM -2-14, IPM -2-14, TM -96-2, VGG, Vamban 2, China mung, Sona dry weight, lower electrical conductivity and moisture content compared mung, MH-2-15 and IPM-2-03 and their ability to produce Indole-3- to other varieties under both laboratory and green house conditions. acetic acid and solubilize mineral insoluble phosphates and also to Seeds treated with the isolate AUUB 456 recorded higher germination assess the efficacy of isolated endophytes on seedling growth in both (87.90%), root length (22.31 cm), shoot length (19.12 cm), vigour index laboratory and green house conditions. A total of 128 isolates obtained (3649), seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, lower electrical from the 10 genotypes out of which, 13 were actinobacteria and 115 conductivity and moisture content as compared to seeds treated with were bacteria. Screening for plant growth promoting activities revealed other isolates under both laboratory and green house conditions. In the that out of 128 isolates AUUB 417, AUUB 433, AUUB 440, AUUB interactions of varieties and isolates (V x I) DGGV-2 with AUUB 417 465, AUUB 507, AUUB 454 and AUUB 456 were positive for the and DGGV-2 with AUUB 433 showed higher vigour index in laboratory IAA production and AUUB 456 and AUUB 507 showed positive for conditions and DGGV-2 with AUUB 417, DGGV-2 with AUUB 456 phosphate solubilzation. These seven isolates were used for seed treatment and IPM -2-14 with AUUB 456 showed higher seedling vigour under in all ten varieties. Among the seed treatments, variety DGGV-2 green house condition.

69 Effect of seed size, seasonal influence (kharif and summer) on seed quality and prediction of seed storability through accelerated ageing in Soybean MANISHA MOHAN DEVADIGA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. K. DESHPANDE

A laboratory experiment was undertaken to study the effect of seed Among the two seasons (kharif and summer) of production, seeds of size, seasonal influence (kharif and summer) on seed quality and DSb 21 produced from kharif season recorded the highest seedling prediction of seed storability through accelerated ageing in soybean vigour index (4028) and field emergence (92.67%) than summer at the Seed Quality Research Laboratory of University of Agricultural produced DSb 21. Accelerated ageing of soybean seeds was carried Sciences, Dharwad during 2016-2017. The experiment was laid out in out by exposing to 40 ± 10C temperature and 90 per cent relative two factor Completely Randomised Design with three replications. humidity for a period of 0-4 days in accelerated ageing chamber. Seeds of soybean varieties viz., JS 335, JS 93-05, DSb 21and JS Among the treatments DSb 21 maintained highest quality parameters 95-60 harvested from summer 2015 - 16 were evaluated for storability. such as germination (88.07%, 88.67%) and seedling vigour index

Seeds were graded into large size (S1), medium size (S2) and small size (2962, 3386) in both natural ageing for nine months and accelerated

(S3) by using top sieve of size 8.00 ® and bottom sieve 4.00 (s). ageing for four days, respectively and the lowest quality parameters Among the treatments small size seeds of DSb 21 showed maximum were observed in JS 95-60. Small size seeds performed better over germination (79.33%) and seedling vigour index (2184) whereas the other seed sizes and kharif sown seeds produced highest quality lowest germination (71.67%) and seedling vigour index (1432) were parameters than summer produced seeds and DSb 21 emerged as the observed in large size seeds of JS 95-60 during nine months of storage. better storer over other varieties.

Effect of foliar application of growth substances on seed yield, quality and storability of Soybean [Glycine max L. Merrill] C. G. KEERTHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. VYAKARANAL

A field experiment was conducted at the Main Agricultural Research University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad for a period of nine Station, Dharwad, during kharif 2016 with factorial RCBD design, months during 2016 - 2017 with factorial CRD design, first factor first factor consisted of two varieties namely, JS 335 and DSb 21 consisted of two packaging materials viz., cloth bag and HDPE bag and second factor consisted of foliar application of growth substances and second factor consisted of eight seed treatments. The results consisted of six treatments viz.,T1: Salicylic acid @ 50 ppm at revealed that, the higher germination (95.33%), vigour index, low seedling stage and at pod initiation stage, T2: GA3 @ 50 ppm at electrical conductivity of seed leachate and low insect infestation seedling stage, T3: Acetyl salicylic acid @ 20 ppm at seedling and was observed in T7: Polymer seed coating @ 5 ml per kg of seeds + pod filling stage, T4: KH2PO4 @ 2% flowering and pod filling stage, vitavax @ 2 g per kg of seeds + deltametrin @ 0.3 ml per kg of

T5: á- tocopherol @ 100 ppm at seedling, flowering and pod filling seedscompared to control. The foliar spray of á- tocopherol @ 100 stage and T6: Control. The vegetative growth characters, seed yield ppm at seedling, flowering and pod filling stage (T5) gives higher

(2,595.83 kg / ha) was found superior in the treatment T5 and it was yield. The seed treatment with Polymer seed coating @ 5 ml per kg on par with T1 compared to T6. The laboratory experiment was of seeds + vitavax @ 2 g per kg of seeds + deltametrin @ 0.3 ml per kg conducted in the Department of Seed Science and Technology, of seeds (T7) maintains better quality.

Effect of bio-priming on seed yield, quality and storage of Sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) RAGHAVENDRA TALAWAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S.CHANDRASHEKHAR

A field experiment to study the effect of bio-priming on seed yield (2,820 kg/ha) compared to other seed treatments. The laboratory and quality of sweet corn was conducted at the Agricultural Research experiment was conducted under completely randomized design to Station at Mugad, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during study the effect of bio-pelleting on storability of sweet corn seeds kharif 2016. The experiment was laid out under Randomized Complete involving six treatments viz., T1: Control, T2: Storage of seeds treated

Block Design (RCBD) comprising of nine seed priming treatments with liquid bio-fertilizer Azospirillium spp (4 ml/kg seeds), T3: Storage with bio-inoculants and chemicals like captan, Azospirillium spp., of seeds pelleted with arappu leaf powder (300 g/kg seed), T4: Storage phosphurous solubilizing bacteria (PSB), alone or in combination on of seeds pelleted with neem leaf powder (300 g/kg seed), T5: Storage quantitative and qualitative parameters of sweet corn. Seeds treated of seeds pelleted with adathoda leaf powder (300 g/kg seed), with Azospirillium spp. (2 g/kg seeds) + PSB (2 g/kg seeds) + T6: Storage of seeds pelleted with Acorus calamus (10 g/kg seed). Gluconacetobacter (2 g/kg seeds) recorded significantly higher plant Seeds pelleted with arappu leaf powder (300 g/kg seed) maintained height (200.1 cm), number of leaves (12.50), lesser days to higher germination (89.68%) at the end of six months of storage with 50 per cent tasseling (46.10) and silking (50.30) and dry matter higher root length (18.34 cm), shoot length (17.21 cm), seedling vigour production per plant at maturity (235.60), cob length (18.60 cm), index II (183), seedling dry weight (2.01 g-10 seedlings) and with lower seed rows per cob (14.80), seeds per cob (615.00) and seed yield electrical conductivity (0.392 dS m-1) compared to other treatments.

70 Influence of provenance on storability and quality of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with special reference to Aspergillus flavus H. B. SUSHMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK S. SAJJAN

An investigation was carried out with two experiments at the Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium spp., Rhizophus spp., Colletotrichum University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2015-16. The spp. and Penicillium spp. Storage experiment in factorial completely storage experiment consisted of summer grown seeds in nine locations randomized design consisted of six infection level (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 from three districts viz., Dharwad (Kallur, Mangalgatti and and 3%) in combination with five seed treatments (Untreated, 2g Mulmuttal), Belgavi (Shivapura, Belwadi and Dodwada), Bagalkot Bavistin, 1ml Raxil, 3g Vitavax power and 10g Trichoderma viridae (Metgud, Ambaljhari and Yadahalli). The seeds collected fromBelwadi per kg seed).The treatment combination uninfected seeds with vitavax of Belgavi district recorded significantly higher germination power 3g/kg seed recorded higher values of seed quality attributes (91.00%),root length (21.42cm),shoot length (16.60cm),vigour index such as germination (91.67-74.00%), root length (21.97-20.17cm), (3470), seedling dry weight (271 mg), test weight (41.6g), lower shoot length(16.48-15.83cm), vigour index (3525-1877), test weight electrical conductivity (0.37dSm-1) and moisture (7.2%). Among the (41.22-38.10 g), seedling dry weight(352-34 mg), protein (25.88- districts, Bagalkot district seeds recorded higher mean per cent infection 25.26%), oil (46.30-45.79%), lower moisture (7.20-8.56%), per cent (13.86%) followed by Dharwad (13.18%) and Belgavi (12.47%). infection (0.00-19.33%), electrical conductivity (0.351-0.513dSm-1) Overall six microflora were isolated. Among the isolates Aspergillus and lipase (4.60-9.39 ìmoles min-1) from first month to nine month of niger (15.45%) recorded higher per cent infection followed by storage.

Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Horse gram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (LAM)] genotypes M. U. DHARSHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. CHANDRASHEKHAR

The characterization of varieties for purity testing and identification spreading type of growth habit and indeterminate type of growth has attained much importance in seed production programmes and pattern and further, the variation could not be observed in case of the seed industry has been highly aided from the ability to assess raceme position and leaf pubescence. The wide variation was observed cultivar purity and identity. The present study has been carried out for various phenotypic and yield characteristics such as pod colour, to characterize twenty four horse gram genotypes through number of pods per plant (123.07 - 233.67), pod initiation (49.8 - morphological and molecular techniques at the University of 70.67 days), pod length (3.97- 4.83 cm), number of seeds per pod Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during kharif season of 2015 and the (4.33 – 6.00), pod shattering, pod pubescence, pod curvature, pod molecular characterization were carried out in the laboratory of maturity (82.73- 123.67 days) and seed yield (8.8- 20.57 g) among 24 Institute of Agri-Biotechnology. Based on the seed coat colour and horse gram genotypes and were grouped into different categories. the biochemical tests carried out, the genotypes were grouped into The molecular data of 24 varieties using eleven primers revealed four groups viz. brown, light brown, dark brown and black colour monomorphic bands suggesting low genetic diversity and high genetic (PHG-04). In case of plant growth pattern, all the genotypes were kinship due to the autogamous nature of pulses.

Molecular analysis of rice – actinobacteria interaction for seedling vigour under abiotic stress N. N. MOHAN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. CHANDRASHEKHAR

Laboratory and pot experiments were conducted at the Departments stressed and salt stress recorded higher seedling emergence (96 and of Seed Science and Technology as well as Biotechnology, University 86%), shoot length (32 and 10.7 cm), root length (9.5 and 4.56 cm), of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to study the molecular analysis of fresh weight (246 and 109 mg) and dry weight (65.2 and 38.0 mg) rice - actinobacteria interaction for seedling vigour under abiotic stress respectively as compared to other treatments. The transcriptome studies during 2016-2017. The objective was to identify potent salt tolerant found 309 differentially expressed genes (153 up and 156 down actinobacteria for plant growth promotion and understand the molecular regulated) in inoculated samples compared to un-inoculated samples basis of salt stress tolerance in rice. A total of 104 actinobacteria were under salt stress. The genes for transcriptional factors (DREB, ERTF, screened to identify salt (7% NaCl) tolerant AUUB 209 isolate with AP2, MYB), phytohormone synthesis (auxin efflux protein, IAA production and phosphate solubilisation activity. Laboratory cytochorome P450), heat shock proteins and antioxidant enzymes studies indicated bio-priming with AUUB 209 under non-stressed and (peroxidase, oxidoreductase) were upregulated under salinity stress salt stress condition improved germination (97 and 98 %), root length tolerance. The improved seedling vigour observed in rice under salt (10.38 and 8.42 cm), shoot length (8 and 8.24 cm), vigour index (1793 stress can be attributed to expression of genes involved in hormone and 1636), seedling fresh weight (390 and 333 mg) and seedling dry synthesis. The results indicate that AUUB 209 can be developed as weight (232 and 173 mg) respectively as compared to other treatments. bioinoculant for saline environment and as phyto-stimulator to impart Pot experiments revealed bio-priming with AUUB 209 under non- salt stress tolerance in plants.

71 Effect of foliar spray of micronutrients on seed yield, quality and seed treatment on storability in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) genotypes MAHAMMAD ISAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK. S. SAJJAN

Nutrient management through foliar application is considered to be electrical conductivity (0.38 dS/m) was noticed due to foliar important mother crop nutrition. Keeping this in view a field application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent at 25 DAS and 45 DAS as experiment was conducted during 2010 at the Main Agriculture compared to other treatments. Seed storage study of above three Research Station, UAS, Dharwad to assess the seed yield and seed cowpea varieties with seed treatment (captan, malathion, sweet flag quality in cowpea varieties as influenced by foliar application of rhizome, castor oil and their combination) was conducted. Treatment micronutrients viz, ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent, FeSO4 @ 0.5 per cent and combination of captan @ 2 g/kg and malathion @ 3 g/kg of seeds, had

MgSO4 @ 0.5 per cent, on cowpea genotypes viz, C-152, DC-47-1 significantly higher germination (78.67%), shoot length (10.00 cm), and DC-15. It was laid out in factorial RBD with three replications. root length (12.1 cm), seedling dry weight (0.14 mg), seedling vigour Significant increase in plant height (120.56 cm), number of branches index (1738), 100 seeds weight (8.36 g) and lower electrical (12.87), relative chlorophyll content (58.6), number of pods per plant conductivity (0.42 dS/m). Similarly seeds treated with castor oil (18.98), pod length (19.03 cm), number of seeds per pod (12.42), 100 5 ml/kg of seeds was on par with seeds treated with captan @ 2 g/kg seed weight (13.14 g), seed yield per hectare (13.53 q/ha), seed of seeds. The seeds treated with combination of captan @ 2 g/kg and germination (96.44%), shoot length (22.29 cm), root length (14.98 cm), malathion @ 3 g/kg of seeds, maintained seed quality parameters even seedling vigour index (3596), seedling dry weight (0.23 g) and lesser at end of nine months of storage.

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Assessment of impact of Krishi Bhagya Scheme of Karnataka MOHAMMAD AKBAR NADEERPOOR MAJOR ADVISOR Dr. R. S. PODDAR

Krishi Bhagya Scheme (KBS) has been an ambitious flagship districts was found to be much better compared to Dharwad and programme of Government of Karnataka launched during 2014-15. Gadag. The scheme had a positive impact in terms of additional The scheme exhibits special features of convergence and integration water available over a period of time, additional number of irrigations of various activities in farming especially water conservation and and additional area irrigated. With irrigation facility available from management. The study aimed at assessing the progress and impact the farm pond, major crops in the study area showed substantial of the scheme on farmer beneficiaries in five districts. Primary and increases in yields. Farmers could realize higher economic benefits secondary data during 2016-17 were used for study. Tabular analysis in spite of deficit rains in the study area during period. It can safely and Garrett ranking techniques were used to analyze the data. The be concluded that KBS is a potential scheme to improve the economic findings revealed that farmers who constructed farm ponds did not condition of farm families in dry farming areas. A few constraints adopt all the schemes. It is also inferred that most of the components like difficulty with supplies and services by the agencies lengthy have been implemented in the first two years. Construction of farm procedure in project clearance, delay in transfer of subsidy were ponds took away a major share in the total amount spent for KBS in reported by the respondents. In view of potential financial benefits the state. An overall picture of distributions of benefits of the scheme and popularity of the scheme, it is suggested to strengthen the revealed that Belagavi district received greater share of benefits within scheme with adequate budgetary support and overcoming constraints the study area. Performance of Belagavi, Vijayapur and Bagalkote reported in the study.

Feasibility of establishing the farmer producer organization (FPO) on Lime in Vijayapur district P. BUDDHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. Y. TEGGI

The study was conducted in all five taluks (Vijayapur, Basavana FPO for lime in Vijayapur district include, non-acquisition of tractor, Bagewadi, Indi, Sindagi, Muddebihal) of Vijayapur district. The grading techniques, counting machine and high commission charges descriptive analytical tools such as average and per cent; Compound by the agents. Indi taluk of Vijayapur district was considered as a Annual Growth Rate (CAGR), discounted cash flow techniques potential taluk for the establishment of lime FPO. The results of and Garrett Ranking techniques were employed to analyse the discounted cash flow techniques like NPV (` 25.88 Lakh at 18% collected data. A positive and significant annual growth in area disccount rate), BCR (1.05) and IRR (21.98%) showed that the (4.63%) and production (5.35%) of acid lime was recorded in establishment of FPO for lime in Indi taluk would be financially Karnataka state. Likewise, the CAGR of area and production of feasible. In addition, the project would be feasible, even if the total acid lime was positive in Basavana Bagewadi (21.48%), Vijayapur revenue is decreased and the total cost increased by 2 per cent, (11.58 %) and Indi taluks (28.34%) selected district. The SWOT respectively. Overall, the establishment of lime FPO in Indi taluk is analysis for establishment of lime FPO in the study area revealed found to be economically feasible. Hence, investing in FPO would that availability of fertilizers and PPCs were the major strengths. definitely enhance the livelihood of small and marginal lime Whereas, non-availability of storage facilities and lack of crop cultivators of the selected district and also fetch profit for the insurance were noted to be the weaknesses and easy market access investors. The project would be supported by institutions like SFAC, was one of the greatest opportunities. Major threats for establishing NABARD and other private organizations.

72 Export performance of tobacco from India - An economic analysis BHARATI R. BAGARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. A. HANDIGOL

Tobacco is an important commercial crop which plays a significant Coppock’s instability index was calculated for two sub periods role in Indian economy. In the present study, the export performance separately and India as a whole. The results revealed that the export of tobacco was analysed for the period from 2000-01 to 2014-15 of tobacco both in terms of quantity and value was considerably using state wise and national level time series data. Study was based stable in the first period as compared to the second period. FCV and on both primary and secondary data, primary data was collected chewing tobacco accounted major share in total export of through mailed questionnaire method and secondary data from tobacco unmanufactured and manufactured tobacco respectively. Markov chain board and various websites. Compound annual growth rate, cuddy analysis revealed that Russia was the stable importer of Indian delle velle instability index, coppock’s instability index, markov chain unmanufactured tobacco and projections revealed that exports would analysis, regression analysis and garrette’s ranking technique were increase to Belgium and UAE by 2020. Singapore and Qatar were the used in the study. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and Karnataka showed most stable importers of manufactured tobacco. The factors, production positive growth rate in area, production and productivity of tobacco. and domestic price were positively contributing to the export of Maharashtra was found to be highly instable in production of tobacco tobacco. The study suggested an appropriate guidance from export with 57.60 per cent of instability index. The overall growth rate of organisations on export varieties and international markets should be tobacco export was found to be significant with low instability index. made available on time to the growers and exporters of tobacco.

Economic analysis of sugarcane based and alternate cropping systems in irrigated sugarcane belts of Belagavi district B. R. BINDU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MUNDINAMANI

The study on economic analysis of sugarcane mono-cropping, CS-II, CS-I, CS-IV and CS-V (` 1,56,538.71, ` 1,45,075.19, sugarcane based intercropping and alternate cropping systems was ` 1,42,575.07 and ` 88,966.06/ha, respectively). Maximum net conducted in Belagavi district of north Karnataka. It was based on returns per hectare were found under CS-IV (` 1,40,198.04), followed primary data collected from 120 sample respondents during 2016-17. by CS-III, CS-V, CS-II and CS-I (` 1,07,835.52, ` 84,793.06, The sample respondents practiced sugarcane mono-cropping, 6 ` 78,391.17 and ` 54,898.31/ha, respectively). The MVP/MFC ratio sugarcane based intercropping and 5 alternate cropping systems to for FYM, bullock labour and machine labour in CS-I, setts/seeds, sugarcane. The predominant two sugarcane based inter-cropping FYM and human labour in CS-II, setts/ seeds, FYM and human and alternate cropping systems were considered. The Tabular and labour in CS-III, Rhizome and irrigation in case of CS-IV and seeds, functional analysis were employed to analyse data. CS-I (Sugarcane PPC and bullock labour in case of CS-V were greater than unity, mono-crop), CS-II (Sugarcane+ Fodder maize), CS-III (Sugarcane+ indicating further scope for using additional units these inputs to Soybean), CS-IV (Turmeric-sole) and CS-V (Maize + Chickpea + increase gross income. Lower yield in sugarcane, excess and Groundnut) were the five major cropping systems identified in the injudicious use of water, low soil fertility and high cost of cultivation study area. It was found that, per hectare total cost of cultivation were the major constraints faced by the farmers in sugarcane was found to be highest in CS-III (` 1,60,061.09/ha) followed by cultivation.

Supply - demand analysis of professional agricultural human resource in Karnataka SHRUTI S. KABBUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. R. KIRESUR

The present study was conducted in the University of Agricultural descriptive analysis and Garrett scoring technique. Weighted Average Sciences, Dharwad during 2016-17 to analyse the supply of and Score (WAS) was calculated for assessing the satisfaction/perception demand for professional agricultural human resource in Karnataka. level of the students and teachers on various parameters. There was Primary data was collected from University of Agricultural Sciences, a positive growth in the intake of students (5.36%) and out-turn of Bengaluru, with 345 respondents including 214 students, 80 teachers, graduates (3.36%) at all the three degree levels during the study 50 alumni (graduated within 2001-2010) and one Registrar. The period. The number of graduates coming out from the university sample students and teachers were selected from all the five teaching was forecasted from 2016-17 to 2029-30. There was negative campuses using stratified proportionate random sampling method, supply-demand gap (demand minus supply) for all the degree levels. while the alumni were chosen by snowball sampling technique, and Majority of the students got admitted “by choice” to doctoral (97%) the Registrar of UASB was selected purposively. The supply of as well as to master’s (94%) and bachelor’s (67%) degree agricultural graduates was estimated and analysed using the data on programmes. Quality and employability skills acquired by the enrolment, admissions, passed-out, and placements of graduates student respondents improved due to agricultural degree programme. collected from University Registrar’s office. For estimating demand The course curriculum did not completely match the requirements for agricultural graduates, data was obtained from the Institute of of jobs in both government and self-entrepreneurship, but on the Applied Manpower Research (IAMR) reports. The analytical tools other hand, had repetition/overlapping of some courses and used to process the data were compound annual growth rate, inadequate field visits.

73 Performance of chickpea in Malaprabha command area - An economic analysis GAYATRI P. BEELIGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. T. SHARMA

The study on performance of chickpea in Malaprabha command area hectare in Gadag district was marginally high (` 73,777/ha) as compared was conducted in three districts namely, Dharwad, Belagavi and Gadag. to Dharwad (` 73,642/ha) and Belagavi districts (` 70,588/ha). With It was based on primary data collected from 120 sample farmers using respect to net returns per hectare obtained in Gadag district was highest random sampling method during 2016-17. The result indicated that (` 46,019/ha) as compared to Dharwad (` 5,500/ha) and Belagavi there was positive but non-significant growth in area (6.65%) and districts (` 42,958/ha). The cultivation of chickpea in the study area production (5.94%) of chickpea. The share of variable cost and fixed was found to be profitable as also supported by a high magnitude of cost in the total cost of cultivation was 85.14 per cent and BC ratio of 1.60 for overall study area. The highest yield was obtained 14.86 per cent respectively. Among the three districts, the total cost in Gadag district (13.14 q/ha) followed by Dharwad district (13.00 q/ha) incurred per hectare by the Dharwad district was highest (` 28,141/ha), and Belagavi district (12.92 q/ha). The study reveled that most of the as compared to Gadag (` 27,757/ha) and Belagavi districts (` 27,629/ha). resources were underutilized as indicted by MVP: MFC ratios and only The district wise analysis indicated that the gross returns obtained per fertilizers was over-utilized among all the inputs utilized in study area.

Supply-demand analysis of professional agricultural human resource in Tamil Nadu S. NIRANJAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. R. KIRESUR

This study was conducted in the University of Agricultural Sciences, degree levels, respectively. Though the graduates acquired various Dharwad, during 2015-16, which analyzed the supply-demand gap personality development skills, they felt that they had more of professional agricultural human resource in Tamil Nadu, and theoretical knowledge than practical skills, which were most desired examined the skill gaps and the relationship between profile by the employers as opined by alumni of TNAU. Interest in subject characteristics, choice of courses and career preferences of agricultural was the most important reason for the selection of the course by graduates in Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), choice, followed by usefulness of the study for competitive Coimbatore. The study was mainly based on the primary data collected examinations. However, service sector employment was the most from the sample respondents consisting of Registrar (1), teachers preferred career option by students, followed by higher education (50), students (106) and alumni (50) of TNAU. Descriptive statistics, and farming. Teachers desired to spend 49%, 41%, 15%, and 3.5% in compound annual growth rate, Garrett Ranking technique and teaching, research, extension and administration as against 43%, 37%, Forecasting tools were used to process the data. The intake and outturn 14.34% and 7% spent at present. Both teachers and students were of the University have grown by 11.84 per cent and 10.64 per cent, fully satisfied with college administration and infrastructure except a respectively. The forecast revealed that, there would be an excess in few limitations like laboratory facilities and vehicles for field visits. the supply of graduates (1,776) at the end of 2029-30, which would Parents’ income, family type and background were the most important be 1023 graduates at bachelor level, 401 and 352 at master and doctoral determinants of their career.

Potential ban on Tobacco consumption and its impact on livelihood of Tobacco farmers in Karnataka B. S. KIRANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. Y. TEGGI

The present study was conducted in Hunsur and Periyapatna taluks sugarcane (1.70) and chilli (1.63), and in rainfed area hyacinth bean of Mysuru and Hukkeri and Chikkodi taluks of Belagavi district (1.92), cotton (1.68) and maize (1.66) were next best alternative crops based on highest area under the tobacco in Karnataka. It was based on to FCV tobacco (1.60) in terms of BC ratio. In case of beedi tobacco the primary data collected through personal interview method from study revealed that sugarcane (1.98) and chilli (1.68) in irrigated area, 80 tobacco and 64 non-tobacco farmers for the year 2015-16. soybean (1.72) and maize (1.62) in rainfed area were next best Descriptive statistics, budgeting technique and Garrett ranking tools alternative crops to beedi tobacco (1.63). In case of alternative were used for the analysis. The results revealed that tobacco farmers livelihood options for tobacco most of the tobacco farmers chosen were socio-economically in good position than non-tobacco farmers crop production followed by crop production + farm wage earning in terms of land holding, education and annual income in the area. It and crop production + farm wage + non-farm wage earning as next was revealed from the study that, per acre cost of cultivation in Flue livelihood options. Relative profit and no food related issues were Cured Virginia and beedi tobacco were ` 49,445 and ` 28,684 with net the main reasons for growing tobacco in this areas. Majority of the returns of ` 29,571 and ` 17,965, respectively. With regarding to farmers expressed timely non-availability of labour, scarcity of pattern of employment in tobacco weeding, harvesting and grading irrigation water, high fluctuation in price of the produce and high cost consumed more man days of labour. In irrigated area ginger (1.71), of inputs as top constraints in tobacco cultivation.

74 Impact of wind mills installation on agricultural land: A socio-economic perspective R. MAHESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MUNDINAMANI A study on the impact of wind mills installation on agricultural land in acre of land was cultivated by the farmers after the wind turbines Gadag district of Karnataka was done in the University of Agricultural installed and meagre amount of 0.46 acre was wasted. Most of the Sciences, Dharwad. It was based on primary data collected from 120 farmers spent the amount received from selling land to wind turbine sample respondents, 60 of them were wind turbine farmers and 60 of companies for house/sheds construction and old loans repayment. The them were non-wind turbine famers and 10 wind turbine agencies during companies in the study area employed 20 wind turbine farmers for a 2016-17. Tabular presentation method, budgeting technique, project period of 95 days with a wage rate of ` 150 per day. The financial evaluation technique and Garrett ranking techniques were employed feasibility of the wind turbine companies was found to be feasible by for data analysis. The sample farmers on an average, sold 14.28 acre of revelling net present value of ` 1,54,31,305, benefit cost ratio was 1.22, land for the installation of wind turbines, of which, 13.32 acre was internal rate of return was 15.25 per cent and payback period was 7.3 cultivable land, which accounted for more than 93.00 per cent of the years. The sustained increase in land value and supply of electricity to total land and 0.96 acre was uncultivable hilly land, which accounts the villages were the advantages. Loss of cultivable land, increase in hardly seven per cent. In the sold area of 14.28 acre, 7.75 acre of land land value and sound pollution in the villages were the major constraints was utilised by the companies for installation of wind turbines, 6.07 faced by the farmers after the installation of wind turbines. Economics of selected vegetables hybrid seed production under contract farming system in Northern Karnataka MANJUNATHA PALED MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. GULEDAGUDDA Contract farming is an agreement between farmers and companies for Results revealed that human labour (1.71) was significant at one per the production and supply of agricultural products under forward cent, seedlings (0.26) and irrigation (0.10) was significant at five per agreements at pre-agreed prices. The present study was conducted in cent in brinjal. In cucumber, only human labour (3.80) and PPC (0.76) Haveri and Koppal districts of Northern Karnataka. A sample of 128 were found to be significant at one per cent level. In chilli, only PPC farmers practicing hybrid seed production in brinjal, cucumber, chilli (0.64) was significant at five per cent level. In watermelon, human and watermelon was selected through multistage random sampling. labour (0.81) was significant at one per cent level, bullock and machine The data were collected for 2015-16 through personal interview labour (0.45), irrigation (0.86) and FYM (-0.11) were significant at method. The data was analyzed through Cobb-Douglas production five per cent level. The coefficient of multiple determination (R2) for function. The results revealed that cost incurred in brinjal, cucumber, brinjal, cucumber, chilli and watermelon were 0.88, 0.91, 0.85 and chilli and watermelon were ` 5,76,928, ` 5,05,110, ` 5,67,758 and 0.86, respectively. Returns to scale were 2.26, 4.59, 1.83 and 1.43 ` 1,67,775 per ha, respectively. Gross returns obtained in brinjal, respectively for brinjal, cucumber, chilli and watermelon. Influence cucumber, chilli and watermelon were found to be ` 11,19,710, of company staff was the major factor in introducing farmers to the ` 10,74,320, ` 15,16,078 and ` 2,87,147 per ha, respectively. Net seed production. Written agreement was followed in contract seed returns were found to be ` 5,42,782, ` 5,69,210, ` 9,48,320 and production. Farmers had frequent contact by company personnel. ` 1,19,373 in brinjal, cucumber, chilli and watermelon, respectively. Scarcity of skilled labour was the major problem faced by the farmers. Supply response of Soybean in Karnataka – An economic analysis RAKESH SINDAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. BASAVARAJA This study analyzed the impact of supply response of soybean in soybean production had same pattern but again Dharwad (0.0019) major soybean growing districts of Karnataka. A total of 120 had negative elasticity. In case of soybean productivity elasticity respondents were surveyed in the year 2016-17 to evaluate the socio- was negative in cases of Bidar (0.03) and Karnataka (2.53) as a whole economic conditions of soybean growing farmers in Belagavi district while positive in cases of Belagavi (0.05) and Dharwad (1.76). The of Karnataka. Nerlovian stock adjustment model was used to estimate sample respondents had an average annual income of ` 99,107 of the supply behaviour. The short-run and long-run price elasticities which 87 per cent was from main occupation and remaining were computed using Nerlovian supply model. The growth rate in 13 per cent from subsidiary occupation. The estimated price soybean area and production during the period 1998-99 to 2013-14 elasticities of soybean area, productivity and production generally for Karnataka as a whole showed positive growth rate of 9.79 per cent showed the inelastic nature of soybean crop in the state both in short and 8.89 per cent where as productivity showed negative growth rate and long-run. This is however, may be because the increase in price of of 4.55 per cent. The short-run price elasticities of soybean area were soybean was not to the extent that induced the farmers to allocate positive for Belagavi (0.01), Bidar (0.09) and state (0.01) as a whole more area to this crop and absence of adequate support and except for Dharwad (0.07) district was negative. Price elasticities of remunerative price policies. Economic evaluation of dryland agriculture in Gadag district RENUKA NAGARAHALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GIRISH N. KULKARNI Focus of the study was on economic evaluation of dryland agriculture using pre-tested schedule were elicited for the agriculture year 2016-17 in Gadag district. The cost,returns and level of profit from major through survey method.For the purpose of analyzing marketing costs cropping systems (CS) throw light on the most profitable options to and margins in various marketing channels for major crops, 75 market farmers under dryland condition. A sample size of 150 farmers was intermediaries were selected. Tabular presentation technique, Cobb- selected using multistage random samplingmethod and primary data Douglas production function and Garrett ranking technique were used

75 in study to analyze the data. Onion + chilli + cotton (CS-I), greengram and indicating further scope for using additional units of these inputs to + cotton(CS-II), groundnut + cotton (CS-III) and cotton sole crop increase gross income. Five different marketing channels for major crops (CS-IV) were important cropping systems followed. Total cost was were identified in the study area.Among these channels, Channel-I high in CS-I (` 53,455/ha), followed by CS-III (` 47,246/ha), CS-II (Producer-Commission agent-Wholesaler-Retailer) was found to be more (` 41,355/ha) and CS-IV (` 38,430/ha).The maximum net returns efficient in respect of onion, chilli, greengram and groundnut. For cotton, were found under CS-I (` 52,453/ha), followed by CS-III, CS-II and Channel-IV (Producer-Commission agent-Processor) was found to be CS-IV (` 37,674, ` 31,311 and ` 28,026/ha, respectively). The more efficient as indicated by larger producer’s share in consumer rupee. functional analysis revealed that the ratio of marginal value product to The overall result of the study indicates that among the major cropping marginal factor cost was greater than one for seed, positive for FYM, systems, onion + chilli + cotton(CS-I) was found to be the most profitable fertilizer and plant protection chemicalsunder major cropping systems under rainfed condition, followed by groundnut + cotton(CS-III). An economic analysis of income generating activities of farm women in North Karnataka AKSHATA S. DODDAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. A. HANDIGOL The study undertaken at the University of Agricultural Sciences, (Savadatti taluk of Belagavi district). The net returns obtained was Dharwad during the year 2016-2017 analysed economics of income more by kirani shop ` 73,900 with BC ratio of 1.80 in Dharwad district generating activities of farm women in North Karnataka, their impact and ` 48,275 net returns by roti making activity with BC ratio of 2.20 on employment, income and problems faced by farm women at her in Belagavi district. The employment generated was more in case of work. The multistage random sampling technique was employed to xerox shop activity with 342 days/year in Dharwad district and hotel select 120 respondents in Dharwad and Belagavi districts. From each activity with 352 days/year in Belagavi district. By practising the income district 60 respondents were selected. Required primary data for the generating activities for livelihood the average annual income of farm study was collected from the respondents by personal interview method women increased from ` 95,000 to ` 1,38,400 by hotel activity in by using well-designed and pre-tested schedule. Descriptive analytical Dharwad district and from ` 50,000 to ` 86,400 by roti making activity tools, budgeting techniques and Garret ranking test were employed. in Belagavi district. Back pain due to continuous working, weakness Papad making (20%) was the main income generating activity in Navalli due to working, lack of training programmes, increased cost of inputs village (Navalgund taluk of Dharwad district) and bamboo crafts making and routine and boring work are the few important problems faced by (33.33%) was the main income generating activity in Munavalli village the farm women at her work. A study on farmers livelihood in Gadag district of Karnataka - An economic analysis B. N. MANJUMOHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. L. PATIL The study undertaken at the University of Agricultural Sciences, (` 73,538/annum), Dairy as a livelihood activity was a regular source Dharwad during the year 2016-17 analyzed the economics of farmers’ of income but majority of the respondents undertook dairy along livelihood activities in Gadag district of Karnataka in terms of with crop production in a traditional manner hence undertaking participation, employment generated, consumption expenditure and dairy fully on a commercial basis will further help in increasing the problems faced by farmers. The multistage random sampling net returns. More number of livelihood activities in a livelihood technique was employed to select 120 respondents comprising equal system requires more labor and management hence employment number of marginal, small, medium and large farmers. Required generated was more in crop production + dairy + sheep/goat rearing primary data for the study was collected from the respondents by livelihood system (366 man days). Total consumption expenditure personal interview method by using well-designed and pre-tested of sample households was ` 40,299/year out of which food schedule. Budgeting techniques and Garret ranking tests were expenditure was ` 28,872 and non food expenditure was ` 11,427, employed. The average size of land holding was 7.29 acre. To which comes to 71.64 per cent and 28.35 per cent of the total supplement their income and employment, farmers traditionally consumption expenditure. Inadequate information and knowledge adopted mixed farming hence Crop production + dairy livelihood about improved production and marketing techniques, inadequate system (18.33%) was the main livelihood system followed by crop irrigation facilities, low rainfall and long dry spells, frequent production + wage earning livelihood system (15.83%). Highest net fluctuations in output prices were the most important problems returns was found in crop production + dairy livelihood system faced by the farmers respectively.

AGRICULTURAL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Production, processing and marketing management of pineapple and its products in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka FAYAZAHMMAD JAMADAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. SONNAD The present study attempted to analyze the production and marketing techniques and compound annual growth rate. Area and production of management, financial feasibility and constraints faced by pineapple pineapple showed increasing trend in India, Karnataka and Uttar growers and processors in Sirsi taluk of Uttara Kannada district during Kannada. All the three production system in pineapple, namely, single 2014-16. The study is based on both primary and secondary data. cropping system (SCS), double cropping system (DCS) and triple Primary data were obtained from 90 pineapple growers, 10 wholesalers, cropping system (TCS) were financially feasible. In first harvest 10 retailers and 2 processors. Secondary data were collected period for pineapple size was big, that fetched higher price (`12/ kg) where as in 2001-02 to 2013-14 from the National Horticultural Board, Bengaluru. second and third harvest fruit size was small compared to first harvest, Data was processed using descriptive analytical tools, financial feasibility with lower price (`7/ kg). The discounted BC ratio was highest in TCS

76 (3.25) followed by DCS (2.34) and SCS (2.20). The net present value labour and electricity supply for irrigation. The main problems faced in was ` 8,79,419/-, ` 6,56,679/- and ` 5,69,315/- per hectare for TCS, marketing were absence of regulated market in the production area and DBS and SCS respectively. The net return realized for processing one high fluctuation in market price, while the problems faced by processors tonne of pineapple was ` 4,816 for first unit and ` 3,332 for second were non-availability of adequate raw material and high fluctuation in unit. The major constraints of growers were non-availability of adequate price of raw materials. Export trade performance of Indian Cashew ISRARULLAH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. SONNAD

Cashew is one of the most valuable processed nuts on global Shell Liquid (CNSL) from India, Markov Chain Transitional commodity markets and has the potential to generate employment Probability Matrix (TPM) was used. For export competitiveness, and revenue for developing countries. India is the largest producer, the Nominal Protection Co-efficient (NPC) technique was used. Co- processor, and the second largest exporter and consumer of cashew Integration technique was used for relationship among national and kernel in the world. The present study done during 2016-17 at international markets of cashew kernel. Growth rate was (2.58%) in University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad aims to analyse the area (3.46%) in production and (1.45%) in export in term of value. growth in area, production, productivity and export of Indian cashew, The Indian cashew industry plays a very vital role in the economy. promotional activities of cashew developmental agencies, pattern of The NPC under exportable hypothesis was less than one, which foreign trade and export competitiveness of cashew and co-integration revealed that the domestic prices received by the farmers were lower among national and international markets of cashew kernel. The than the international prices. The United States of America was the secondary data collected for the study period covers 15 years from most stable country among the major importer of Indian cashew 2000-01 to 2014-15. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) kernel and CNSL as indicated by the high retention probability of was computed for area, production, productivity and exports. The (76.50%) and (90.10%) respectively. Finally, the results of the co- CAGR and percentage were also calculated for promotional activities. integration analysis depicted that there was an unidirectional influence For the direction of foreign trade of cashew kernels and Cashew Nut among the markets.

Indian rice economy – It’s role in food security and foreign trade SHAREF AHMAD AHMADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. S. SONNAD

Rice is the most important staple food in India and plays a vital role Meanwhile, the other countries were the most stable markets for in food security and Indian economy. Presently, India stands in second non-basmati rice as indicated by 93.40 per cent of market retention, position for production and in first position for rice exports. The whereas U.A.E. was the most unstable market. NPC for basmati rice data used for the study was entirely based on secondary sources exports from India was less than one indicating that, Indian basmati collected from various websites: APEDA, FCI, DFPD and FAO. The rice was highly competitive in global market. On the other hand, the compound annual growth rates (CAGR) were found to be positively NPC for non-basmati rice exports was more than one indicating that significant for production (1.92%), productivity (1.87%) and export non-basmati rice was not an export competitive product. (10.66%). Procurement of rice during the corresponding period Co-integration technique showed that, two month lagged price of indicated a substantialrise and the CAGR of rice procurement was New Delhi market had significant co-integration with current price of 4.37 per cent. Iran, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates were the Cape Town market to the extent of 36.16 per cent. Hence, one month most stable markets for basmati rice as indicated by 80.99, 73.89 and lagged price of Florida was co-integrated with current prices of 68.93 per cent of market retention, while United States was the most Amritsar market to the extent of 27.78 per cent. So, increase or decrease unstable market and lost its entire share to United Kingdom and in production of rice in Florida and Cape Town will cause changes the Saudi Arabia as shown by Transitional Probability Matrix (TPM). price of rice in Indian markets.

Production and marketing management of dry Chilli in Dharwad district P. M. SHRUTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MURTHY

The present study was conducted in Dharwad district of northern tonnes in inorganic dry chilli. Per quintal dry chilli prices in organic and Karnataka during 2016-17. Kundagola and Navalgunda taluk were inorganic was ` 19,565 and ` 15,150, respectively. The gross returns selected based on the highest area under dry chilli production. Five of inorganic dry chilli was ` 1,62,862.50 per hectare as against villages were randomly selected from each selected taluks. Five organic ` 1,34,411.55 for organic dry chilli. The net returns of inorganic dry dry chilli growers, village merchants, wholesalers and retailors from chilli (` 1,07,524.78) was higher than that of organic dry chilli each taluk and five farmers from each village were selected. Thus, total (` 84,068.94). The BC ratio for inorganic dry chilli was 1.90 as against sample size was 90. Tabular analysis was followed for analysis of data. 1.85 for organic dry chilli. Only two marketing channels were used Secondary data of arrivals and prices of dry chilli was collected from commonly by farmers. Channel-I includes only village merchants. Channel- Annigeri and Hubbali APMC markets for the period 2003-04 to 2016- I was more efficient compared to Channel-II. The major constraint faced 17. Seasonal indices were highest in both Hubballi and Annigeri markets by the farmer in organic and inorganic dry chilli production was lack of in all months. The per hectare cost of cultivation of organic and inorganic irrigation facilities and dependence on monsoon, whereas in case of organic dry chilli was ` 50,342.61 and ` 56,337.72, respectively. Per hectare and inorganic dry chilli marketing non - availability of exclusive market average yield of organic dry chilli was 6.87 tonnes as against 10.75 and fluctuation in market prices was the major problem.

77 An analysis of production and marketing management of Groundnut in Vijayapura district SANJAY RATHOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MURTHY

The study was done at the University of Agricultural was highest (` 28,805/ha) as compared to small and medium farmers ScienceDharwad during 2017. Involving primary data obtained by (` 26,617/ha and ` 26,077/ha), respectively. The highest yield was multi-stage random sampling technique from 120 sample farmers obtained by the large farmers (8.26q/ha) followed by the medium from Indi and Sindagitalukas of Vijayapura districtas they had highest farmers (8.14q/ha) and small farmers (7.83q/ha). The benefit cost area under groundnut. The secondary data was collected from ratio (BCR) was highest in medium farmers (1.82) than small farmers Directorate of Economics and Statistics for period of 2005-06 to (1.77) and large farmers (1.73). The gross returns were higher in 2015-16. The results indicated that there was negative and significant large farmers compared to medium and small farmers. In case of growth of groundnut with respect to area (-7.89 per annum) and medium farmers benefit cost ratio (BCR) were higher.Channel-II production (-3.49 per annum) was negative and significant but had more producer’s share in consumer’s rupee than channel-I. Hence, productivity showing positive growth rate (4.87 per annum). Among the farmers are advised to market their produce through channel- II the different categories of farmers, the total variable cost incurred (Producer-sellerà Wholesaler à Commission agent/traders à Retailers by large farmers was highest (` 27,868/ha) as compared to small à Processor)to harness more profit.Dependence on monsoon rains (` 25,933/ha) and medium farmers (` 25,260/ha). Among the three was the main constraint in groundnut production and fluctuation of categories of farmers, the total cost incurred by the large farmers market price was another major constraint observed in marketing.

Production and marketing management by Karnataka State Seeds corporation Ltd., in Gadag district PAVITRA O. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. KERUR

Seed is a basic input. Productivity and profitability depends on quality structure, seed procurement and marketing management for the period of the seeds. The present study was undertaken by the Department of 2004-05 to 2015-16. Tabular analysis, Compound Annual Growth of Agribusiness Management, University of Agricultural Sciences, Rate and Garrett ranking were employed for the study. KSSC Ltd., is Dharwad conducted in Gadag district of Karnataka during 2016-17. having line and staff type of organizational structure. The result KSSC is involved in production, procurement, processing and revealed that per hectare cost of production of sorghum, greengram marketing of seeds. Gadag district was selected purposively based on and bengalgram seeds were ` 23,919, ` 37,706 and ` 34,940, the procurement of highest quantity of bengalgram, greengram and respectively and the net returns of respective seeds were ` 27,644, sorghum seeds by KSSC Ltd., in Gadag district. All five taluk of ` 88,424 and ` 50,767. Seed procurement of KSSC over the years Gadag district were selected, ten seed producing farmers from each showed the negative growth rate for sorghum, while in case of greengram taluk and for each crop were randomly selected. Total sample size and bengalgram showed positive growth rate. There were two major was 150. Primary data was obtained from the seed producers and marketing channels for seed supply one through its own outlets and KSSC officials with the pre-tested questionnaire pertaining to input, others through Raith Samparka Kendras. The major constraints faced labour, cost and returns structure of seed production. Secondary data by KSSC officials were lack of interest by farmers, higher price demand was collected from KSSC Gadag office with respect to organizational by farmers, shortage of labour.

Marketing management of pesticides in Dharwad district MOHASIN A. HOSURKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. KERUR

The study was undertaken in the year 2016-17 in five taluks of purchasing of pesticides. Field demonstration was the most Dharwad district under UAS Dharwad jurisdiction. Primary data influential promotional measure preferred by the farmers while were collected by random sampling method and from each taluk 24 purchasing pesticides which accounts for 91.66 per cent. Majority farmers and 6 dealers were selected. Thus the total sample size for of the farmers (90%) consulted with dealers regarding specific pest the study was 120 farmers and 30 dealers. Secondary data regarding and a symptom of diseases during purchasing of pesticides. All the pesticide sales were collected from distributers, Joint Director of selected sample dealers opined that promoting the dealers store by Agriculture (JDA) and Assistant Director of Agriculture (ADA) providing banners, shop hangers and calendars were the promotional office in Dharwad district during the period 2015-16. Tabular strategies implemented by the pesticide companies for promoting analysis, Gini coefficient and Garret’s ranking techniques were used their products. Lack of product information was the major problem for data analysis. Market concentration was highly concentrated faced by farmers in purchasing the pesticides from agro dealers and and Gini coefficient value indicated moderately oligopolistic Raita Samparka Kendra (RSK) with a mean score of 85.21 and competition in pesticides. All the sample farmers purchased 76.49, respectively. There is need to educate farmers regarding control pesticides from private agro service centre due to availability of all of crop pest and diseases, different types of pesticides and different types of pesticide brand in one place. Majority of the application of right dose of spray through conducting training farmers (86.66%) opined that brand image was the preference for programme by the Department of Agriculture.

78 Agribusiness appraisal of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora) in North Karnataka KARUNA V. KULKARNI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BALACHANDRA K. NAIK Present study was conducted in the major chrysanthemum growing preparatory tillage (32.32%). A large amount of female labour was districts (Haveri, Dharwad and Gadag) of north Karnataka during used for harvesting of flowers (41.19%), planting (32.20%) and 2016-17 at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. For weeding (15.13%). Major quantity of chrysanthemum flower was the study, 90 farmers and 45 market intermediaries were selected sold through producer-commission agent cum wholesaler-retailer- randomly. Primary data were collected through pre-tested and consumer (Channel-II) in the selected districts of the study area. wellstructured schedules. Secondary data for 15 years period from Commission and transportation charges were major items of 2000-01 to 2014-15 was collected. The study analyzed growth in marketing cost and producer share in consumer’s rupee was more in area, production and productivity, cost and returns, resource use producer-retailer-consumer (Channel-I) in all the districts. In Gadag efficiency, marketing channels, price spread and problems in district producer share in consumer’s rupee was more in Channel-II production and marketing. Compound annual growth rate, tabular (58.33%). Per hectare cost of cultivation and gross returns of flower analysis and Cobb-Douglas production function were employed as was ` 91,382 and ` 2,47,683 respectively. Cultivation of analytical tools. The area and production under chrysanthemum in chrysanthemum flower provided assured return of ` 1,56,301 per Karnataka increased at the rate of 4.02 and 3.94 per cent per annum ha even after recovering the fixed and variable costs. Pests and respectively but productivity decreased at the rate of 0.19 per cent diseases, commission charges and fluctuation in market prices were per annum. The highest proportion of male labour was required for major problems faced by growers. Production and marketing management of sweet oranges in North Karnataka and Telangana – A comparative analysis BOINIPALLY TEJASWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VILAS S. KULKARNI

Present study was conducted at the University of Agricultural Sciences, 31.87 and 33.55 per cent in Koppal and Nalgonda, respectively. The Dharwad, to analyse production and marketing of sweet oranges in total maintenance cost during bearing period was 1,54,959 and 1,60,140 Koppal district of Karnataka and Nalgonda district of Telangana. in Koppal and Nalgonda, respectively. The average yield of 22.33 Districts were selected purposively based on highest production. A and 23.67 tonnes and the gross returns of ` 5,23,567 and ` 5,49,072 sample of 30 farmers and 15 market intermediaries from each district per hectare were found in Koppal and Nalgonda, respectively. The were selected randomly for collecting primary data through well net present value of sweet orange orchards in Koppal and Nalgonda structured questionnaire by personal interview method, during were ` 11,10,863 and `11,23,202 and BC ratio were 2.96 and 3.01, 2016-17. Required secondary data of fifteen years period were respectively. Five marketing channels in Koppal and four marketing collected from 2000-01 to 2014-15. Compound annual growth rate, channels in Nalgonda were identified. Channel-V (Farmer - Retailer) instability index, financial analysis and Garret ranking method were and Channel-IV (Farmer–Wholesaler-Retailer) were efficient channels, the analytical techniques employed for the study. The growth in area, in Koppal and Nalgonda districts,respectively, where, producer’s share production and productivity of sweet oranges in Karnataka (12.69, in retailer rupee was high (100 and 62.71%, respectively). Non- 14.39 and 1.50% per annum, respectively) and Telangana (8.09, 12.14 availability of skilled labour, pest and disease damage and high and 0.89% per annum, respectively) showed significant increase. The fluctuations in price were major problems faced by growers. Sweet cost of establishment was ` 8,27,319 and ` 8,41,145 per hectare, in orange cultivation was profitable, hence farmers of the locality may which maintenance cost during gestation period (3 years) constituted take up the cultivation. Production and marketing management of Ilkal and Kanchipuram pure silk saree - A comparative analysis S. KARTHIGA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VILAS S. KULKARNI

Present study was conducted at University of Agricultural Science, case of Channel- III (` 818.75 per saree and 1033.33 per saree) Dharwad, to analyse production and marketing management of Ilkal compared to Channel- II (564.75 and 676.82). The net present and Kanchipuram pure silk saree- a comparative analysis. The value of Ilkal plain and handloom checkbox saree were 1,06,631 and present study was aimed to know the present business performance 1,76,330.58 and power loom Ilkal plain and checkbox saree were of Ilkal and Kanchipuram silk saree weaving units. The study was 15,93,139.00 and 8,33,192.00, respectively. Whereas in conducted in Bagalakote and Kanchipuram districts. The data were Kanchipuram sarees the net present value of plain and jacquard collected from 20 handloom weavers, 10 power loom weavers and handloom silk saree were 1,12,431.70 and 1,67,974.80 and for power 10 market intermediates from each district. The results showed that loom Kanchipuram plain and jacquard saree were 14,42,982.00 and power loom unit required more investment compared to handloom 15,97,596.00 respectively. The higher wage demand, lower net unit and its cost was 2-3 times higher than of handloom units. With returns, exploitation by wholesalers and high competition were the respect to production aspects in both the cases, it was observed major problem faced by both Ilkal and Kanchipuram silk saree that Kanchipuram silk sarees required more human labour weavers. Investment in both Ilkal and Kanchipuram silk saree requirement (0.4 to 15 man days) compared to Ilkal silk sarees (0.5 production were financially feasible and economically viable but to 4.05 man days). With respect to marketing management in both weavers need to be encouraged to take up power loom weaving cases, handloom and power loom silk saree price spread was high in activity along with handloom unit to earn more income.

79 AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION Effectiveness of Krishi Community Radio Station programmes on farm families in coverage area VISHWANATH S. NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. MANJULA

The present study on “Effectiveness of Krishi Community Radio positive correlation with their perception. The most preferred KCRS Station programmes on farm families in coverage area’’ of 10-15 km programmes were “varada basanna” and “krishi chintana” with the radius was conducted during 2015-16. The radio station is located in rank of 1st and 2nd respectively. The difference in the knowledge gain the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. It was started in in pre and post test was highly significant (36.3) with respect to the 2007. Ex post-facto research, design and experimental research design all the dramatized KCRS programmes where as all the programmes before and after without control was employed. The villages of broadcasted in KCRS showed a significant difference in the gain in Yettinagudda, Narendra, Mandihala, Yerikoppa, Kyarkoppa, knowledge viz., Integrated pest management (30.4), Mogadalli nagu Chikkamalligewada, Garag and Chikbyalikatti were purposively chimmisuva “mekhejola” maize (22.3), Jeevanakke daari “jola” selected in the coverage area of Krishi CR FM 90.4 MHz for the sorghum (20.5), Vaanijya bele “soya avare” soya (19.33), Kesaru study. From each village 15 listeners were randomly selected for the gadheya hasiru bele “bhatta” paddy (17.6) and Soil test (10.27). The study. Thus, total sample size constituted 120 listeners. The important study indicated that majority (74.20 %) of the listeners expressed findings indicated that 37.50 per cent of listeners had high perception lack of content and quality in the programme and 75.83 per cent of towards the KCRS programmes. Listener’s income, land holding, KCRS listeners suggested that there is need to increase the coverage family size, extension participation and innovativeness had significant area of Krishi Community Radio Station.

A study on knowledge and adoption behaviour of Capsicum growers of Belagavi district R. BHARATH KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. V. HALAKATTI

This study was conducted during 2015-16 in two talukas of Belagavi (87.33%), time of transplanting of seedlings to the main field (85.33%), district, Karnataka, India. The data was collected by personal interview irrigation (84.00%), spacing in main field (82.66%), control measures method using structured interview schedule. A sample of 150 capsicum for these insect (74.43%). Regarding adoption majority (74.66%) growers were selected by using simple random sampling method. The of respondents had adopted recommended varieties, correct time study revealed that majority (64.66%) of respondents were middle of sowing (94.00%), providing shade to seed bed (90.66%), seed aged, one third (34.66%) of the capsicum growers studied up to bed preparation (84.66%), spacing (76.66%), control measures to primary school, majority (47.33%) of the respondents belonged to pests (61.66%). Regarding marketing behavior majority (92.00%) medium size family, semi-medium land holding (52.66%), medium of the respondents expressed that the perishable nature of vegetable level of capsicum growing experience (43.33%), medium income was the major reason for selling in local market immediately after category (56.00%), medium mass media exposure (39.33 %), medium harvest, sold their produce to wholesaler through commission agents level of extension contact category (46.00%), and 50.00 per cent of (89.33%), selling the produce to the commission agents since they capsicum growers belonged to medium market orientation. Majority have immediate cash payment (90.00%). Major constraints expressed of the growers had knowledge about recommended varieties (85.33%), by capsicum growers were information related to weather forecasts sowing time (94.66%), seed rate (74.66%), providing shade to seed (94.66%), high labour charges (100.00%), high cost of transportation bed (90.66%), seed bed preparation (89.33%), FYM application (96.66%).

Analysis of technological gap in adoption of recommended cultivation practices of Chilli in Gadag district K. S. POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. PATIL

The present study was conducted during 2016-17 in Gadag district of @ 10 t/acre (56.67%) and top dressing with 20 kg N/acre (56.67%). Karnataka. Gadag, Ron and Shirahatti talukas of Gadag District were While, 49.44 per cent and 39.44 per cent gap was observed in use of selected for the study in the view of their highest share in area and the recommended seed rate and recommended spacing, respectively. A production in the district. From each taluka three villages were selected meagre percentage of technological gap was observed in season of sowing randomly and from each village 20 respondents were randomly selected. (10.00%) and manual weed control (1.67%). No technological gap was Thus, the total sample size was 180. The ex-post-facto research design observed in case of recommended varieties, intercultivation and was used for the study. The important findings were cent per cent of harvesting time. Research-extension linkage, scientific orientation, market technological gap was observed in soil application of 1 kg of Trichoderma orientation and area under chilli had negative and significant relationship and 1 kg of Pseudomonas mixing with 10 q of FYM before sowing. with the technological gap. The regression analysis revealed that the Whereas, huge technological gap was observed in use of recommended independent variables put together explained 20.30 per cent of variation weedicides (98.33%), application of basal dose of fertilizer (97.22%) in technological gap of the chilli growers. Non availability of insect and and seed treatment with Trichoderma @ 4g/kg seeds (83.33%). Further, disease resistant varieties, costly chemical fertilizers, non availability high percentage of gap was observed in seed treatment with Gaucho of credit in time and lack of storage facilities were major constraints @ 12 ml/kg seeds (69.44%), application of FYM once in three years faced by chilli growers.

80 Impact of feed and Fodder development programmes on livestock farmers of north Karnataka VEENA BUSHETTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARATNA BIRADAR

Government has initiated so many feed and fodder development three variables viz., experience in livestock rearing, annual income and programmes to fulfill the existed gap between demand and actual risk orientation which were retained at the last step of regression availability of feed and fodder resources. A study was conducted together explained 67.20 per cent variance embedded with the predicted with objectives to analyse feed and fodder development programmes variable, benefits taken by the farmers. Average herd size of beneficiary implemented during normal and drought years, to determine the factors respondents was smaller (5.21 ± 0.36 ACUs) than that of non- that influenced farmers to derive benefits or not from these beneficiary respondents (7.04 ± 0.44 ACUs) but income earned from programmes, to assess the impacts of these programmes on livestock livestock was more (`16908.33 ± 1422.26) for beneficiary respondents rearing by farmers and to find out the constraints faced by the than that of non-beneficiary respondents (`10750.00 ± 654.67). Many beneficiaries in availing the benefits of these programmes. Study was procedures to attend to avail benefits (Garret score 60.36, rank-1), carried out in 12 villages of Belagavi, Bagalkote and Gadag districts. inadequate support received from the department and slow response Data was collected from 120 livestock farmers using pre-tested from government department while availing benefits (Garret score 59.85, interview schedule. Gadag district with less livestock population and rank-2) were the constraints expressed by the beneficiaries. Hence more drought years received more funds of ` 52.37 and `109.83 lakhs utilization of various mass media along with ICT’s must be advocated in normal and drought years, respectively as compared to other two by the Animal Husbendry and Veterinary Services (AHVS) department districts for feed and fodder programmes. R2 value was 0.672 and to generate more awareness about different fodder programmes.

An analysis of entrepreneurial behavior of dry Grape (Raisin) producers of Vijayapura district SHREEKANT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. A. JAHAGIRDAR

The present study was conducted during 2016-17 in Vijayapura and significant relationship between education level, size of land district of Karnataka. Vijayapura and Indi talukas of Vijayapura District holding, experience in raisin production and scientific orientation and were selected for the study in the view of their highest share in area entrepreneurial behaviour at five per cent level. The variables like age, and the production in the district. From each taluka 6 villages were material possession, cosmopoliteness, organizational participation selected randomly and from each village 10 respondents were randomly had negative and non–significant relationship with entrepreneurial selected. Thus, the total sample size was 120. The ex-post-facto behaviour. Further variables like training and institutional linkages research design was used for the present study. The important findings had positive non–significant relationship with entrepreneurial were the majority of the respondents belonged to medium behaviour. Further extension contact, mass media participation and entrepreneurial behavior category. Whereas, 18.33 per cent of the material possession had positive and significant relationship at five respondents were belonged to low entrepreneurial behavior category per cent level with adoption. The variable like age has negative and and 13.33 per cent of the respondents were belonged to low significant relationship with the adoption. Further training and entrepreneurial behaviour category. It was observed that institutional linkages had positive and non–significant relationship 53.33 per cent of the respondents belonged to medium adoption with the adoption pattern. No standard package of practices available category. Whereas 29.16 per cent of the respondents belonged to high from Agriculture or Horticulture University, no local market and lack level of adoption category and only 17.50 per cent of the respondents of organized marketing and processing were major constraints faced were observed in low level of adoption category. There was a positive by dry grape producers.

Knowledge and opinion of farmers towards Nachalur Farmers Producer Company R. KANIMOZHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. G. ANGADI

The present study was conducted in the University of Agricultural categories (35.56%) followed by low knowledge (28.89%) category. Sciences, Dharwad during 2016-2017 at Kulithalai taluk of Karur Majority of members and non-members had favorable opinion district of Tamilnadu to study the knowledge and opinion of farmers regarding NFPCL. Maximum members and non-members opined their towards Nachalur Farmers Producer Company Limited (NFPCL). disconcern about marketing avenues provided by NFPCL. Timely NFPCL is the first producer company in Tamilnadu. Members are supply of inputs and creation of good infrastructure base were primary producers of paddy. One hundred and five members and perceived as major strengths of NPFCL by its members. Lack of forty five non-members of NFPCL formed sample for the study. The rotation of group leadership is considered as major weakness. data was collected by personal interview method with the help of Inducement of social responsibility and establishment of institutional structured interview schedule which was developed keeping the linkages were considered as opportunities provided by NFPCL. objectives of the study. The results indicated that relatively large Competition from private dealers was the major challenge that need proportion (43.81%) of members belonged to high knowledge category to be tackled by NFPCL for its effective functioning. Very high while, 30.48 per cent of members were in the low knowledge category majority of members (96.19%) indicated that too much paper work followed by 25.71 per cent in medium knowledge category. Equal per and book keeping as the major constraint in availing benefits from cent of non-members belonged to the medium and high knowledge NFPCL followed by lack of credit facilities (92.38%).

81 Knowledge and acceptance of e-tendering and e-etrading by the stakeholders of agriculture markets in North Karnataka SUSHMA DEVAGIRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. BHEEMAPPA

The present investigation was purposively undertaken in Dharwad related with the knowledge and acceptance of e-tendering and e-trading. and Haveri districts of north Karnataka during 2016-17. The sample Whereas, education, experience, training undergone, extent of for the study consisted of 80 farmers, 30 traders and 10 APMC participation and computer usage by traders were positively and officials. Ex-post facto research design was used for the study. The significantly related with knowledge and acceptance of e-tendering respondents were personally interviewed by administering the and e-trading. Cent per cent of stakeholders realized transparency in structured and pre-tested interview schedule. The study revealed weighment, tender declaration and computerized verification prices that high knowledge of e-tendering was observed with majority of in e-tendering and e-trading. Deductions in payment and non- officials (80.00%) and traders (60.00%) as compared to farmers availability of assaying facility for all the notified commodities were (36.25%). Similarly, the high knowledge of e-trading was noticed the major constraints in e-tendering and e-trading, respectively. with 70.00 per cent of officials followed by traders (53.33%) and Majority of the stakeholders suggested for equipping the facilities farmers (40.00%). Acceptance of e-tendering and e-trading was for assaying, up scaling the systems in the heavily transacted markets observed with an equal per cent of officials (90.00%), majority of and simplification of trading procedures. The higher level of knowledge farmers (83.75 and 86.25%) and traders (86.67 and 93.33%), and high acceptance of e-tendering and e-trading among all the respectively. The variables viz., education, land holding, annual income stakeholders implied that there is a scope for implementation of these and level of aspiration of farmers were positively and significantly systems in other APMCs to benefit the large number of farmers.

Adoption of integrated pest management practices by Coconut farmers AKSHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. G. ANGADI

The present study was conducted during 2015-16 in Uttara Kannada and 55.45 per cent of farmers adopted recommended quantity of district which is one among the major coconut growing districts of phosphate fertilizer. Only 20.91 per cent of the farmers adopted use of Karnataka. Proportionate random sampling method was applied to plant origin pesticide i.e. azadirachtin for the control of white grub. select a sample of 110 coconut farmers.The respondents were Fifty two per cent of farmers availed informational support and 54.54 interviewed personally to elicit the primary information. The major per cent of farmers availed input support from Department of coconut pests in the study area were rhinoceros beetle, mite, red palm Horticulture for pest and diseases management in coconut. Education, weevil and root grub. All the farmers were aware of selection of seed organizational participation, extension contact and institutional support nut, selection of seedling and time of planting.High majority (80.00 and exhibited positive and significant relationship with both awareness and 83.64%) of farmers were aware of application of recommended quantity adoption of IPM practices by the coconut farmers. Cent per cent of the of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers. Three fourth (69.09%) of farmers farmers expressed that non-availability of inputs at the local level and were aware of azadirachtin but none of the farmers were aware of bio- lack of awareness regarding advantages of bio-agents are the major agents. Cent per cent of farmers adopted the practice of selection of reasons for the low or no awareness regarding bio-agents followed by seed nut, selection of seedling and time of planting. Majority (60.90%) inadequate technical support and inadequate financial support were of farmers adopted application of recommended dose of nitrogen fertilizer the other major constraints for adoption of IPM.

Awareness and utilization of mobile phone services by farmers to access information for increasing agricultural productivity K. A. GIRIDHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. DEVENDRAPPA

The study was conducted on awareness and utilization of mobile based services, cultivation practices information, Market information, phone services by farmers to access information for increasing SMS to registered mobile number. Only meager percentage of farmers agricultural productivity in Dharwad district of Karnataka during utilized cropping pattern information, farm mechanization information, 2016-17 by following ex-post facto research design. 120 farmers were agricultural portals and apps. The independent variables education, selected from the registered farmers to mobile services of Krishi Vigyan experience in using mobile, innovativeness, mass media exposure, Kendra, Dharwad, APMC, Hubli and weather based services of source of agriculture information, extension participation, possession University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad by following simple of sets and use of mobile phone applications were positively and random sampling method. The study revealed that, cent per cent of significantly correlated with dependent variables viz., awareness and the farmers had awareness on agriculture information sent through utilization, whereas, age and farming experience were negatively and Short Message Service (SMS) and local market prices provided by significantly correlated with awareness and utilization. Major APMC, mobile agriculture application (80.00%), Agromet Advisory constraints faced by the farmers in availing mobile services were, Services of UAS, Dharwad (75.83%), information provided by Kisan unable to understand the message received from mobile services Call Center (75.00%). Farmers were also aware of SMS provided by (91.66%), lack of practical exposure (70.00%), lack of reliable and KVK on fertilizer application (68.33%), pest and disease control useful content online (38.33%). The suggestions given by the farmers measures (65.83%). Utilization of mobile phone services was less as were connect the farmers with agri experts through mobile (70.83%) compared to awareness as only few respondents utilized weather and mobile services should link all the stakeholders (64.16%).

82 Management orientation of Mouli sheep farmers in Vijayapura district R. K. HARI KRISHNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. MANJULA

The study was conducted by University of Agricultural Sciences, about 180 to 220 days. The independent variables viz., age, annual Dharwad in Vijayapura district during the year 2016 - 17 with a income, family size, sheep farming experience and value orientation sample size of 120 Mouli sheep farmers. The data was collected with were positively and significantly correlated with the dependent the help of pre-tested interview schedule through personal interview variable management orientation. Age, sheep farming experience, value technique. ‘Ex-post-facto’ research design was used. Mouli sheep is orientation and flock size were positively and significantly correlated. also known as Unni kuri. The breeding tract of Mouli sheep comprises Whereas, education and annual income were negatively and significantly of Vijayapura and Kalburgi district in Karnataka. The study revealed correlated with migration behaviour of Mouli sheep farmers.The results that 38.33 per cent of the Mouli sheep farmers had medium management indicated that cent per cent of the respondents felt that ‘lack of fodder orientation. Migration behaviour of the Mouli sheep farmers indicated availability’ was the major push factor and 69.16 per cent of them that 55.83 per cent of them followed forced type of migration, 28.34 perceive that ‘availability of water and fodder for sheep in other areas’ per cent of them decided to migrate after consultation with elders and was the major pull factor for migration. During migration high majority 70.00 per cent of them require four to six months to remigrate. Farmers of 89.16 per cent of the farmers felt that outbreak of disease in migratory migrate during November to May/June. While, they migrate an average tract and during non-migration cent per cent of the farmers felt decline distance of six to seven kilometer per day covering 306 to 486 km in in grazing land was the major constraint.

Knowledge, perception and utilization of herbicides by the farmers of North Karnataka N. M. SUNILKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. V. HALAKATTI

Weeds are a major impediment to crop production through their ability farmers about herbicide usage is low i.e., nearly half the number of to compete for resources and their impact on product quality and farmers (46.67%) had low knowledge. More than half (50.55 %) the these are responsible for heavy yield losses in all the crops, increase number of respondents perceived that it is difficult to get the required cost of cultivation and reduce input efficiency. So to reduce the crop herbicides at farmers level. With respect to extent of utilization of losses and weeds effect, herbicide usage is necessary. Herbicides act herbicides, more than half the number of the farmers (56.11%) used as a protective umbrella and play an important role in crop production knapsack sprayer, 37.78 per cent of the farmers applied herbicides as well as protection. Investigation was conducted to study knowledge for sugarcane. 40.00 per cent of farmers belonged to the middle age of farmers about herbicides usage. To analyse the perception of group , had formal education up to primary level (27.77%), belonged farmers, measure the extent utilization of herbicides by the farmers, to high annual income category (38.89%), semi medium land holding socio-economic characteristics of farmers and to elicit the constraints farmers (38.33%), 45.00 per cent of respondents had low experience faced by the farmers in herbicides usage. Study was carried out in 12 in use of herbicides. Lack of knowledge about time of application villages of Belagavi and Dharwad districts. Data was collected from herbicide (Garret score 64.45, rank-1), sufficient subsidies are not 180 farmers with the help of pre-tested interview schedule through provided by the Government (Garret score 57.34, rank-2) were the personal interview technique. The overall knowledge level of the constraints expressed by the farmers.

Perception of farmers towards custom hiring service centre M. SINDHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANASUYA T. PATIL

A study was conducted in Dharwad district of Karnataka state hiring service centre by the farmers was found positive and significant during 2016-17 with a sample of 90 respondents under custom with the variables extension contact, social participation and mass hiring service centre programme. Ex-post facto research design was media participation. The results pertaining to utilization pattern of employed in the study. The data was collected by personal interview farm implements and machineries at custom hiring service centre method using pre-structured schedule and data collected were scored, revealed that majority of the farmers (92.00%) used tractor, multiple tabulated and analyzed using the statistical tools to assess the socio- crop thresher (77.00%), rotovator (74.00%), mould board plough economic profile, perception level, extent of utilization and (70.00%) and cultivator (63.00%). Regarding the frequency of usage constraints in availing services at custom hiring service centre. The of farm machineries and implements at custom hiring service centre results pertaining to perception towards objective, availability of revealed that majority of the farmers used tractor rarely (83.10%), service, benefits and access of custom hiring service centre revealed multiple crop thresher (64.00%) and mould board plough (59.00%). that majority of the farmers (83.00%) strongly agree with availability Further farmers hired rotovator, disc plough and cultivator were of pre-booking service facility, payment per acre (82.22%), custom frequently used for farm operations. The major constraints faced hiring service centre helped to overcome the labour problem (76.69%) by the farmers were non availability of machineries during peak and access the farm machineries and implements from custom hiring requirement period (88.04%) and timely information on farm service centre whenever needed (51.11%). Perception of custom machineries is not available (41.30%).

83 A study on entrepreneurial behaviour of sericulturists in Northern Karnataka H. P. YASHWANTH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. PATIL

The present study was conducted under U.A.S. Dharwad during middle school, 43.33 per cent of respondents were belonged to medium 2016-17 in Vijayapur and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka. Vijayapur, family size, 55 per cent of farmers were in medium mass media Basavana bagewadi and Indi talukas of Vijayapur and Bagalkot, utilization category, while 58.33 per cent farmers had medium Jamkandi and Hunagund talukas of Bagalkot districts were selected cosmopoliteness level. Majority (51.66%) of farmers belonged to for the study in the view of their highest share in area and the medium extension contact category, 44.16 per cent of respondents production in the district. From each taluka five villages were selected had medium level of training. Regarding knowledge 52.5 and randomly. Thus, total sample size was 120. The ex-post-facto research 48.33 per cent of farmers belonged to medium knowledge level of design was used for the study. Structured interview schedule was improved practices about mulberry cultivation and silkworm rearing, used to collect the information through personal interview. Data was respectively. Whereas, 39.17 and 45.83 per cent of farmers belonged analysed by using frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. to medium adoption level of improved practices about mulberry The important findings were 37.5 per cent of farmers had medium cultivation and silkworm rearing, respectively. Major constraints faced overall entrepreneurial behaviour. Whereas, socio-economic profile by the growers were lack of water supply, quantum and timely of sericulturists revealed that majority of farmers (55.83%) belonged availability of credit, non-availability of labours and low price of to middle age category, 29.16 per cent of farmers were educated upto cocoons.

Adoption of recommended cultivation practices by Lime growers of North Karnataka JAMEER R. ATTAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. ASKI

The present investigation was undertaken at the College of relationship with knowledge level. Similarly, education, annual Agriculture, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad in Indi income experience in lime cultivation, land holding, extension contact, and Afzalpur talukas of Vijayapura and Kalaburagi districts of North mass media participation and economic motivation of lime growers Karnataka during 2013-14. A sample of 140 lime growers were exhibited positive and significant relationship with adoption of selected based on random sampling procedure. Primary data were recommended cultivation practices of lime. However with respect collected with the help of pre-tested and structured interview to marketing pattern followed by lime growers, it was indicated that schedule. The important findings of the study revealed that majority majority (63.57%) of respondents sold their produce through (53.58%) of lime growers belonged to medium category of overall commission agents, 84.28 per cent of them sold their produce in knowledge about recommended cultivation practices of lime followed Vijayapura market, 55.00 per cent of respondents sought market by high (30.17%) and low (15.17%) category. Whereas, in case of information from their friends, neighbours and relatives and cent overall adoption of recommended cultivation practices of lime it per cent of respondents (100%) graded their produce before selling was observed that as high as (42.18%) of respondents belonged to and used gunny bags for packing of lime. Majority of the lime medium adoption category of recommended cultivation practices of growers faced the constraints like exploitation by middle men lime, followed by high (34.29%) and low (23.57%) category. Further (80.00%), price fluctuation in the market (76.43%), non-availability it was found that age, education, extension contact and experience of labour (72.86%) and irregular and insufficient power in lime cultivation of lime growers exhibited positive and significant supply (63.57%).

Analysis of production technogies adopted by Papaya growers S. CHETHAN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. NAGARAJA

A study on analysis of production technologies adopted by papaya recommended pit size (85.00%), practiced timely planting (74.16%), growers was undertaken during 2016-17 in the University of hand weeding (64.16%) and recommended time of harvesting (95.00%). Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad by using ex post-facto research design. Nearly half of the respondents gathered market price information Sample consisted of 120 papaya growers selected randomly from from others who visited the market. Cent per cent of the respondents purposively selected four talukas of Belagavi and Haveri districts. packed the papaya with newspaper, transported the produce using The data was collected by personal interview method using pre- mini tempo and sold the produce after the harvest whatever the price tested interview schedule. The profile of respondents revealed that maybe due to perishable nature. Cent per cent of the respondents sold majority of them had low papaya farming experience (38.34%), their produce to commission agent due to guaranteed cash payment for medium scientific orientation (48.34%), medium risk orientation produce. In production, problem of pest and diseases, irregular power (44.17%) followed by medium mass media exposure (40.00%) and supply, inadequate irrigation facilities and lack of credit facility were medium extension contact (37.50%). Considerable respondents the main constraints. In case of marketing, the problem of exploitation (38.33%) belonged to medium adoption category followed by low by middle man. far away markets and market price fluctuation were and high adoption category, (36.67% and 25.00%) respectively. In the main constraints. Majority of the respondents (94.17%) needed case of individual adoption, majority of them adopted recommended resistant varieties against insect-pests and diseases followed by well variety (85.83%), transplanting of 1.5-2 months old seedlings (86.66%), established market (89.16%).

84 Knowledge and adoption of clean milk production practices among dairy farmers in Belagavi district B. L. NAVADEEP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. H. GOTYAL

A study on knowledge and adoption of clean milk production practices and high (27.50%) knowledge category respectively. Overall adoption among dairy farmers in Belagavi district was undertaken during 2016-17 behavior of the respondents is half (50.00%) of the respondents in the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad by using ex post- belonged to low adoption category, and 30.83 per cent belonged to facto research design. Belagavi district of Karnataka was selected for medium adoption category and 19.17 per cent belonged to high the study. Two talukas were selected from Belagavi district based on adoption category. Cent per cent of the dairy farmers expressed non- highest milk production. Six villages were selected from each taluk availability of chilling facilities at the village level for milk preservation randomly. Ten dairy farmers were selected randomly from each village. as the main constraint. Other constraints expressed by farmers were In this way a sample of 120 dairy farmers were selected from the lack of milk testing and animal screening facilities (91.67%), poor district. The data was collected by personal interview method using housing to milch animals (84.17%), lack of awareness about quality pre-tested interview schedule. The profile of respondents revealed milk production (80.83%), lack of marketing facility for dairy business that 48.33 per cent of the respondents had medium experience in (80.00%), poor knowledge about scientific animal husbandry practices dairy farming followed by low level of experience (43.33%). About (75.00%), lack of finance to invest in dairy business for quality milk 8.33 per cent of them had high experience in dairy farming. Considerable production (73.33%), lack of veterinary services in villages for quality respondents, 40.00 per cent of the respondents belonged medium milk production (73.33%), not getting remunerative price to milk knowledge category followed by low knowledge category (32.50%) produced (55.00%). Technological gap in cultivation of Pineapple in Uttara Kannada district DHARESH MAGUNDANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. H. HANUMANAIKAR

The present study was conducted during 2016-17 in Sirsi and Siddapur protection (93.33%), seed treatment (92.50%), recommended length of taluks of Uttara Kannada district. These two taluks were selected for crown for planting (89.17%), and recommended length of slips for the study in view of their major share in the area and production. From planting (81.67%). Meager technological gap was observed in case of each taluk four villages were selected randomly and total sample size recommended variety for cultivation (13.33%) followed by suitable was 120. The ex-post-facto research design was used for the study. months for planting (6.67%) and no technological gap was observed in Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age (60.83%) and had case of cultivation in trenches, types of planting material and manual medium level of farming experience (34.17%). Forty per cent of the weeding. The variables such as education, annual income, farming farmers belonged to low extension participation category and experience and innovativeness had positive and significant relationship 42.50 per cent of the farmers belonged to medium innovativeness with knowledge level of the respondents. The variables such as extension category. Majority of the respondents had medium level of knowledge participation and innovativeness were having highly significant relation about pineapple cultivation practices (41.67%) and cent per cent of with the technological gap of pineapple growers. The major constraints pineapple growers had knowledge about cultivation in trenches, suitable faced by pineapple growers were, non-availability and high labour months for planting and manual weeding. Further, 39.17 per cent of the charges (97.50%), followed by low price for the produce (92.50%), pineapple growers were found in medium level of technological gap micro-nutrient deficiency of soil (88.33%), lack of storage facilities category. Huge technological gap was observed in case of plant (85.00%) and lack of technical guidance (80.00%).

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS Development of food grain production index in Karnataka N. L. PAVITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. ASHALATHA

The study was conducted during 2016 at Department of Agricultural variation in production and productivity. Transitional probability Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The study matrix was used to study the shift in area of selected crops. Highest was based on secondary data for twenty five years from 1990-91 to retention was found in sorghum (74.73%) followed by paddy and 2014-15. The technique of descriptive, compound growth rate, co- maize (56.08 and 49.03%, respectively). Based on the composite efficient of variation, Markov chain analysis, composite index, indices of production indicator, Raichur district was ranked first in correlation analysis, simple linear regression and non-linear regression food grain production in the study period. In case of correlation were used. Descriptive statistics pertaining to area, production and analysis, the demand of pulses was significant and positively correlated productivity of food grains in Karnataka state over a period of years with production of pulses. In case of simple linear regression, indicates the average area was found to be higher in sorghum, average production of pulses was contributing significantly to the demand of production and productivity was found to be higher in case of paddy. pulses. For demand of pulses linear model, quadratic models, The highest positive CAGR was observed in maize, chickpea and compound model, power model, growth model, exponential model pigeonpea in case of area, production and productivity among cereals and logistic model were found to be significant. Linear and quadratic and pulses. Paddy showed lowest coefficient of variation in area, models were found to best fit for production of pulses because of its production and productivity. Field bean showed higher coefficient of highest R2 (36.8%) and lowest standard error (0.141).

85 A statistical measurement into the changes in Cardamom production and export in India JYOTI B. BAGALKOTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. S. BHAT

This study was conducted during 2015-2017 at the Department of 1997-98 and 1998-99 to 2015-16 and results revealed that production Agricultural Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and productivity of cardamom in both the periods was stable. Simple to know the behaviour of cardamom production, export, shift in linear regression indicated that, all the variables i.e., production, cardamom export and factors affecting to the cardamom export. consumption, domestic price and export price were positively Secondary data for the period of 1980-81 to 2015-16 was used. contributing to the export of cardamom. Structural change of cardamom Compound annual growth rate, instability index, Coppock’s instability export from India was examined by estimating the transitional index, correlation analysis, simple linear regression, Markov chain probability matrix using Markov chain. The major countries selected analysis were used in the study. The growth performance of cardamom were Saudi Arabia, Japan, Kuwait, UAE, USA and remaining countries production (2.72%) and productivity (3.52%) was found to be highly were considered under ‘Others’ category. The results showed that significant. The overall growth rate of cardamom export was found to Kuwait was the most stable market among the major importers of be significant and showed high instability. Coppock’s instability index Indian cardamom followed by Saudi Arabia (66.53%), USA (46.42%), was calculated for two sub periods separately viz., 1980-81 to Others (41.24%), UAE (30.28%) and Japan (02.24%).

A statistical study on food security of India T. RIJOY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. S. BHAT

This study was conducted during 2016-2017 at the Department of sorghum (7.20%). In rabi season, others (maize, barley, green gram, Agricultural Statistics, University of Agricultural sciences, Dharwad. black gram and small millets) retained maximum area under The study was based on secondary data of area, production and cultivation of 67.61 per centfollowed by bengal gram (58.01%) productivity for the last 25 years from 1990 to 2015. For the and least was by ragi (16.59%). The estimation of requirement investigation, growth rates of production of major food items,shifts and availability of the food items revealed that cereals and millets in area under major food grains and requirement and availability of had an excess production and which was increasingly surplus major food groups were studied by using compound annual growth whereas the difference between requirement and availability was rate, Markov chain and ARIMA techniques. Growth rate analysis found to be increasingly deficit in case of pulses and edible oils. revealed that maize was the cereal crop which marked the highest Fruits and vegetables showed a deficit production compared to growth rate of production (4.58%). Bengal gram, soybean, orange, the requirement in the initial periods but became surplus in the onion and eggs showed the highest growth rates of production later period of the study. Milk and meat production were also among pulses, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables and animal products. found to be deficit in the initial years and turned to surplus Markov chain analysis showed that maize had the highest retention production in the later period. Availability of eggs was also found among kharif cereals with respect to area (74.14%) and least by to be deficit but the gap was reducing over the years.

Statistical analysis of Sugarcane yield in Belagavi district SIDDU HANABAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. N. HAVALDAR

The study was conducted during 2016 at Department of Agricultural were highly significant but negatively contributing. Whereas, minimum Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. In Karnataka, temperature is significant and positively contributing to sugarcane Belagavi occupies first place in the sugarcane production. Sugarcane production with R2 value 66 per cent and minimum temperature was is a renewable natural agriculture resource as it provides sugar, biofuel, positive and significantly contributing to yield of sugarcane with R2 fibre, fertilizer and by-products or co-products with ecological value 27 per cent. Minimum temperature had highest direct effect on sustainability. Both primary and secondary data was collected to production followed by maximum temperature and relative humidity satisfy the specific objectives. The secondary data was collected (evening). Relative humidity (morning) followed by rainfall had from 1990-91 to 2014-15 and the primary data was collected from negative direct effect on production of sugarcane. In case of sugarcane 100 farmers randomly in selected taluks of Belagavi district. The yield, except relative humidity (morning) all the weather parameters statistical tools used to analyse the collected data were non-linear had positive direct effect. In order to rank the production and marketing regression models, path analysis and Garrette’s ranking. In case of constraints, Garrett’s ranking technique was carried out. Non- both area and production, exponential model showed best fit because availability of water for irrigation ranked first in case of production of highest R2, lowest standard error and least mean square error. In constraints and low price in local market ranked first in case of case of multiple regression, rainfall and relative humidity (morning) marketing constraints.

86 A statistical investigation on sugar production in India J. MEGHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. N. HAVALDAR

A study on the detailed scenario of sugar production in India was Lanka (57.30%), Bangladesh (38.20%), USA (37.4%) and other conducted during 2015-2017 at the Department of Agricultural countries (56.40%). To maintain their retention, UAE gained 6.7 per Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. The secondary cent of export from Sri Lanka, 25.8 per cent from USA and 4.4 per cent data of sugarcane area, sugarcane production, sugar production and from others. For predicting sugar production with respect to sugarcane sugar export was collected for the period 1990 to 2015. CAGR, CV, area, the compound model was found to be best fit with highest R2 of Coppack’s instability index, Cuddy della valle index, Markov chain 93.3 per cent, minimum root mean square error of 0.30 and standard analysis and non-linear regression models were employed to investigate error of 0.094. Based on the sugarcane production, cubic model was the present study. India’s sugar production was found to be stable found to be best fit with highest R2 of 91.6 per cent, minimum mean during the initial years but later on production was quite instable due to square error and standard error of 0.103 and 0.10, respectively. Overall fluctuations in area and production of sugarcane. The results from study revealed that sugar production and export was instable. New Markov chain analysis revealed that the highest retention of export technology should be introduced to increase the sugarcane and sugar was noticed in UAE (83.00%) followed by Malaysia (62.00%), Sri production which helps the sugar export to be sustainable.

B. HORTICULTURE

Studies on integrated nutrient management in red Cabbage grown under shade house condition SHRUTI KOPPAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MANTUR

-2 -1 -2 -1 A field experiment was conducted during rabi, 2015-16 at Hi-Tech H2O m s ) and stomatal conductance (0.30 m mol CO2 m s ) was Horticulture Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad to recorded in the treatment receiving 75 per cent RDF + FYM and VC “Study the effect of integrated nutrient management in red cabbage (1:1) equivalent to 25 per cent RDN + Azotobactor + PSB. Higher grown under shade house condition”. The treatments consisted of three vitamin C content (35.12 mg/100 g) was recorded in treatment receiving levels of recommended dose of fertilizer viz, 100% RDF (100:150:125 50 per cent RDF + FYM and VC (1:1) equivalent to 50 per cent RDN kg NPK/ha), 75% RDF (75:112:75 kg NPK/ha) and 50% RDF + Azotobactor + PSB. Maximum content of vitamin A (0.58 mg/100 g) (50:75:62.5 kg NPK/ha), three levels of recommended dose of nitrogen and dietary fibre (2.60 g/100 g) was recorded in the treatment receiving (100 %, 50% and 50% RDN) provided through FYM and vermicompost 75 per cent RDF + FYM and VC (1:1) equivalent to 25 per cent RDN and bio-fertilizers (Azotobactor and PSB). Among the various + Azotobactor + PSB. The treatment T11 receiving 75 per cent RDF + treatments, maximum plant height (35.36 cm), number of leaves (21.10), FYM and VC (1:1) equivalent to 25 per cent RDN recorded higher plant spread (69.64 cm), stalk length (9.85 cm), diameter of head (13.76 available N, P and K after harvest. Highest gross return (` 7,43,600), cm) at harvest, minimum days taken for head initiation (35.92 days), net return (Rs. 6,01,980) and benefit cost ratio (4.25) was recorded in average head weight (845 g), head yield (37.18 t ha-1), photosynthetic treatment receiving 75 per cent RDF + FYM and VC (1:1) equivalent -2 -1 rate (25.78 µ mol of CO2 m s ), transpiration rate (8.94 m mol of to 25 per cent RDN + Azotobactor + PSB.

Genetic diversity studies for morphological traits in Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] MANJUNATH PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. ANGADI

Clusterbean genotypes collected from different regions of India were seed yield per hectare which indicated predominance of additive evaluated in agumented design, with three checks replicated in each gene actions for these traits. Correlation studies revealed significant block to study the genetic variability, genetic divergence, per se and positive association of total seed yield per hectare with plant performance, correlation and path analysis, at Floriculture unit, height, leaf area and number of pods per plant. Path analysis for Department of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, total seed yield per hectare revealed that secondary branches and Dharwad, during kharif 2015. Analysis of variance revealed highly days to 50 per cent flowering are being chief contributing characters significant (at P=0.01) difference among genotypes for all seventeen at phenotypic level. The genetic divergence studies using K-means characters studied. Broad genetic base was evident as the value of statistics grouped thirty five genotypes of clusterbean into five genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variance was high for plant groups. Maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and height, number of branches, pod length, pods per plant, number of III. Among the seventeen characters included in K-means analysis, seeds per pod, yield per plant and seed yield per hectare. High total seed yield per hectare contributed maximum towards genetic heritability coupled with genetic advance over mean was observed divergence followed by seed yield per plant and pod yield per plant. for plant height at 90 DAS, number of branches, leaf area, pod A few of the most promising genotypes evolved from present study length at 60 DAS, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per for vegetable pod yield and seed yield were GR-9, GR-4, GR-29 pod, seed yield per plant, vegetable pod yield per plant and total and GR-26.

87 Studies on planting methods and clove size on growth and yield of Garlic MALASHRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. R. SHASHIDHAR

An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of four (10.62 and 26.51), clove size (1.05 cm2 and 1.57 cm2) and total bulb different planting methods and three clove sizes on growth and yield (6.35 t/ha and 9.88 t/ha), respectively, and was followed by yield of garlic in split plot design replicated thrice during kharif dome shape method. Further, planting large clove was recorded 2016 and rabi 2016-17 at Saidapur Farm, Main Agricultural Research highest plant height (51.10 cm and 56.80 cm), number of leaves Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Significant (7.42 and 8.31), leaf area (34.85 dm2 and 53.77 dm2), dry matter differences were observed among planting methods and the size of accumulation (60.13 g and 50.57 g), bulb weight (14.56 g and 17.56 planting materials. The dome shape method of planting was superior g), bulb diameter (14.92 mm and 36.51 mm), number of cloves for growth parameters during both kharif and rabi seasons with (10.62 and 24.83), clove size (1.05 cm2 and 1.67 cm2) and total bulb highest plant height (51.10 cm and 57.22 cm, respectively), number yield (6.35 t/ha and 9.72 t/ha) during both kharif and rabi season, of leaves (7.42 and 8.26, respectively), leaf area (34.85 dm2 and respectively. The interaction effects between BBF method with 57.70 dm2, respectively) and was on par with broad base furrow large clove were found significant for growth and yield parameters. (BBF) method. Whereas, BBF method recorded the highest dry BBF method of planting with large clove (>1 g) was found to be matter accumulation (60.13 g and 53.57 g), bulb weight (14.56 g and superior over all the treatments as it resulted in better growth and 17.89 g), bulb diameter (14.92 mm and 38.05 mm), number of cloves higher yield with highest B:C ratio.

Influence of different protected structures and mulching on growth and yield of parthenocarpic Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) DILLIP KUMAR DINGAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATISH S. PATIL

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of different recorded highest vine length (189.50 cm), leaf area (301.00 cm2) and leaf protected structures and mulching on growth and yield of parthenocarpic area index (4.87), number of nodes per vine (36.26), fruit weight cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) at the Hi-Tech Horticulture Unit, (156.97 g), number of fruits per vine (28.24), yield per vine (4.48 kg)

University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during rabi 2016-17. and yield per hectare (198.93 t/ha) over without mulching (M0). The experiment was laid out in factorial Randomized Complete Block Between two hybrids, maximum vine length (192.67 cm), leaf area Design comprised of three protected structures, viz., naturally (306.13 cm2), leaf area index (4.96), number of nodes per vine (36.33), ventilated polyhouse (C1), 35 per cent shadehouse (C2) and 50 per fruit length (17.36 cm), fruit weight (164.13 g), number of fruits per cent shade house (C3) with both mulching (Mi) and without mulching vine (27.85), yield per vine (4.62 kg) and yield per hectare (199.91 t/ha)

(M0) and two parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids, viz., KPCH-1 (V1) were recorded in hybrid Bahar. Regarding economy of cultivation, ` -1 ` -1 and Bahar (V2). The results indicated a significant difference in all the highest gross return ( 34,89,150 ha ) and net returns ( 24,22,955 ha ) vegetative growth and yield parameters studied. Among protected was obtained from T|2 (50 per cent shade with mulch and hybrid Bahar) structures, the maximum vine length (217.42 cm), leaf area (309.00 cm2) whereas highest BC ratio (3.93) was recorded from Tn (50 per cent and leaf area index (4.96) was recorded in C1, whereas highest number shade with mulch and hybrid KPCH-1). The cultivation of of nodes per vine (37.12), fruit length (16.49 cm), fruit weight (158.83 g), parthenocarpic cucumber hybrid Bahar under 50 per cent shadehouse number of fruits per vine (30.53), yield per vine (4.85 kg) and yield per with mulching recorded highest yield, gross returns and net returns hectare (206.98 t/ha) were recorded in C3. Mulching treatment (M1) under Dharwad condition.

Effect of nitrogen, harvesting stage and interval on growth, yield and quality of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum L.) HARSHITHA H. RAYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. K.VENUGOPAL

An investigation on the effect of nitrogen, harvesting stage and and dry herbage yield of 19.21 and 6.49 tons per hectare, respectively interval on growth, yield and quality of tulsi was carried out during in the first harvest, while 12.41 and 4.20 tons per hectare fresh and kharif 2016-17 at the Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Unit, Saidapur dry herbage yield, respectively was recorded in the second harvest. Farm, Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, UAS, The essential oil yield of 69.52 and 45.97 kg per hectare was obtained Dharwad. The experiment was laid out in factorial RCBD with at first and second harvest, respectively with the plants harvested three levels of nitrogen viz., 75 kg (N1), 100 kg (N2) and 125 kg (N3) at 90 days after transplanting. With regard to harvesting interval, an per hectare, two harvestings at 75 (H1) and 90 (H2) days after interval of 75 days after first harvest recorded maximum fresh and transplanting with two harvesting intervals of 60 (I1) and 75 days dry herbage yield per hectare (12.30 and 4.17 t/ha) and also recorded

(I2) after first harvest. Significant differences were observed among maximum essential oil yield of 44.85 kg per hectare. Oil content and different doses of nitrogen, harvesting stage and interval on growth the oil quality (% eugenol) ranged from 0.31 – 0.38 per cent and and yield parameters. Among the nitrogen levels, 125 kg per hectare 72.09 – 76.44 per cent, respectively. The interaction effect of recorded higher fresh herbage (18.14 and 11.89 t/ha) and dry herbage harvesting stage and interval on essential oil yield was significant. (6.13 and 4.02 t/ha) yield per hectare at first and second harvest, For the higher production of tulsi, application of nitrogen at the rate respectively and also recorded the maximum essential oil yield of of 125 kg per hectare and harvesting at 90 days after transplanting 66.77 and 43.68 kg per hectare at first and second harvest, with subsequent harvesting at an interval of 75 days helps in realizing respectively. Harvesting stage had a significant influence on fresh the higher yield.

88 Performance of varieties and effect of sulphur nutrition on growth, yield and quality of Garden Pea (Pisum sativum L.) under rainfed condition M. N. BHAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. HIREMATH

An investigation on effect of sulphur nutrition on growth, yield and (25.62 mg/100 g) and carbohydrate (15.83%). Among the levels of quality of garden pea varieties was carried out at the Department of sulphur nutrition to garden pea, the application of 20 kg/ha sulphur

Horticulture, University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, during (S2) recorded significantly higher yield (10.87 t/ha), B:C ratio (5.33) kharif 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in split plot design and shelling percentage (43.22%), protein (22.14), TSS (17.19 0B), with three replication involving twelve treatments. The experiment vitamin C (26.11 mg/100g) and carbohydrate (15.69 %). Interaction consisted four varieties of garden pea viz., AP-3 (V1), PSM-3 (V2), effect of variety and sulphur nutrition of garden pea showed

GS-10 (V3) and Arkel (V4) along with three levels of sulphur, i.e., significant differences on yield and quality. Variety GS-10 along without sulphur (S0), sulphur at 10 kg/ha (S1) and sulphur at 20 kg/ with sulphur nutrition at 20 kg/ha (V3S2) recorded maximum yield ha (S2) through gypsum. Significant differences were observed among (14.87 t/ha) with B:C ratio (7.51). The variety AP-3 along with varieties and sulphur nutrition on growth, yield and quality 20 kg/ha sulphur nutrition (V1S2) recorded significant protein parameters of garden pea. Among the varieties, GS-10 variety (V3) (23.17%), TSS (17.75 B), vitamin C (26.43 mg/100 g) and recorded higher yield (12.24 t/ha) and B:C ratio (6.34) followed by carbohydrate (16.25%). For getting higher yield potential in garden

PSM-3 variety (V2). Variety AP-3 (V1) recorded higher shelling pea the combination of variety GS-10 and 20 kg/ha sulphur can be percentage (44.67%), protein (22.23%), TSS (17.78 0B), vitamin C recommended for commercial cultivation.

Influence of media and planting geometry for cultivation of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivars under polyhouse condition B. M. SANJANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. BIRADAR

A study to identify suitable media, planting geometry and cultivars was recorded in cocopeat powder + vermicompost with 40 × 40 cm in turmeric under polyhouse condition was conducted at the Hi - in cultivar Bidar. Significantly highest circumference of primary Tech Horticulture Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad fingers (8.86 cm) was observed in media-2 with 40 × 30 cm in Bidar during 2016-17. The three factors were bedding media (media-1: cultivar. Highest circumference of secondary fingers (6.33 cm) in cocopeat powder + vermicompost, media-2: cocopeat block + media-1 with 40 × 40 cm in cultivar Alleppey. Among yield vermicompost, media-3: soil + sand + FYM), planting geometry parameters, media-2 with 30 × 30 cm in cultivar Salem recorded (40 × 40 cm, 40 × 30 cm and 30 × 30 cm) and three cultivars significantly maximum fresh rhizome yield (43.50 t/ha), dry rhizome (Alleppey, Salem and Bidar) in factorial randomized complete block yield (8.21 t/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio of 2.25. Significantly design replicated thrice with 27 treatments. Significantly highest highest oleoresin content (15.08%) was recorded in media-2 with plant height (81.57 cm) was recorded in media-1 with 30 × 30 cm in 40 × 30 cm in cultivar Alleppey. Recovery per cent was highest cultivar Alleppey. Whereas, media-2 with 40 × 40 cm in cultivar (19.80%) in media-1 with 40 × 30 cm in cultivar Salem. Turmeric Bidar showed significantly highest circumference of mother cultivar Salem grown in cocopeat block + vermicompost bedding rhizomes. Significantly more number of primary fingers (6.16), media with a spacing of 30 × 30 cm gave higher economic returns length of primary fingers (9.51 cm) and secondary fingers (5.74) under polyhouse condition.

Evaluation of parthenocarpic Cucumbers under polyhouse SUJATA S. KARAJAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. M. MANTUR

An experiment was conducted to evaluate parthenocarpic cucumbers of fruits per vine (37.33), yield per vine (5.21 kg), yield per hectare under polyhouse at the Hi-tech Horticulture Unit, University of (231.18 ton) which was followed by hybrid Bahar yield per vine Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during winter season of (4.32 kg), yield per hectare (191.96 t/ha). Maximum shelflife 2016-17. Ten parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids viz, Poyraz, (6.80 days) and less moisture content (95.15%) was recorded by Falcanostar, Sahin, Shinefit, Kingstar, Meltum, KPCH-1, Bahar, Multistar. The significantly more TSS (3.33 0B) content was recorded Cengel and Multistar were evaluated in completely randomized design in KPCH-1, whereas, higher titrable acidity (0.51%) was in Poyraz replicated thrice. Result revealed that, among ten hybrids Kingstar which was followed by hybrid Multistar (0.35%). The maximum recorded higher vine length (110, 252 and 276 cm) at 30, 60 and ascorbic acid and firmness (4.47 mg/g and 7.17 kg/cm2) was recorded in 90 DAT, respectively. Kingstar recorded higher internodal length, Sahin. The gross return (` 1,73,400), net return (` 1,18,421) per 500 m2 fruit length and fruit weight (8.17 cm, 17.90 cm and 161.67 g, was significantly higher in the Multistar which was followed by Bahar respectively). Less number of days taken to first flower emergence, gross return (1,44,000), net return (` 90,982). With respect to benefit days taken to first harvest and last harvest and more fruit diameter cost ratio, Multistar (3.15) was found to be superior over the other was recorded in KPCH-1 (20.67 days, 31.40 days, 78 days and hybrids. The results of present investigation indicated that the hybrid 3.70 cm, respectively). Multistar recorded significantly higher number Multistar was suitable hybrid and highly economic under polyhouse.

89 C. FORESTRY PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY

Effect of ecological situations on productivity of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex. Benth. plantations of varied age gradations in Sirsi forest division VISHWANATH ARABAGONDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. MADIWALAR

Productivity assessment of Acacia auriculiformis plantations of (319.07 m3/ha) at 10 years and Siddapur (361.47 m3/ha) followed three age gradations (viz., 8, 10 and 12 years old) in different forest by Kyadagi (359.58 m3/ha) at 12 years. The carbon stock was highest ranges (Sirsi, Banavasi, Hulekal, Janmane, Siddapur, Kyadagi) of in Kyadagi (32.68 t/ha), Janmane (88.00 t/ha) and Siddapur (99.40 Sirsi forest division was taken up during 2014-16 and each range t/ha) situations at 8, 10 and 12 year age gradations respectively. The was considered as different ecological situation. Observations on growth and productivity parameters were positively correlated with growth parameters like total tree height, clear bole height and dbh climatic and edaphic factors in all the three age gradations. The were recorded in 10 m ´ 10 m sample plot. As substantial area is carbon sequestration with respect to ecological situations was being occupied by different Acacia species in Uttara Kannada district significant among all the age groups and interaction between studies were necessary to know the variation among plantation of ecological situations and age with respect to all parameters was also different age gradations within a broad zone. The results of the significant. The study indicated that locality factors such as rainfall, study revealed that total volume was highest in Kyadagi ecological temperature, micro climate and edaphic factors played key role in situation (118.81 m3/ha) followed by Siddapur (118.05 m3/ha) at growth and productivity of Acacia auruculiformis plantation in 8 years, while it was Janamne (320.02 m3/ha) followed by Hulekal Sirsi forest division.

Influence of site factors and age gradation on productivity of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) plantation SHAHBAZ NOORI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. INAMATI

Biomass productivity and carbon sequestration potential of rubber prevailing in the zone. In Sagara zone, carbon sequestration potential plantation in two ecological zones based on annual rainfall distribution of rubber plantation recorded was significantly higher in 10 year viz., Mundgod (798 mm) and Sagara (1918 mm) of Karnataka in age (70.61 t ha-1), followed by 7 (37.55 t ha-1) and 4 year (15.31 t ha-1) gradation of 4, 7 and 10 year were studied in College of Forestry, Sirsi plantation, while it recorded comparatively lower in age gradation of (UAS, Dharwad) in the year 2016-2017. Observations on growth 10 (48.23 t ha-1), 7 (21.92 t ha-1) and 4 year (8.61 t ha-1) rubber parameters such as height and diameter at breast height were recorded plantation of Mundgod zone. The pH of both the zone were in 20 m × 20 m plot and average per hectare of basal area and volume predominantly acidic in nature ranging from 4.29 to 4.81. The status productivity was calculated. Hevea brasiliensis plantation of Sagara of soil chemical properties was considerably high in Mundgod ranging at 4, 7 and 10 year recorded maximum volume production of 18.44 m3 from electrical conductivity (0.18 to 0.25 dS m-1), organic carbon ha-1, 57.65 m3 ha-1 and 119.05 m3 ha-1, respectively which may be due (0.60 - 0.95 %) and primary soil nutrients such as available nitrogen to favourable climatic and edaphic conditions coupled with soil (308.22 - 342.88 kg ha-1), phosphorous (25.72 - 29.30 kg ha-1) and nutrient fertility. While, significantly lower volume production of potassium (180.30 - 199.57 kg ha-1) while Sagara zone experienced 9.39 m3 ha-1, 30.82 m3 ha-1 and m3 ha-1 was recorded in 4, 7 and 10 year low soil nutrient fertility due to higher nutrient uptake by trees and respectively in Mundgod zone which may be due to climatic variation leaching loss characterized by site.

Investigations on seed cake of Calophyllum inophyilum L. as an organic manure in Casuarina equisetifolia L. nursery REKHA BAHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. J. PATIL

De-oiled seed cakes, which are considered as a waste product arising (0.63), peak value (0.82), germination rate (0.92) and germination value from biodiesel industries, contains beneficial nutrients for plant growth (0.52) were recorded in the potting medium containing combination of and thus, have a great potential lo be used as an organic manure. In this soil and sand along with 200 g FYM and 37 g cake. Results of second regard, two experiments were conducted at the College of Forestry, experiment indicated that application of different quantities of Sirsi during 2016-17 in order to know the impact of de-oiled seed cake C. inophyllum seed cake (both sterilized and non-sterilized), farmyard of Calophyllum inophyllum on the germination parameters as well as manure, vermicompost and poultry manure significantly enhanced the seedling growth of Casuarina equisetifolia. Both the experiments were growth of C. equisetifolia seedlings. Among eighteen treatments laid in Completely Randomized Design. In first experiment, powdered imposed, maximum seedling height (69.51 cm), collar diameter de-oiled seed cake, farmyard manure (FYM) and their combinations (3.53 mm), seedling fresh weight (32.93 g) and seedling dry weight were applied in various quantities to the potting medium. The results (10.21 g) were recorded when 2.5 g nitrogen (N) was applied through indicated that de-oiled seed cake of C. inophyllum had a significant non-sterilized cake. These findings suggest that use of dc-oiled seed impact on seed germination parameters. Out of fifteen treatments used, cake of C. inophyllum in the potting medium provided a good way to maximum germination percentage (47.33%), mean daily germination enhance the germination attributes and seedling growth of C. equisetifolia.

90 Influence of de-oiled tree borne oil seed cakes on germination, vigour and seedlings growth of Pongamia pinnata (L.) pierre and Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. SHILPA RAMAPPA KABBUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. J. PATIL

The present study was conducted on the utilization of de-oiled Tree pongamia seed cakes in potting media at different proportions in Borne Oil (TBO) seed cakes as organic manure for germination and combination with soil, sand and FYM on the growth parameters of growth of plants at the College of Forestry, Sirsi in the year 2015-16. pongamia and rosewood seedlings. The maximum height (33.03 cm First experiment was conducted to study the germination pattern of and 15.86 cm), collar diameter (7.50 mm and 1.73 mm) and total pongamia (Pongamia pinnata) and rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia) number of leaves (14.08 and 18.61) was recorded in treatment T4 seeds as influenced by the leachates of neem (Azadirachta indica) and [soil, sand, FYM (1:1:0.5) + 0.5 proportion of NC (neem cake)] at pongamia seed cakes in different concentration. The highest 180 DAS (days after sowing) respectively for both the species. germination percentage (76.67 and 98.67%), germination rate (2.24 Maximum root fresh weight (4.43 g and 0.63 g), shoot fresh weight and 9.50), peak value (2.63 and 10.97), mean daily germination (2.19 (13.23 g and 1.82 g), root dry weight (2.28 g and 0.34 g) and shoot dry and 2.82), germination value (5.77 and 30.92), seedling length (36.25 weight (6.42 g and 0.92 g) was recorded in treatment T4 at the end of and 16.41), seedling vigour index (2779.17 and 1619.48) and survival the experiment respectively for pongamia and rosewood seedlings. Thus the study suggests that 50 g concentration of seed cake leachate percentage (100.00 and 93.12%) were observed in T6 (50 g of neem seed cake leachate) for pongamia and rosewood, respectively. The and 0.50 proportions of seed cakes can be used in nursery for raising second experiment was conducted to study the use of neem and quality planting material.

Studies on effect of seed source variation and restoration techniques (direct seeding) on germination and survival in Lophopetalum wightianum (Arn.) B. S. SUNITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. S. INAMATI

An investigation was carried in 2016-2017 at the College of Forestry, sown about 5 m, 10 m, 15 m and 20 m away from stream and in Sirsi for fruits and seeds morphological studies from seed sources different sowing depths viz., above litter, below litter and 2 cm and on the bank of the Amminalli stream in Upghat region of Uttara depth in soil with Two Factorial Randomized Block Design at Kannada to recover species population. Fruits and seeds collected restoration site of Janmane range (Amminalli stream) in Uttara from seven seed sources viz., Janmane, Katagal, Gerusoppa, Kumta, Kannada. Among sowing depths, below litter (33.33 and 30.00%) Karwar, Banavasi and Sirsi were sown in the nursery in Completely and (64.44 and 62.22%) and 2 cm depth in soil (30.00 and 26.67%) Randomized Design. Fruits and seeds from Sirsi and Janmane were and (75.56 and 72.22%) were found to be more adequate and effective superior for fruit colour, fruit length (11.17 and 10.00 cm), fruit in enhancing germination and survivability at 10 m and 15 m away width (4.90 cm and 4.37 cm), fruit weight (13.53 g and 12.13 g), from stream, respectively. Thus, the study suggests that Sirsi and seed length (6.00 and 5.20 cm), 100 seed weight (16.39 and 15.91 g), Janmane seed source, 10 m and 15 m sowing distance from stream germination per cent (85.33 and 74.34%), seedling vigour (1,470 and sowing depths viz., below litter and 2 cm depth in soil can be and 1,325), seedling height, collar diameter, number of leaves and considered as the factors responsible for successful recovery of biomass of seedlings (6.56 and 4.56 g). Also seeds were directly riparian tree species through direct seeding.

Study on pre-sowing treatments and nutrient response in Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. UDAY KUMAR LODH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAJU L. CHAVAN

Rose wood (Dalbergia latifolia) belongs to family Fabaceae. It is one germination percentage (70.00%), mean daily germination (3.33), peak of the most important timber yielding species in India. It is well known value (6.35), germination rate (5.11) and germination value (21.15) over for producing very hard and durable wood and has high commercial control. Results of second experiment indicated that combined value. It is used in furniture construction, manufacture of guitar sets application of different quantities of poultry manure (10 g) + and decorative veneers. In this regard, two experiments laid in vermicompost + (15 g) + FYM (25 g) + mycorrhizae (10 g) + NPK Completely Randomized Design were conducted at the College of (0.5 g/1 g/0.5 g) in 53 × 83 polybags containing potting mixture (soil, Forestry, Sirsi during 2016-17 in order to know the effect of eight pre- sand and FYM - 2:1:1) recorded significantly maximum seedling height sowing treatments on seed germination and to assess the effect of (43.68 cm), collar diameter (4.96 mm), number of leaves (61.63), seedling integrated nutrient management (11 treatments involving poultry manure, fresh weight (73.32 g) and seedling dry weight (34.90 g) over control. vermicompost, FYM, mycorrhizae, NPK and their combination) on Soaking seeds in tap water for 12 hrs and combined application of growth of seedlings. In first experiment, the results indicated that seeds organic, inorganic and biofertilizers provided a good way to enhance treated with tap water for 12 hours recorded significantly maximum the germination attributes and seedling growth of rosewood.

91 FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES Seed source variation for fruit, seed, seedling and camptothecin, an anti-cancer drug, in Pyrenacantha volubilis ARJUN RAMACHANDRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. VASUDEVA

The study was conducted at College of Forestry, Sirsi during (1.64 g) and Kizhoor was best in terms of dry root: dry shoot ratio 2015-2017 to investigate the variations between seed sources for (0.88). Fruit, seed, seedling growth and sturdiness parameters showed growth, yield and economic traits of Pyrenacantha volubilis which is higher heritability. Calculated genetic gain was very high for fruit an undomesticated liana of coastal India having high anti-cancer alkaloid weight, pulp weight and pulp: fruit ratio and was low for seedling viz. camptothecin (CPT) content. Nineteen seed sources of P. volubilis quality index, dry root weight and petiole diameter. Otteri was superior belonging to five bioclimatic zones, in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, were in terms of camptothecin accumulation in roots and stems (0.16 and identified. Kizhoor source was superior for fruit and seed traits viz., 0.12% respectively); while maximum camptothecin is accumulated fruit length (16.24 mm), fruit width (10.49 mm), fruit weight (1.12 g), in seeds by the Puthupattu source (1.06%). Clinal variations showed seed length (12.86 mm), pulp weight (0.95 g), pulp: fruit ratio (0.85) that southern populations have larger fruits, seeds, greater pulp and test weight (17.15 g). The best seed source for germination was yield and higher accumulation of camptothecin in the stems Pazhaiyasivaram (70% germination percentage). Seedlings from compared to the northern populations. Northern populations were Villiampakkam were better for ground diameter (2.99 mm), number of better for germination percentage, ground diameter, shoot length, leaves (24) and number of branches (2.95). Mangalam seed source leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, root CPT and whole seed was superior for stem dry weight (1.01 g) and shoot dry weight CPT content. These patterns are important for further selections (2.51 g); Villiampakkam was better with regard to leaf dry weight and domestication. Studies on leaf spot disease and screening for clonal resistance in Nothapodytes nimmoniana - An anti-cancer drug yielding tree V. R. SHWETHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURUDATT M. HEGDE

Nothapodytes nimmonianais one of high camptothecin (CPT) yielding were highly susceptible to Cylindrosporium leaf spot disease. tree. Though the incidence of fungal leaf spot disease has been Biochemical contents viz. reducing sugars and phenols was estimated reported, except the recordance of the disease there was no systematic in all the clones. The strong association between disease and estimated work carried out on various aspects of the leaf spot disease of biochemical contents in the clones was recorded. The management of N. nimmoniana.The pathogen associated with the leaf spot disease of the disease was carried out under both in vitro and in vivoconditions. N. nimmoniana was isolated and identified as Cylindrosporium Among the different fungitoxicants used TrichodermaharzianumIOF mappiae. To prove its pathogenicity different inoculation methods strain has recorded growth inhibition of 99.81 per cent, were followed, among all the methods swabbing, brushing, sticking Azadiracthaindica (98.40%), Tebuconazole 250 EC (99.63%), above surface and sticking below surface methods were proved to be Trifloxistrobin 25 per cent + Tebuconazole 50 per cent, 75 per cent effective in symptom expression. For the first time screening of the WC (100%), Hexaconazole 4 per cent + Zineb 68 per cent, 72 per forty four clones of N. nimmonianaagainst leaf spot disease was cent WP (96.30%) and Hexaconazole 5 per cent + Captan 70 per carried out in the clonal orchard of College of Forestry, Sirsi during cent, 75 per cent WP (98.92%) were found effective under in vitro

2015 and 2016. The clones Px and O from Pune and Mahabaleshwara, conditions. Similarly, the combi product Trifloxistrobin 25 per cent + respectively were moderately resistant to Cylindrosporium leaf spot Tebuconazole 50 per cent, 75 per cent WP has recorded the lowest disease. After two years of screening it was found that two clones disease index of 44.23 per cent and found effective under in vivo were moderately resistant, 7 clones were susceptible and 35 clones conditions.

Studies on seed biology, pre-sowing treatment and seed storage in Impatiens talbotii Hook. PALLAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. KRISHNA

The present investigation was carried out in the College of Forestry, width, thickness, volume of 50 seeds, density of 50 seeds and test Sirsi during 2015-16. Impatiens talbotii Hook. is a rare and endangered weight of 100 seeds were 3 mm, 2.12 mm, 1.28 mm, 0.14 cm3, 1.04 g/ ephemeral restricted to northern part of Central Western Ghats, cc and 0.69 g, respectively. Among all the pre-sowing treatments highest specifically Uttara Kannada and Shimoga District of Karnataka. germination (93%), germination rate (8.56), peak value (0.23) and high

Information on seed biology, seed dormancy and storability of seed seedling vigour was observed in scarification + GA3 @ 100 ppm for 6 hinders the conservation strategy of the species was scanty. Thus, hours soaking over the other treatments and produced high quality efforts were made in this study for boosting conservation as well for seedlings. There was no germination observed in control. Seeds stored domestication of rare plants in large scale. Study found that capsule at ambient relative humidity under cold storage showed higher colour changed from pale green to dark green upon maturity, and 16.3 germination of 83 per cent and 58 per cent at 30 and 180 days after mm length, 8.43 mm width, 0.91 mm thickness, 0.31 g weight, volume storage, respectively. Combination of seed scarification and GA3 @ of 10 capsule was 3.80 cm3, density of 10 capsule was 0.07 g/cc and 100 ppm for 6 hours soaking treatment was best dormancy breaking number seeds per capsule were 8 in number. Similarly seed attributes treatment. Seed stored at ambient relative humidity under cold such as seeds colour changed to dark brown upon maturity, seed length, temperature (5 oC) was best storage condition to maintain the viability.

92 Studies on characterization, pre-sowing treatments and nutrient management on seed quality of Pyrenacantha volubilis Wight. K. V. POWNITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVI HUNJE

Pyrenacantha volubilis is an undomesticated plant from family holds the seed firmly. Variations in fruits and seed parameters were Icacinaceae. It has been recently brought to limelight as rich sources also documented. Fresh and six months stored seeds showed 100 and of camptothecine an anti-cancer drug. Even is a potential species 50 per cent viability respectively in Tetrazolium test. Among seven with a huge industrial demand for future domestication and also pre-sowing treatments GA3 100 ppm enhanced the germination management for highest production technology, no attempts have (77.30%) and vigour index (2189) over control (12% and 198). 15 been made to develop technology till date. Keeping these beneficial fertilizers treatments were taken among them application of FYM advantages preliminary studies on morphological characterization, 20 g with bio-fertilizers 5 g/plant with potting mixture (2:1:0) recorded pre-sowing treatments and nutrient management experiment was highest plant height (119 cm), dry biomass (6.45 g/plant) and carried out in the College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2016-17 in camptothecine content (31%) over the control. But application of Completely Randomised Design. The plant is a liana, dioecious, spiral DAP 0.5 g with organic 20 g and bio-fertilizers 5 g/plant showed alternative phyllotaxy, green colour inflorescence. Fruit is highest leaves (24.17), leaf area (248.04 cm2), collar diameter infructescence (1-5 fruit), drupe, ovoid shape, orange colour and (3.18 mm) and root length (38.30 cm). GA3 is the best dormancy breaking dimension is 15.16 × 11.02 mm. Di-cotyledon seeds with minute treatment, combination of farmyard manure with bio-fertilizers are the pores in endocarp shows papillae structures in seed coat (tegmen) it best to improve the growth, biomass and camptothecine.

FOREST WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

Study on impacts of watershed management practices on forest phytosociology and soil nutrient status in micro watersheds of Sirsi taluk ATHIRA JAMES MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. G. KOPPAD

This study was taken up in the Kalve watershed of Uttara Kannada was found under the trench-II site. Herb diversity and density were district to assess the impact of watershed management on plant maximum under the trench-I site. The control site showed the least density, diversity and soil nutrients status in forests by College of herb and shrub density. The soil physico-chemical properties varied Forestry, Sirsi. The field works were carried out during 2016-17. The significantly with watershed treatment proving the effectiveness of quadrats were laid in randomised block design. Treated watershed management practices in improving soil properties. The soil bulk with trenches, vented dams and ponds were compared with a control density and electrical conductivity varied significantly between the watershed. The tree density and basal area showed a significant increase treated and untreated sites while the soil pH remained unaffected by over the control plot. Trench- I and trench- II sites showed highest the watershed management practices adopted. The available nitrogen tree density (1500 and 1513 stems per hectare respectively) and in the soil was significantly highest in the large pond, trench-I and basal area (34.13 and 36.75 m2/ha respectively). The lowest density trench-II site (236.6, 231.3 and 226.87 kg/ha respectively). The control was found under the vented dam site followed by control site. The plot and vented dam site showed significantly lowest organic carbon tree diversity under the various watershed treatments showed that (1.54 and 1.04 per cent respectively). Trench-II site showed the the small pond site had the maximum diversity as expressed by significantly highest available phosphorus, potassium and organic Shannon-Weiner (H=2.88) and Simpson (D=0.079) index followed carbon. The study proves the effectiveness of watershed management by the large pond site. The highest regeneration and shrub diversity practices in improving plant diversity and soil nutrients in forests.

Assessment of supply and demand of fuelwood in micro-watersheds of Sirsi taluk PALLAVI P. BANAVASI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. G. KOPPAD

A study to assess the supply and demand of fuel-wood and interventions 11.56 m3/ha and that of 4D4F5 was 18.15 m3/ha. The other sources of to reduce the pressure on forest was conducted by College of Forestry, fuel-wood were from bettaland, agro-forestry and agriculture waste. Sirsi, UAS, Dharwad in two watersheds (5B1A5 and 4D4F5) of Sirsi The most preferred fuel-wood species were Acacia species, Terminalia taluk of Uttar Kannada district during 2016-2017. The experimental species and Xylia xylocarpa. The demand of fuel-wood in 5B1A5 was design was split-plot design. Five villages were selected in each 5.23 quintals/year/person and 3.86 quintals/year/person in 4D4F5. The watershed. Supply of fuel-wood from forest for each village was assessed higher consumption of fuel-wood in 5B1A5 was due to more requirement through sample plots laid in the forests near the village and away from of fuel-wood for arecanut and Garcinia processing. Biogas, solar heaters, the village and replicated same for all the villages. Each treatment was LPG, improved chullas and electric stoves were the alternate sources of transect with size 100 m × 10 m in which fuel-wood species, deadwood energy. The fuel-wood saving due to these interventions was 0.4 tonnes/ availability, cut stumps and tree growth parameters were recorded. The year/person in 5B1A5 and 0.5 tonnes/year/person in 4D4F5. With household survey was conducted in 120 households in the villages 100% intervention introduction in villages, fuel-wood could be saved through questionnaire. In each village, the demand for fuel-wood in to about 2,703 tonnes/year in 5B1A5 and 306.6 tonnes/year in 4D4F5. small, medium and large families were assessed. The supply of fuel- Hence, there is a scope to introduce interventions in these villages to wood in terms of volume of deadwood from forests of 5B1A5 was reduce the pressure on forest.

93 Impact of anthropogenic activities and land slope on productivity and plant diversity in two forest types of Uttara Kannada district GREESHMA SHIVANAND PATGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. R. RAJAKUMAR

A study on impact of anthropogenic activities and land slope on by 3-8 per cent slope class. Interaction of semi-evergreen forest, plant productivity and diversity was conducted in two different 3-8 per cent slope and forest away from village showed the maximum forest types (semi-evergreen and dry deciduous) of Uttara Kannada volume (313 m3/ha). But maximum tree density, regeneration density district by the College of Forestry, Sirsi during 2016-17 using split- was in semi-evergreen forest, away from village with > 8 per cent split plot design. Main treatments were forest types. Sub-treatments slope. Highest tree, regeneration and shrub diversity was observed were two distances (near and far) from the selected two villages and in semi-evergreen forest type, 3-8 per cent at forest away from the three slope classes (0-2%, 3-8% and >8%) were sub-sub treatment. village. But herb diversity was found highest in dry deciduous forest, Household survey was conducted to collect the primary data on slope > 8 per cent at forest away from village. Household survey anthropogenic activities. Semi-evergreen forest had significantly revealed that fuel-wood collection and grazing was the major higher volume (218.6 m3/ha), maximum density of trees, tree anthropogenic pressure in the study area. In dry deciduous forest, regeneration and herbs. Forest away from village showed extent of fuel wood collection was high (100% households) because significantly higher volume (217.6 m3/ha), tree density and tree of easy accessibility of dried material, causing low productivity and regeneration density than forest near the village. Among the three diversity. Forest with lower slope and near village was easily slope classes, > 8 per cent slope class had significantly higher volume accessible for human activities. Extent of damage to the forest (208.5 m3/ha), tree density and tree regeneration density followed depends on accessibility and distance from the human settlements.

SILVICULTURE AND AGROFORESTRY Studies on weed management practices in young Grevillea robusta plantation BASAWARAJ S. JAMBAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. S. CHANNABASAPPA

A field experiment to study weed management practices in young and mixed dry leaves mulch (211 cm). These treatments were found Grevillea robusta plantation was carried out at the farmer field near significantly superior over other treatments. Black polythene mulch Sahasralinga, Sirsi, Uttara Kannada district by University of treatment (2.43 cm) recorded higher collar diameter followed by Agricultural Sciences Dharwad during 2015-16. The experiment was farmer practice (1.81 cm) and fertilizer bag mulch (1.79 cm), these conducted in randomized complete block design with ten treatments treatments were found significantly superior over other treatments. and three replications on the one year old plantation. Twenty-five The plant height increment per cent was higher in black polythene types of dicot and seven types monocot weeds belonging to sixteen mulch (226.32%) followed by milky white polythene mulch families were found in experimental plot. Among weed control (183.08%) and farmer’s practice (162.42%). The plant collar treatments in silver oak plantation, black polythene mulch recorded diameter increment per cent was higher in black polythene mulch significantly lower dry weed biomass and higher weed control (326.30%) followed by fertilizer bag mulch (189.82%) and milky efficiency at different intervals of observations i.e. two, four and white polythene mulch (186.57%), these treatments were found six months after treatment imposition. Almost 99 per cent of significantly superior over other treatments. Higher soil moisture reduction in weed biomass and (98.93%) weed control efficiency content was recorded in black polythene mulch treatment compared observed in black polythene mulch treatment compared to the to other treatments in the month of October and January. Black control. Maximum plant height of silver oak was recorded in black polythene mulch treatment was found to be best treatment for polythene mulch (262 cm) followed by farmer practice (212 cm) healthy growth of silver oak plants.

D. HOME SCIENCE FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION Food habits, nutritional status and quality of life of nomadic tribes in North Karnataka - A situational analysis DEEKSHA NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KASTURIBA

An investigation was undertaken with an objective to assess food regarding demographic profile, dwelling, food habits, food taboos, habits, nutritional status and quality of life of nomadic tribes in North etc. nomadic families studied mainly hailed from Rajasthan (50%), Karnataka during 2016-17. Sample size of 30 families from 6 districts followed by Maharashtra (26.67%), and Jharkhand (6.66%) and 16.67 (Dharwad, Hubli, Bijapur, Bagalkot, Gulbarga and Yadgiri) were per cent from other states. Majority (96.67%) of the families resided selected for the study. Nutritional status of women was assessed in tents and only 3.33 per cent in carabean. More than half (53.34%) based anthropometry, dietary assessment, biochemical, clinical of the nomadic tribal women had ideal BMI, 40 per cent of the subjects examination and morbidity pattern. Nutritional status of adolescent belonged to underweight category and 87 per cent of nomadic tribal girls and children was assessed in terms of anthropometry, clinical women were anemic. Majority (56%) of preschool children belonged examination and morbidity pattern. Information in detail was collected to different degrees of malnutrition when Gomez classification was

94 used, but majority of children were in normal group (68.75%) when be taken for upliftment of these tribes, so that they can also lead a they were classified by using IAP classification. In general this study decent life. The need for food supplementation programmes and long clearly revealed that vulnerable groups of nomadic tribes are in poor term nutritional education intervention is required to improve the nutritional status. The type of environment in which these families nutritional status of vulnerable groups. Intensive skill developmental are residing is very poor. They have no security. They are deprived of programmes can be planned to improve their socio-economic status all the facilities. So it is alarming situation, immediate measures are to and standard of living.

Characterization of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) seethani for food applications JYOTI SEMWAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. HEMALATHA Three sorghum varieties viz. SMJ-1, KMJ-1 and M 35-1 harvested at 1,142.00 mg. The total sugar content of seethani ranged from 2.85 to milky stage and processed to roasted grain seethani during rabi 2017 3.65 per cent. During maturity process starch content increased were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics, shelf-life and value significantly from 44.64 to 72.85 g, 36.77 to 71.14 and 40.89 to addition at the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. M 35-1 75.06 g in SMJ-1, KMJ-1 and M 35-1, respectively. Seethani packed variety had larger grains with 3.54 mm, 3.89 mm and 2.31 mm length, in HDPE pouches under refrigerated, ambient and accelerated breadth and thickness respectively. Cooking time, increase in volume conditions showed that grains can be stored for more than two months after cooking and solid leached varied significantly, SMJ-1 took 10.00 without change in sensory characteristics. Among baked, fried, steamed min to get cooked. Water absorption capacity was significantly lower and boiled products, 20 per cent seethani incorporated cookies and in SMJ-1 seethani flour. Protein, ash, crude fibre, crude fat, total guggari had 87.68 per cent acceptability index. The best accepted carbohydrates and total dietary fibre ranged from 9.22 to 12.25, 1.40 product, 20 per cent seethani incorporated cookies in HDPE pouches to 1.48 g, 2.28 to 2.82, 2.47 to 2.80, 79.17 to 82.46 and 10.01 to under ambient room temperature could be stored up to 45 days. The 12.06 g/100 g, respectively and energy from 386.33 to 392.33 kcal. study reveals that SMJ-1 seethani is a good source of protein, dietary Iron, zinc and calcium content were high in SMJ-1- 8.11 mg, 2.76 mg fibre and minerals but its incorporation in snack items is limited to and 35.30 mg/100 g, respectively. Magnesium was high in KMJ- lower level of 20 per cent if the grain is traditionally processed.

Functional and nutritional characteristics of organic jaggery based bakery products MAHALAXMI B. KANDAKUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. HEMALATHA The present study was conducted for formulating little millet cookies had shelf life of 60 days. In case of little millet muffins, 100 per cent and muffins by substituting sugar with non-organic jaggery and non-organic jaggery and 120 per cent organic jaggery was selected organic jaggery and evaluated for physico-chemical properties, shelf and accepted. On further evaluation the overall acceptability was life and consumer acceptability of selected and accepted products. 8.38 ± 0.73, 7.73 ± 0.89 and 7.39 ± 0.82 for sugar, non-organic and The findings revealed that, the little millet jaggery based cookies organic jaggery based little millet muffin respectively.However at with ratio of 75:25of sugar: non organic jaggery and 00:100 of sugar: 120 per cent level of incorporation of organic jaggery, the organic jaggery incorporated little millet cookie was selected for acceptability was higher with acceptability index of 81.98. Among further evaluations.The physical parameters like bulk density, the two types of jaggery muffins, calcium and potassium content spread ratio and spread factor did not vary significantly.Iron content were higher in non- organic (268.45 mg/100g, 354.7 mg/100g) while was significantly (p≤5%) higher in organic jaggery cookies phosphorus was higher in organic jaggery (181.5 mg/100g) based (2.20 mg/100 g). Calcium (180.10 mg/100 g) and potassium little millet muffin. Iron content did not vary between the two types (220.0 mg/100 g) were higher in non-organic jaggery cookie, of jaggery (2.5 and 2.6 mg/100 g).The muffin had short shelf life of respectively. Phosphorus did not differ significantly in both 4 days. Consumer acceptability showed that none of the product (150mg/100g, 149.6mg/100g), respectively. Organic jaggery cookie was in ‘dislike’ category for the developed cookies and muffins. Development of ready to eat millet upma mixes for management of diabetes SMITA DODDAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NIRMALA B. YENAGI The present study was carried out in the University of Agricultural mixes were assessed for nutrient composition and storage quality Sciences, Dharwad to develop ready to eat little (Panicum miliare) for a period of three months at room temperature. Little and foxtail and foxtail (Setaria italica) millet upma mixes for management of millet grains significantly differed only in nutrient composition. diabetes during 2017. Physical characteristics, functional properties The pre-treatment ‘cooking, drying and roasting’ was selected for and nutritional composition of raw millet grains were studied. development upma mixes as it exhibited better cooking and sensory Different pre-treatments in different combinations were tried to qualities than other pre-treatments. Pre-treatment decreased the reduce cooking time and to improve cooking quality such as roasting, protein content, minerals and phytochemicals, however there was cooking, drying, soaking and steaming. One of the pre-treatment an effective enhancement in dietary fibre (11.05 to 12.00%) and was selected in both millets based on better cooking quality, resistant starch (3.03 to 4.15%) content which improves the glucose functional property and organoleptic quality. Nutrient composition metabolism and reduces glycaemic index. Developed mixes improved of selected pre-treated grains was compared with raw and roasted neutraceutical and therapeutic properties. Little millet upma mix grains. Further upma mix was developed by selected pre-treated had shelf life of two and half months whereas foxtail millet upma grains with addition of functional ingredients such as bengalgram mix was stable at three months. Developed mixes are convenient to dhal, blackgram dhal, groundnut. Suitable spice pepper optimised use as they can be cooked just by addition of boiling water hence for quantity and other essential ingredients like, cumin, mustard these save time, energy. Developed ready to eat mix indicated seeds, dehydrated curry leaves and onion were added. Developed potential health benefits in management of diabetes.

95 Nutritional screening and value addition to minor tubers DIVYA PARMESHWAR MESTA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA BHARATI

A survey conducted by the University of Agricultural Sciences, mineral composition. The protein, fat, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, Dharwad in Uttara Kannada district (Sirsi, Joida, Yallapur) of starch and energy content of the tubers ranged from 4.14 to 8.73 g, Karnataka (n=30) during the year 2016-17 depicted that lot of minor 0.07 to 0.67 g, 76.92 to 85.56 g, 4.80 to 12.13 g, 33.97 to 69.18 g tubers were collected, grown and consumed in the form of boiled, and 349 to 368 kcal per 100 g of sample respectively (dwb). Iron steamed, and fried. The tubers were processed with spices or and zinc ranged between 0.45 to 3.31 mg/100 g and 0.56 to 6.93 mg/ sweeteners. Varieties of traditional products were prepared using 100 g, respectively. The higher acceptability indices of cutlet (89.69), tubers and consumed in their regular diet. These tubers were used and paratha (87.80) made with lesser yam, pakoda (89.63) made for curing ailments, like- diabetes, hypertension, paralysis, fever, with greater yam- lion foot type, finger chips (79.98) and sev (93.81) stomach ache, piles etc. Arrowroot is used for weakness and made with tannia bulbs have shown that the tubers were suitable for dysentery. Haalu makkala gadde and aarati kundige are used as value addition. The flour yield ranged from 25.24 to 28.24 per cent galactogogue. Fourteen minor tubers selected from Joida were studied with considerable physico-chemical and functional properties. for physico-chemical characters, nutritional composition and value Cookies prepared with greater yam- lion foot type and tannia bulb addition potential in the department of Food Science and Nutrition, flours received acceptability indices of 88.15 and 86.78 per cent College of Rural Home Science, Dharwad. Significant difference was respectively at 50 per cent incorporation and were on par with observed among minor tubers for proximate, carbohydrate, and control cookies. Assessment of nutritional status, risk factors and impact of education intervention on pulmonary Tuberculosis patients VANI MALAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. USHA MALAGI

A study to assess the nutritional status, risk factors and to know the SES and poor knowledge were the risk factors associated with impact of education intervention on pulmonary tuberculaosis patients occurrence of TB among all age groups. Diabetes mellitus, HIV and was conducted in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition of vices such as tobacco chewing, smoking, alcoholism were the risk University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2016-17. Patients factors found among adults. The mean age of relapse and drug resistant willing to participate in the study were selected by purposive sampling TB was 40 years. Non-compliance to treatment, BM1 less than 18, method from the Direct Observatory Treatment Centers of Hubli and poor knowledge, low SES and continued vices during treatment were Dharwad (N=105). The data was collected using a developed the risk factors associated with occurrence of relapse and drug questionnaire for nutritional status, risk factors, knowledge and resistant tuberculosis. Knowledge and practices were found to be low practices. Education intervention was given to 30 selected TB patients and were significantly associated with education and income level of about the disease. The results revealed that majority of them were males the subjects. Age was negatively associated with knowledge and practices. (70.47%) and belonged to productive age group (54.67%). About 2/3 Education intervention lead to significant increase in knowledge and subjects were undernourished with varying degrees of thinness practices of subjects with regard to disease management, dietary (62.52%). Consumption and nutrient adequacy of energy, protein modification, and hygiene. Improved dietary pattern and behavioural rich and protective foods were low. Majority of the subjects belonged changes can lead to improved nutritional status and reduction in the to low socio-economic status (SES) (86.84%). Undernutrition, poor period of morbidity and mortality.

Development and evaluation of Stevia based value added products SMRITY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UMA N. KULKARNI

The present study on development and evaluation of stevia based powder based products and control ranged between 756 Kcal to value added products was carried out in UAS, Dharwad during 1120 Kcal and 824 Kcal to 1196 Kcal respectively. Per cent reduction 2017. Optimization, sensory evaluation, nutritional composition in energy and carbohydrate of stevia leaf powder and control had and shelf life of developed stevia leaf powder based food products ranged between 2.11 to 12.14 per cent, 3.01 to 27.95 per cent. The were studied. A total of seven traditional ready to eat and convenience shelf life of selected products viz. shankarpoli and ragi laddu packed foods viz., foxtail millet laddu, ragi laddu, green gram laddu, in HDPE and aluminium pouches were found to be chemically and shankarpoli, cookies, groundnut holige, chocolate were optimized organoleptically acceptable through the storage period of three with variation in sugar and stevia leaf powder. The data thus obtained months at room temperature. The results of this study indicate the from nutrient computing contents were statically analyzed by possible commercialization of stevia based value added food applying ‘t’ test. Complete randomized block design with factorial products with excellent nutritional, sensory qualities and shelf life. approach was adopted for the data obtained from storage study. All Thus the developed ready-to-eat products had low calorific values the optimized products with 0.25 g stevia leaf powder were found indicating the potential health benefits. Stevia leaf powder can be to be highly acceptable with acceptability indices ranging between successfully incorporated into traditional foods which serve as low 59.04 per cent to 90.04 per cent. The energy contents of stevia leaf calorie and ready-to-eat foods.

96 Nutrient composition, cooking quality and acceptability of Mothbean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal) varieties PALLAVI BADAMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KASTURIBA

A study was undertaken with an objective to analyze the physical 100 g), RMB-408 had highest copper content. The total, reducing properties, nutrient composition, antioxidant activity, cooking quality and non-reducing sugars ranged from 5.98-6.53, 0.27-0.33 and 5.40- and acceptability of three pre-released (BGMBG-10, BGMB-11 and 5.93 mg/100 g respectively. Total antioxidant activity and total BGMB-14) and eight released (KBMB-1, MBS-27, RMB-108, RMB- polyphenol ranged from 10.57-13.44 per cent DPPH and 2.28-2.79 408, CZM-3, CGM-18, RMB-101 and RMB-141) mothbean mgGAE/g respectively. The cooked weight and volume of grains varieties. The study was conducted during the period 2016-17 at the without soaking and with soaking varied from 19.52-20.30 g, 19.28- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Rural Home 20.05 g and 16.33-19.66 ml, 14.33-17.66 ml respectively. The cooking Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. Variety RMB- time and solid loss of cooked grains without soaking and with soaking 408 had highest length and breadth. Hundred kernel weight, hundred ranged from 30.33-33.66 min and 19-24 min, 5.63-6.72 per cent and kernel volume and grain density varied from 1.61-1.96 g, 1.26-1.53 5.73-6.62 per cent, respectively. Acceptability index of RMB-108 ml and 1.16-1.44 g/ml respectively. RMB-141 had highest crude variety in case of pressure cooking and BGMB-11 variety in case of protein content (26.08 g/100g), BGMBG-10 and CGM-18 had highest boiling was highest compared to other varieties. Thus, pre-released fat content, CGM-18 had highest ash, phosphorous and zinc content, varieties were having higher values for hundred kernel weight, hundred KBMB-1 had highest crude fibre content (5.16 g/100 g), RMB-101 kernel volume, crude protein content, carbohydrate content, iron had highest carbohydrate content. RMB-108 had highest calcium and content and acceptability index in case of both boiling and pressure manganese content. BGMB-11 had highest iron content (6.64 mg/ cooking compared to released varieties.

Physico-chemical characteristics and value addition to Wood apple (Feronia limonia Swingle) V. SHYAMALA DEVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UMA N. KULKARNI

The present study was carried out to assess physical characteristics, of wood apple fruit pulp with and without seed did not differ sensory profile, nutrient composition and value addition to wood significantly. Among all the wood apple value added products viz., apple (Feronia limonia Swingle) fruit in the Department of Food fruit beverage mix, candy, leather and juice concentrate, the juice Science and Nutrition, College of Rural Home Science, University of concentrate made from pulp with seed secured highest sensory scores. Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during the year 2016-17. The wood The beverage mix was nutrient dense with energy content of 369 Kcal apple fruit shell weight (55.67 %) was higher than its pulp weight per 100 g. Appearance, colour and consistency scores of juice concentrate (43.77 %). Fruit pulp with seed had acidic pH (4.23), less acidity in HDPE pouches were within acceptable range of 6 to 8 during storage. (1.68 %), high TSS (16.9 °Brix), protein (11.71 g), fat (9.41 g), ash Taste, flavor and overall acceptability scores decreased more rapidly in (6.39 g), crude fiber (11.32 g), energy (350 Kcal), calcium product stored at ambient temperature than stored in refrigeration. As (138.14 mg), phosphorus (260.7 mg), magnesium (39.6 mg) and zinc the storage period increased, TSS and titratable acidity increased while (0.77 mg). Moisture (77.02 g), carbohydrate (80.01 g), total sugars ascorbic acid and pH declined which affected the overall acceptability (7.05%), reducing sugars (4.33 %), iron (2.33 mg) and total dietary scores. The wood apple fruit juice concentrate packed in HDPE pouches fiber (7.33 g) were found high in wood apple pulp without seed per could be stored for 42 days at ambient temperature and 3 months at 100 g. Soluble dietary fiber, insoluble dietary fiber and ascorbic acid refrigeration with acceptable sensory scores.

Effect of processing on nutritional quality and antioxidant profile of Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) seeds SYLVIA BORGIS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA BHARATI

An investigation was undertaken to study the impact of processing on capacity (282.71 and 260.30%), swelling capacity (6.46 and 6.24%) nutrients, antioxidants, nutritional and storage quality of jackfruit seed and solubility (21.07 and 20.51%) were significantly higher in wet flour in the year 2016-17 at the University of Agricultural Sciences, processed flour whereas oil absorption capacity was significantly higher Dharwad. Hard variety of jackfruits were selected and seeds separated in dry processing (115.80 - 164.76%). Dry processing significantly manually. Physical properties of seed were recorded and processed increased protein, fat, dietary fibre, ash, starch and energy content, employing: boiling, pressure cooking, pan roasting, microwave roasting whereas wet processing increased moisture content. Sugars and and baking. Processed seeds were evaluated using 9 point hedonic scale. carbohydrates (68.57 ± 0.51%) were higher in unprocessed flour Processed seeds were sliced, dried and milled to flour. Flour was analyzed followed by wet processing. Processing decreased phenols, tannins, for functional and chemical properties, nutritional quality and storage calcium and increased other minerals, digestibility of protein and starch stability. Each seed was 3.52 cm long, 1.77 cm wide and 1.27 cm thick, and glycemic index. Irrespective of processing methods and packaging on an average weight of each seed was 5.47 g, volume 5.25 ml and bulk material, there was an increase in moisture content (10.33 to 12.25%), density 1.06 g/ml. Boiled seeds were highly acceptable with total bacterial (0 to 36.54 cfu/g) and fungal colony (0 to 26.54 cfu/g) of acceptability index of 83.15. Flour yield was significantly higher in flour with advancement of storage, increase being significantly higher in unprocessed seeds (42.17 ± 0.06%) followed by dry processing. wet processed and lower in dry processed flour. No E-coli was detected Processing significantly increased bulk density of flour. Water absorption by total plate count method.

97 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND FAMILY STUDIES Emotional maturity of academically backward school children S. VIJAYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARASWATI C. HUNSHAL

A study on “Emotional maturity of academically backward school to urban area 29.08 per cent. Further, main causes for academic children” was carried out under a Department of Human Development backwardness were related to personal problem followed by school and Family Studies in the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad related and familial problem. Hence, significant difference in emotional in Dharwad district of Karnataka state during 2015-16. The sample for maturity between academically superior and academically backward the study comprised of 240 students from higher primary schools in the children. Similarly, significant difference was also observed in emotional age of 10.1-14 years from rural schools in Narendra, Yettinagudda, maturity between rural and urban children. Further, there was no influence Mummigatta and Kotur village and urban schools of Dharwad city was of emotional maturity on age and gender. While, socio-economic status selected. The socio-economic status was assessed, problem checklist of the family had significant influence on emotional maturity. Hence, for academically backward children was assessed, emotional maturity scale the finding clearly indicates that emotional maturity of academically superior standard progressive matrices and NIMHANS index Level-II were used to and academically backward children had drastic change in academic collect the required data for the study and was statistically analysed. achievement. Academically superior children (54.16%) and urban The results revealed that prevalence of academically backward children children (56.66%) were better in emotional maturity compared to was 30.12 per cent and it was high in rural area 30.60 per cent compared academically backward children (15.83%) and rural children (46.66%).

Adaptive behavior of urban and rural mentally challenged children KAVYASHREE R. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARSWATI C. HUNSHAL

A study on “Adaptive behavior of urban and rural mentally challenged percentages, mean and standard deviation, chi square, correlation and children” was carried out by the Department of Human Development analysis of variance (ANOVA). The result of the study revealed that and Family Studies, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in mentally challenged children with different level of retardation differed Dharwad district of Karnataka state during 2015-16. The sample for significantly with respect to the all three dimensions of adaptive the study included children in the age of 5-21 years attending special behavior such as conceptual, social and practical adaptive skills as day schools in Dharwad and Hubballi cities and the children not well as overall adaptive behavior, Further, significant differences was attending special schools in villages of Dharwad taluk. Totally 90 found between urban and rural children, where in urban children children were selected, out of these 45 were from two special children (51.10%) had better adaptive behavior compared to rural children schools of Dharwad and Hubballi cities and 45 from four villages of (26.70%). Similarly results also found significant differences in Dharwad taluk. Adaptive behavior assessment system-II edition adaptive behavior of mentally challenged children without and with Parent form (age 5-21 years) was used to assess the adaptive behavior associated disabilities. Among the parental factors, studied, mother’s of mentally challenged children and socio economic status scale was education and occupation had significant influence on all three adaptive employed to assess socio-economic status of the children. The behavior dimensions including overall adaptive behavior of mentally collected data was interpreted using suitable statistical analysis like challenged children.

Interrelation of emotional intelligence, personality and life satisfaction among elderly PRAGNYA PRIYADARSHINI PANDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. YADAV

Astudyon “Interrelation of emotional intelligence, personality higher intuitiveness, influence and emotional resilience but elderly and life satisfaction among elderly” wasconductedon 140elderly, from urban of Cuttack better on conscientiousness and emotional 70 each from rural and urban aged 60 and aboveyears selected intelligence. Correspondingly, elderly from rural area of Cuttack randomly fromDharwad and Cuttack districtsduring2016-17. were distinctively higher in conscientiousness, interpersonal Emotional intelligence questionnaire, big five factors personality sensitivity, motivation and emotional intelligence and also elderly inventory, life satisfaction tool and socio-economic status scale were from urban area of Cuttack were better in conscientiousness, administered individually and in group to collect the data. The data intuitiveness, influence, interpersonal sensitivity, motivation, were subjected to percentages, t-test, chi -square and correlation emotional resilience and self-awareness. Subsequently, rural elderly analyses. The results revealed that male and female elderly were from Dharwad were better in extraversion, agreeableness, openness similar in emotional intelligence, big five factors of personality and to experience, conscientiousness and emotional stability but it is in life satisfaction. Majority of elderly were average or high in reversed in case of Cuttack elderly. Urban elderly of Dharwad and emotional intelligence, big five factors of personality and life Cuttack were better in life satisfaction. Socio-economic status was satisfaction. Elderly from Dharwad and Cuttack were differed in related to emotional intelligence, big five factors of personality and emotional intelligence, big five factors of personality and in life life satisfaction. Emotional intelligence, big five factors of personality satisfaction. Elderly from rural area of Dharwad were distinctively and life satisfaction were interrelated.

98 Cognitive abilities and social skills of children from “Nali-Kali” (Joyful-learning) and conventional education program SOUMYA HIRELINGANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJULA PATIL

A study on “Cognitive abilities and social skills of children from schools fell under average level of social skills. Whereas, children “Nali-Kali” (joyful-learning) and conventional education program” from Nali-Kali school fell under below average category of social was carried out in Dharwad taluk, Karnataka during 2016-17. The skills. In both cognitive abilities tests and social skills, conventional samples were selected from 8 schools (4 Nali-Kali and 4 conventional). school children scored higher than Nali-Kali school children. Girls scored The population comprised of children studying in 4th grade who higher in verbal tests and boys performed higher in performance tests. attended Nali-Kali up to 3rd level and who are in 4th grade of With respect to cognitive processes, girls scored higher in verbal conventional school of rural and urban areas of Dharwad taluk. comprehension and boys scored higher in perceptual organization and Wechsler’s Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC) was used to also in social skills, girls scored higher in both Nali-Kali and conventional assess the cognitive abilities of the children and Social Skill schools. Results with other variables revealed that, first borns scored Improvement System (SSiS) - Teacher form was used to assess social higher than later borns in cognitive abilities tests, cognitive processes skills of the children. The socio-economic status was assessed through and social skills and education of the mother showed significant difference socio-economic status scale. The results showed that, majority of the in cognitive abilities tests, cognitive processes and social skills of the children in Nali-Kali schools fell under below average level of children. Children belong to higher socio-economic group scored intelligence. Whereas, children in conventional schools fell under significantly higher in cognitive abilities tests, cognitive processes and average level of intelligence. Most of the children from conventional social skills than children belong to lower socio-economic group.

Influence of teaching learning environment on cognitive abilities of urban and rural pre schoolers C. P. SANJANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MANJULA PATIL

A study on “Influence of teaching learning environment on cognitive extreme level of cognitive ability in HTLE schools. Significant difference abilities of urban and rural preschoolers” was carried out in Dharwad was observed between HTLE and LTLE schools and cognitive abilities taluk of Karnataka state during 2016-2017. The population comprised of children. With respect to age, three year old children had high level of of 150 urban and rural preschool children aged of 3 to 5 years. Early cognitive abilities than children of 4-5 years. Results on gender showed Childhood Environment Rating Scale [ECERS-III] was used to evaluate that, female children had high level of cognitive abilities as compared to the teaching learning environment of preschools. Based on the scores, male children. With respect to ordinal position, later born children had selected schools were classified as high and low teaching learning high level of cognitive abilities compared to first born children. Mother’s environment (HTLE and LTLE) schools. Kaufman Assessment Battery education had significant influence on cognitive abilities of both HTLE for Children [KABC-II] was administered to measure the cognitive and LTLE school children. Results on mother occupation had significant abilities of children. The socio-economic status scale was used to influence on cognitive abilities in children of LTLE schools. The overall measure the child and familial factors. Results showed that, majority of results of the study highlighted the importance of stimulating and quality the children from HTLE and LTLE schools fell in the category of teaching learning environment provided to the young children to enhance average level of cognitive abilities. 25 per cent of them were in upper cognitive abilities of children.

Reproductive health profile of rural and Siddi tribal mothers POOJA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUNANDA ITAGI

Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental, and the relationship between nutritional status, health status, reproductive social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, health and demographic variables and marital variables. Results in all matters relating to the reproductive system, and to its functions revealed that 40 per cent of mothers were having ideal body weight and process. This study concentrated on reproductive health profile but 16 per cent of rural mothers found to be underweight. Hence rural of rural and Siddi tribal mothers. Tribes are the group of people living mothers were reported more health problems than Siddi tribal mothers. in low level of social and economic development as compared to other It was found that 47-77 per cent of rural and Siddi tribal mothers people. Research conducted during 2017 on 120 (60 rural and 60 acquired high knowledge on menstrual hygiene respectively. Tribal Siddi tribal) mothers in the age group 18-49 years. The six villages mothers showed significantly lower reproductive health index, with were selected based on the density of the Siddi tribal families from lower knowledge on reproductive health. Although the nutritional Uttar Kannada and Dharwad districts of Karnataka state. Data was and health status of Siddi tribal mothers found better than rural mothers collected by using structured interview schedule and information in spite of low knowledge on reproductive health. Their good health regarding demographic, socio-economic, menstrual and reproductive status may be contributed due to genetic components, food habits health was elicited. Nutritional status of the mothers was measured and various cultural practices. Reproductive health education should through anthropometric measurements and health status was assessed be spread among tribal population which helps them to seek early by PGI- health questionnaire. Correlation design was used to know treatment and increases their quality of life.

99 Socio-emotional behavior and sibling relationship among twins and singletons MADHUMATI K. MANTUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUNANDA ITAGI

A study on “socio-emotional behavior and sibling relationship among problems while boys had higher externalizing and total behaviour twins and singletons” was carried out in Hubli and Dharwad cities problems. With regard to sibling relationship, significant association during 2016-2017. The study sample comprised of 39 twin pairs between male and female was found in singleton group but not in and 78 singletons aged between 10 to 24 years. General information the twins. By comparing the mean values, it was observed that, was collected on respondent’s age, gender, ordinal position, parent’s both twins and singletons females had more healthy sibling education and occupation. The socio-emotional behavior of relationship than their counterparts. Significant difference was respondents was assessed through the Youth Self Report form. The observed between twins and singletons with regard to body mass sibling relationship of respondents was assessed through the Sibling index in the 10 to 18 years age group but not in the 19 to 24 years Relationship Checklist. The socio-economic status was assessed age group. Parental and familial factors were not influencing the through socio-economic status scale. Results showed that, singletons socio-emotional behaviour as well as sibling relationship. The had more of socio-emotional behaviour problems (52%) than twins behaviour problems among singletons was significantly correlated (37%). The twins had healthier sibling relationship (83.30%) than with their sibling relationship but not among the twins. Hence, singletons (74.40%). Significant difference was observed between providing conducive home environment to singleton siblings enhance twins and singletons with regard to both socio-emotional behaviour healthy sibling relationship and may help to reduce the socio- and sibling relationship. Girls had higher internalizing behaviour emotional behaviour problems.

Marriage readiness during late adolescence in rural and urban areas F. NETRAVATI DALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGA V. YENAGI

Marriage readiness during late adolescence in rural and urban areas was marriage readiness. There was a significant difference between assessed in Dharwad and Mudhol taluks of Karnataka state during adolescents of different degree programmes on marriage readiness. Fifty 2016-2017 on a sample of 360 college students from urban and rural one per cent of rural and 45 per cent of urban adolescents possessed areas during late adolescence (18 to 21 years). A sample of 180 students moderate level of marriage readiness. There was a significant difference was taken from UAS Dharwad - B.Sc. (Agriculture), B.Sc. (Agriculture in rural and urban areas on marriage readiness. Adolescents of 20-21 Marketing) and B.Sc. (Home Science) and 180 students of B.Sc., B.A. year age group had higher level of marriage readiness than 18-19 years. and B.Com. were selected from Mudhol colleges. General information Females had higher level of marriage readiness as compared to males. was collected from late adolescence on factors such as age, gender, First borns exhibited higher level of marriage readiness than second and ordinal position, religion, caste, type of family, size of the family, later borns. Information given by relatives had significantly contributed education, marital status of siblings, sources of information regarding towards marriage readiness. Parents’ education and occupation had marriage, education and occupation of parents’ and socio-economic significant association with marriage readiness. Socio- economic status status. Marriage readiness was assessed using personal readiness for had significant association with marriage readiness. Adolescents marriage scale by Holman. Socio-economic status scale of Aggarwal belonging to upper middle class possessed higher level of marriage was used. More than fifty per cent of B.Sc. (Agriculture Marketing) readiness than lower middle class and high class. Hence, intervention is and 50 per cent of B.Com. adolescents exhibited moderate level of important to enhance marriage readiness of adolescents.

Language development of rural and urban toddlers: Influence of parenting, home environment and demographic factors VINUTA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PUSHPA B. KHADI

Language development of rural and urban toddlers and the influence development among both rural and urban area. Toddlers of 25-30 of parenting, home environment and demographic factors were studied months had optimum development while it was delayed among on a sample of 240 mother-infant dyads (9 to 30 months) drawn from 9-12 months old. Female toddlers and later born were better across rural area of Gadag, Bijapur and Bagalkot districts of northern all age groups with a difference of 15 to 18 indices. Type of family, Karnataka and urban from Dharwad city during 2015-2016. Differential father’s and mother’s education was significantly associated with design and correlation design was employed. The language sub- scale language development of both urban and rural toddlers. Toddlers of of Bayley’s scale of infant and toddler development was administered joint families were significantly better. A higher percentage of parents to infants. Parenting, home environment, socio-economic status was among urban (80.00%) had positive parenting than rural parents assessed by standard measures. There was highly significant difference (20.00%). Similarly, home environment of urban toddlers was between rural and urban toddlers on language development indices significantly better than rural. Both parenting and home environment with a difference of 4 – 6 scores. Rural infants were in high proportion significantly influenced the language development. There is a need in delayed level (75.80%) than urban (34.20%) while on average to provide an intervention for parents to educate them regarding (54.20%) and advanced level (11.70%) urban toddlers were in higher stimulation for toddlers language development, positive parenting proportions than rural (21.70, 2.50%). Toddlers’ age, gender, ordinal as well as conducive home environment to promote early child position and nutritional status had significant influence on language language development.

100 Emotional competence and marital satisfaction among hindu and muslim school teachers NAGMA HUNGUND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. S. YADAV

A study on emotional competence and marital satisfaction among were not efficient in emotional competence. Hindu male teachers Hindu and Muslim teachers was conducted in Dharwad taluk during from urban and Hindu male and female teachers from rural were 2016-17. 240 married Hindu and Muslim teachers in the age range higher than Muslim male teachers on emotional competence. Hindu of 25-60 years having a child with at least of 5 years of married life and Muslim male teachers from urban area were higher in marital were purposively selected from 36 schools of urban and rural area. satisfaction than the female school teachers. Hindu male and female Emotional competence questionnaire, marital satisfaction scale and school teachers were better than Muslim male and female school socio-economic status scale were administered individually and in teachers in marital satisfaction. Age, income and number of children group to collect data. Percentage, t-test and correlation analyses showed positive and significant relationship with marital satisfaction were worked out. Among Hindu teachers, majority of the male (63%) and only income showed positive and significant relation with and the female (80%) and among Muslim teachers, half of the male emotional competence of teachers. Size of family was negatively (50%) and majority of the female (97%) from rural area were not related with marital satisfaction of Hindu male and with emotional efficient in emotional competence. Among Hindu teachers, majority competence of Muslim female teachers. Positive and significant of the male (77%) and the female (80%) and among Muslim teachers, relationship was observed between emotional competence and majority of male (83%) and the female (70%) working in urban area marital satisfaction of teachers.

Knowledge and practices regarding neonatal and puerperial care PALLAVI B. CHANAVEERAGOUDAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGA YENAGI

“Knowledge and practices regarding care of neonates and their was observed among majority of urban (73.3%) and rural (49.3%) mothers” was conducted in randomly selected three districts of mothers. Gender difference was observed with regard to care practices northern Karnataka i.e., Dharwad, Bagalkot and Vijaypur during among rural mothers. Mothers belonging to higher socio-economic 2016–2017. A sample of 150 puerperium mothers in the age group status mothers had better knowledge of care during puerperium of 18-37 were selected from Dharwad, Bagalkot and Vijayapur period. Twenty per cent of rural mothers were practicing prelacteals. districts of Karnataka. From each districts 50 samples were drawn, Urban mothers (20%) and rural mothers (24%) had less than a year 25 samples from urban and 25 samples from rural areas. Self – of spacing between the children. There was highly significant structured interview schedule and socio-economic status scale was association between birth order and practices of care during used to collect the data. Chi-square, correlation and ANOVA tests puerperium period among rural mothers. Urban mothers age was were used to interpret the data. There was a significant association significantly co-related with practices of care during puerperium. between locality and knowledge of neonatal care. Urban mothers Rural joint families had better care practices during puerperium had high knowledge (62.66%) regarding neonatal care. Maternal period. There were highly significant differences found between education had highly significant relationship and significant urban and rural puerperium care practices. Higher educational status association with puerperium practices. Most of the urban mothers of mothers and health education regarding care of new born and (64%) had received immunization to neonates as compared to rural running baby friendly clinic may contribute towards knowledge mothers (46.7%). The practice of initial breastfeeding after delivery and improved practices of care during puerperium period.

Mother’s parenting style and socio-emotional behaviour of primary school children GAYATRI A. ANIKIVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANGA YENAGI

Mothers’ parenting styles and socio-emotional behaviour of primary family, had higher authoritarian parenting in rural locale. Majority of school children in rural and urban areas of Bailhongal and Dharwad the primary school children had normal behavioural problems followed taluks of Karnataka state, was assessed during 2016-17 at the College by clinical (16.25%) and borderline (13.75%). Among urban groups, of Rural Home Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad. girls were found with significantly more total behavioural problems The total sample comprised of 240 primary school children, of which (17.40%) as compared to boys (8.80%). Lower the education level 160 were rural and 80 were urban. The Parenting Rating Scale, Child among rural mothers higher the internalizing and externalizing problems Behaviour Checklist (Teacher Report form) and the Socio- Economic among rural children. There was significant difference observed Status Scale was used. The collected data was analysed by using between mothers’ occupation on internalizing and externalizing following statistical tests, frequency and percentage, t-test, Chi problems in rural children. Children of working mothers exhibited square, One way ANOVA. Majority of the rural and urban mothers more total behavioural problems as compared to children of house had permissive parenting style (85.83%), followed by authoritarian wives. Children from poor and lower middle SES exhibited more (71.66%) and authoritative parenting style (50.40%). Mothers externalizing and total behaviour problems in rural locality. Higher exhibited more authoritative parenting style towards their first borns the mothers’ authoritative parenting, lower the behaviour problems whereas authoritarian parenting to last borns in rural locale. High among rural and urban school children. Higher the mothers’ authoritative parenting was observed among graduate mothers in both authoritarian parenting, higher will be the externalizing and total rural and urban localities. Mothers from poor and lower middle SES behaviour problems among urban school children.

101 Attachment behavior and adjustment among school children E. JYOTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARASWATI C. HUNSHAL

The present study was undertaken during 2015-2016 in Dharwad were more securely attached to mother. With respect to gender, boys taluk of Karnataka with the aim to study attachment behaviour and were more securely attached to both parents while, girls were more adjustment among school children. The sample consisted school attached to their peer group. With respect to SES, children from high children in the age of 12 – 15 years studying in 7th, 8th and 9th standards SES were more securely attached to both parents and peers. In from urban and rural areas of Dharwad taluk. Totally 336 school comparison to rural children, 50% of urban children had average level children out of which 168 each from urban and rural areas were in emotional, social, educational and total adjustments. However, randomly selected for the study. Attachment, adjustment and socio- 30% of rural children had unsatisfactory level of adjustment in all economic status (SES) were used for collecting information. areas. Older children, girls, children with high academic achievement, Differential and correlation designs were used to study the differences children from medium size family and medium socio-economic status and factors influencing attachment and adjustment in children. had average level of adjustment in all the areas. Thus, it is evident Majority of children in urban (99%) and rural (95%) areas were from the present study that attachment of children changes from securely attached to both parents and peers. Age, gender difference parents towards peer group with increasing age of the children. The and children of high SES differed significantly with respect to nature of attachment is influenced by certain of the parental and attachment towards parents and peers. In case of age, younger children familial factors.

Influence of family environment on psychological well being of rural and urban Pre-Unversity college students SOUMYA KAMMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA PUJAR

A study on “Influence of family environment on psychological well area. Significant difference and association was found between class, being of rural and urban pre-university college students” was conducted gender, types of stream and fathers’ education with psychological during the year 2016-17 in Dharwad taluk under the Institution College well being in rural area. Whereas in urban area, types of college, socio- of Rural Home Science, UAS, Dharwad. The population for the study economic status and self efficacy had significant difference and comprised of 160 pre-university college students from rural and 160 association with psychological well being. Majority of the pre- from urban areas of government and aided pre-university colleges in university college students belonged to average level of family the age group of 16-18 years studying in PUC-I and PUC-II year environment in both rural and urban areas. There was significant from arts and commerce streams. Ryff’s psychological well being association between class, gender, ordinal position, types of college scale, Bhatia and Chadda’s family environment scale, Sud’s self efficacy and types of stream with family environment in rural and urban scale and socio-economic status scale were used to assess the PUC areas. However, in urban area fathers’ occupation and self efficacy students. Correlation coefficient, modified chi- square and ‘t’ test had significant association with family environment. All the were used to analyze the data. The results revealed that, majority of dimensions of family environment had significant relationship with the pre-university students belonged to average level (56%) of psychological well being of pre-university college students among psychological well being in rural area and high level (52%) in urban rural and urban areas.

Inter-relationship between multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence and academic achievement of school children: Intervention WONCHANO E. ENNY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LATA PUJAR

The study was conducted to know the inter-relationship between (47.8%). There was significant difference between school children multiple intelligences, emotional intelligence and academic achievement from different schools in their musical, logical, existential, verbal, of school children: intervention. The sample consisted of 393 school intrapersonal and visual intelligence. Age, parent’s education, income children (class 5 to 10) in the age range of 9 to 16 years drawn from and socio-economic status had significant influence on areas of different schools of urban and rural areas in Dharwad taluk during multiple intelligences such as naturalistic intelligence, interpersonal 2014-16. The tools used to assess the school children were McKenzie intelligence, and dimension of emotional intelligence such as multiple intelligences inventory, Bar-On emotional Intelligence (youth interpersonal and adaptability. Significant influence of multiple version), socio-economic scale and Sud’s self-efficacy scale. Modified intelligences and emotional intelligence was observed on academic chi-square, t-test, ANOVA test, correlation coefficient and regression achievement of school children. Multiple intelligences alone accounted analysis were used to analyse the data. The results revealed that, for 38.7 per cent of variance in academic achievement and together majority of the school children had high level of existential (57.5%), with emotional intelligence accounted for 39.3 per cent of variance in kinaesthetic (53.7%) and visual intelligence (50.9%) and medium level academic achievement of school children. After the intervention, of musical (59.8%) and naturalistic (55.5%) intelligence. Majority significant difference was observed between pre-test, post-test 1 and had medium level of intrapersonal dimension (50.4%), stress 2 of science and english subject scores of experimental groups and not management dimension (59.8%) and total emotional intelligence in control group.

102 EXTENSION COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT Job satisfaction and job performance of rural school teachers V. K. CHAITHRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UMA S. HIREMATH The study was undertaken in the year 2016-17 in Dharwad and (73.33%) followed by medium category (22.67%). None of them Kalaghatagi taluks of Dharwad district of Karnataka to analyze job were in low job satisfaction and performance category. The independent satisfaction and job performance of rural school teachers. The data variable job stress was found to be highly significant but negatively was collected with the help of pre-tested questionnaire from 150 related with job satisfaction of rural school teachers. With respect to rural school teachers. More number of the rural school teachers job performance, education of the respondents had significant but belonged to middle age group (63.34%), female (63.33%), completed negative relationship and job stress was highly significant but degree with additional qualification of D.Ed. or B.Ed. (36.00%), negatively related. Only job satisfaction showed positive and highly married (90.67%), rural background (42.00%), 12-20 years of significant relationship with the job performance of rural school experience (41.33%) and attended 1-2 trainings (64.67%). Majority teachers. The main constraints with basic facilities were lack of drinking of the rural school teachers were in high achievement motivation water, lack of teaching aids, no sufficient building and play ground for (78.67%), low job stress (84.00 %) and had favourable organizational schools. The problems expressed with colleagues were lack of climate (76.67%). With regard to job satisfaction, seventy per cent of coordination, cooperation and adjustment. Less guidance, unnecessary the rural school teachers were in high job satisfaction category followed record enquiry, lack of freedom for free discussion with higher officers, by medium category (30.00%). In case of job performance, more difficult to take care of children and family responsibilities were other number of the respondents belonged to high job performance category problems.

Anganwadi workers knowledge regarding children’s growth and development and their job satisfaction AKSHATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUREKHA SANKANGOUDAR

The study entitled “Anganwadi workers knowledge regarding job performance, half (51.33%) of the respondents were in medium children’s growth and development and their job satisfaction” was performance followed by high performance (32.00%) and low conducted during 2016-17 in Dharwad taluk of Karnataka with the performance (16.67%) category. In case of job satisfaction sample of 150 rural Anganwadi workers (AWWs). Knowledge 32.00 per cent of AWWs possessed mild dissatisfaction followed regarding immunization, nutrition and growth monitoring was by mild satisfaction (30.67%), moderately dissatisfaction (28.00%), assessed through a developed pre-tested questionnaire which had a moderately satisfaction (8.67%), extremely satisfaction (0.66%) and reliability of 0.6. The result of the study revealed that almost all of none of the AWWs belonged to the extremely dissatisfaction category. them (92.67%) had high level of knowledge regarding immunization The constraint of lack of proper infrastructure was reported by while 58.67 per cent had medium level regarding nutrition and half majority (72.67%) of the AWWs. Excessive record maintenance of them (51.34%) had medium level regarding growth monitoring. was expressed by 62.00 per cent of AWWs. Less than half of the AWWs had good level of knowledge regarding developmental respondents (45.33%) expressed the problem of not providing activities for promoting physical, cognitive, emotional, language correct documents/ information promptly and 25.33 per cent and social development of the children. AWWs provided playing reported the pressure by higher officials for providing immediate and drawing materials like paper (95.33%), mud (93.33%), colour reports. All most all of them (91.33%) suggested an increase in their pencils (72.67%) and water colours (62.67%) to the children to honorarium and 62.67 per cent requested for better infrastructure promote motor development and trigger their creativity. Regarding for improving the anganwadi programme.

Effectiveness of nutrition teaching modules on students of rural junior colleges ANJU KAPRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UMA S. HIREMATH

The study was undertaken in the year 2016-17 in Dharwad district of classrooms, adequate books in library, proper facility of computer Karnataka state and Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand state with a laboratory and internet facilities. Relationship of independent variables sample size of 300 (150 from each district) rural junior college students and knowledge about nutrition and health showed that, amongst all to know the effectiveness of nutrition teaching modules. An education the variables, study habits, mothers education and family size showed intervention of before and after experimental design was provided on highly significant relationship with the knowledge of the students. nutrition and health for three groups viz., controlled group with lecture With regard to effectiveness of nutrition teaching modules, overall + discussion, treated group-1 with module 1 (lecture + PPT + effectiveness of teaching modules showed that after post test, gain discussion) and treated group-2 with module 2 (lecture + video in knowledge of the students with module-2 was found to be highest clipping + discussion). The effectiveness of teaching modules was in terms of index i.e., from 38.22 to 60.81 (knowledge gain of 22.59) measured in terms of knowledge gain by assessing pre and post test in Dharwad taluk and from 42.59 to 75.66 (knowledge gain of 33.07) with the help of questionnaire. An analysis of the data indicated that in Pithoragarh taluk regarding nutrition and health. This clearly in Dharwad taluk, majority of colleges having proper facilities of indicated that intervention programme with module-2 was found to furniture (86.70%), sufficient number of classrooms (83.30%) and be more effective in imparting knowledge to rural junior college good teachers (82.00%). In Pithoragarh taluk, cent per cent of the students in both Dharwad and Pithoragarh taluk of Karnataka and colleges having proper facilities regarding sufficient number of Uttarakhand.

103 Rural women entrepreneurship in allied agricultural activities GAYATRI KARIGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHOBHA NAGNUR

The present investigation was undertaken in Dharwad and Belagavi occupation (76.25 and 68.75% entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs districts of North Karnataka during 2016-2017. From each of the two respectively). Extension participation of both the groups was however districts 80 women respondents were selected for the study. Out of low. Among the agriculture and allied enterprises selected by rural these, 40 were entrepreneurs and 40 were non-entrepreneurs. The women the most popular enterprise was dairy (91.25%), this was entrepreneurs were selected by purposive snow ball sampling method followed by vegetable cultivation (23.75%), poultry (10.00%), goat while non-entrepreneurs were selected by simple random sampling rearing (8.75%), floriculture (7.50%), sericulture (5.00%), sheep method. The total sample was 160 respondents. The data were rearing and fruit cultivation (3.75% each) and beekeeping (1.25%). collected by personal interview method with the help of a well- The calculated indices for the different variables showed that the structured pre-tested interview schedule. The profile of the respondent index for overall entrepreneurial quality of entrepreneurs was 64.86 women revealed that most entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs were and of non-entrepreneurs was only 43.26 per cent. The in the middle age category (62.50 and 65.00%, respectively), from empowerment indices of entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs were nuclear families (77.50 and 80.00%, respectively). Most respondents 43.86 and 38.97, respectively. The quality of life indices of were from small families and were married. Entrepreneurs had more entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs was 57.19 and 48.65, land holdings than non-entrepreneurs. The average family income of respectively. Thus indicating that entrepreneurs had better entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs was between ` 34,000 - 51,000. entrepreneurial qualities, were more empowered and had better Both the groups of respondents were having agriculture as their family quality of life than the non-entrepreneurs.

Knowledge and usage of phones and internet in mobiles by rural youth PAVITRA ASHOK KARIGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. A. NITHYA SHREE

Study on knowledge and usage of phones and internet in mobiles by Most of the youth were receiving pocket money and spending almost rural youth was conducted in College of Rural Home Science, UAS, half of it on mobile phones. There was positively significant Dharwad in the year 2016-17 covering Dharwad and Karwar districts difference between the calls received by boys and girls in case of of Karnataka. Ex-post-facto research design was used. 120 girls and family, friends and total. Cent per cent of rural youth were pre-paid 120 boys from four different PUC and Degree colleges were users. Both boys and girls of rural areas have given first priority for purposively selected. The data collected through self-structured social networks and have given equal priorities on camera & gallery schedule and statistically analyzed using percentage, correlation, as IV, FM radio as XI, calculator as XII, alarm & calendar as XIII. chi-square and Garrett ranking. Awareness and knowledge of rural Girls have given second priority to internet and third priority for girls and boys regarding mobile phone features found as high but in playing games and it is vice versa with the boys. The opinion index case of usage, boys usage index was 93.03 and girls was 84.16. The with regard to gender discrimination of parents in usage of mobile boys and girls had significant association in case of usage of mobile phones was low in case of both girls (29.67) and boys (33.00). phones. The result of the study revealed that around three fourth of Usage of mobile phones had positive and significant relationship the rural youth (73.83%) were possessing their own mobile phones with monthly expenditure on mobile phones, academic achievement and one fourth of the rural youth (26.17%) were not owning it. and monthly pocket money.

Knowledge and attitude of rural and urban women about Bhagyalaxmi scheme for girl child BHAGYASHREE RATHOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. A. NITHYA SHREE

A study to analyze the knowledge and attitude of rural and urban cent per cent of the rural beneficiaries’ fathers had more favorable women about Bhagyalaxmi scheme for girl child was undertaken by attitude towards Bhagyalaxmi scheme. Cent per cent of the urban the UAS, Dharwad during 2016-17 in Dharwad and Bagalkot districts beneficiaries’ parents and anganwadi workers had more favorable of Karnataka. Primary data was collected with self-structured schedule attitude towards Bhagyalaxmi scheme. There was positive and from 180 beneficiaries’ parents and 30 anganwadi workers. The overall significant relationship found between knowledge and education of knowledge index of rural mothers and rural fathers about Bhagyalaxmi the beneficiaries’ mothers, whereas in case of beneficiaries’ fathers scheme was 43.30 and 41.68 respectively. The overall knowledge education and mass media participation had positive and highly index of urban mothers and fathers about Bhagyalaxmi scheme was significant relationship with knowledge. Beneficiaries’ parents 40.31 and 44.75 respectively. The overall knowledge with regard to expressed constraints of delay in getting the bond. The constraints anganwadi workers about Bhagyalaxmi scheme index was 81.30. There faced by anganwadi workers were excessive record maintenance and was no significant difference observed between the overall knowledge heavy work load after implementation of Bhagyalaxmi scheme. of rural and urban beneficiaries’ parents about Bhagyalaxmi scheme. Suggestions given by the beneficiaries’ parents were benefit amount Significant difference was found in case of knowledge of anganwadi should be increased and the bonds should be issued in time. Anganwadi workers and all the other four groups as indicate by ‘F’ value (89.10*). workers also suggested to increase the incentives amount as well as to More than 90 per cent of rural beneficiaries’ mothers (97.78%) and provide the incentives amount in time.

104 FAMILY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Farmers’ suicide and coping strategies of the farm families BHAVINI B. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA HASALKAR

A study on farmers’ suicide and coping strategies of the farm families committed suicide due to the failure of crops, low yield and of Dharwad district is conducted during the year 2016-17 with the indebtedness. After the suicide of the farmer majority of the families objective to analyze the socio-economic status, stress and coping were engaged in dry land farming, as irrigation sources are unavailable. strategies of the deceased farm families and to study the impact of the Majority of the family members faced problem of participation in need based capacity building programmes. The sample of the study social functions, helplessness, hopelessness, loneliness and due to comprised of 50 deceased farm families. The data was collected from sudden death of the family head they were under high stress. To the respondents by using pre-tested structured interview schedule, overcome the stress majority of them talked with others and engaged perceived stress scale and stress index questionnaire. Appropriate in one or other work. Majority of the families have got support from statistical techniques like correlation and paired‘t’ test were used to the government. Majority of the respondents showed interest to depict the results. The results revealed that majority of the respondents undergo training on income generating activities. There was belonged to middle age group, living in joint families, possessed small significantly higher gain in knowledge from the training on income land holdings with an annual income upto ` 25,000/- and fell under generating activities. All the respondents suggested to provide lower middle socio-economic status. Majority of the victim farmers irrigation facility and fix remunerative prices for their farm produce were more than 50 years and free from health problems. They have from the government.

An ergonomic apporach to health status and problems among women in building construcion industry SPOORTI KALLUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA HASALKAR

In India, construction is the largest employer of unorganized sector performing load carrying activity. In sites majority of the activities next to agriculture sector. A large group of female unskilled labourers exclusively performed by male workers and women were the helping work in the rural areas as agriculture labourers and as soon as the season hands to do the activity. Majority of the respondents belonged to ends, they shift to the construction industry. Women are almost middle age group of 34-42 years who were having normal blood pressure. unskilled labourers and they face serious problems related to work, Cent per cent women carry all types of load; As high as 50 per cent of viz., wage discrimination, gender and sexual harassment, unhealthy job the women transferred 632.36 kgs of load per day. Maximum per cent relationship, lower wages. The study was conducted in Dharwad city, women had reported health problems for load carrying activity. Among comprising a sample of 120 women respondents and a sub sample of the upper extremities upper back pain had highest mean score of 4.73 30 women respondents. Omron automatic blood pressures monitor depicting very severe pain and in case of lower extremities pain in and grip dynamometer was used to record the blood pressure and grip lower back had highest mean score of 4.68 depicting very severe pain. strength of both hands of respondents. Body map and RPE scale was Cent per cent of the women experienced very high risk with REBA used to identify the pain and severity of pain in the body. REBA scale score of more than 11+ while performing load carrying activity. There was used to assess the postural discomfort and risk score while was highly significant reduction in grip strength of both hands.

Physical fitness of rural and urban women CHANNAMSETTY MAHALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMA HASALKAR

A study on physical fitness of rural and urban women is conducted of the respondents was found to be more than 33.55 years with during the year 2016-17 with the objective to assess the socio- mean height of more than 159, the mean weigh of 56.95 kgs. The economic status, to analyze the physical and physiological mean blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature and grip strength parameters and to assess the physical fitness of the selected rural was found to be normal. More than 23.33 per cent each belonged to and urban women by using step test ergometer. The sample of the low weight normal and normal range body mass index category study comprised of 120 women from 60 each from rural and urban respectively. The mean fat weight among both the categories was areas. The data was collected from the respondents by personal found to be 11 kg, with the lean body mass 45 kg. The mean fat interview method using structured pre-tested interview schedule. percentage was more than 19 per cent and the body density was Physical measuring tools like anthropometric road, weighing balance, found to be 1.05. More than 60 per cent each fell in the mesomorph skin fold calipers, digital B.P apertures, grip dynamo meter, were body type and aerobic capacity of high average and good category. used to record the data. Appropriate statistical techniques ware The step test ergometer exercise showed that equal percentage of used to depict the results. The socio economic status shows that the rural respondents belonged to high average and low average among rural and urban respondents more than 60 per cent each physical fitness level and among urban respondents majority of the belonged to lower middle class. In both the categories the mean age belonged to low average physical fitness level.

105 Rain water harvesting in residential buildings of Dharwad and Hubballi cities K. M. JEEVITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VEENA S. JADHAV

The research study was conducted during the year 2016-17 with the earned income of ` 21,438/- to ` 42,875/- per month and fell under objective to explore the knowledge, to assess the potential, to study upper middle socioeconomic status. Adopters encountered lesser water the reasons for adoption and non-adoption of rain water harvesting scarcity problems compared to the non-adopters because majority of system and to assess the impact of capacity building programme on rain them faced immense water scarcity problem especially during summer water harvesting system in Dharwad and Hubballi cities. The total and beard extra expenses for purchasing water tankers. Majority of sample of 120 households was selected through purposive random the adopters had good knowledge about rain water harvesting system. sampling technique and was divided into 60 adopters and non-adopters. The potential of rain water harvesting system was found to satisfy Structured interview schedule and checklist were used to elicit necessary 80 per cent of the annual domestic water demand. The major reason information. Secondary data of annual rainfall was collected from for adoption were self-interest and major reasons for non-adoption Main Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences of were found to be self-reliance of municipality water and no proper Dharwad. Statistical techniques like correlation and paired ‘t’ test awareness about rain water harvesting. Overall acceptability of rain were employed to depict the results. The findings of the study water harvesting among the non-adopters was high and they showed revealed that majority of respondents belonged to young age, were living most favourable attitude towards installing rain water harvesting as in nuclear families, possessed graduate and post graduates education, an impact of capacity building programme.

Utilization and impact of improved biomass stoves in rural areas of Dharwad and Vijayapur ditricts SHOBHA KASAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RENUKA S. SALUNKE

A study on utilization and impact of improved biomass stoves in to cook the food. In both the villages more than 45 per cent of rural areas of Dharwad and Vijayapur districts was conducted women used more quantity of fuel wood that is 3-4 kg in morning during the year 2016-17 with the objectives to study the utilization to cook the food compared to night cooking that is 1-2 kg, with pattern of adopted improved biomass stoves, to record the opinion respect to time, majority of the women had taken more time on the performance of improved biomass stove and impact of (2-3 hour) during morning cooking and less time was taken in night improved biomass stove on quality life of the family members. cooking. In selected villages satisfaction level was more while using The sample size comprised of 120 stoves adopted families from improved biomass stove. Cent per cent of the women had not Timmapur village from Dharwad and Bhaganagar village from faced any health problems while using improved biomass stoves. Vijayapur district. Personal interview method was used to collect It can be concluded from the study that women in both the villages the data. Appropriate statistical techniques like paired t test, were continuously using improved biomass stoves, because it correlation, Garrett ranking technique were used to depict the reduces the 20-30 per cent of the fuel wood usage and reduction in results. The findings of the study revealed that more than half kg to one kg of fuel wood per day as compared to traditional 50 per cent of the women had used combination of fuel wood stove, it saves half an hour to one hour per day. Improved biomass (agricultural residues, wood, cow dung cakes) in morning and night stoves helps to maintain the smoke free environment.

Impact of environmental parameters on women workers in Ginning mills HEBBAL SWATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RENUKA S. SALUNKE

A study on impact of environmental parameters on women workers education. Majority of the workers in ginning mill were found to be in ginning mills of Dharawad taluka during the year 2016-17. The involved in loading of cotton to the machine and they always faced sample size comprised of 90 workers from three ginning mills of problem like irritation to ear, physical stress and strain due to Dharwad taluka. Personal interview method was used to collect the temperature, and 68.88 per cent of women workers had experienced data. Environmental parameters were documented by using difficulty while communicating with others during working in the Hygrometer, Lux meters, Noise level meter and Heat stress monitor ginning mill due to noise. The workers experienced moderate pain whereas Bishop body map and check list were used for assessing the (3.41) at lower back while performing in ginning mill. Among the musculo-skeletal disorder and postural discomfort. Chi-square test personal characteristics age and experience had significant influence and correlation were worked out to depict the results. Results revealed on health of the women ginning mill workers. Occupational problems that 44.4 per cent of the workers belonged to the age group of 38-49 of workers in ginning mills were found to be positively significant years with 3-4 years of work experience. About 70 per cent of the with temperature, relative humidity and noise. Environmental workers said the main reasons for working in ginning mill is getting parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, noise and light bonus for festival and to meet out family needs and children’s have direct effect on health of women workers in ginning mills.

106 TEXTILE AND APPAREL DESIGNING Ecofriendly functional finish for textile materials ARCHANA BAHUGUNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHAILAJA D. NAIK

Study on the possibility of treating cotton and polyester fabrics with properties after every 5th wash. Irrespective of the gases, plasma finish, surface morphology assessment and impact of washing improvement in softness, pliability, resiliency, dimensional stability, on quality characteristics of plasma finished test samples was carried tensile strength and elongation percentage of test samples was due to out during 2015-17 at Department of Textile and Apparel Designing, sputtering, etching and cleaning action of plasma treatment. He-O2 College of Rural Home Science, University of Agricultural Sciences, plasma along with HMDSO monomer efficiently formulated cotton Dharwad. Cotton was exposed to helium-oxygen along with completely into hydrophobic (0 to 100 ratings) and hydrophilicity in hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) monomer to introduce polyester (80 to 0 ratings) by addition of more number of polar hydrophobicity and O2 gas to bring hydrophilicity in polyester. Flame groups on oxygen plasma treatment. Similarly, increase in cloth count retardancy was induced with He-O2 plasma treatment followed by (1-2%), thickness (12%), corresponding GSM (14% in cotton and flame retardant finish applying PYROVATEX® CP NEW (FR) and 69% in polyester) observed in post FR treated fabrics was due to KNITTEX® FEL (melamine resin). Major alterations in fibre deposition of FR agent into the micro-grooves formed due to plasma. morphology observed were globular structure in cotton, abraded Multiple washes showed alterations in values of hydrophobicity surface in polyester and microcracks in both, indicated bringing in (100 to 50 ratings), hydrophilicity (0 to 50 ratings) and flame retardancy hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity and flame retardancy, respectively. (DNI to 17-20 sec) but displayed greater influence of finish than Furthermore, treated samples were subjected to 10 hand washings control. Thus indicating efficiency of plasma treatment inducing a and evaluated for structural, performance, durable and functional trend of water repellency, water absorption and flame resistance.

Computer aided embroidery motifs: An inspiration from heritage carvings PRIYANKA BASAVARAJ BAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JYOTI V. VASTRAD

The present study, ‘Computer Aided Embroidery motifs: An design of the same motifs were also selected. The selected heritage inspiration from heritage carvings’ was conducted during 2015-17 motifs were arranged according to their sequential order of the for revival of Pattadakllu heritage carvings. Photographs of the respective carvings in the temples of Pattadakallu. Totally five sarees heritage carvings were captured and selected carvings were categorized were designed, simulated and embroidered on embroidery machine. into animal, bird and floral designs. Ten carvings from each category Colour of the saree was neutral (gray) while the embroidery thread were selected, drawn and then were digitized using the ‘Wilcom ES’ was beige that was constant for all the saree types. The costs of software with mere outline and filling stitches separately making CAE sarees ranged from ` 1761.50/- to ` 2080/-. Preference for them sixty motifs. Finally the heritage motifs were embroidered on CAE sarees among thirty consumers in Dharwad city was carried a (Computer Aided Embroidery) CAE machine with a computer out to know the preference for placement of designs; saree 1 was interface keeping the fabric colour and the thread colour constant to highly preferred because it had both floral heritage motifs which avoid confusions created in preference. Preference for the CAE were placed at equal intervals compared to the other sarees. The heritage motifs was carried out to know the resemblance, acceptance motifs gave good appeal and completely resembled the Pattadakallu and sequential order for designing textile products by 50 Post carvings followed by saree 4, saree 2, saree 5 and saree 3 by majority Graduate students. Based on the survey, five motifs with higher of consumers and almost all the respondents found the sarees to be score were selected for the further product designing process. Outline reasonably priced.

Functional finishing of organic Cotton fabric using vetiver extracts SAKEENA NAIKWADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. J. SANNAPAAMMA

The present study was conducted during the year 2016-2017 in UAS similar peaks of C-H and C=O appeared in vetiver oil and Dharwad with the objectives to optimize and characterize the vetiver microcapsules with minimum weight loss 5.835 per cent at 467.090C extracts for textile finishing, to assess the functional properties and compared to vetiver oil. All the treated samples exhibited significantly the effect of laundering on functional properties of vetiver treated thicker, heavier GSM and greater crease recovery angle, whereas cloth organic cotton fabrics. The vetiver root powder of different count and cloth stiffness were found to be decreased than the control concentrations (2, 4, 6 and 8%) were extracted by aqueous and solvent sample. Irrespective of source and methods of application, treated extraction and optimized by bio-assay method. The ethanolic extract samples possessed greater tensile strength & elongation, colour of 8 per cent vetiver root powder was selected based on the maximum strength and colour difference than the control. The microencapsulated zone of inhibition for textile finishing. The microcapsules were prepared samples possessed greater UPF and antimicrobial retention property by using diluted vetiver oil through interfacial polymerization even after 20th washes. Majority of the respondents stated that technique and characterized by SEM, TGA and FTIR. The organic unwashed sample had greater aroma intensity and better tactile cotton fabric was treated with vetiver root extract and vetiver oil properties than the washed samples. The finishing cost of vetiver microcapsules by exhaust and pad dry cure method and subjected to root extract and oil microcapsules with pad dry cure (` 670 & 1,129/ mechanical and functional properties. The diethyl pathalate was the kg of fabric) was found be less compared to exhaust method (` 710 & major compound present in vetiver root and essential oil. The two 1,169/kg of fabric).

107 Development of designs from ethnic khana motifs on dress materials PRATIKHYA BADANAYAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SADHANA D. KULLOLI

The present study entitled ‘Development of designs from ethnic kurtis. Majority of the weavers faced the problems of hike in price Khana motifs on dress materials’ was conducted during 2015-2017 (60.00%) of raw materials, repairs and maintenance of powerloom with objectives to design the Khana motifs for dress materials applying (53.33%), back pain (76.67%) and eyesight weakness (75.00%). elements and principles of design, digitize the motifs through CATD Significant results were found with respect to working hours and eye and know the preference of the developed dress materials. Totally 30 sight weakness & dust allergy, whereas highly significant with joint Guledgudda weavers were personally interviewed with self-structured pain and back pain. The jacquard woven kurtis comprised of 2/100s questionnaire to collect the Khana motifs, historical background of cotton warp and 2/40s mercerized weft and 110d extra weft polyester Khana, demographic characteristics and the problems faced. Twenty yarns. The cost of jacquard woven Khana kurtis varied from ` 350/- kurti designs were developed using ten Khana motifs by applying to ` 600/- depending on the amount of extra weft yarns used. Cent elements and principles of design and five best kurti designs were per cent of the respondents agreed that the developed jacquard woven selected by taking preferences from thirty textile experts. The selected kurtis were woven based on elements and principles of design, five designs were digitized and woven on powerloom with jacquard appreciated and well accepted with regard to cost, motif clarity, motif shedding mechanism. A five point rating proforma was distributed to combination, background and motif colour combination and overall 60 respondents (30 students and 30 working women) for taking appearance. The acceptability index of all the kurtis was more than preference regarding the newly developed jacquard woven Khana 70 per cent, which indicated high acceptance index.

Effect of reactive dyes on silk fabrics SAVITRI PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GEETA MAHALE

The present study on “Effect of reactive dyes on silk fabrics” was thickness of all the abraded reactive dyed silk samples attained lower carried out during 2015-2017 with the objectives to assess the effect values of cloth weight and higher values of thickness compared to of reactive dyes on performance properties of silk fabrics, to study control sample. The results of colourfastness property revealed that, the effect of laundering on functional properties of reactive dyed silk on successive washes colour strength values of reactive dyed silk fabrics and finally estimate the cost calculation of reactive dyed silk fabrics were in decreasing trend. Standard samples attained higher fabrics. Four types of plain woven silk fabrics and five different solid values of colour strength (K/S) than dry and wet rubbing samples. pantone colours of Ramazol reactive dyes were selected to assess the Standard samples had highest values of colour strength loss than the physical and colourfastness properties. The results were analyzed dyed samples exposed to sunlight. Except Muga rest all reactive dyed applying suitable statistical tests. Results revealed that the cloth silk samples attained highest values of total colour difference subjected count, cloth thickness, crease recovery and drape coefficient of dyed to sunlight. Colour strength of standard silk samples depicted highest silk samples were increased compared to control. Maximum shrinkage values followed by samples subjected to acidic and alkaline media of was in weft direction and GSM was in warp direction. Muga showed perspiration. All black wet silk samples showed maximum per cent of highest bending length than control. Except Muga rest all dyed silk colour strength loss than damp and dry sublimation. The cost of samples attained highest elongation in weft way. Cloth weight and reactive dyed silk fabrics per kg was ` 3384/-.

Functional properties of traditional and contemporary silk sarees of Molakalmuru SUKANYA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. J. SANNAPAPAMMA

A study on “Functional properties of traditional and contemporary profit and health problems like leg pain and eye sight. The traditional silk sarees of Molakalmuru” was carried during the year 2016-17 silk sarees were interlaced with 20/22d 2 ply filature silk of 105 tpi as with the objectives to study the specific features of variegated warp and 18/20d 3 ply filature silk of 20 tpi as weft with 120 reed, traditional and contemporary silk sarees, find out the motifs, colours, 5.5 m length and 48" width. contemporary silk sarees interlaced with colour combinations and assess the functional properties of silk sarees. 20/22d 2 ply filature silk of 105 tpi as warp and 18/20d 2/single ply A sample of 30 weavers was randomly selected and interviewed filature silk of 20 tpi as weft with 90-120 reed, 6.20 m length and personally to collect the specific information of silk sarees. The 48-52" width. The motifs employed in the sarees were viz., selected sarees were subjected to mechanical and functional properties gandaberunda, aliluballi, kamala, navilukannu, bugudi, geometrical, at the College of Community Science, University of Agricultural naturalistic patterns and the common colours used for saree border Sciences, Dharwad. Majority of the weavers belonged to Hindu and pallav were red, green, blue, pink and for the body colours were community with middle age group, nuclear family, owned weaver’s maroon, yellow, green, violet, cream and so on. Among the traditional card, yashaswini and BPL cards. The number of handlooms declined and contemporary silk sarees, Gattipetta with plain border and brocade at the rate of 3.98 per cent per annum. Majority of the weavers faced silk sarees possessed excellent mechanical and functional properties. problems of high price fluctuation in raw materials, low return, less The selling price of silk sarees ranged from ` 3,000 to 10,000.

108 Printing of Chikankari embroidery motifs on textiles SHEELA TOTAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SADHANA D. KULLOLI

The present study on “Printing of Chikankari embroidery motifs on kameez material was ` 1875/- and viscose kameez material ` 990/- textiles” was conducted at the RHSc, UAS Dharwad during per 2.5 meters respectively.Respondents opined that the digital 2015-2017 to explore the various Chikankari embroidery textiles, printed Chikankari embroidery designs on kameez materials were good select and develop suitable Chikankari design on dress material through to very good with kameez 5 design had high acceptability index because printing, calculate the cost of digital printed dress material and to of its motif clarity, design clarity and colour sharpness. However, know the consumer acceptance of the Chikankari printed dress respondents moderately preferred the digital printed Chikankari material. Based on the traditional embroidery designs, ten Chikankari embroidery. Thus, opined that of digital printing with Chikankari embroidered kameez materials were collected from local market. Out embroidery design is elegant, eye catching and one of the good mean to of ten Chikankari embroidery kameez designs five good to excellent revive traditional embroidery designs. The digital printed Chikankari designs were selected for digitization as evaluated by the adolescent embroidery on viscous material resembled Chikankari embroidery more girls. The digitized designs were printed on crepe silk and viscose than on the crepe silk material. Hence, both adolescent girls and textile material using Mimaki Tx2 digital printing machinewith acid and experts opined good to excellent resemblance of digital printed reactive dyes respectively and the cost of digital printedcrepe silk Chikankari designs with Chikankari embroidery designs.

109 ABSTRACTS OF THESES

Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees in the University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2017 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

A. CROP SCIENCES

GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of wild sorghum accessions and inter sub specific hybridization for earliness SANTOSH KHADAKABHAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. P. VISWANATHA

The present study was aimed at characterization of 280 wild sorghum diversity existing within and between the wild sorghum species. Genome accessions for agro-morphological and rain nutritional traits, and their wide association mapping identified a total of 66 and 80 marker-trait molecular characterization; identification of postflowering drought associations in rainy and postrainy seasons for agronomic traits. Fifteen tolerant accessions and their involvement in intersubspecific postflowering drought tolerant accessions were identified among 280 hybridization. Enormous amount of genetic variability was found among wild sorghum accessions based on drought tolerance index. the wild sorghum accessions for 15 agronomic traits studied during Intersubspecific hybridization was done in line × tester design by both rainy and postrainy seasons. The qualitative traits such as white involving four early flowering wild accessions and five sorghum cultivars. midrib colour, plant pigmentation, awns, glume covering longer than Significant desirable heterosis over mid parent, better parent and best grain, brown glume colour, brown seed colour, seed subcoat and check (CSH-30) was observed for days to 50 per cent flowering in both completely corneous endosperm were predominant among the wild rainy and postrainy seasons. The wild sorghum lines IS 18820, IS sorghum accessions studied. Greater variability was observed among 27795, IS 18821 and tester IS 31861 were good general combiners for the wild sorghum accessions for grain nutritional traits such as iron (Fe) early maturity and can be used as parents in crossing programme to (17.9 to 83.3 mg kg-1), zinc (Zn) (12.3 to 50.5 mg kg-1), and protein exploit earliness. The lines IS 14279, IS 27795 and testers IS 13809 and content (8.8 to 23.7%). Molecular diversity of wild sorghum accessions IS 18783 were good general combiners for grain yield. They can be used revealed seven clusters which corresponded well with the classification in the crossing programme to exploit maximum genetic variability and based on Genepool I and II indicating considerable amount of genetic isolate transgressive segregants for grain yield.

Genetic analysis of resistance to peanut bud necrosis and stem rot diseases in recombinant inbred line populations of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) YASHODA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. P. VISWANATHA

Phenotyping for peanut bud necrosis (PBND) and stem rot, yield and shelling percent in rainy season 2016. High heritability was observed associated traits in two recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. for PBND disease parameters, days to 50 per cent flowering, days to The PBND and stem rot populations comprising of 318 RILs and maturity, haulm yield, during rainy season 2014 whereas, in rainy season parents from the cross TAG 24 × ICGV 86031 and 196 RILs ICGV 2015, also for percent infection at 45,75,90 and 105 DAS, per cent 03057 × CS 19 were evaluated at UAS, Raichur and at ICRISAT mortality at 45,90 and 105 DAS, kernel yield, pod yield and hundred respectively. Individual season analysis revealed significant variation seed weight recorded moderate heritability coupled with high GAM. for all the traits. In the pooled season analysis, significant variation was Per cent disease incidence at 30, 60 and 90DAS showed strong positive observed between two seasons and genotype × season (g × s) interaction genotypic and phenotypic correlations with each other and strong for all the traits except for hundred seed weight and PBND incidence at negative correlation with haulm yield. Based on the comparison with 30 days after sowing (DAS). High PCV and GCV were found for pod control mean ± LSD, RILs with low percent disease incidence at 90DAS, yield, haulm yield per plot, percent of disease incidence at 30, 60 and high pod yield, shelling percentage were identified. QTL mapping 90DAS in individual rainy season 2014, 2015 and in pooled season also identified five QTLs for PBND percent disease incidence at 30, 60 and for the per cent infection at 45, 75, 90 and 105DAS, per cent mortality 90DAS with PVE ranging from 3.92-12.57 per cent. In post rainy at 45, 75, 90 and 105DAS, haulm yield, kernel yield, pod yield and season 2016-17, five RILs were moderate resistance to stem rot.

110 Genetic studies on turcicum leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum (Pass) Leon & Sugs) resistance in Maize (Zea mays L.) UMESH HUDEDAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. LOKESHA

Turcicum Leaf Blight (TLB) (Exserohilum turcicum) is the most serious inbred lines HS-2, NEI-9202B, NEI-9208B, CM-202, MI-39 and disease on maize causing serious losses globally and locally. Genetic MI-44 were selected for generation mean analysis and the three study of disease resistance is essential for understanding the complex parameter scaling test for traits related to turcicum leaf blight generating plant-pathogen interactions and crucial for efficient breeding of resistant five crosses indicated that additive and dominance effects of genes were varieties. The evaluation of inbred lines revealed presence of wide genetic not satisfactory to explain the inheritance of characters. The non-allelic variability for the trait in the germplasm utilized for the study. The gene interaction effects in six parameter model revealed that additive × inbreds derived from different populations exhibited diversity with additive (i) and additive × dominance (j) were predominant gene respect to TLB and screening resulted in as many as 52 resistant inbred interaction types observed for different crosses indicate need for breeding lines; HS-2 was found superior as a resistant parent with lowest (101.5) procedures to fix the additive gene effects. The SCAR markers used area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values with grain yield of were able to discriminate the inbred lines differing in their genetic 87.50 (g/plant) as compared to other resistant inbred lines NEI-9202B makeup and nature of resistance, while the markers linked to TLB and NEI-9208B, which had AUDPC (246.25, 305) and grain yield resistance helped in validating the genetic nature of parental inbred (g/plant) of (93.50, 85.5) respectively. Phenols in leaves increased with lines. The identified diverse lines for disease resistance viz., HS-2, increase in the disease infection, while, the soluble proteins and sugar NEI-9202B, NEI-9208B, MI-39, MI-44 and CM-202 could be utilized contents decreased appreciably compared to healthy leaves. Based on for future QTL mapping of resistance and molecular tagging of resistance performance for yield contributing parameters and disease reactions six and susceptible genes for maize improvement.

AGRONOMY Studies on nutrient management practices through organics in Bajra [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.)]- Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cropping system in North eastern dry zone of Karnataka MALLESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATYANARAYANA RAO

Field experiments were conducted at Main Agricultural Research PG (` 78,134 ha-1) and C + VC + VW (` 78,145 ha-1) recorded on par Station, UAS, Raichur, during kharif and rabi seasons for two results with that of RDF (` 86,947 ha-1) and RDF + FYM (` 86,199 consecutive years (2014-15 and 2015-16) to study nutrient ha-1). The results of experiment through P management with different management practices through organics in bajra-groundnut cropping levels of rock phosphate (RP) application to preceding bajra and system. In an experiment with nutrient management through organics, sunhemp on succeeding groundnut indicated that, application of higher application of RDF + FYM recorded significantly higher grain yield levels of RP at 150 and 200 kg ha-1 to preceding sunhemp and bajra of bajra (1996 kg ha-1) and resulted in at par with the organic treatments crops recorded significantly higher pod yield of groundnut (1826 and receiving Compost (C) + Vermicompost (VC) + Green leaf manure 1859 and 1774 and 1810 kg ha-1) and these treatments were at par (GLM) + panchagavya @ 3 per cent (PG), C + VC + GLM + with treatment receiving RDF + FYM (1871 kg ha-1) to both bajra and vermiwash @ 10 per cent (VW), C + VC + PG and C + VC + VW and groundnut crops in the system. The various growth and yield RDF alone. Significantly higher pod yield groundnut was recorded parameters of groundnut followed the similar trend of pod yield. with RDF + FYM (1910 kg ha-1) which is on par with the application Further these treatments recorded higher microbial population, soil of C + V + PG, C + V + VW and RDF alone. Similar trend was also enzymatic activity and available nutrient status of soil. Significantly seen with respect to biological activity and soil fertility status. Net higher net returns of ` 84,004 ha-1 in the system was recorded at returns of bajra-groundnut cropping system revealed that C + VC + higher levels of RP (200 kg ha-1) to preceding bajra.

Response of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) genotypes to nutrition, geometry, nipping and weed management pracices TASMIYA KOWSER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. HALEPYATI

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, UAS, the growth parameters viz., number of branches plant-1 (14.59), leaf area Raichur during kharif season for two consecutive years (2015-16 and (56.63 dm2 plant-1) and dry matter production (191.13 g plant-1) at 2016-17). Treatments consisting of 2 genotypes DCH-177 and DCH- harvesting as compared to DCH-177. Sub plot treatments of 90 cm × 60 519 as main plot, row spacing of 90 and 120 cm with and without cm with nipping recorded significantly higher bean yield (1700 kg ha-1) nipping as sub plot and a recommended dose of fertilizers with 75 and whereas the yield components viz., mean spike length (41.69 cm), number 100 per cent with and without sulphur as sub-sub plot were tested in a of capsules spike-1 (42.10) and test weight (26.35 g) were significantly split-split plot design. Among the genotypes, DCH-519 recorded higher with 120 cm × 60 cm with nipping than rest of the treatments. In significantly higher bean yield (1311 kg ha-1) due to higher yield parameters sub-sub plot treatment, 100 per cent RDF with sulphur recorded viz., total number of productive spikes plant-1 (9.04), mean spike length significantly higher bean yield (1356 kg ha-1) due to higher yield attributes (37.43 cm), number of capsules spike-1 (35.25) and test weight (25.43 g) viz., total number of productive spikes plant-1 (9.33), mean spike length

111 (37.97 cm), number of capsules plant-1 (36.14) and test weight (25.60 g). weed dry weight (1.82 g m-2), higher weed control efficiency (72.66%), Among the interaction effect, a row spacing of 90 cm with nipping and weed control index (74.47%) and herbicide efficiency index (0.0290) 100 per cent RDF with sulphur recorded significantly higher bean yield compared to other herbicide treatments. However, weed free check (1783 kg ha-1). Among the different herbicide treatments, application of recorded significantly higher growth and yield parameters when compared pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 fb imazethapyr 10 SL @ 75 g to rest of the treatments. Significantly higher, gross returns, net returns a.i. ha-1 recorded significantly higher bean yield (1202 kg ha-1) due to and BC ratio followed the similar trend among the different herbicide higher growth and yield parameters, lower weed density (6.54 m-2) and treatments.

Yield maximization in direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Tunga Bhadra project Irrigation Command G. V. SHUBHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. CHITTAPUR

Field experiments were conducted at Agricultural Research Station, season and with cv. GGV 0501 during summer when sown using 1 Dhadesugur, UAS, Raichur, India on black loamy soil medium with 30 kg ha and applied with both FeSO4 and ZnSO4 to the soil and available N, P and OC and high in K but deficient in Fe and Zn during foliage. Further, study on response of DSR to nutrient management rainy (2015 & 2016) and summer (2016) seasons for ‘Yield (Nutrient expert (NE) and STCR) for varied yield targets (6, 7 and maximization in direct seeded rice (DSR) located Tunga Bhadra project 8 t ha-1) and micronutrients and organics (with or without) (2 x 3 x irrigation command. Study on response of rice genotypes (cvs. GGV 2 factorial) alongwith control (RDF-150:75:75) conducted using 0501, RNR 15048 and BPT 5204) to seed rates (25, 30 and 35 kg ha-1) RCBD with three replications revealed significantly higher grain yield -1 -1 and micronutrients (control, FeSO4 (Soil @ 25 kg ha + foliar @ 0.5% (7556 and 7385 kg ha , respectively) with STCR based fertilization -1 -1 twice at 15 and 30 DAS, ZnSO4 (Soil @ 25 kg ha + foliar @ 0.5% for 8 t ha yield target supplied with micronutrients and organics -1 twice at 15 and 30 DAS, FeSO4 + ZnSO4 (each to soil @ 25 kg ha + during rainy and summer seasons. However, net returns (114338 and foliar @ 0.5% at 15 and 30 DAS) carried out in Split Split plot design 96510 ` ha-1, respectively) and B:C ratio and (4.26 and with three replications revealed higher grain yield (5917, 6277 kg ha-1, 3.74, respectively) were significantly higher with NE approach for respectively), net returns (` 78,084, ` 81969, respectively) and BC 8t ha-1 yield target without application of micronutrients during both ratio (2.47 and 2.52, respectively) with cv. MTU 1010 during rainy rainy and summer seasons.

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY Land resources inventory of selected micro watersheds of Yadgir district using remote sensing and GIS techniques C. SUDHARSHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. NARAYANA RAO

A LRI survey was conducted for two micro watersheds viz., Kolur of land degradation noticed in the study area. The soil series of and Malhar1 micro watersheds which are located in Yadgir taluk of Kolur and Malhar1 MWSs were grouped into two land capability Yadgir district, Karnataka at 1:10000 scale to characterize, classify, classes with four sub classes. Out of fifteen mapping units of both assess land degradation status, soil fertility and evaluate land Kolur and Malhar1 MWSs, Bheema and Kolur series were grouped capability, crop suitability and assess SQI and productivity as class III and remaining mapping units belonged to the land constraints and estimate erosion loss of Kolur and Malhar1 MWSs of capability class IV. Suitability of various crops like cotton, pigeon Hyderabad Karnataka region. The soils were moderately shallow to pea, sorghum, groundnut, pearl millet and maize found to from deep in both the MWSs. The colour of soils varied from 7.5YR 3/3 highly suitable to not suitable. The annual soil loss for various (dark brown) to 10YR 5/4 (yellowish brown). The soil texture varied series was estimated found to low to very high (bheema series) in all from sandy loam to clay. The series Killankera, Koiloor were classified the series of both MWSs. The average productivity of crops was under Typic haplustepts and Hosahalli, Lingeri Tanda and Malhar as generally low compared to their expected average productivity. Vertic haplustepts. Kolur and Bheema series had sub group of Typic Overall the soil quality indices of the mapping units indicated that hapluesterts. Malhar Tanda series were grouped under Typic the soil quality of major series ranged from low to medium in the haplusterts. Water erosion and water-logging were the major types study areas.

Studies on soil test based nutrient management approaches in dry direct seeded rice-mustard cropping system RAGHAVENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. NARAYANA RAO

Field experiments were conducted during kharif and rabi seasons of Application of nutrients through SSNM approach for targeted yield 2015-16 and 2016-17 in the farmer field of Vijayanagar camp, Tq/ of 55 q ha-1 for Dry DSR registered significantly higher grain and Dist: Raichur, to study the soil test based nutrient management straw yield (54.73 and 68.38 q ha-1, respectively) and residual mustard approaches in dry direct seeded rice-mustard cropping system. seed yield and stover yield (592 kg ha-1 and 1856 kg ha-1, respectively) Application of nutrients through SSNM approach for targeted yield over farmers practice and other soil test methods. Total uptake of of 55 q ha-1 for Dry DSR and its residual effect on mustard was nutrients viz., N, P, K, Zn and Fe uptake (117.72, 40.50, 152.32, registered significantly higher growth, yield and yield attributes. 16.11 kg ha-1, 342.4 and 3622.1 g ha-1, respectively) and higher NPK

112 use efficiency of (54.88, 65.56 and 95.13%, respectively) by Dry net returns and BC ratio (` 1,01,993 ha-1 and 3.24, respectively) was DSR was recorded with nutrient application through SSNM approach obtained with application of nutrients as per SSNM approach for the targeted yield of 55 q ha-1 as compared to farmers practice and targeted yield of 55 q ha-1 as compared to farmers practice and other other soil test methods. Further, farmer practice recorded highest treatments in Dry DSR-Mustard cropping sequence. Finally, (` 52,391 ha-1) cost of cultivation in Dry DSR-Mustard cropping experiment concludes that SSNM approach is unique and most realistic sequence. Whereas, Significantly higher gross returns (` 1,47,554 ha-1), to achieve the targeted yield in Dry DSR-Mustard cropping sequence. Effect of distillery raw spentwash as an organic amendment for reclamation and enhancement of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) yield in a sodic vertisol K. S. BHARATH KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VISHWANATH

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, surface layers compared to rest of the treatments except T3 (RSW @ -1 -1 Gangavathi to assess the impact of one time application of RSW on 2.0 lakh L ha ) and T4 (RSW @ 2.5 lakh L ha ) in all the cropping soil properties and paddy yield in a sodic Vertisol during 2014-15 seasons. As far as soil microbiological properties are concerned,

and its residual effect during 2015-16. The treatments consisted of treatment T4 recorded significantly higher soil microbial population five graded levels of RSW viz., 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 lakh L ha-1 urease and phosphatase activities compared to other treatments Kharif- (T1 to T5) and two levels of gypsum at 50 and 100 per cent gypsum followed by T5 both during 2014 and 2015. Similar trend was

requirement (GR) (T6 & T7) and control (T8) with RDF applied to observed with DHA and SMBC which increased with increased levels these treatments was common. Soil samples collected prior to initiation of RSW application. In accordance with the improvement in soil of experiment, across the growth stages and at harvest of the crop properties, growth and yield attributes, paddy grain yield was -1 were analyzed for selected properties. The data revealed that pH, Ex- significantly higher under T4 (5173 kg ha ) which was at par with T3 Na and ESP decreased significantly with increased level of RSW (5066 kg ha-1) in all the cropping seasons. Considering the overall whereas ECe (saturation extract), OC, available NPK and DTPA-Zn, effects of RSW on soil properties and crop performance, one time Fe, Mn and Cu increased significantly with increased levels of RSW. application of RSW @ 2.0 lakh L ha-1 appears to be ideal for similar -1 In general, application of RSW at 3.0 lakh L ha (T5) resulted in non-saline sodic soils under study in Thungabhadra Project (TBP) higher availability of macro and micronutrients at surface and sub- command area.

SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING Identification of groundwater recharge potential zones for Devasugur nala watershed using remote sensing and GIS in Raichur district, Karnataka B. MALLIKARJUNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MAHESHWARA BABU

Groundwater is considered as the preferred source of water for approach was used for assigning the weightages. The integration model meeting domestic, industrial and agricultural requirements, due to its viz., Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) and Fuzzy logic models longer residence time in the ground, low level of contamination, were used for the site selection of groundwater recharge zones. The wide distribution, and availability within the reach of the end user. In models were evaluated with bore well yield data and it was found that the study, nine different thematic layers viz., geology, geo-morphology, suitable zones were demarcated by the Fuzzy logic model. It was soil, land use/cover, watertable fluctuation, depth to bedrock, slope, better matched with the bore well yield data. Hence, Fuzzy logic model drainage density and lineament density maps were generated from the was selected for the identifying the suitable zones for the groundwater different data sources. For developing the slope map, ASTER GDEM recharge. The output of the Fuzzy logic model revealed that 1.04, data was used. For the development of land use/cover map, the IRS R2 36.94, 58.33 and 3.69 percentage of the total areas were occupied by LISS-IV digital data was used and by digital image processing technique, the poor, moderate, good and excellent recharge suitability zones, totally five different land use and land cover classes were demarcated in respectively in the Devasugur watershed. Suitability map revealed that, the study area. To meet the specific objective, the Multi Criteria the good and moderate zones were located in the lower and upper Evaluation (MCE) was carried out. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) portions of the watershed, respectively.

Performance evaluation and modelling studies of existing sub surface drainage systems in upper Krishna project command area, Karnataka C. M. PRADEEP MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. BALAKRISHNAN

The study was carried out to check the performance of subsurface nature of soil and excess application of the fertilizer. ESP was noticed drainage system on soil quality parameters, land and crop to be reduced as compared to pre-sowing conditions, gypsum needed performance in the UKP command Area, Karnataka. The mean pHs to be applied in required amount in order to turn the soil from values before sowing and after harvesting ranged from 8.20 to 8.75 sodicity to saline or non-saline soils. Among the mains, the average and 8.32 to 8.94, respectively. The mean ECe and ESP values before discharge was 0.49, 0.43, 0.39, 1.19 and 1.30 mm d-1 in main I, II, sowing ranged from 8.57 to 20.08 dS m-1 and 19.70 to 24.14 and III, IV and V respectively. Further, considering the whole area for after harvesting of the crops results obtained were in range of 8.52 the entire period of study, the overall weighted average discharge of to 19.59 dS m-1 and 19.36 to 23.36, respectively. A glance at results the SSD system was found to be 0.76 mm d-1. The mean EC, SAR reveals that pH and K+ was observed to be increased due to sodic and RSC values of leachate observed to be 4.04, 7.95 and -24.56,

113 respectively. Finally, the cropping intensity and crop yield was kharif and rabi seasons, while during the summer season they observed to be increased by 146.20 and 47.68 per cent, respectively increased. These results will be useful for planning of projects related as compare to pre drainage condition. The results of SALTMOD to the reuse of drainage water as conjunctive use for supplement showed that the observed and predicted water table depth and drain irrigation, to meet the shortage of irrigation requirement for that discharge were found to be in good agreement during the calibration particular rural agriculture system of the area. The predicted hydro- and validation period for both kharif and rabi seasons, while during salinity results clearly give the picture for future that more area the summer season, the deviation was relatively more. Whereas, could be brought under cultivation again, without causing scourge of root zone and effluent salinities showed lowering trend for both waterlogging and salanization in the area.

Evaluation of solar powered drip irrigation systems M. S. MADHUSUDHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NEMICHANDRAPPA

Adoption of solar technology is a today’s necessity, as it provides cycle cost analysis (LCCA) method was used to assess overall life an alternate source of energy and environmental feasibility both at a cycle costs of FPVDI, TPVDI, GTDI, A-GTDI and CDI so as to time. In this perspective, the four field interventions namely fixed select the irrigation treatment that ensures lowest overall costs. The PV drip irrigation (FPVDI), tracking PV drip irrigation (TPVDI), higher life cycle costs of ` 1719517 were observed in CDI method. gravity type drip irrigation (GTDI) and conventional drip irrigation Whereas, lower life cycle costs of Rs.795606 in GTDI (53.7%) (CDI) systems were designed and evaluated for banana orchard in followed by ` 784712 in TPVDI (54.4%), Rs.771511 in A-GTDI Jalgaon district of Maharashtra state. The estimated total water (55.1%) and ` 765711 in FPVDI (55.5%) methods were observed requirement of crop banana crop was found about 1315 mm. The over CDI method. In addition, BC ratios were worked out and analysis shows that the maximum daily irrigation need of banana found that, the FPVDI, TPVDI and GTDI were 5.6, 11.5 and crop under drip irrigation for 1 ha is about 69.27 m3 in the month of 8.5 per cent lesser benefit cost ratios as compared to CDI method May April. The maximum daily power required to pump 69.27 m3 during study period. The present study revealed that the solar volumes to 26 m elevation was estimated as 2.6 kWh day-1. The PV photovoltaic drip irrigation systems are best suited for remotely drip irrigation systems responded well in terms of water use, placed grid isolated rural areas with benefit of reducing the emission application and distribution efficiencies, as compared to CDI. Life of greenhouse gas.

Optimal planning for sustained development of land and water resources under watershed concept IBRAHIM KHALEEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. SATISH KUMAR

In case of the semi arid agro climatic conditions, there is need to including “suggesting suitable soil conservation and water harvesting enhance the land and water productivity sustaining spatially and measures for arable and non arable lands”, “estimating excess runoff”, temporally distributed rainfall quantity and its erosive effects. The “displaying conservation measures spatially with set of icons as a primary objective of the work was to develop a spatial decision vector layer”, which would enhance its efficacy in effective-interactive support system for optimal hydrological planning of land and water communication method for better comprehension. The total runoff resources relating the variable characteristics of land use, soil and measured at the watershed scale (at outlet) was 108.15 mm whereas rainfall. The conceptual decision and flow logic was formulated to predicted runoff by SDSS-QSCOT for the study area was 94.07 mm. link this information through MMF model and transformed into The observed data for annual soil loss at the outlet was 1.8 t ha-1 y-1 computer model using python programming language. The QSCOT whereas predicted weighted average soil loss rate by SDSS-QSCOT was developed with PyQt graphical user interface (GUI) capability for the study area at the outlet was 1.5 t ha-1 y-1. The MMF model and integrated with QGIS which is open source software and available estimates annual runoff and soil loss rate to acceptable limits. The for all users across the world as “QGIS plugin” repository. It provided similarities between the annual measured and model simulated values the user with an effective interactive environment to select or enter at outlet were with 85 - 89 per cent accuracy. QSCOT helps to the input variables and to get output data on runoff and soil loss rate visualize estimated runoff volume and soil loss rate in compatible and at any stream node. Moreover, SDSS-QSCOT contains many features user friendly formats keeping with the best for user convenience. Investigations on resource and energy conservation and performance of rice under surface and subsurface drip irrigation in Hyderabad - Karnataka region RAVINDRA YALIGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. BALAKRISHNAN

The experiment was carried out in farmer’s field located at Govinadoddi irrigation water of 3872, 2864 and 3368 m3 ha-1, respectively during village in Manvi taluka of Raichur district under the jurisdiction of 2015, 2016 and in pooled mean. The control plot with conventional the UAS Raichur during kharif 2015 and kharif 2016 using randomized land levelling using flood irrigation (farmers’ practice) recorded the complete block design with 7 treatments which were replicated thrice. highest quantity of water usage of 20260, 19112 and 19686 m3 ha-1 The treatments included the land levelling methods viz., laser levelling during 2015, 2016 and in pooled mean, respectively. The highest with near table top level or zero per cent slope and conventional electricity consumption of 7817.18 kWh ha-1 was recorded in control levelling, cultivation practices viz., transplanted rice (TPR) and direct plot of transplanted rice with conventional land levelling using flood seeded rice (DSR) and irrigation methods viz., drip and flood irrigation. irrigation. The lowest electricity consumption of 2136.06 kWh ha-1 The dry DSR plot with laser land levelling and subsurface drip was recorded in the treatment of dry DSR treatment of laser land irrigation at 60 cm lateral spacing required the lowest quantity of levelling and subsurface drip irrigation at 60 cm lateral spacing.

114 Irrigation efficiencies were higher in all the drip irrigation treatments significantly due to different cultivation practices, land levelling and as compared to the conventional surface irrigation methods. The irrigation methods. Among the dry sown paddy treatments, pooled application efficiency ranged from 97.50 to 95.50 per cent for drip mean of DSR with laser land levelling and surface drip Irrigation at 60 irrigation treatments against 89.50 to 85.50 per cent in conventional cm lateral spacing (T2) recorded significantly higher grain yield of -1 -1 -1 surface irrigation methods. The distribution efficiency ranged from 7850 kg ha . It was followed by T4 (7700 kg ha ), T3 (7375 kg ha ) -1 98.00 to 97.50 per cent for drip irrigation treatments, while the same and T1 (7272 kg ha ), while T6 recorded the lowest grain yield of varied from 91.50 to 83.50 per cent in conventional surface irrigation 6829 kg ha-1. In case of transplanted rice treatments, TPR with laser -3 methods. The highest water use efficiency (WUE) of 2.24 kg m was land levelling and conventional method of flood irrigation (T5) recorded -1 -1 observed in case of dry DSR with laser land levelling and subsurface higher yield of 6647 kg ha , followed by T7 (3885 kg ha ). The similar drip irrigation at 60 cm lateral. The grain yield of paddy differed trend was observed in case of straw yield of paddy.

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Influence of elevated carbon dioxide on tri-trophic interactions of chickpea, pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and a parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida) ABDULKHADAR BIRADAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. PRABHURAJ

Influence of elevated carbon dioxide on tri-trophic interactions of quality of the chickpea foliage resulting in higher consumption by chickpea, pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and a parasitoid, larvae, better assimilation (higher RCR and AD, slow growth (lower Campoletis chlorideae (Uchida)” was conducted during rabi seasons of RGR) and took a longer time (1-2 days more than ambient) to pupation

2014-2016 at ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture over generations. The effect of eCO2 on third trophic level i.e.,

(CRIDA), Hyderabad, Telangana. Effect of eCO2 on first trophic level C. chlorideae revealed that the Egg+larval duration (eclosion to i.e., chickpea crop altered significantly under eCO2 over aCO2 with parasitoid emergence) which developed inside the host larva low nitrogen (19.72%), protein (31.52%) and amino acid (22.55%), but (H. armigera) that fed continuously on chickpea seeds was prolonged high Carbon (14.45%), C: N ratio (42.62%), tannins (60.79%), total and took 1-2 days more under eCO2 than aCO2 conditions across the soluble sugars (TSS) (34.07%), starch (31.15%) and carbohydrates generations. The result revealed that higher cocoon and adult wasp

(33.03%). As a result, second trophic level i.e., H. armigera experienced weight recorded under eCO2 condition compared to aCO2 condition a significant negative impact on the growth and development with over successive generations. However, cocoon formation, adult emergence extended larval duration (1-2 days), increased larval weight (22-26%) and the proportion of females did not differ significantly across the and greater consumption (62-73%) but reduced fecundity (12-16%) CO2 conditions and generations. The fecundity and per cent over four successive generations compared to aCO2 condition. The parasitization of C. chlorideae was greatly increased under eCO2 present findings indicated that eCO2 condition significantly altered the conditions compared to the ambient CO2 condition.

Influence of morphometrics, biochemical parameters and flight behaviour on migration of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) JYOTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. PRABHURAJ

In India, Helicoverpa armigera is a major and polyphagous insect short fliers (flight range: < 5 km). Long range fliers could fly up to pest attacking more than 187 host crop plants. To escape host scarcity 40.92 km compared to medium (9.50 km) and short fliers (4.99 km). and harsh environmental conditions, the pest is known to undergo Further, long fliers took maximum flight duration (13.96 h) followed facultative and long distance migration. However, identifying the by medium (6.48 h) and short fliers (4.38 h). Among the body morphological and biochemical factors influencing the migratory morphometrics, forewing length, wing loading and wing aspect ratio behaviour is essential. Further, quantifying the proportion of were most influencing parameters for flight activity. The forewing population which undertake long range flight is difficult due to lack of length varied significantly between short fliers (10.47 ± 0.07 mm) suitable methodologies. But with the help of flight mill equipment, and long fliers (10.94 ± 0.06 mm) which also had positive relation the flight behaviour of this species can be studied. Hence, present with flight distance and duration, whereas, wing loading had negative study was conducted during 2015-17 in the Department of Agricultural relation. Wing aspect ratio did not show much difference among the Entomology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka. The sexes in flight behaviour. Biochemical parameters viz., glycogen, flight performance of both males and females of H. armigera were triglycerides, total lipids and soluble carbohydrates decreased as the studied using tethered flight mill technique. Based on the flight flight performance increased, whereas, the lipase activity increased performance both male and female moths were categorised as long with flight performance. The number of ovaries was observed to be fliers (flight range: > 10 km), medium fliers (flight range: 5-10 km) and decreased in long fliers compared to short fliers.

115 PLANT PATHOLOGY Studies on status, variability and management of sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) in Karnataka NAGARAJ TAKKUNNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURURAJ SUNKAD

The present investigations on sheath blight of rice caused by sativae are detected and R. solani (AG-1-IA) was found predominantly Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn) includes spatial and temporal dynamics of distributed. The virulence analysis of R. solani isolates by artificial sheath blight, morphological, genetic, species diversity of Rhizoctonia inoculation on four different rice varieties showed different virulence spp., host range and virulence diversity of R. solani, induced resistance, pattern among isolates. The pathogen, R. solani has a wide host range identification of resistance sources and integrated disease management. infecting 25 plant species belonging to five families including crops The fixed plot survey was conducted in kharif 2014 and kharif 2015 and weed plants. The induced resistant study revealed that highest in major rice growing zones of Karnataka, the mean maximum per activity of defence enzymes (PO, PPO and PAL) and lower sheath cent disease index (PDI) (27.72) was recorded in southern dry zone blight severity was observed in acibenzolar-s-methyl, Pseudomonas and minimum PDI (5.50) was noticed in northern transition zone. fluorescens and Trichoderma viride treated plants. Among 1,294 The R. solani isolates showed wide morphological variation in terms germplasm lines screened, eleven lines were found moderately of size of sclerotia, colour of sclerotia and abundance of sclerotial resistant to disease. Integrated disease management study indicated production. The genetic diversity of R. solani was studied by assigning that, three foliar spray of trifloxystrobin (25.0%) + tebuconazole to anastomosis groupings (AGs) indicated that AG-1-IA, AG-1- IB, (50.0%) WP at (0.04%) alone and its combination with Pseudomonas AG-1-IC and AG-2-1 are involved in causing the sheath blight. All fluorescens (RP-46) at 0.5 per cent was found effective in reducing three species of Rhizoctonia viz., R. solani, R. oryzae and R. oryzae- the sheath blight severity.

Investigations on wilt of Pomegranate caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. and Halst. in Karnataka RAJA MAJOR ADVISOR GURURAJ SUNKAD

Wilt of pomegranate caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. and Halts deposited in the GenBank Maryland, USA database under the is one of the important diseases of pomegranate. Sira taluk of Accession numbers from KY038512-KY038523. All isolates from Tumakuru district recorded highest mean wilt and least incidence different districts of Karnataka showed specific pattern of similarity was recorded in Shorapur taluk of Yadgir district. Among the districts, according to geographical region. Higher activity of defense enzymes highest incidence was recorded in Tumakuru and least incidence viz., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase was in Yadgir district. In Karnataka state, the mean incidence of and total phenol was recorded in diamond (T. viride) followed by pomegranate wilt recorded was 24.13 per cent. On oat meal agar T. harzianum (Th-R) and platinum (P. fluorescens). In the C. fimbriata produced maximum colony diameter after 16 days of development of bio-intensive disease management, captan, incubation at room temperature. Black colored perithecia with mancozeb, ziram, thiram and zineb (Contact fungicides), globose base were observed with size of 181.1 x 131.2 ¼m, carbendazim, hexaconazole, thiophanate methyl, propiconazole and ascospores which measured 5.13 x 4.27 ¼m, endoconidia size was tebuconazole (Systemic fungicides), hexaconazole + zineb, 23.6 x 4.90 ¼m, aleurioconidia size 18.5 x 10.10 ¼m. Cultural carbendazim + mancozeb, trifloxystrobin + tebuconazole and captan variability showed variation among the C. fimbriata isolates. On the + hexaconazole (Combi-fungicides) and T. harzianum (Th-R) and basis of colony color, type of colony growth, type of margin, margin diamond (T. viride) (bioagents) were effective in the inhibition color and colony growth fifty isolates were categorized. mycelia growth of fungus under in vitro. Field evaluation over two Morphological variability showed little variation among C. fimbriata years indicated three drenchings of propiconazole (0.2%), diamond with respect size of perithecia, ascospores, endoconidia and (T. viride) (0.7 g/l) and T. harzianum (Th-R) (5g/l) at an interval of alerioconidia. Fifty isolates of C. fimbriata were amplified with 15 days showed maximum disease control with higher mean fruit range of 600- 650 bp length, twelve isolates were sequenced and yield and cost benefit ratio.

SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Evaluation and enrichment of seed micronutrient (Fe and Zn) content through biofortification in Pigeonpea genotypes D. HANUMANTHAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. VASUDEVAN

Genetic diversity is pre-requisite for any crop improvement days) took less number of days to 50 per cent flowering and days to programme as it helps in the development of superior recombinants. maturity compared to other genotypes. In nutrient content (Fe and In the present study, the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity, Zn), high magnitude of genotypic variation was observed among the growth, yield and micronutrients (Iron and Zinc) were assessed among entries. Maximum iron and zinc was observed in ICPL 96061 (79.48 64 pigeonpea genotypes. Among the genotypes GRG-2009 registered ppm) and GRG-160 (38.07 ppm), respectively compared to other significantly highest leaf area (15.80 dm2 plant-1), number of branches genotypes. Hence, these can be used as donors for improving plant-1 (57.01), chlorophyll content (66.82 SPAD), pod weight nutritional quality. Foliar application of Fe @ 0.5 per cent and Zn @ (9.06 g), pod length (6.13 cm), seed yield (54.16 g plant-1 and 1687.21 0.5 per cent at the time of pod setting stage significantly increased Fe kg ha-1). Whereas, ICP-14944 (71.72 days) and ICP-14944 (133.17 concentration of pigeonpea by 71.29 per cent and Zn by

116 26.52 per cent. Among the genotypes, ICPL 96061 in both the years dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.551 OD value) and á-amylase for iron and GRG-160 for Zn showed good response to foliar activity (28.46 mm) with lower electrical conductivity (1.004 dS/cm) application. With increase in seed-Fe and Zn content progressive and lower seed infestation (28.33%) even after 12 months of storage increase in seed germination and seedling vigour was observed. Among period. For identifying SSR markers associated with Fe content in the fifteen genotypes studied for seed longevity, AGL-2249 ten genotypes, ten SSR primers were used. Out of them, five primers maintained highest germination (84.57 %), speed of germination (23.29), showed polymorphism which can be used in marker assisted selection seedling length (27.67 cm), seedling vigour index (1303), total for identifying Fe rich lines.

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

Dynamics of labour scarcity in North eastern Karnataka - An economic analysis GUNABHAGYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTHA T. JOSHI

Over the past couple of decades, there is a growing concern that the during the peak agricultural seasons. It was also found that a shift in farm labour had been decreasing which has been caused by occupational cropping pattern was observed among the different groups of the changes, people’s mindset, Government policies and reforms making crops. The shift was seen from High Labour Intensive (HLI) crops to it imperative to investigate into the dynamics or scarcity of agricultural low labour intensive crops. Among all the crops pulses was more labour and its effect on agricultural economy. The present study was stable and reliable crop in all the districts. Productivity difference undertaken in Raichur, Koppal and Kalaburagi district of NEK region. was also estimated in both labour scarcity affected and labour saving Stratified random sampling was adopted for selection the districts, technology adopted farms among all the crops the highest difference taluks, villages and farmers. A total 180 farmers and 60 agricultural was found in paddy. Further it can be seen from the study that there labourers were selected for the study. In order to analyse the stated existed backward bending of labour supply curve. Among the various objectives the following tools were employed viz., tabular analysis, reasons reported by the respondent for the labour scarcity the Markov chain analysis, logit model, unpaired t test and Garret’s ranking migration of the labourers to nearby villages for higher wage was technique was employed. The study revealed that, both physical and opined as the most serious one. And also higher cost of technology, economic labour scarcity was observed in cultivation of selected crops lack of awareness among the farmers. Lack of skill was the major across the districts and also labour demand exceeded labour supply reasons for non adoption of labour saving technologies or implements.

Livelihood security of farm households under different farming systems in Hyderabad Karnataka - An economic analysis D. V. RAGHAVENDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SURESH S. PATIL

The study was undertaken in Hyderabad-Karnataka state to assess systems (C+D, C+H and C+D+H). Area under Horticultural crops cost and returns under major farming systems, net income of the farmers was found highly significant in major farming systems (C+H, H+D and from different sources and significant influence of area and dairy in C+D+H). Number of milching dairy animals was found highly significant major farming systems. Four major farming systems viz., Crop+Dairy in major farming systems (C+D, H+D and C+D+H). DEA analysis (C+D), Crop+Horticulture (C+H), Horticulture+Dairy (H+D) and indicated that nearly 15 per cent of farms under assumption of constant Crop+Dairy+Horticulture (C+H+D) were identified based on returns to scale were found to perform with the efficiency level equal to preliminary survey in the area. The study is based on primary data of 0.9 or greater. Majority of farms i.e., 90 per cent of the farms in 160 farmers covering equal samples under major farming systems elicited C+D,75 per cent in C+H, 70 per cent in H+D and 87.50 per cent in through survey for 2016-17. The data was analyzed using production C+H+D systems were found to be operating in the region of increasing function, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Garret ranking, Gini co- returns or the suboptimal region. Farm households of all farming systems efficient and indices. Results revealed that net annual income realized are on par with ICMR norms in cereal consumption but In case of by farm household was higher in C+D+H (C 8,62,898) farming system pulses the consumption level of three farm households (C+H, H+D of which 72.42 per cent was from horticulture. The least annual net and C+D+H system) are above the ICMR norms except C+D farm income was observed in C+D (C 2,17,982) farming system of which households. The market dependence for cereals and millets was higher 55.49 per cent was from livestock enterprise. Area under irrigated crops in H+D farming system (94.10%). The overall livelihood security is was found highly significant against net annual income in major farming high in case of H+D farm households.

117 FARM MACHINERY & POWER ENGINEERING

Design, development and evaluation of tractor operated automatic gun sprayer for field crops T. NAGESHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANANTACHAR

The tractor operated automatic gun sprayer was designed and The droplet density was increased by 38.09 per cent when the nozzle developed by considering crop and machine parameters. The tractor size was changed from 2 to 6 mm. The droplet deposition on both operated automatic gun sprayer was evaluated under the laboratory upper and lower surface of the plant canopy was maximum when the to ascertain the performance under different variables. Its performance orientation of the nozzle was 15 degree. The performance evaluation of was evaluated in the Department of Farm Machinery and Power tractor operated automatic gun sprayer was carried out in cotton (Bt) Engineering, plant protection laboratory, College of Agricultural at the farmer’s field and Research Farm, Raichur. A anemometer was Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during used to measure the wind velocity over the target crop. A thermo 2016-17 under the controlled conditions to eliminate the effects caused hygrometer was used to measure the temperature and humidity. by environmental parameters. The laboratory experiments were Methylene blue MS dye mixed @5 g l-1 in water was sprayed on cotton carried out by using the actual cotton plant. the developed sprayer crop and pigeon pea. The droplet density was decreased by 13 per cent was evaluated under three different nozzle size, operating pressure as height of spray nozzle was increased from 30 to 90 cm for 64 cycles and orientation of spray nozzle The nozzle discharged increased by min-1 speed of actuating mechanism. The droplet size decreased by 38.23 per cent as the operating pressure increased from 20 to 24 kg cm- 10.65 per cent as forward speed of the tractor increased from 2.2 to 2 for 2 mm nozzle size and discharged increased by 31.70 per cent when 2.6 km h-1 for 30 cm height of spray nozzle. The cost of operation of the nozzle size changed from 2 to 6 mm at operating pressure of 20 kg the developed tractor operated automatic gun sprayer was found to be cm-2. The droplet density increased with increase in the nozzle size. ` 320.06 ha-1 and ` 302.7 ha-1 for cotton crop and pigeonpea crop.

PROCESSING AND FOOD ENGINEERING Studies on drying, milling, extraction and micoencapsulation of Ginger cv. Rio-de-Janeiro S. A. VENU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. UDAYKUMAR NIDONI

The aim of this investigation was to standardize the process nitrogen pulverizer) and co-solvent (ethanol) recorded maximum technologies for drying and milling, supercritical fluid extraction 6-gingerol (17.55%) and 6-shogaol (0.97%) contents in ginger

(SC-CO2) and microencapsulation of ginger essential oil and their essential oil. The highest powder recovery of 69.15 per cent and effects on quality characteristics of the products. The active encapsulation efficiency of 98.65 per cent with maximum 6-gingerol components namely, 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol in fresh ginger rhizomes and 6-shogaol contents of 8.20 and 0.52 per cent, respectively were were found to be 2.40 and 0.12 per cent, respectively. The optimized observed in the treatment combination of sodium alginate + chitosan pre-treatment (dipping in 2% ethyl oleate (EO) + 5% potassium as coating material and spray drying air temperature of 170 ºC. carbonate (K2CO3) for 1 min) and drying method (dehumidified air Similarly, the particle size, morphology and reconstitutional drying) retained maximum 6-gingerol (8.06%) and 6-shogaol (0.43%) properties were found superior in microencapsulated ginger powder in dried ginger rhizomes. The optimized milling method (liquid at the optimized process parameters.

Studies on extraction and encapsulation of anthocyanin from calyces of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) V. H. SHRUTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. T. RAMACHANDRA

The aim of this investigation was to standardize the process ratio and 2 per cent citric acid.The highest powder yield (92.04%) technologies for drying and milling, extraction and encapsulation of and total anthocyanin content (994.99 mg CyaG.100g-1) of anthocyanin from calyces of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and microencapsulated Roselle anthocyanin powder was obtained using their effects on quality characteristics of the products. The maltodextrin as a coating material and at 170 ºC inlet air temperature. anthocyanin is the main colouring component present incalyces of Similarly, the particle size, morphology and reconstitution properties Rosellewhich was found to be 718.72 ± 1.19 mg CyaG.100g-1. The were found superior in microencapsulated Roselle anthocyanin optimized drying and milling method for calyces of Roselle powder powder at the optimized process parameters.The results obtained was found to be dehumidified air dryer and LN2 cooled pulverizer from the stability study of microencapsulted Roselle anthocyanin with total anthocyanin content of 593.86 mg CyaG.100g-1. The powder indicates that during the period of time established, a greater maximum extraction yield (97.33%), and total anthocyanin content amount of pigment was retained at low temperatures (5 °C) and low (1072.27 mg CyaG.100g-1) were obtained using 1:10 solid to solvent pH (2).

118 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCES GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING Study of Genetic variability for qualitative and quantitative traits in advance generation of cross between Green desi (GKB-10) and White Kabuli (MNK-1) Chickpea genotypes (Cicer arietinum L.) HONNAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. M. MANNUR

The experiment was conducted at ARS Kalaburagi, using 90 green plant. Path analysis revealed that, 6 out of 14 characters showed chickpea genotypes with 4 checks in augmented design during rabi positive direct effective on seed yield/plant. Nutrients content viz. B, 2016 to study the correlation and path analysis for yield related traits Ba, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr and Zn was analyzed in green chickpea genotypes, to identify the lines retaining green in green chickpea seeds by ICP-MS technique. The concentration of colour even after cooking. The ANNOVA reported mean sums of K, Mg, Na, ca and Fe were found to be higher for all 94 chickpea square was highly significant for most of the characters. Considerable genotypes indicating nutritional status of green chickpea genotypes amount of genetic variability existed for yield and its components in and these green chickpea genotypes can be best substituted for green green chickpea genotypes. High heritability with high genetic advance peas. The cooking quality analysis revealed that out of 90 green as per cent mean was observed for biological yield /plant, test weight. seeded chickpea genotypes 53 genotypes retained green colour before It indicates that these characters are under the control of additive gene and after cooking (no change in colour) and 37 genotypes showed action. Among 14 characters studied, biological yield/plant, number change in the colour from green to tan colour (dark brown colour).The of secondary branches/plant, total number of pods/plant and harvest research on nutritional status of green chickpea genotypes is first of index revealed significant and positive association with seed yield per its kind and has a relevance from consumer preference.

Effect of genotype x environment interaction on combining ability under heat stress in Maize (Zea mays L.) K. A. ARCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P.H. KUCHANUR

Field experiments were conducted at three locations: Agriculture cob height across environments and ZL11953 and VL128 as good College Farm, Bheemarayanagudi, (Karnataka), CIMMYT (Asia), general combiners for grain yield among females and males, respectively ICRISAT campus, Hyderabad (Telangana) and Bihar Agricultural across environments. The hybrid, VL107 × VL128 had desirable University, Sabour, Bhagalpur (Bihar) to analyze combining ability, specific combining ability effect for days to 50 per cent anthesis, heterotic effects and stability of maize hybrids under heat stress and days to 50 per cent silking and grain yieldacross environments and optimal conditions during summer.Twenty four hybrids and three showed desirable heterosis for grain yield at Hyderabad under heat commercial checks viz., 31Y45, D2244, DKC9108 were raised in stress. The hybrid, ZL11959 × VL128 was stable across the alpha lattice design with two replications. Analysis of variance for environments for days to 50 per cent anthesis, days to 50 per cent combining ability revealed importance of non-additive gene action in silking and anthesis to silking interval as it recorded regression the control of many traits under heat stress and optimal conditions. coefficient nearer to unity. The hybrids viz., ZL132102 × VL1033 VL1011 and VL1032 were identified as good general combiners among and VL1011 × VL1033 were stable for plant height. The hybrids viz., females and males for the traits viz., days to 50 per cent anthesis and VL062609 × VL128 (3.91 t ha-1) and VL107 × VL1033 (3.74 t ha-1) days to 50 per cent silking, respectively across environments. While, were identified as stable hybrids for grain yield across the VL107 was good general combiner for the traits viz., plant height and environments.

Combining ability studies under heat stress tolerance in tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) P. GAZALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. H. KUCHANUR

Field experiments were conducted to study the gene action of heat and shelling per cent and VL145313 for plant height and ear height. In stress adaptive traits, assess the general combining ability of parents experiment-II, VL1011 was a promising general combiner for ear length and specific combining ability of hybrids and to estimate the and ear girth among females. In the experiment-I, ZL126643 × contribution of heterosis under heat stress conditions. The experiment- VL1010877 and VL107578 × VL1018816 showed significant sca I involved 27 hybrids obtained by crossing nine females and three effects for test weight and grain yield per plant respectively, and males in NCD-II mating design, was conducted at Agriculture College positive significant standard heterosis of 40.82 and 39.29 for grain Farm, Bheemarayanagudi. The experiment-II involved 15 hybrids yield per plant respectively. They also recorded high yield as compared obtained by crossing three lines and five testers in L×T mating design, to the best check (BIO9544). In the experiment-II, VL108868 × was conducted at Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur during VL1110175 recorded desirable sca effects for most of the heat stress summer (Mid-March – July 2016). The the ratios (σ2 GCA/ σ2 SCA) adaptive traits, high yield as compared to the best check (BIO9544) were less than unity for all the traits except ear height, revealing that and positive significant standard heterosis of 30.45 for test weight. all the traits are controlled by dominant gene action under heat stress. These hybrids could be further evaluated in multi-location trials over Among the females in the experiment-I, VL1110232 was a good general seasons to evaluate for their stability for commercial cultivation and combiner for days to 50 per cent silking, days to 50 per cent anthesis they could also be used to isolate second cycle inbred lines.

119 Genetic assessment for floral abscission, quality traits and disease reaction in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] PRIYANKA KULKARNI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. MUNISWAMY

The present investigation was carried out to estimate the genotypic (Pulse magic, combi-product of UAS, Raichur) with respect to 100 variation for flower production and abscission, quality and seed weight and seed yield per plant compared to non-spray. The morphological characters in 51 pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) genotype GRG-177 showed highest 100-seed weight and Millsp.] genotypes. Selected 13 genotypes were studied for their GRG-617 showed highest seed yield per plant with the spray of response to exogenous application of growth promoter and 40 were pulse magic. The genotypes GRG-152, GRG-617, ICPL-332, GRG- screened against Fusarium wilt and Sterility Mosaic Disease (SMD) 811, ICPH-3762 and ICPH-2433 were found resistant to Fusarium at Agriculture Research Station, Kalaburagi using RBD during Kharif wilt and GRG-2013, RAJA, BRG-3, Bahar, ICPL-15015, BRG-5, 2016. Genotypic variation was observed for per cent flower drop ICPH-3762 and GRG-811 were resistant to SMD whereas, and per cent pod set among the genotypes. The flower drop to pod ICP-7035 was found asymptomatic to SMD. The afore said set ratio was minimum in Raja followed by Bahar and ICP-11320. genotypes which showed minimum flower drop to pod set ratio, The genotypes ICP-86053, Maruti, GRG-152, LRG-41 and land higher production of pods and resistance to Fusarium wilt and races viz., Raichur pink, Katti beeja and Bennur local showed SMD can be utilized for further breeding programmes, gene significantly higher production of pods. Different genotypic identification, development of mapping populations and genotype response was observed for exogenous application of growth promoter GRG-152 can be proposed for release as a variety.

Morphological and molecular characterization of terminal drought tolerant Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes K. NAGAVENI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. HASAN KHAN

The experiment was carried out with a view to study the morphological specific SSR primers pairs were used for molecular characterization and molecular characterizations under control and terminal drought only seven primer pairs showed polymorphism between the test conditions with 49 terminal drought tolerant groundnut genotypes. genotypes (25.92%). Six major clusters were formed at 0.82 coefficients The experiment was carried out during kharif, 2016 in a simple lattice of similarity and cluster III consists of maximum number of genotypes design at MARS, UAS Raichur. Data were recorded for different (18). The highly significant positive association recorded for kernel quantitative, physiological and quality traits. Analysis of variance yield, haulm yield, root diameter and root dry weight with pod yield revealed significant differences among the genotypes for all the traits per plant at both phenotypic and genotypic levels under both studied. The dry pod yield, haulm yield, root volume, root dry weight, conditions. The path analysis study indicated that high positive direct specific leaf area, SPAD chlorophyll meter reading, harvest index, root effect by kernel yield per plant on pod yield. The result of the aflatoxin length, root diameter and root volume showed high PCV, GCV, heritability quantification shows that aflatoxin content was more in terminal drought and high GAM under both conditions. The Mahalanobis’s D2 analysis compare to control condition. Based on all the traits and drought tolerant revealed that 49 genotypes were distributed into seven clusters based indices for dry pod yield genotypes TAG-24, ICGV-07120, ICGV- on morphological data and cluster I contained maximum number of 13241 and ICGV-95440 considered as terminal drought tolerant genotypes (23). The haulm yield and primary branches per plant genotypes. The above genotypes can be used as parental lines for the contributed the maximum towards the divergence. The 27 groundnut improvement of groundnut breeding programme.

Study of genetic variability and relationship between yield and yield attributing characters across locations in derived lines of cross A-1 × WR-315 through MABC in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) G. MANJUNATHA SHETTY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. M. MANNUR

The study was conducted to study genetic variability, correlation and test weight at L-II. Moderate heritability with medium GAM was between yield and yield attributing traits, physicochemical characters for observed for biological yield in all the locations, seed yield per plant and identification of wilt resistant genotypes during Rabi-2016-17 at at L-I & L-III, harvest index at L-I & L-II and number of seeds per pod three locations i.e Kalaburagi, Bidar and Dharwad. High GCV and PCV at L-III. Seed yield per plant exhibited positive and significant correlation were reported for number of pods per plant. Moderate GCV and PCV with harvest index and biological yield across locations, number of were evidenced for the traits viz., seed yield per plant, biological yield pods at L-II, plant height, number of seeds per pod, days to 50 per cent per plant and harvest index across the locations indicating that presence flowering and days to maturity at L-II, number of primary branches of sufficient variability. High heritability coupled with high GAM was per plant at L-I & L-II and for number of pods per plant at L-I & L-III. observed for number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant in L-II. Out of 75 chickpea genotypes, 60 lines were found to be resistant (0- High heritability coupled with moderate GAM was observed for test 10 % PDI) and two genotype lines A-1 and JG -62 were found highly weight at L-I & L-III, plant height at L-I and number of pods at L-III. susceptible (more than 50% mortality). The lines SA-25 and SA-53 High heritability accompanied with low GAM are days to 50% flowering, found to superior than almost all characters and also have less wilt days to maturity in L-I & L-II, number of seeds per pod at L-I & L-III disease incidence.

120 Genetic diversity studies on Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) SIDDARTH PATIL MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. J.M. NIDAGUNDI

Four hundred and thirty two hirsutum cotton germplasm genotypes yield and number of monopodia sympodial length at ground level and were evaluated for fourteen characters during Kharif 2016 at Raichur fibre strength had negative direct effect on seed cotton yield. Diversity under closer spacing (75x 30 cm) situation. The objectives covered analysis pointed out that number of bolls contributed maximum were genetic variability evaluation, genetic diversity, correlation and towards diversity (49.04%) whereas fibre quality traits like UHML, path coefficient analysis. High variability, heritability and GAM were micronaire and ginning outturn had contributed least to the genetic observed for number of monopodia, number of sympodia, number of diversity of germplasm lines. Based on D2 values, the 432 genotypes bolls per plant, sympodial length at 50% plant height , lint index, were grouped into nine clusters and for all the characters studied, inter nodal length and seed cotton yield. Association analysis denoted cluster I was ranked first with a score of 90. (118 germplasm lines) that direcrly yield contributing traits like number of sympodia per and cluster VII was ranked last with a score of 54 (36 germplasm plant and number of bolls per plant had the significant positive lines). The genotypes belonging to cluster I appear to be most potential association of seed cotton yield. The path analysis indicated positive one and can be extensively used for further breeding programmes. direct effect of plant height, number of sympodia per plant, sympodial Two germplasm lines (RAH-14-54 and RAH-14-55) were found to length at 50% plant height, inter boll distance, number of bolls per be superior over the highest yielding check BGDS-1063 (3307 kg/ha) plant, lint index, UHML, seed index and lint index on seed cotton and Sujay (2704 kg/ha).

Evaluation of compact genotypes and mutagenic studies in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) BASAPPA KARADIGUDDA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. J. M. NIDAGUNDI

Fifteen compact genotypes along with two checks namely DSC 99 days to fifty percent flowering, number of bolls per meter square, and SCS 1206 were evaluated for sixteen characters during Kharif boll weight, seed index, GOT, UHML andmicronaire valueon seed 2016 at Raichur under closer spacing (60x 15cm) situation. The cotton yield. Whereasnumber of sympodia per plantsympodial objectives covered were genetic variability evaluation, heritability, length at ground level,sympodial length at 50 per cent plant height, correlation and path coefficient analysis. High variability, heritability lint index and fibre strengthhad negative direct effect on seed cotton and GAM were observed for number of monopodia, number of yield at phenotypic level.To create genetic variation in two intra bolls per meter square, seed index, inter nodal distance, micronaire hirsutum hybrids namely BGDHH 821 and RAHH 909 were value, fibre strength and seed cotton yield. Association analysis irradiated by gamma rays at 10 KR and 15 KR. From the present denoted that number of bolls per meter square, lint index, ginning study,concluded thatvariability parameters viz., range, mean, out turn and micronaire value had positive significant correlation heritability, GCV, PCV and GAM have shown maximum variability with seed cotton yield at phenotypic level. The path analysis and higher value for gamma rays treated seeds at 10 KR than 15 KR indicated positive direct effect of plant height,inter nodal distance, for most of characters of cotton.

Genetic analysis, quality assessment and molecular characterization of medium slender rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes suitable for direct seeded condition BASAVARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. DIWAN

The present investigation was carried out at Agriculture Research was dependent on most of the yield attributed traits indicated that Station Gangavathi, under University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur. these are important in yield improvement. Genetic divergence studies Physico-chemical and early seedling vigour analysis was carried in revealed that the forty genotypes were grouped into 13 clusters based the molecular laboratory Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, yield and yield attributed characters, 6 clusters based on physico- UAS Raichur. The experimental materials comprised of forty chemical quality parameters and 4 clusters based on early seedling genotypes of rice which are derived in the background of BPT-5204 vigour traits suggested that the genotypes differed signiûcantly among including ten checks that are received from IRRI-India (ICRISAT). themselves when all the characters were considered simultaneously The experiment was laid out in randomized block design in two and there is considerable amount diversity in these genotypes. RAPD replications with the objectives of evaluation for field performance primers grouped forty rice genotypes into eleven clusters at 0.74 under direct seeded condition, evaluation for early seedling vigour Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. SSR and CAPS markers grouped same traits, assessment for physico-chemical quality parameters and genotypes into nine clusters at genetic similarity level of 0.74, whereas molecular characterization. Analysis of variance showed highly STS primers grouped them into six clusters at 0.70 Jaccard’s similarity significant difference among the forty genotypes for all the characters coefficient. These results revealed that the genomic region may be under study indicated that there is ample scope for selection. Most similar or different depends upon genetic makeup of an individual of the desired traits showed high heritability coupled with high genetic and crossing among different groups of genotypes would be desirable advance as percent of mean. Correlation analysis revealed that yield for breeders.

121 Study on heterosis for powdery mildew resistance, yield attributing traits and seed yield in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) VIRIYALA SUVARNA CHANDRIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. LOKESHA

Present study was undertaken to assess the extent of heterosis for yielding and moderately resistant to powdery mildew. The extent of yield and yield components by developing hybrids in haif diallele heterosis per cent for powdery mildew resistance was prominent pattern and heterosis for powdery mildew resistance and to understand ranged from -55.55 to 169.2 and seed yield ranged from -22.64 to the genetic effects of Specific and General Combining ability for yield 57.54. Analysis for combining ability revealed higher magnitude of and yield attributing traits and powdery mildew resistance. Hybrids; SCA than GCA variance for characters studied i.e., Days to

R6 135-7-P2B2P9 X II SL and 30KRDS-1-9 X II SL were found 50 per cent flowering, Plant height, Number of pods per plant, 1000 superior with respect to days to 50 per cent flowering and days to seed weight and Yield per plant. indicated predominance of non- maturity over mean of crosses for both the characters. Hybrids were additive gene action. Total tannins were positively correlated with screened under epiphytotic conditions and as well under field disease resistance. Total sugars were positively correlated with disease ST conditions. The hybrids 60KRDS-1 X R5 1 BLOCK-9 was is early susceptibility. Specific leaf weight was found to be negatively maturing and high yielding. Hybrids; LR X R6135-7-P2B2P9, 60KRDS-1 correlated with disease susceptibility.Chlorophyll content is found X 30KRDS-1-9 and LR X IISL were found to be early maturing, high to be negatively correlated with susceptibility to Powdery mildew.

Evaluation of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for anthracnose [(Colletotrichum capsici) (Sydow) Butler and Bisby] resistance and quality parameters RAMESH L. LAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. V. TEMBHURNE

The field experiment was conducted at experimental farm, Department highly significant difference among the thirty genotypes for most of of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Raichur during the characters under study indicated that there is ample scope for kharif-2016-17. The experimental materials comprised of twenty eight selection. Most of the desired traits showed high heritability coupled chilli genotypes along with two susceptible checks. The experiment with high genetic advance as percent of mean. Correlation analysis was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design in two replications revealed that yield was dependent on most of the yield attributed with the objectives of evaluation of chilli genotypes for anthracnose traits indicated that these are important in yield improvement. resistance and quality parameters, to understand the association Estimates of path analysis revealed that fourteen out of twenty five between quality parameters and fruit yield and to assess the genetic characters shows positive direct effect on yield per plant and diversity for quality parameters. Thirty genotypes were screened for remaining characters shows negative direct effect. Genetic divergence anthracnose resistance. Among them three genotypes showed resistant studies revealed that the genotypes were grouped into six clusters reaction, seven genotypes were moderately resistance, ten genotypes based on yield and yield attributed characters and eleven clusters registered moderately susceptible reaction and eight genotypes along based on quality traits suggested that the genotypes differed with checks were found susceptible. Estimation of quality parameters signiûcantly among themselves when all the characters were showed that phenol, tannin, capsaicin and oleoresin were positively considered simultaneously and there is considerable amount of correlated with the disease resistance. Analysis of variance showed diversity in these genotypes.

Genetic and molecular assessment of saline tolerant rice mutant for yield and quality attributes PRASHANTH B. KATAGERI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. MAHANTASHIVAYOGAYYA

The present study was undertaken to evaluate 57 mutant lines of M6 and panicle exsertion exhibited highly significant phenotypic and generation comprising of 29 mutants from BPT-5204 and 28 mutants genotypic association with grain yield. Phenotypic path coefficient of RP Bio-226, during Kharif 2016. The experiment was laid out in revealed that panicle exsertion and number of grains per panicle had randomized block design with two replications in both normal and the high positive direct effect on grain yield under normal soil, whereas, saline stress soil. Salinity screening and molecular characterization under the saline stress soil, number of productive tillers per plant and under saline soil was done. Genotypes were also evaluated for test weight. 15 Salinity tolerant genotypes selected based on Stress variability, correlation and path analysis, based on both phenotypic Susceptibility Index, Standard Evaluation System and Na+ K+ ratio. and genotypic level. ANOVA revealed high significant difference Based on SSR analysis, dendrogram revealed that two different cluster, among the genotypes for all traits. High PCV and GCV were recorded cluster I consist of sensitive checks, cluster II includes tolerant checks for number of grain per panicle, panicle weight and panicle exsertion and mutant lines, and this shows the mutants share similar genetic under normal soil, whereas, under the saline stress soil, number of back ground and tolerant to saline condition. In conclusion, the selected grains per panicle, per cent chaffyness and grain yield per plant. High saline tolerant BPT-5204 rice mutants would be used in further heritability coupled with high genetic advance over the mean was breeding program and used as variety after conforming yield recorded in per cent chaffyness, grain yield per plant and panicle consistency trail in multi-location under saline situation over two or exsertion in both saline and normal soil. Number of grains per panicle three years.

122 Induced mutagenesis for yield, qualitative traits and charcoal rot resistance in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) VIKRAM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. GIRISH

The Present investigation was intended to know the variability present by days to 50 per cent flowering, stem girth, panicle neck length, in the mutant lines of M5 generation and to know the nature of panicle length, panicle weight, panicle width and 100 seed weight. correlation, path coefficient of the yield and its attributing traits and The path analysis of qualitative traits revealed positive and direct among the qualitative traits. The genetic diversity present in the lines effect on phytic acid through inorganic phosphorous, calcium and for both quantitative and qualitative characters was analyzed along zinc indicating that importance should be given for these traits during with the reaction of the mutant lines to charcoal rot incidence. Genetic selection of mutants. Diversity analysis for quantitative characters, variability studies revealed high GCV, PCV, heritability and GAM for revealed seven clusters in which panicle weight was contributing the panicle weight, grain yield per plant, phytic acid, calcium, iron, highest and for qualitative characters there were eight clusters formed magnesium, manganese and zinc contants. The characters viz., plant and magnesium was highest contributing towards divergence. Screening height, stem girth, panicle length, panicle weight, panicle width and for charcoal rot disease incidence revealed that the mutant line 100 seed weight had significant positive correlation with grain yield GJM-3-1 showed lowest disease incidence when compared with per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The characters resistant check E36-1 and DSV-4 with respect to mean number of viz., copper and iron had significant negative correlation with phytic nodes crossed by disease, among 13 lines showed moderate resistance. acid at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. The path analysis These mutant lines can be used as the source of charcoal rot resistant revealed positive and direct effect on grain yield per plant followed breeding programme.

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY Studies on gene based detection of cry1Ac in Bt cotton PREETI JAMBAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KISAN

The present investigation was envisaged to study gene based detection and by 4) UV fluoroscence was optimised. The advantages of LAMP of cry1Ac in Bt cotton and to quantify the Cry protein using Enzyme is it is isothermal, can be visualised by naked eye, does not require Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The material for the study costly equipments and environment friendly. Further transgenics were comprise of four Bt - hybrids and three non Bt - hybrids. Loop detected by polymerase chain reaction by using gene specific Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) a gene based isothermal oligonuceotides and amplification was observed in the transgenic nucleic acid amplification technique was used for the detection of Bt-cotton samples used in the study. A study was undertaken to transgene by using three sets of primers and a Bst polymerase with quantify the Cry1Ac protein content in the samples infested by Pink high strand displacement activity was used for DNA amplification. bollworm and non infested seed samples. It was observed that the And we could able to standardise the nucleic acid amplification by seeds infested showed high Cry1Ac protein content. Our work LAMP technique at isothermal condition of 65°C and further the concludes that the Rapid nucleic acid amplification by LAMP may amplified products were analysed by four different methods. 1. Gel be the most suitable method for screening transgenic and visual electrophoresis, 2.Visual detection using intercalating dye (SYBR detection by intercalating dyes and pH sensitive dyes were successful Green Dye-I), 3.Visual detection using pH sensitive dye (phenol red) and further can be used for the field screening of the transgene detection.

AGRONOMY Studies on intercropping of cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) under rainfed condition D. VIRUPANAGOUDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B.M. DODAMANI

Field investigation was carried at Agricultural Research Station, followed by pigeonpea + cotton var (SCS-793) (2:1) (paired row) Gulbarga during kharif 2015 to “Studies on intercropping of cotton 45 cm spacing between pair of pigeon pea (1100 kg ha-1 and genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan 3988 kg ha-1, respectively). This was followed by pigeonpea + cotton L. Millsp) intercropping system” on black soil. The objective of var (BGDS-1063) (2:1) (paired row) 45 cm spacing between pair of Identification of suitable row proportion in different intercropping pigeonpea (1041 kg ha-1 and 3675 kg ha-1, respectively). The seed systems. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design cotton yield in all the intercropping situations was significantly (RBD) with three replications and thirteen treatments comprising lower than their sole cropped situation. cotton (BGDS-1063) of different row proportions (1:1 and 2:1) along with four sole recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield in sole (1594 kg ha-1) treatments of which one is pigeonpea and the other are cotton. as well as intercropping situation with pigeonpea in 1:1 and 2:1 row Their combinations were tested in the trial. Pigeonpea seed yield proportion over other genotypes (1029 kg ha-1 and 668 kg ha-1, differed markedly among the intercropping systems and row respectively). The yield attributing characters such as plant height, proportions of pigeonpea and cotton. Sole pigeonpea (TS-3R) monopodial branches plant-1 and sympodial branches plant-1 were recorded significantly higher seed yield (1260 kg ha-1) and stalk higher with cotton (BGDS-1063) followed by cotton (SCS-793) in yield (4722 kg ha-1) than other treatments. All the intercropped sole as well as in intercropping situation. Sole cotton (SCS-1062) treatments recorded significantly lower seed yield and stalk yield recorded significantly lowest seed cotton yield and yield components compared to sole treatments. Among the intercropping treatments, (irrespective of cropping system) among the genotypes.

123 Effect of macronutrients and manipulation of morphoframe on growth and yield of Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) SIDDU MALAKANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. HALEPYATI

The field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture Farm, benefit cost ratio (3.22). Foliar spray of mepiquat chloride @100ppm Raichur on medium black soil during kharif, 2016 to study the and boron @ 0.1 per cent at 70 and 90 DAS recorded significantly effect of macronutrients and manipulation of morphoframe on growth higher seed cotton yield (3318 kg ha-1), number of good opened and yield of Bt-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The experiment bolls per plant (32.13), total number of bolls (36.33), boll weight was laid out in factorial RCBD with three replications. Application (4.95 g), sympodial branches (24.97 plant-1), dry matter of macro nutrients was tried as factor A. Morphoframe manipulations accumulation in reproductive parts (161.33 g plant-1), seed index were allotted as factor B. The results revealed that application of (9.37), lint index (5.28), harvest index (0.45) ginning percentage 125 per cent RDF recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (35.97), uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (148.69, (3420 kg ha-1), number of good opened bolls (34.06 plant-1), total 32.91 and 168.49 kg NPK ha-1, respectively), gross returns number of bolls (38.22), boll weight (4.94 g), sympodial branches (` 1,79,195 ha-1), net returns (` 1,24,111 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio per plant (25.65), dry matter production per plant (419.61 g), seed (3.24). Applications of 125 per cent RDF in combination with index (9.64 g), harvest index (0.44), lint index (5.32), ginning mepiquat chloride @100ppm and boron @ 0.1 per cent at 70 and percentage (35.50), mean fibre length (25.01 mm), bundle strength 90 DAS recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield (3754 kg ha-1), (28.12 g tex-1), higher nutrient uptake (154.24, 34.02 and 174.55 kg gross returns (` 2,02,735 ha-1), net returns (` 1,45,109 ha-1) and NPK ha-1), gross returns (` 1,84,669), net returns (` 1,27,341) and benefit cost ratio (3.52).

Planting geometry and nutrient management studies in pigeonpea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.) + Baby corn (Zea Mays L.) intercropping system CHANNABASAYYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. DESAI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016 at IFS farm, intercropping system. The total uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), Raichur (Karnataka) to potassium was significantly higher in all the intercropping treatments study the effect of planting geometry and nutrient management studies compared to sole crop of pigeonpea and baby corn. Among the in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) + baby corn (Zea mays L.) intercropping treatments, significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorous, intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in a randomized potassium uptake was observed in pigeonpea + baby corn at 1:1 row block design with three replications with a gross plot size of 7.2 m x ratio with 120 × 15 cm with 100 per cent RDF for main crop and 4.8 m in deep black soil. Both sole crops recorded significantly higher 50 per cent RDF for intercrop. Significantly higher land equivalent yield over other intercropping system. Among intercropping, ratio, area time equivalent ratio was recorded with pigeonpea + baby pigeonpea + baby corn at 1:1 row ratio with 120 × 15 cm with corn at 1:2 row ratio with 90 × 20 cm with 100 per cent RDF for main 100 per cent RDF for main crop and 50 per cent RDF for intercrop crop and 50 per cent RDF for intercrop. Intercropping of pigeonpea recorded significantly higher seed yield (1223 kg ha-1) over other + baby corn at 1:2 row ratio with 90 × 20 cm with 100 per cent RDF intercropped systems. Whereas, pigeonpea + baby corn at 1:2 row for main crop and 50 per cent RDF for intercrop recorded significantly ratio with 90 cm × 20 cm with 100 per cent RDF for main crop and higher gross return, net return. However, pigeonpea + baby corn at 50 per cent RDF for intercrop recorded higher green cob yield 1:2 row ratio with 90 × 20 cm with 100 per cent RDF for main crop (8178 kg ha-1), pigeonpea equivalent yield (3297 kg ha-1) over other and 50 per cent RDF for intercrop recorded higher B:C ratio.

Performance evaluation of different pulses under varied sunlight levels K. N. MANOJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. UMESH

A field experiment was conducted at Raichur, Karnataka during kharif (1350 kg ha-1) were found higher under open sunlight and reduced at 2016 at Agricultural College Farm, Raichur to evaluate different pulses lower light levels. Pigeonpea (1922 kg ha-1) and lablab (1570 kg ha-1) under varied sunlight levels. Experiment was laid out in split-plot were produced significantly higher grain yield under open sunlight. design replicated thrice. The treatments consist of light regimes However, these were also well performed with minimum reduction in (Normal, 50% and 75% of the normal) are in main-plots and pigeonpea, yield under 50 per cent shade over blackgram and cowpea. Significantly cowpea, lablab and blackgram in sub-plots. Artificial shade levels higher radiation use efficiency based on grain (2.22 g MJ-1) and were created by erection of white shade nets at 30 DAS continued biomass (6.7 g MJ-1) was obtained in pigeonpea under 75% shade upto harvest. The results indicated that leaf area (1016.7 cm2 plant-1), level. Significantly higher gross returns (` 70238 ha-1), net returns LAI (1.43), LAD (116.2 days), canopy temperature (33.5oC) and (` 51016 ha-1) and B:C (3.63) was recorded under open sunlight. TDM (333.6 g) were higher in plants under open sunlight. Whereas, Whereas, pigeonpea has gave higher gross returns (` 82767 ha-1) and plant height (104.5 cm), RWC (81%), NDVI values (0.86) and days net returns (` 59627 ha-1) irrespective of the shade levels. Results to 50 per cent flowering (97.92) were higher under lower light levels. concluded that pigeonpea and lablab are tolerant to shade and may be Pods per plant (199.7), grain weight (18.5 g plant-1) and grain yield recommended as component crops in cropping systems.

124 Nutrient management through integrated organic farming system in Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) under rainfed condition P. UPENDRA NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATYANARAYANA RAO

A field experiment was conducted at Integrated Organic Farming mulching, IFS compost and jeevamrutha + mulching + IFS compost + System block, UAS, Raichur on black soil during kharif 2016 to vermicompost recorded on par grain and stover yield with each other. study the nutrient management through integrated organic farming Significantly lower grain and stover yield (736 kg ha-1 and 5225 kg ha-1) system in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) under rainfed condition. was recorded with control as compared to all other treatments. There

The experiment consisted of ten treatments comprised of mulching, was higher improvement in soil nutrient status (available N, P2O5 and organic manures alone and in combination with liquid organic manure. K2O) after harvest of foxtail millet with jeevamrutha + mulching + The treatments were replicated thrice and laid out in Randomized IFS compost + vermicompost + panchagavya and jeevamrutha + Block Design. Among various treatments, application of jeevamrutha mulching + IFS compost + panchagavya. Similarly, soil microbial + mulching + IFS compost + vermicompost + panchagavya recorded population were significantly higher with these treatments. significantly higher grain and stover yield (1841 kg ha-1 and 7066 kg ha-1) Significantly higher gross returns and net returns was recorded with was on par with jeevamrutha + mulching + IFS compost + panchagavya jeevamrutha + mulching + IFS compost + vermicompost + (1717 kg ha-1 and 6856 kg ha-1) and IFS compost + panchagavya panchagavya and benefit cost ratio were realized with jeevamrutha + (1660 kg ha-1 and 6263 kg ha-1). Organic manurial treatments mulching treatment. However, it was found par with all organic supplemented with IFS compost + vermicompost, jeevamrutha + manurial treatments.

Yield maximization through in-situ moisture conservation practices in conjunction with nutrient levels in Bt cotton V. AMBIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S.YADAHALLI

A field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research significantly higher seed cotton yield (2308 kg ha-1) and it was on Station, Raichur, during kharif 2016-17 to study the yield par with 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1 (2148 kg ha-1) over 60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1 maximization through in-situ moisture conservation practices and (50% N through organic) and 60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1. Among the nutrient levels in Bt cotton under rainfed conditions. The experiment treatment combinations adoption of ridges and furrows along with was laid out in split-plot design with three main plots as in-situ application of 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1 (50% N through organic) noticed moisture conservation practices (broad bed and furrows, ridges and significantly higher seed cotton yield (2834 kg ha-1) over rest of the furrows and flatbed) and four subplots as nutrient levels such as treatment combinations. Net returns (` 107674), and benefit cost 60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1, 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1, 60:30:30 NPK kg ha-1 ratio (3.37) was recorded significantly higher with ridges and furrows (50% N through organic) and 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1 (50% N through with application of 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1 (50% N through organic) organic). Adoption of ridges and furrows was recorded significantly over the rest of treatments. Significantly higher soil moisture at higher seed cotton yield (2403 kg ha-1) as compared to broad bed varied depths and soil properties was noticed with adoption of land and furrows (2222 kg ha-1) and flat bed (1743 kg ha-1). Application configurations along with 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1 (50% N through of 90:45:45 NPK kg ha-1 (50% N through organic) produced organic).

Yield maximization in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) through agronomic practices under irrigation BASAVARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. CHITTAPUR

The field experiment was conducted at Main Agricultural Research length (28.4 mm), bundle strength (28.53 g tex-1), higher nutrient Station, Raichur on medium black soil during kharif, 2016 to study uptake (187, 37 and 225 kg NPK ha-1) , gross returns (` 2,22,588) the yield maximization in Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) through net returns (` 1,59,296) and benefit cost ratio (3.52) were also agronomic practices under irrigation. The experiment was laid out in observed in the treatment. It is closely followed by closure spacing

RCBD with three replications. The results revealed that treatment with three foliar spray of KH2PO4 with seed cotton yield -1 -1 T9 comprising of closure spacing (90 x 45cm) + 125 per cent RDF + (3,912 kg ha , 163.8 g plant ), number of good opened bolls per

3 sprays of 1 per cent each of MgSO4 and 19:9:19 and polyethylene plant (44.53), total number of bolls (46.23), boll weight (5.44g), (PE) mulching recorded the higher seed cotton yield (4,122 kg ha-1, sympodial branches per plant (27.3), dry matter production per 170.8 g plant-1), as a consequence of number of good opened bolls plant (330.6 g), seed index (11.0 g), harvest index (0.32), lint index per plant (46.7), total number of bolls (48.27), boll weight (5.64 g), (21.47), ginning percentage (66.16), mean fibre length (28.27 mm), sympodial branches per plant (27.7), dry matter production per bundle strength (27.7 g tex-1), nutrient uptake (176, 34 and 211 kg plant (347 g). besides higher seed index (11.53 g), harvest index NPK ha-1) gross returns (` 2,11,248), net returns (` 1,50,706) and (0.32), lint index (21.13), ginning percentage (64.93), mean fibre benefit cost ratio (` 3.49).

125 Evaluation of new post-emergence herbicides and their combinations in irrigated hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) PARVATARADDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. S. CHANNABASAVANNA

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016-17 in agriculture available phosphorus (41.24 kg/ha) and available potassium research station Malnoor, Yadgir Dist., Karnataka to evaluate new (180.16 kg/ha). The hybrid maize (CP-818) was sown on 10th August, post emergence herbicides and their combinations in irrigated hybrid 2016 by giving spacing of 60×30 cm. The data revealed that application maize. There were 17 treatment combinations laid out in randomized of atrazine 50 WP @ 0.625 kg a.i ha-1 + pendimethalin 38.7 CS @ complete block design with three replications. The treatment consisted 0.9675 kg a.i ha-1 as pre-emergence- HW at 40 DAS was found to be of application of atrazine 50 WP alone or in combination with the best pre-emergence weed control treatments as that was already pendimethalin 38.7 CS as a pre emergence with hand weeding at recommended. Among post emergence herbicides, application of 40 DAS. The atrazine and 2, 4-D Sodium salt were also applied as a atrazine 50 WP @ 1.25 kg a.i.ha-1 + topramezone @ 0.0252 kg a.i.ha-1 post emergence. They were applied alone or in combination with at 20 DAS or atrazine 50 WP @ 1.25 kg a.i.ha-1+ tambotrione @ tambotrione or topramezone (grass controlling herbicide) or 0.0483 kg a.i.ha-1 at 20 DAS was equally effective that recorded halosulfuron (sedge controlling herbicide) at 20 DAS. These treatments significantly higher grain yield, net returns and benefit cost ratio over were compared with hand weeding at 20 and 40 DAS, weed free other treatments. Application of 2, 4-D Sodium salt 80 per cent @ check and weedy check. The experiment was laid out in vertisols with 2 kg a.i.ha-1 at 20 DAS controlled broad leaf weeds effectively but pH 8.24. The soil was medium in available nitrogen (310.84 kg/ha), phytotoxic to maize.

Response of Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) to varying seed rate and fertilizer levels under irrigated condition S. CHANNABASAVANAGOUDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. A. BIRADAR

A field experiment was conducted to study “Response of linseed (861 kg ha-1,1624 kg ha-1, 0.35, 1111 kg ha-1, 68 (%), 313.5 kg ha-1, (linum usitatissimum L.) to varying seed rate and fertilizer levels respectively), While Combination of seed rate @ 30 kg ha-1 with under irrigated condition” during 2016-17 at the Main Agricultural 150 per cent RDF was recorded (923 kg ha-1,1727 kg ha-1, 0.35, Research Station Raichur. The experiment was laid out in factorial 1273 kg ha-1, 74 per cent, 335 kg ha-1 , respectively ). Crop sown RCBD with three replications. Linseed crop (cv.NL-115) sown with seed rate @ 30 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher net returns with varying seed rates (20, 25, and 30 kg ha-1) was tried out as (` 26558 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.41) while application of 150 percent factor A, application of varying fertilizer level allotted as factor B. RDF recorded higher net returns (` 23026 ha-1) and application The result revolved that crop sown with seed rate @ 30 kg ha-1 100 per cent RDF recorded higher BC ratio (2.32). However recorded significantly higher seed yield, straw yield, harvest index, combination of seed rate @ 30 kg ha-1 with 100 per cent RDF recorded fibre yield, fibre percentage, oil yield ( 909 kg ha-1,1699 kg ha-1 0.35, significantly higher net returns (` 27224 ha-1) and B:C (2.56) and 1247 kg ha-1, 74 (%), 331 kg ha-1, respectively ). Similar trend was seed rate @ 25 kg with 100 per cent RDF Recorded (` 26024 ha-1 also observed in case of application of 150 per cent RDF and 2.52, respectively).

Chemical weed management in Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) AMRULLAH RAHIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. U. K. SHANWAD

A field experiment was conducted to find out the broad spectrum sodium @ 50 g a.i. ha-1. Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 (PRE) with herbicides in sunflower at Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur, Propaquizafop @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 (POE) recorded significantly higher during kharif 2016. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Black capitulum diameter (16.93 cm), number of seeds capitulum-1 (1153.33) Design (RBD) with ten treatments and three replications. Among the and seed yield (1924 kg ha-1) as compared to all other herbicides herbicides treatments Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 (PRE) with treatments and it was on par with Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 Imezathapyr + Imazamox @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (POE) (PRE) with one IC at 30 DAS (15.73 cm, 1004.67 and 1790 kg ha-1, recorded significantly lower weed density (1.20 m-2), weed dry weight respectively). Germination percentage of succeeding crop chickpea (1.25 g m-2) and higher weed control efficiency (95.25%) at harvest during rabi 2016 did not differ significantly due to absence of residual and which was on par with Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 (PRE) effect of herbicides. Among the treatments significantly higher net with Propaquizafop @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 (POE) at 20-25 DAS (1.32 m-2, returns (` 41475 ha-1) and B:C (2.73) were realized in Pendimethalin 1.32 g m-2 and 94.23%, respectively). Severe crop phytotoxic @ 0.75 kg a.i. ha-1 (PRE) with Propaquizafop @ 37.5 g a.i. ha-1 at symptoms like epinasty, hyponasty, chlorosis, stunted growth etc., 20-25 DAS (POE). The study finally concludes that the broad were recorded by post emergent herbicides like Imezathapyr + spectrum herbicides tried in the study have severe phytotoxic effect Imazamox @ 50 g a.i. ha-1, Imezathapyr @ 50 g a.i. ha-1 and pyrithiobac on sunflower crop.

126 Performance of Sugarcane under different establishment techniques and planting geometries MARUTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. KRISHNAMURTHY A field experiment was conducted on vertisols during kharif 2016-17 (90 cm) in three replications to study the performance of sugarcane at Agricultural Research Station, Dhadesugur, Raichur district. Which under different establishment techniques and planting geometries. was laid out in randomized complete block design with ten different The results revealed that two eye budded setts with dual row combinations of establishment techniques and planting geometries planting (30 cm- 150 cm- 30 cm) was recorded significantly higher viz, Single eye budded setts with wide row planting (120 cm furrow), millable cane yield (133.0 t ha-1), sugar yield (15.2 t ha-1), net returns single eye budded setts with paired row planting (60 cm - 120 cm- (` 280760 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (3.2), which was on par with 60 cm), single eye budded setts with dual row planting (30 cm- two eye budded setts with paired row planting (60 cm- 120 cm- 60 cm) 150 cm- 30 cm), two eye budded setts with wide row planting and two eye budded setts with wide row planting (120 cm). However, (120 cm furrow), two eye budded setts with paired row planting the cane yield was on par with planting of sugarcane with single eye (60 cm- 120 cm- 60 cm), two eye budded setts with dual row planting budded setts and bud chip seedling with different planting (30 cm- 150 cm- 30 cm), bud chip seedling with wide row planting geometries. Whereas, significantly least millable cane yield (120 cm furrow), bud chip seedling with paired row planting (60 cm- (102.7 t ha-1), sugar yield (10.4 t ha-1), net returns (` 206000 ha-1) 120 cm- 60 cm), bud chip seedling with dual row planting (30 cm- and benefit cost ratio (2.8) was recorded in three eye budded setts 150 cm- 30 cm) and three eye budded setts with conventional planting with conventional planting (90 cm). Studies on drip irrigation and fertilizer levels on growth and productivity of direct seeded Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in vertisols of Tungabhadra command area PRASHANT HUGAR MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. B. G. MASTHAN REDDY Investigation was conducted to find out the effect of different irrigation of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium by the crop (165.3, 46.0 and fertilizer levels on productivity of direct seeded rice. The outcome and 77.9 kg ha-1, respectively). Similarly, among different fertilizer shows that the water use efficiency differs significantly among different levels 125 per cent RDF recorded significantly higher uptake of irrigation levels. It was observed that among irrigation levels the rice nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium by the crop (156.9, 44.9 and yields were significantly higher with irrigation at 1.2 ET (5524 kg ha-1) 75.9 kg ha-1, respectively). Among different irrigation levels, irrigation than irrigation at 0.6 ET (4500 kg ha-1). Among different fertilizer at 1.2 ET recorded significantly higher gross returns (` 129396 ha-1), levels, 125 per cent RDF had recorded higher grain yield (5377 kg ha-1) net returns (` 80319 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.6) than irrigation at 0.6 ET -1 ` -1 ` -1 than 75 per cent RDF (4778 kg ha ). The irrigation at 1.2 ET recorded with gross returns of 105277 ha , net returns of 56200 ha and higher water requirement (65.32 cm) than irrigation at 0.6 ET BC ratio of 2.1. The period of recovery of initial investment (payback (36.37 cm) and irrigation at 0.8 ET (46.0 cm). Among different irrigation period) would be within 2.2 years in consideration of the long economic levels, irrigation at 1.2 ET recorded significantly higher total uptake period of 10 years. Studies on nutrient management in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] and Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) intercropping system ARUNKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. G. KOPPALKAR

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, RDF to both the crops (T5) recorded significantly higher seed yield Raichur during kharif 2016 to study the nutrient management of coriander (530 kg ha-1) compared to other intercropping practices in pigeonpea and coriander intercropping system. The treatments. The pigeonpea equivalent yield was significantly higher experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three in intercropping system as compared to their sole crops. The total replications and nine treatments. The sole crop of pigeonpea and uptake of nutrients in intercropping system was relatively higher as coriander produced significantly higher seed yields (1320 and compared to sole cropping of both the crops. Higher land equivalent -1 647 kg ha , respectively) when compared to their intercropping ratio (LER) (1.67) was noticed in the intercropped treatment (T5). treatments. Among the various intercropping treatments, the The LER recorded under intercropping system varied from 1.10 to ` -1 treatment which received 125 per cent RDF to pigeonpea and no 1.67. The higher net returns was recorded under T5 ( 66,884 ha ) ` -1 fertilizer to coriander (T4) recorded significantly higher seed yield and the treatment, T4 recorded on par net returns ( 61,850 ha ) and -1 ` -1 of pigeonpea (1156 kg ha ) compared to other intercropping T3 ( 56,280 ha ). Highest B:C of 3.04 was observed under T5 which -1 treatments and was found on par with treatments, T3 (1066 kg ha ) received 100 per cent RDF by each crop and T4 (2.99) and T3 (2.90) -1 and T5 (1134 kg ha ) and the treatment which received 100 per cent recorded on par B:C with one another. Studies on identification and enrichment of Pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] genotypes with zinc and iron through agronomic biofortification SHARANAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. S. LATHA

A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural College Farm, Main plot treatments: genotypes (G) comprised viz., G1: HFeZn-

Raichur, Karnataka, during kharif 2016-2017 to study the effect of 102 (low in Zn & Fe), G2: IP-17720 (medium in Zn & Fe) and G3: Agronomic biofortification with zinc and iron on yield and quality of HFeZn-113 (high in Zn & Fe). Subplots treatments: Micronutrients pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.)] genotypes. The experiment application (M) namely M1: Control, M2: Seed treatment with 1% -1 was laid out in split plot design and comprised of two factors viz., ZnSO4 & FeSO4 each, M3: Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha

127 -1 -1 and FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha , M4: Foliar application of 0.5 % ZnSO4 and @ 10 kg ha + Foliar application of 0.5 per cent ZnSO4 and FeSO4 -1 -1 FeSO4 each at 30 and 45 DAS, M5: Seed treatment + Soil application (1904 kg ha and 4611 kg ha , respectively). The genotype G3:

(M2 + M3), M6: Seed treatment + Foliar application (M2 + M4) and HFeZn-113 recorded significantly higher zinc and iron content in

M7: Soil application + Foliar application (M3 + M4). Among the grain (29.56 and 177.18 ppm respectively). Among micronutrients genotypes significantly higher plant height, leaf area index and total application, significantly higher zinc and iron content (33.50 and dry matter production recorded with genotype G3: HFeZn-113 (184.16 cm 194.45 ppm in grain respectively). Among micronutrients application, -1 3.01 and 224.9 g plant at harvest, respectively). Among the significantly higher net returns obtained with M7: Soil application of -1 -1 -1 Micronutrients application (193.10 cm, 3.73 and 244.6 g plant at ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha and FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha + Foliar application of ` -1 harvest, respectively) was recorded with M7: Soil application of 0.5 per cent ZnSO4 and FeSO4 ( 23702 ha ) as compared to control -1 -1 ` -1 ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha & FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha + Foliar application of ( 15486 ha ). Similarly higher benefit: cost (2.19) was recorded with

0.5 per cent ZnSO4 and FeSO4 each as compared to other treatments. G3: HFeZn-113. Among micronutrient application, higher benefit cost -1 The genotype G3: HFeZn-113 recorded significantly higher grain and (2.25) was noticed in M7: Soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha and -1 -1 -1 stover yield (1721 kg ha and 4437 kg ha , respectively). The FeSO4 @ 10 kg ha + Foliar application of 0.5 per cent ZnSO4 and micronutrient application significantly higher grain and stover yield FeSO4 each as compared to control (1.84), and it was on par with -1 was obtained in M7: soil application of ZnSO4 @ 15 kg ha & FeSO4 M5: Seed treatment + Soil application (2.20).

Studies on weed management in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] + soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] intercropping system IRANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DODAMANI

A field experiment “Studies on weed management in pigeonpea with Pendimethalin 38.7% CS @ 0.7 kg a.i ha-1 fb Imazathpyr @ [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] + Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] 75 g a.i ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (POE) + HW at 45-50 DAS was recorded intercropping system” was conducted during kharif, 2016-17 on at (1398 and 1096 kg ha-1, respectively). Followed by Pendimethalin black soils under rainfed condition at Agricultural Research Station, 38.7 per cent CS @ 0.7 kg a.i ha-1 (PE) fb HW at 25 DAS and Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur. The 45 DAS (1351 and 1085 kg ha-1, respectively) and lowest yield was experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with ten recorded with Tank mix application of Imazathpyr and Quizalofop treatments replicated thrice. The results revealed that among the - p - ethyl at 20-25 DAS (1167 and 811 kg ha-1 respectively) after different weed control treatments significantly higher weed control weedy check (987 and 601 kg ha-1, respectively). Significantly higher efficiency was recorded with Pendimethalin 38.7 % CS @ 0.7 kg a.i net returns were recorded with Pendimethalin 38.7 per cent CS @ ha-1 fb Imazathpyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (POE) + HW at 0.7 kg a.i ha-1 fb Imazathpyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (POE) + 45-50 DAS (90.70% at 70 DAS) after weed free check (100%). HW at 45-50 DAS (` 81250 ha-1) after weed free check (` 88770 ha-1). Significantly higher total dry matter production (200.91 and 26.89 The higher B:C (3.46) was recorded weed free check, which was on g plant-1 at harvest, respectively), higher number of pods (118 and par with Pendimethalin 38.7 per cent CS @ 0.7 kg a.i ha-1 61 plant-1, respectively) and seed yield (1512 and 1188 kg ha-1, fb Imazathpyr @ 75 g a.i ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (POE) + HW at respectively) was recorded with weed free check, which was on par 45-50 DAS.

Nitrogen management in Maize (Zea mays L.) through leaf colour chart thresholds under irrigated condition SHIVAKUMAR MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. M. A. BASAVANNEPPA

Nitrogen (N) is a crucial and major nutrient in maize nutrition, 7.5 per cent higher grain yield and 38 kg N ha-1 lower as compared to monitoring its status is crucial in improving balance between crop N RDN. Further need based N application improved dry matter demand ad N supply from soil and applied fertilizers. A field study production and its distribution, LAI, yield attributes, uptake, was conducted during kharif 2016 at Agriculture Research Station, agronomic and recovery efficiencies of applied N based on LCC ≤ 5. Siruguppa, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka to study N application based Significantly higher protein (11.5%), starch (71.2%) and oil content on leaf colour chart (LCC) thresholds for irrigated maize. Hypothesis (6.8%) in maize grain was observed with application of N at of the experiment was in-season crop N demand can be met out by LCC threshold ≤ 5. Application of N at LCC threshold ≤ 5 recorded LCC thresholds to increase nitrogen use efficiency and crop higher net returns (` 80,650 ha-1) and BC ratio (2.88) over other productivity. The experimental site was medium black soil and lower thresholds. Leaf colour chart can be used as precision tool for need in soil available N. The experiment consists of N application at LCC based nitrogen management in maize over existing blanket <1, 2, 3, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6 compared with blanket N (RDN) and absolute recommendation. Thus LCC threshold ≤ 5 based N application for control. Experiment was laid out in RCBD design replicated thrice. maize was found to be optimum to enhance maize grain yield, saving Results revealed that significantly superior grain yield (8339 kg ha-1) of fertilizers, improve grain quality and monetary benefits under was recorded with application of N at LCC threshold < 5. It was irrigated condition.

128 Effect of sowing dates and irrigation regimes on productivity and resource use efficiency of Maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) during summer K. SUBRAHMANYAM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. R. UMESH

Maize is very much sensitive to drought and heat stresses affect morpho- 0.75 and 0.50 IW/CPE, respectively. Among maize hybrids, RCRMH-2 physiological development of maize, maximum losses at flowering than recorded significantly taller plants, higher green leaves per plant, leaf vegetative and seedling stages. High temperature itself will not always area per plant, LAI and canopy temperature, relative water content, be detrimental to pollination and seed set, but if it coupled with water dry matter accumulation and yield attributes over other hybrids. Higher stress reduce maize yield. A field experiment was conducted at Raichur, gross and net returns and BC ratio was realized from early sown crop Karnataka, India in rabi 2015 with an objective to optimize irrigation with well watered for RCRMH-2. Radiation, water and heat use regime for higher yield and resource use efficiency in maize. Treatments efficiencies were higher in early sown maize hybrid RCRMH-2 and consisted of sowing dates at 2nd Fortnight of January and 2nd fortnight optimum irrigation. Thus it can be concluded that under severe air of February as main factors, Irrigation regimes viz., 1.00, 0.75 and temperature early sowing in January has yield advantage over late 0.50 IW/CPE as sub factors and maize hybrids RCRMH-1, RCRMH-2 condition. Severe water stress has profound impact on growth and and Arjun in sub-sub plots. Results showed that early sowing during yield potential of maize hybrids, further heat tolerant maize hybrids 2nd fortnight of January has greater advantage in growth, yield and can further improves productivity of maize. Thus adoption of heat economics over late sown. Significantly higher grain yield was recorded tolerant maize hybrids may be an important management strategy for in irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE (5950 kg/ha) 11.0 and 29.9 per cent over producers to face severe air temperature in summer.

Bioefficacy of herbicides in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) + Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] (4:1) intercropping system BHAGYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. ANANDA

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2016-17 on clay 34.09, 180 g plant-1 in groundnut and pigeonpea, respectively). The loam soil at Agricultural College Farm, UAS Raichur with the view to number of pods plant-1 (22.10 and 124.80), pod weight plant-1 (34.3 find a suitable herbicide for groundnut + pigeonpea intercropping and 50.6 g plant-1) and test weight (41.9 and 15.4 g in groundnut and system. The experiment was laid out in RCBD comprising of twelve pigeonpea, respectively) was significantly higher with application of different weed management treatments. Among different weed pendimethalin 38.7 per cent CS @ 750 g ha-1 PE fb imazethapyr + management practices, application of pendimethalin 38.7 per cent CS imazamox 70 per cent WG@ 70 g ha-1 (POE) at 20-25 DAS) + IC at @ 750 g ha-1 as (PE) fb imazethapyr + imazamox 70 per cent WG@ 45 DAS. Significantly higher pod and seed yield (1590 and 1301 kg 70 g ha-1 as (POE) at 20-25 DAS) + IC at 45 DAS recorded lower ha-1 in groundnut and pigeonpea, respectively) was recorded with weed index (11.7 and 5.45 in groundnut and pigeonpea, respectively) application of pendimethalin 38.7 per cent CS @ 750 g ha-1 PE fb and higher weed control efficiency (47.74%) at 60 DAS as compared imazethapyr + imazamox 70 per cent WG@ 70 g ha-1 (POE) at 20-25 to weedy check. Among different weed management practices, DAS)+ IC at 45 DAS. Weed free check recorded significantly higher application of pendimethalin 38.7 per cent CS @ 750 g ha-1 PE fb net returns (` 1,17,285 ha-1) and BC ratio (4.44) followed by imazethapyr + imazamox 70 per cent WG@ 70 g ha-1 (POE) at application of pendimethalin 38.7 per cent CS @ 750 g ha-1 PE fb 20-25 DAS)+ IC at 45 DAS recorded significantly higher plant height imazethapyr + imazamox 70 per cent WG@ 70 g ha-1 (POE) at 20-25 and dry matter production plant-1 at harvest (53.6, 131.1 cm and DAS)+ IC at 45 DAS (` 138045 ha-1 and 4.12, respectively).

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY Zinc and iron nutrition of dry direct seeded rice (Dry-DSR) under saline vertisol D. PRAVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VISHWANATH

A field experiment was conducted at ARS, Gangavathi during kharif with Z4. The per cent increase of grain and straw yield under Z3 was

2015 to assess zinc and iron nutrition of dry direct seeded rice (Dry to the extent of 12.94 and 20.20 over Z1 respectively. With respect to -1 DSR) under saline Vertisol. The experiment consists of main plots Fe levels, F3 had significantly higher grain (3700 kg ha ) and straw -1 (four levels of Zn) and sub-plots (four levels of Fe) laid out in Split yield (4692 kg ha ) compared to F1 and F2 but was on par with F4.

Plot Design with three replications each. The DTPA extractable Zn The per cent increase in grain and straw yield under F3 was to the was medium in both surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (15-30 cm) extent of 9.46 and 15.68 over F1 respectively. The Zn and Fe content whereas DTPA-Fe content was high at both the layers. Soil organic in grain and straw increased with increasing Zn and Fe levels. The Z4 -1 carbon content was medium, available N was low, P2O5 and K2O recorded significantly higher Zn content in grain (21.6 gm kg ) and -1 contents were medium at both the layers. Irrespective of crop growth straw (24.3 gm kg ) compared to Z1 and Z2. Among Fe levels, F3 stage, DTPA-Zn and DTPA-Fe in soil were more with increasing (21.1 and 23.0 gm kg-1) recorded significantly higher Zn content in levels of Zn and Fe with maximum and minimum contents at Z4 and F4 grain and straw compared to F1 and F2. With respect to Fe content, -1 and Z1and F1 respectively. The grain and straw yield varied Z3 and F4 recorded significantly higher Fe content (160.0 gm kg and -1 -1 significantly with Z3 recording significantly higher grain (3743 kg ha ) 162.9 gm kg ), respectively compared to Z1 and Z2 and F1 and F2, -1 and straw yield (4741 kg ha ) compared to Z1 and Z2 but was on par respectively.

129 Fractionation of sulphur in calcareous and non-calcareous soils amended with different sources and levels of sulphur K. K. AMRUTHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. RAVI

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted in calcareous and soluble-S. Among the sulphur sources, ammonium sulphate 30 kg ha-1 non-calcareous soil for eight week under field capacity condition to was performed superior over other sources and followed the order: study the fractionation of sulphur and their correlation with physico- ammonium sulphate 15 kg ha-1 > gypsum 30 kg ha-1 > gypsum chemical properties. The sulphur was added through different sources 15 kg ha-1 > elemental-S 30 kg ha-1 > elemental-S 15 kg ha-1 > pyrite viz., elemental sulphur, gypsum, pyrite and ammonium sulphate at 30 kg ha-1 > pyrite 15 kg ha-1 in both the soils. Correlation studies two different levels 15 and 30 kg S ha-1. The results of fractionation among the sulphur fractions revealed that all the sulphur fractions are study showed that, different sulphur fractions viz., sulphate-S, water correlated to each other. Correlation between physico-chemical soluble-S, organic-S, non-sulphate-S and total-S were improved by properties showed, organic carbon was positively and significantly the application of sulphur fertilizers and decreased gradually up to correlated to all the sulphur fractions whereas, calcium carbonate had eight week of incubation. Major fraction contributed to total-S was negative significant correlation. However, pH and EC was not up to non-sulphate-S and followed by organic-S > sulphate-S > water the level of significance.

Land resources inventory of Jantapur-1 microwatershed Lingasugur taluk, Raichur district B. KUMARNAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. BHAT

An investigation was made for land resources inventory of Jantapur-1 content (0.12 to 0.43 dSm-1), low to medium in organic carbon microwatershed in North-Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka under (1.40-5.79 g kg-1), medium to high in CEC (29.9-55.2 cmol kg-1), semi-arid tropics for their morphological, physical, chemical, fertility high base saturation, low in available N (113-207 kg ha-1), low to -1 characteristics and suitability for major crops. The soil survey of medium in available P2O5 (18.4–53.7 kg ha ), medium to high in -1 Jantapur-1 microwatershed of Lingasugur taluk, Raichur district available K2O (268.8-712.3 kg ha ) and low to high in available was conducted using toposheet as base and super imposing over sulphur (7.0-23.6 mg kg-1). The DTPA extractable Mn, Fe and Cu 1:50,000 scale satellite imagery as well as Google Earth images. were sufficient in all the soil series but Zn content was below the Fourteen mapping units were obtained; eight different series name critical level indicating the soils were low in Zn. Land capability and also different landforms viz., upland, midland, near lowland and classification showed that majority of soils belonged to class IV and lowland revealed the slope varying from very gentle sloping (1-3%) III lands with limitations of slope, erosion, drainage and physico- to gentle sloping (3-5%). The soils were shallow to deep chemical charaterstices. Crop suitability evaluation for Chatra thanda (25-120 cm), reddish brown, dark reddish brown, dark brown and and Kidadur series was not suitable (N) for pigeonpea greengram, brownish black (2.5YR 4/6, 5YR 3/4, 7.5 YR 3/4 and 10YR 3/1, black gram, bengalgram and cotton. Chatra thanda, Kumarkhed, respectively), sandy clay to clay in texture. Soil were neutral to Jantapur and Kidadur series were not suitable for guava and sapota moderately alkaline in reaction (7.01-8.66), low in soluble salt and remaining series are marginally suitable.

Characterization and evaluation of the land resources of Dotikol micro watershed using remote sensing and GIS technique H. T. NAVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. BASAVARAJ

An investigation was made to characterize and evaluate the soil from neutral to alkaline in reaction, 0.01 to 0.25 d Sm-1, 3.14 to 6.47 resource of Dotikol micro watershed in North eastern transition g kg-1, 224 to 411.7 kg ha-1, 21.6 to 52.9 kg ha-1, 291 to 359 kg ha-1, zone (Zone-1) of Karnataka under semi-arid tropics for their 4.38 to 7.16 ppm, 4.51 to 6.08 per cent, 35.25 to 55.75 cmol (p+) morphological, physical, chemical, fertility characteristics and kg-1, and 5.28 to 10.04 per cent, respectively. The agriculture land of suitability for major crops. Among 5 mapping units obtained 3 area qualifies for land capability classes IIIefs, IVsf, IVtes, IVesf, different landforms viz., upland, foot slope and lowland revealed IVtesf, VIse and VItews. Generally, upland area were marginally the slope varying from very gentle sloping (1-3%) to steep sloping suitable (S3) for cultivation of field crops like sorghum, pigeon pea, (10-15%). The soils have very dark grey (7.5YR 3/2) and very dark green gram, bengal gram, black gram and soybean, presently, lowland grayish brown (10YR 3/2) colour. The physical characteristics like and midland were also moderately suitable (S2) for cultivation these texture, BD, Porosity, MHWC and Available water (0.33 bar and 15 crops with moderate limitations of drainage and fertility aspects. bar) ranged from clay loam to clay, 1.23 to1.32 Mg m-3, 42.16 to Whereas horticulture crop like mango, guava, sapota, custard apple 52.44 per cent, 45.6 to 49.55 per cent and 8.7 to 15.27 per cent and jamun were not suitable (N) in upland because of sever limitation respectively. Chemical characteristics like pH (1:2.5), EC in soil: of depth. Whereas in lowland and midland these crops were water ratio, OC, N, P2O5, K2O, S, CaCO3, CEC and ESP ranged moderately suitable with moderate limitations.

130 Effect of different sources and levels of sulphur on productivity and quality of rainfed Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) B. N. ABILASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. V. RAVI

An investigation entitled “Studies on different sources and levels of (16.22%), protein yield (268 kg ha-1), net returns (` 45,962 ha-1) and sulphur on productivity and quality of rainfed sunflower (Helianthus BC ratio (3.25) was registered with ammonium sulphate as a source annuus L.)” was conducted under rainfed condition during the kharif of sulphur compared to SSP, gypsum and elemental sulphur. Among season of 2016 at Main Agriculture Research Station, Raichur. The the levels, application of 45 kg S ha-1 recorded significantly higher experiment was laid out in factorial RBD with four sulphur sources seed (1719.83 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (2558.75 kg ha-1), oil content (38.23%), oil yield (657.75 kg ha-1), protein content (17.08%), (S1: elemental sulphur, S2: gypsum, S3: ammonium sulphate and protein yield (294.23 kg ha-1), net returns (` 47,617.58 ha-1) and S4: single super phosphate) as factor one and three sulphur levels -1 -1 BC ratio (3.19) over 30 kg S ha-1 and 15 kg S ha-1. Sulphur sources (L1: 15 kg S ha , L2: 30 kg and L3: 45 kg S ha ) as second factor comprising twelve treatment combinations. The results revealed that and levels did not show any significant interaction effect on growth, significantly higher seed (1648 kg ha-1) and stalk yield (2504 kg ha-1), yield attributes, yield, quality, nutrient uptake and availability at oil content (37.84%), oil yield (624 kg ha-1), protein content different stages of sunflower. Study on nutrient availability in the soil amended with flyash and organic manures and its influence on growth and yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) GEETANJALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. NARAYANA RAO

-1 -1 An experiment entitled “Study on nutrient availability in the soil treatment NPK @150:75:37.5 kg ha + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg ha applied. amended with flyash and organic manures and its influence on growth The results revealed that significantly higher grain and stover yield, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted during the kharif nutrient uptake, nutrient availability, microbial population, of 2016 at Main Agriculture Research Station, Raichur. The dehydrogenase activity, water holding capacity and BC ratio (3.98) -1 experiment was laid out in RCBD with 3 replications and eight were registered with application of T7 : Flyash @ 15 t ha + -1 Muncipalcompost @ 15 t ha-1 followed by T and T compared to treatment consisted of T1: Control, T2: Flyash @ 30 t ha , 6 8 -1 -1 rest of the treatments. Application of fly ash and organic manures T3: FYM @ 10 t ha , T4: Muncipal compost @ 30 t ha , -1 -1 did not showed any significant effect on pH, EC, organic carbon, T5: Vermicompost @ 5 t ha , T6: Flyash @ 15 t ha + FYM @ -1 -1 -1 bulk density and porosity of soil as compared to application of 5 t ha , T7: Flyash @ 15 t ha + Muncipalcompost @ 15 t ha , -1 -1 flyash alone. T8: Flyash @ 15 t ha + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha . For each Response of direct seeded rice to variable rates of nitrogen application L. VEERENDRA PATEEL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. VEERESH

The field experiment was conducted at Agriculture Research Station, content. The experimental results revealed that nitrogen application Siruguppa during Kharif 2016 to study the response of direct seeded rate has significant influence on plant growth and yield parameters of rice to variable rates of nitrogen application. The experiment was laid DSR. There was also strong correlation between crop sensor readings, out in a randomized complete block design with eight treatments and leaf chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content and ultimately with the three replications. Treatments included variable rates of nitrogen i.e. grain yield of DSR. The recovery efficiency showed positive 0, 50, 100 and 150 per cent of the recommended N along with the relationship with increasing rate of N application and the recovery of recommended P and K. The above set of treatments was studied in the applied nutrient was highest for K followed by N while P showed combination with and without FYM @ 10 t ha-1. The periodic the least recovery. However, the physiological and agronomical observation on plant growth parameters and recordings of crop sensors efficiencies were observed to be highest for P and K. From the above data along with laboratory estimation of leaf chlorophyll and leaf experimentation it was established that recording of crop sensor nitrogen content was made at 15 days intervals from 30 to 105 DAS. observations such as SPAD and NDVI values at critical growth periods The observations on yield and yield attributing parameters was made can be utilised for the better nitrogen management and monitoring of at harvest. The grain and straw samples were analyzed for their nutrient crop health and yield predictions in DSR.

Land resources inventory of Pannur North-3 microwatershed for land capability and crop suitability using RS and GIS R. MEENAKSHI BAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. Y. VIDYAVATHI

The study was carried out to inventorise land resources of pannur and MHWC ranged from 47.05 to 68.50 per cent of clay, 1.24 to North-3 microwatershed for land capability and crop suitability using 1.38 Mg m3, 46.87 to 54.62 per cent and 44.89 to 51.08 per cent, RS and GIS in North-eastern dry zone of Karnataka under semi-arid respectively. Chemical characteristics like pH (1:2.5) and EC ranged tropics. Among five mapping units obtained three different landforms from moderately alkaline to alkaline, 0.20 to 0.61 dS m-1 (non-saline). -1 viz., upland, midland and stream revealed the slope varying from Similarly OC, CaCO3, CEC, BS and ESP ranged from 4.3 to 5.8 g kg , very gentle sloping (1-3%) to gentle sloping (3-5%). The colour of 10.7 to 13.2 per cent, 45.10 to 62.02 cmol (p+) kg-1, 91.86 to the study area varied from 10YR 2/1 (dark brown) to 10YR 4/2 (dark 94.69 per cent and 7.88 to 8.93 per cent, respectively. Whereas -1 gray). The physical characteristics like Soil texture, BD, porosity available N, P2O5, K2O and S ranged from 160.83 to 218.20 kg ha , 131 16.78 to 30.47 kg ha-1, 330.48 to 385.58 kg ha-1 and 10.37 to (S2) for cultivation these crops with moderate limitations of slope, 16.70 kg ha-1,respectively. The agriculture land of the study area erosion, physical characteristic and fertility aspects. Whereas qualifies for land capability classes IIItesf, IIIsf and IVe. Generally, horticulture crop like mango was not suitable (N) in all the mapping stream bank area were marginally suitable for cultivation of field units because of sever limitation of CaCO3 content. Whereas guava crops like sorghum, cotton, bajra, sunflower and pigeonpea and sapota these plants were moderately suitable with moderate respectively, upland and midland were also moderately suitable limitations. Land resources inventory based crop suitability and land capability classification of Pannur North - 2 micro watershed of Raichur district S. SUBHASHCHANDRA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. N. L. RAJESH

Soil resource mapping and series level classification of Pannur North decreased with soil depth. In all the five soil series DTPA extractable 2 micro watershed in North Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka was Cu, Fe and Mn content was sufficient. Whereas, DTPA-extractable carried out at 1: 8,000 scale to evaluate land for its degradation, Zn was deficient. Based on soil properties & limitations, the soils of capability and suitability to various horticultural and field crops of Pannur North 2 have been classified into two land capability classes the area. Five soil series representing the study area were selected viz., III and IV. The mapped soils from the study area were matched based on the topography from various physiographic units identified with the land suitability criteria for crops like Cotton, pigeonpea, in the area by field survey using Cartosat-I + LISS-IV merged satellite sorghum, maize, sunflower, mango, guava, sapota. In the entire soil imagery (2.5m spatial resolution). The colour of the soils was black series, sunflower is marginally suitable except in Budinne series were dark brown or very dark greyish brown, in the surface horizon and moderately suitable. Cheekalparvi (CAPmC3) and Maskihalla depth of the soils was ranged from moderately deep to deep. In all the (MASmC3) soil series were marginally suitable for all crops because soils, clay texture content was increased with depth, whereas soil of severe limitations of erosion. Similarly, Cheekalparvi (CAPmC2) structure was predominantly subangular blocky. The consistency series was not suitable for mango but marginally suitable for all crops. ranged from slightly hard to very hard when dry, loose to friable The remaining soil series of the study area were marginally suitable when moist. In soil series, pH ranged from slightly alkaline. Available for cotton, pigeonpea, sorghum, maize, sunflower crops. However,

N, P2O5, K2O and S were low, medium, medium to high and low to all the soil series were marginally suitable for mango, sapota and medium, respectively, in all the soil series. All these Available nutrients guava.

Characterization of soil resources of Pannur North -1 micro watershed for sustainable land use planning J. M. LOKESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. NARAYANA RAO

A survey was conducted for Pannur North 1 micro watershed which high in CEC (47.3-55.8 cmol (p+) kg-1), high base saturation, low in -1 is located in Manvi taluk of Raichur district, Karnataka at super available N (105.3-248.4 kg ha ), low to high in available P2O5 -1 imposing over 1:50000 scale satellite imagery as well as Google (10.1–58.3 kgha ), medium to high in available K2O (278.7-422.6 kg Earth image to characterize, classify, assess soil fertility and evaluate ha-1) and low to high in available sulphur (14.6-41.3 kg ha-1). Among land capability, crop suitability of Hyderabad Karnataka region. the available micronutrients iron, copper and manganese were The study area was divided into different landforms viz., upland, sufficient while, zinc was deficient in the study area. Land capability midland and lowland with gently sloping (3-5%) and five different classification showed that majority of soils belonged to class IV and mapping units were identified. The soils were deep to very deep in III with limitations of slope, erosion, physical and chemical the study area. The colour of soil varied from dark gray to very dark properties. Cotton, pigeonpea, sorghum and pearlmillet were grayish brown and soil texture was clay. Soil were saline to slightly moderately suitable in all the series except Maskihalla series, which alkaline in reaction (8.18-8.58), low in soluble salt content is marginally suitable. Mango and guava were marginally suitable in (0.17-1.35 dSm-1), low to high in organic carbon (3.0-7.5 g kg-1), all the series, whereas bengalgram was not suitable.

Response of dry Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) to major nutrients in vertisol of TBP command area V. RAJESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R.BALANAGOUDAR

The present experiment was conducted during kharif-2016 at ARS and 10674 kg ha-1, respectively) with nutrients applied through SSNM

Dhadesugur with the following treatments viz., T1- Absolute Control, approach as compared to absolute control, RDF and STL. Further, -1 T2- SSNM approach targeted yield of 70 q ha , T3- Recommended omission of major nutrients has resulted in yield loss of 56 per cent

Dose of Fertilizer (Urea, DAP and MOP), T4- Recommended Dose of (-N), 16.5 per cent (-P) and 20 per cent (-K) compared to SSNM

Fertilizer (Urea: SSP: MoP), T5- Soil Test Ratings method (STL) (Urea: treatment. Application of fertilizers as per SSNM approach noticed

SSP: MoP), T6- N Omission with Recommended Dose of P and K as higher nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency (94.05 and 49.98%, per STL method, T7- P Omission with Recommended Dose of N and K respectively) and potassium use efficiency of (220.91%) was noticed as per STL method, T8- K Omission with Recommended Dose of N in STL method. Among the different treatments, the highest gross returns, ` -1 -1 and P as per STL method, T9- STCR method and T10-Farmer Practice. net returns and B:C ratio ( 1,58,431 ha , 1,15,564 ha and 3.7, The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Block Design and respectively) were recorded with SSNM approach followed by STCR treatments were replicated thrice. Results revealed that yield attributing approach and STL method. It is concluded that the SSNM approach is characters viz., panicle length, maximum number of grains panicle-1, the best practice of fertilization in dry DSR to achieve higher yield, filled grains panicle-1, test weight, higher grain and straw yield, were nutrient use efficiency, net returns and BC ratio as compared to RDF, recorded significantly higher (24.16 cm, 296, 280, 17.8 g, 7358 kg ha-1 STL, farmers practice and STCR approach. 132 CROP PHYSIOLOGY Plant growth regulators induced source sink relationship on productivity of Greengram (Vigna radiata L.) K. NAGARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. R. PATIL A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, of pods per plant (16.0), pod weight per plant (10.61 g), number Kalaburagi, University of Agricultural ciences, Raichur during of seeds per pod (9.55), pods per peduncle (4.04), 100 seed weight kharif 2015 to study the effect of plant growth regulators on (5.73 g), seed yield per plant (7.59 g plant-1). Further, there was source and sink relationship and its impact on productivity of also concurrent improvement in source size and was expressed greengram (Vigna radiata L.). Off the thirteen plant growth interms of favourable improvement in growth parameters with regulator treatments, NAA 40 ppm recorded significantly higher NAA 40 ppm application at 60 DAS, viz., leaf area per plant seed yield (1264 kg ha-1). The improvement yield may be attributred (12.37 dm2 plant-1), leaf area index (LAI) (4.12) and plant height to increased sink size and was realized through increased number (50.6cm). Studies on effect of foliar nutrition on morpho-physiological changes and productivity of rainfed Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) VIJAYSINGH THAKUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. P. PATIL

Crop productivity in blackgram being low in North eastern dry treatment at 55 DAS. Further, these attributes are positively co zone of Karnataka a field experiment was conducted during kharif related to seed yield. The highest no. of seeds pod (8.7), pod length 2016 at Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, UAS Raichur, to (6.1 cm), test weight (55.1 g) and seed yield (1101 kg ha-1) was study the effect of foliar nutrition on morpho-physiological changes recorded with foliar spray of pulse magic along with recommended and productivity of rainfed blackgram using TAU-1 variety. Among dose of fertilizers, lower (4.8, 3.6 cm, 48.9 g and 894 kg ha-1, different sources of nutrients, foliar spray of pulse magic respectively) was obtained in treatment were only recommended -1 (combination of nutrients and PGR) @ 10 g/l during flowering stage dose of fertilizers (25:50 kg N: P2O5 ha ) were applied and the recorded significantly higher growth attributes viz., leaf area lowest (3.0, 2.2, 16.6 g and 482 kg ha-1, respectively) was obtained (5.94 dm2 plant-1) and leaf area index (1.98) at 55 days after sowing in plot were no basal dose of fertilizers were applied and also no and it is also recorded that higher photosynthetic rate (29.70 µ mol foliar spray was given, realizing the importance of nutrition. The -2 -1 -2 -1 ` -1 ` -1 CO2 m s ),transpiration rate (5.87 m mol H2O m s ) and higher gross returns ( 60555 ha ) and net returns ( 35047 ha ) chlorophyll a, b (2.587, 0.993 mg g-1 fresh wt.) were higher in same were also highest due to foliar spray were seed yield was highest.

Response of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide VEENA V. BUSNOOR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. AMAREGOUDA

A Laboratory investigation was carried out to study the response of observed in PAC-3794 and KBSH-44 hybrids. The exposure of the sunflower hybrids to elevated temperature and carbon dioxide under crop to elevated temperature and elevated carbon dioxide condition,

Open Top Chamber (OTCs) at Main Agricultural Research Station hybrid DRSH-1 showed good response under elevated CO2 condition (MARS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka in all morho-physiological, biophysical, biochemical analysis. during kharif 2016. Four sunflower hybrids (RFSH-1, KBSH-44, Parameters like plant height, leaf area, NDVI, photosynthesis were

DRSH-1 and PAC-3794) were sown in each OTC and in reference increased under elevated CO2. But transpiration and leaf temperature plot with controlled conditions. Various morphological studies were maximum under elevated temperature treatments. Significant indicated that the hybrids DRSH-1 performed better under elevated increase in chlorophyll content, reducing and non-reducing sugars

CO2 and high temperature. Leaf emergence rate, days to 50 per cent were recorded in elevated CO2 treatment. Whereas, under elevated flowering and physiological maturity were earlier in hybrid DRSH-1 temperature chlorophyll content, reducing and non-reducing sugars under e-CO2 treatment. Whereas increase in both CO2 and temperature were decreased may be due to altered C: N ratio. The yield parameters affects these morphological parameters. Hybrid DRSH-1 and RSFH-1 also responded positively to increased carbon dioxide and high performed better under elevated CO2 and temperature treatments. temperature under changing climate the sunflower hybrid DRSH-1 The maximum reduction with respect to these parameters was performed better over the other hybrids.

AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY Studies on antimicrobial property of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction method against selected food borne pathogens M. VIKAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK

A study was conducted on the antimicrobial property of pomegranate ash content of 3, 5, 5.4, 7.7, 22.1 and 5.6 per cent, respectively. The (Punica granatum L.) peel extract which was obtained by extraction yield and extraction efficiency of 3.29 g/100 g and supercritical fluid extraction method and tested against the selected 91.76 per cent was maximum at SC-CO2 pressure of 200 bar, food borne pathogens. The results revealed that the pomegranate temperature of 40 °C for pomegranate peel extract. The maximum peel were having different proximate composition of moisture total phenols of 31.24 mg GAE/g, total flavonoids of 34.41 mg RE/g content, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and total found at SC-CO2 pressure of 200 bar and temperature of 50 °C.

133 The highest antibacterial and antifungal activity of pomegranate maximum a* value was 9.53 in T3 and the maximum b* value found peel extract obtained by SC-CO2 (at 50 °C and 200 bar) against was 22.12 in T3. The highest firmness after three days of storage Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus found was 5.79 N in T3 and the minimum found was 5.12 N in T1. aureus found was 16 mm, 17 mm and 15 mm zone of inhibition, The lowest diameter of colony decayed parts of 1.7 cm was found respectively and for Aspergillus niger, Pencillium citrium and Mucor in T3 and highest diameter of 4.9 cm is found in T5. The highest sp was 15 mm, 17 mm and 18 mm, respectively. During three days inhibition of 65.30 per cent was found in the T4 and lowest of of storage period, the maximum L* value found was 22.60 in T3, 40.81 per cent was found in T1.

Assessing the biocontrol potentials of Azotobacter isolates against Fusarium wilt of chilli (Capsicum annum L.) grown in Hyderabad Karnataka region SWAPNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.TAMIL VENDAN

-1 In the present investigation, seventy five Azotobacter isolates were production and highest N2 fixation of 82.83 per cent, 100.75 ìg 50 ml isolated from rhizospheric soils of chilli grown in Hyderabad Karnataka and 10.33 mg g-1, respectively. All the four isolates showed positive region and screened against Fusarium solani, out of which four efficient for the HCN test and the two isolates AZT-J1 and AZT-G4 showed

Azotobacter isolates were characterized through morphological and positive for the H2S test. The Jacob coefficient analysis of Azotobacter biochemical tests and molecular method. These four isolates were isolates formed two main clusters viz, AZT-R7 and AZT-Y2; AZT-G4 further studied for bio efficacy against Fusarium solani using chilli as and AZT-J1. Both the clusters were related by 27 per cent only. a test crop under greenhouse condition. Maximum per cent inhibition However, within the clusters, the AZT-R7 and AZT-Y2 were related of 60.25 was observed in AZT-R7 isolate followed by AZT-Y2 by 44 per cent and AZT-G4 and AZT-J1 by 45 per cent. In chilli pot

(59.17%), AZT-J1 (57.77%) and AZT-G4 (51.47%). These isolates culture experiment, AZT-R7 recorded significantly less disease were rod shaped, gram negative, capable of producing cyst and incidence (14.66%), increase in the activity of antioxidants, soluble pigments like dark brown and light brown, showed positive results to protein, free phenol contents and increase in the growth and yield catalase, gelatin liquefaction, indole test and ammonification also parameters and lower total sugar content. Therefore, Azotobacter showed negative results for starch hydrolysis, nitrate reduction and isolate AZT-R7 can be recommended for commercial production as a P-solubilization. The isolates were confirmed as Azotobacter from potential biocontrol agent and an alternative to P. fluorescens against motility test. AZT-R7 recorded a maximum siderophore, IAA Fusarium wilt in chilli grown in Hyderabad Karnataka region.

Studies on antimicrobial property of supercritical carbon dioxide extract of Prosopis juliflora leaves against food and plant pathogens KRISHNAVENI L. MAGADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJ M. NAIK

A study was conducted on the antimicrobial property of Prosopis 200 bar and temperature of 50 °C. The highest antibacterial and juliflora leaf extract which was obtained by supercritical fluid antifungal activity of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract obtained by extraction method and tested against the selected food and plant SC-CO2 (at 50 °C and 200 bar) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella pathogens as in vitro study. Later efficient extract was selected for in enterica and Staphylococcus aureus found was 13.90, 14.47 and vivo study on papaya fruits. The results revealed that the Prosopis 14.53 mm zone of inhibition, respectively and for Rhizoctonia juliflora leaves were having proximate composition of moisture bataticola, Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides content, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber and total was 94.07, 93.15 and 92.43 per cent of zone of inhibition, respectively. ash content of 5.60, 34.00, 24.10, 7.90, 23.22, and 3.80 per cent, During seven days of storage period of papaya fruits, the maximum respectively. The extraction yield and extraction efficiency of L*, a* and b* value found was 51.22, 24.05 and 41.96, respectively

14.10 g/100 g and 93.37 per cent, respectively was maximum at SC- in T4. The highest firmness during storage found was 12.13 N in T4

CO2 pressure of 200 bar and temperature of 50 °C for Prosopis and the minimum was 7.99 N in T1. The lowest diameter of colony juliflora leaf extract. The maximum total phenols of 9.63 mg GAE/g, decayed parts of 3.69 cm and highest percent inhibition of 51.44 per total flavonoids of 175.81 mg RE/g found at SC-CO2 pressure of cent was found in the T4.

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Studies on insect pests of Bitter gourd with special reference to cucumber moth, Diaphania indica (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) M. C. NAGARAJU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUSHILA NADAGOUDA

The investigation on survey, seasonal incidence of insect pests, biology pests were high during rabi. The seasonal incidence of insect pests on and management of cucumber moth, Diphania indica (Sunnders) on bitter gourd revealed that major insect pests found during kharif were bitter gourd was carried out during 2016-17 cropping season at UAS aphid, whitefly, leaf miner, cucumber moth, red pumpkin beetle and Raichur. Survey result indicated that fruit fly damage was more during fruit fly. The maximum activity of fruit fly and cucumber moth were kharif season in all taluka of Raichur district. Other pests viz., aphid, observed in the month of October and September respectively. Studies thrips, whitefly, leaf miner, cucumber moth and red pumpkin beetle on seasonal incidence of insect pests on bitter gourd revealed that were low. Whereas fruit fly incidence was low during rabi and other major insect pests found during rabi were aphid, thrips, whitefly,

134 leaf miner, cucumber moth, red pumpkin beetle and fruit fly. Maximum adult male and female was 5.35 ± 0.34 and 8.40 ± 0.39 days activity of cucumber moth during February and fruit fly were respectively. Among the insecticides evaluated chlorantraniliprole 18.5 Maximum in the month of March. Studies on biology of cucumber SC, flubendiamide 48 SC and spinosad 45 SC were found to be moth on bitter gourd revealed that, egg and larval period 3.05 ± 0.25 effective against cucumber moth by recordings lowest larval and 9.50 ± 0.45 days respectively. The pre-oviposition and oviposition population. Next superior treatment in order of priority period found to be 1.09 ± 0.15 and 4.35 ± 0.59 days, respectively. were emamectin benzoate 5 SG > dichlorvos 76 EC > Azadirachtin The fecundity varied from 220-268 eggs per female. The longevity of 1500 ppm > Bacillus thuringiensis.

Studies on Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) for the suppression of Maruca vitrata (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Pigeonpea G. AKSHATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. G. HANCHINAL

Mating competitiveness of the spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata mating competitiveness ratios showed lower incidence of M. vitrata (F.), males irradiated as unmated adults and was evaluated from the on pigeon pea under shade house condition. Studies on field efficacy egg hatch resulting when irradiated males were confined in various of gamma irradiated male M. vitrata (150 Gy) indicated that combined ratios with untreated pairs of M. vitrata. The data indicated that effect of gamma irradiation and spraying of multinemor at males treated with a sterilizing dose of (150 Gy) at 5:l:l and 10:1:1 0.15 per cent induced more remarkable effects as compared to irradiated ratio (TM:NM:NF) recorded 27.74 and 13.02 per cent egg hatch, moth release or multinemor 0.15 per cent each of them alone. Mating respectively when compared to control where it was 86.38 per cent. frequency and mating success studies revealed that M. vitrata female Calculated competitiveness values for 5:1:1 and 10:1:1 ratios were has got single mating system and mate only once even when more 1.01 and 1.08 indicates that at these ratios sterile males were sexually males are available. Operational and intrinsic ratio of M. vitrata competitive with normal male for the female. These 5:1:1 and 10:1:1 indicates female biased sex ratio.

Biology and management of spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on Maize C. G. ARUNKUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. BHEEMANNA

The investigations on biology, survey and management of spotted inferens was noticed in all the surveyed districts viz. Ballari, Koppal stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) on maize was carried out and Raichur. Damage caused by spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus during 2016-17 cropping season at Agricultural Research Station, was more compared to pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens during Hagari (Ballari) and department of entomology, UAS Raichur. Studies kharif season. Among three districts stem borers damage was highest on biology of spotted stem borer, C. partellus on artificial diet in Ballari followed by Koppal and Raichur Districts. Among the under laboratory condition revealed that egg, larva and pupal period insecticides evaluated, imidacloprid 60 FS - chlorantriniliprole was 5.15 ± 1.13, 34.75 ± 8.00 and 8.20 ± 1.58 days, respectively. 0.4 G, imidacloprid 60 FS - fipronil 0.3 G, imidacloprid 60 FS - The pre-oviposition and oviposition period found 1.30 ± 0.25 and carbofuran 3 G and chlorantriniliprole 0.4 G were found to be 3.75 ± 0.67 days respectively. The fecundity varied from 184 to effective molecules against stem borer Chilo partellus. Next best 456 eggs per female. The longevity of adult male and female was treatment in order of superiority were imidacloprid 60 FS - 4.25 ± 0.94 and 5.45 ± 1.18 days respectively. Survey result indicated flubendiamide 39.35 SC > fipronil 0.3 G > carbofuran 3 G > that damage caused by stem borers, Chilo partellus and Sesamia flubendiamide 39.35 SC > imdacloprid 60 FS.

Studies on the management of cutworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) on Chickpea N. SUNITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRAMOD KATTI

Investigations carried out on various aspects of management of cutworm, rileyi treated poison bait was the best. Studies under field condition on Spodoptera exigua on chickpea at Main Agricultural Research Station, the efficacy of different poison baits, spinosad treated poison bait Raichur during Rabi 2016-17 revealed varying level of larval population recorded highest yield (12.33 q ha-1) followed by lambda cyhalothrin and foliage damage on chickpea crop. Among 50 genotypes screened (11.56 q ha-1) and cypermethrin (11.06 q ha-1). Similarly poison bait along with A-1 (check) recorded foliage damage in the range of 11 to with N. rileyi recorded highest yield among biorationals. Field trials on 50 per cent. Evaluation of efficacy of different poison baits under efficacy of biorationals and insecticides indicated spinosad as the best laboratory condition indicated that poison bait with spinosad was the treatment (12.02 q ha-1) followed by cypermethrin (11.53 q ha-1) and best treatment followed by poison bait with cypermethrin and poison malathion (10.57 q ha-1). N. rileyi recorded highest efficacy and yield bait with lambda cyhalothrin. However, among biorationals, Nomuraae (10.05 q ha-1) followed by B. thuringiensis (9.80 q ha-1).

135 Effect of temperature, gamma radiation and vegetable oils on development of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) ANUSHA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUHAS YELSHETTY

Effect of temperature, gamma irradiation and vegetable oils on the increased. The seed germination in green gram and chickpea reduced development of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) due to increase in irradiation dose. Among all the vegetable oils (Coleoptera: Chrysomelide) was carried out in green gram and neem and karanj were very effective in causing mortality of beetles chickpea during 2016-17 at Agricultural research Station, Aland road seven days after treatment at 0.50 per cent concentration for all the Kalaburagi under University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur, oils tried (mention all oils) effectively suppressing the fecundity, Karnataka, India. The results revealed that the maximum mortality adult emergence, increased per cent mortality of beetles and had no of beetles was recorded at -10°C exposed for one hour and fecundity adverse effect on green gram seeds. Though the weight loss of seeds of beetles got completely inhibited. In the gamma irradiation trial was minimum at 1.00 per cent oil application but affected seed the mating competitiveness of males and females and different mating germination significantly. The same trend was also observed in combinations employed showed that fecundity and egg hatching chickpea seeds treated with these oils on the development of percentages decreased significantly as the irradiated males number C. chinensis.

Studies on host plant resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Chickpea BHEEMARAYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. RACHAPPA

Studies on host plant resistance to pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera genotypes (HC-1 and DBGV-3104). On the contrary susceptible check (Hubner) in chickpea were carried out during rabi season of 2016-17 at (ICC-3137) and other two cultivars (A-1 and JG-11) recorded all the ARS Kalaburagi, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka, India. Screening of chickpea above parameters maximum. During podding stage also similar trend genotypes (174) against H. armigera, shown 1 to 2 larvae per five was noticed. The 20 genotypes were subjected for assessment of malic plants with upto 15 per cent pod damage with PSR of 3 in resistant acid content which ranged between 0.463 per cent (Phule G-08108) to genotype (37) and 3 to 4 larvae per five plants with 15 to 25 per cent 0.846 per cent (HC-1) and similarly the mean trichome density on pod damage with PSR of 4 to 5 in moderately resistant genotypes (87) leaves ranged from 15.67 trichomes per mm2 (susceptible genotype and above 4 larvae per five plants with above 25 per cent pod damage ICCC- 3137) to 29 trichomes per mm2 (resistant genotype ICCL 86111). with PSR of above 6 in susceptible genotypes (50). However all kabuli Majority genotypes recorded low PSR and pod damage by high malic genotypes found more susceptible. Antibiosis study on H. armigera acid content and trichome density compared to susceptible genotypes in 20 promising chickpea genotypes using detached leaf assay method and vice-versa. The per cent parasitisation on H. armigera by revealed that at vegetative and flowering stage found significantly lesser Campoletis chlorideae and Carcelia sp., was comparatively higher in larval survival (70 to 76.67%), weight (8.37 to 8.90 mg) and damage pod borer resistant genotype ICCL 86111 as compared to susceptible rate (3.67 to 4.67) in resistant check (ICCL 86111) and other two test (ICC-3137) and other two cultivars (A-1 and JG-11).

Development and evaluation of native Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) formulation against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) SAROJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ S. KALMATH

Bioefficacy of the Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) Cry proteins in HD-1 were recorded ranging from 32.50 to 95.00 and 35.00 to filed condition can be improved by developing formulation. In the 97.50 per cent mortality, respectively at different concentration and present study, we have developed wettebale powder formulation of Median lethal concentration of the native isolate BGC-1 was 1.05 g/l native Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) and evaluated against Helicoverpa and assigned biopotency value was 15428.57 ITU/g. Among four UV armigera (Hubner). The bioassay of the Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protectants, melanin showed an excellent UV protectant for Bt WP spore mixture against H. armigera registered 36.67 to 96.67 per cent formulations with the mortality of 86.67 per cent, 116.49 µg/ml of mortality at 120 hr after feeding. Reference strain HD1 showed highest crude protein and 1.89×108 CFU/ml at 5 h sunlight exposure with mortality of 100 per cent. Lyophilized native B. thuringiensis (BGC-1) temperature of 43.6°C and light intensity of 4.93×105 lux. The same and B. thuringiensis (HD-1) were tested against H. armigera, recorded WP formulation was also tested against S. litura and P. xylostella, mortality ranging from 16.67 to 96.67 per cent. The LC50 value of recorded 87.50 and 95.00 per cent mortality for S. litura and P. xylostella, B. thuringiensis (BGC-1) and B. thuringiensis (HD-1) were 6.08 and respectively. The study concludes that native isolate BGC-1 was found 9.18 ng/ml respectively. Bioefficacy of WP formulations of BGC-1 and to be promising against major lepidopteran pests.

136 PLANT PATHOLOGY

Studies on false smut of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cke.) Tkh. P. SHIVAMURTHY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURURAJ SUNKAD

The severity of paddy false smut disease was recorded more in ARS, primers. The size of amplified DNA ranged from 500 to 620 bp in Gangavathi TPR ecosystem 22.67 per cent and least severity noticed general primers and 380 bp in specific primers. BLAST results in Birnal village of Yadgir district 1.22 per cent. The radial growth revealed that all the isolates belonged to the U. virens. The dendrogram more in Potato sucrose agar medium maximum radial growth clearly showed two major clusters A and B. At 75 per cent similarity (88.63 mm), followed by XBZ agar (71.17 mm). There existed coefficient, isolates clearly clustered into 5 clusters. Carbendazim, variability among 15 isolates of U. virens with respect to variability hexaconazole, propiconazole, penconazole and tebuconazole among was observed among the isolates with regard to mycelia and colony systemic fungicides, mancozeb and copper oxychloride among contact character and chlamydospore colour and shape, in all the isolates of fungicides, new molecule (trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50%) mycelial color was predominantly white except in the few isolates WP among combi fungicides was highly effective in inhibiting the which showed white to light pink colour. The chlamydospore shapes mycelial growth of U. virens. Under field condition, two spray of varied among the isolates and were globular, round irregular and ovoid. (trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50%) EC (0.4%) at 50 and 70 The size of the chlamydospore ranged from 5.45 (Uv13) to Uv6 DAT was highly effective in the management of disease with significantly (7.10¼ m). ITS1 and ITS 4 primers and specific UVR1 and UVR4 lesser disease severity and highest yield with higher BC ratio.

Investigations on false smut disease of rice caused by Ustilaginoidea virens (Cooke) Takahasi K. M. MUNIRAJU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. PRAMESH

A systematic investigation was carried out to investigate the status of hill isolates and brown to dark brown for isolates from irrigated false smut disease in different ecosystems of Karnataka, ecosystem. Isolates from Hyderabad Karnataka region showed smaller characterization of pathogen isolates, epidemiology and identification chlamydospores (18.60-50.87µm2) compared to other isolates of effective fungicides for disease management. The disease severity (50.87-104.29 µm2). Isolates from irrigated Bhadra and Hilly ecosystem (DS) was ranged from 4.44-17.12 per cent. Irrigated bhadra ecosystem showed the maximum chlamydospore size (50.87-104.29 µm2) recorded highest DS (17.12%) followed by hilly upland ecosystem and corresponding disease severity was also more in those ecosystems (10.73%). Among the cultivars, Sriram gold recorded highest DS of (10.73-17.12). Effect of date of sowing revealed that crop sown during 124.58 per cent with an estimated yield loss of 5.45 per cent. Among the third week of July in both kharif 2015 and 2016 recorded highest fifteen isolates based on colony colour, isolates exhibited considerable disease severity compared to sowing in first week of July and August. variation. Initially, colony appeared either white, cream and dull white, Present study concluded infected ratooned hills and ratoon plays no whereas, after 30 days, colony turned in to white, yellow and green, role in the pathogen survival. Among the different fungicides tested, and three types of growth patterns such as raised, less fluffy and Azoxystrobin 18.2 per cent SC + Difenconozole 11.4 per cent SC, fluffy. All isolates formed chlamydospore on culture media and Metiram 55 per cent WG+ Pyraclostrobin 5 per cent WG, variability was identified in their size (18.60-104.29µm2) shape Tebuconozole 250 EC, and Flusilazole 25 per cent SE + Carbendazim (Globular, round irregular and ovoid) and colour (light brown, brown, 12.5 per cent SE at 0.1 per cent showed highest field efficacy and and dark brown). Chlamydospores were light brown to brown for of higher crop yield.

Investigations on major soil borne diseases of groundnut with special emphasis on dry root rot caused by Rhizoctonia bataticola (Taub.) Butler SHREEDEVI SHIRUR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. MALLESH

Groundnut is an annual legume and an important oilseed crop. Among revealed that, nonsystemic fungicides (zineb and thiram), systemic biotic stresses soil borne diseases are attaining importance due to fungicide (carbendazim) and combi fungicides (carbendazim + their hindrance in groundnut production. The roving survey was mancozeb, carboxin + thiram and tricyclozole + mancozeb) were conducted to reveal the incidence of major soil borne diseases in efficient. Screening of groundnut germplasms against major soil borne North Eastern Karnataka. Survey data revealed that, maximum collar diseases revealed that, only 18 germplasms were found to be resistant rot was observed in Koppal district and least incidence in Yadgir, to collar rot, stem rot and moderately resistant to dry root rot. Among stem rot incidence was highest in Yadgir district and least in Koppal different treatments, germination percentage and seedling vigour index whereas dry root rot incidence was highest in Koppal and least in of groundnut against different seed borne diseases was more in seed Yadgir district. Among the 11 different media tested, potato dextrose treatment with carbendazim. An attempt made to manage the major medium supported the maximum mycelial growth and biomass of soil borne diseases of groundnut under field condition revealed that, Rhizoctonia bataticola. Fifteen isolates of R. bataticola varied seed treatment with tebuconazole at the rate of 1 ml kg-1 + soil considerably with regard to cultural and morphological characters. application of Trichoderma + P. fluorescens consortium enriched in Among the bioagents, Tichoderma spp. (Th-4), Pseudomonas 250 kg FYM at 35-40 DAS lowered the disease incidence of collar rot fluorescens (Pf-3) and Bacillus subtillis (Bs-1) were efficient against (3.90%), stem rot (7.33%) and dry root rot (6.74%) with better yield R. bataticola under in vitro. Evaluation of fungicides under in vitro (22.04 q ha-1).

137 Studies on stem rot of rice caused by Sclerotium oryzae (Catt) MANJUNATH V. DURAGANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURURAJ SUNKAD

A systematic investigation was carried out to investigate the status of Among contact fungicides mancozeb, among systemic fungicides stem rot disease in Upper Krishna Project and Tungabhadra Project propiconazole and thifluzamide and combi fungicide molecules areas of Karnataka, cultural and morphological variability, in vitro trifloxystrobin (25%) + tebuconazole (50%), carbendazim (12%) + evaluation of fungicides and bioagents and disease management. The mancozeb (63%), hexaconazole (5%) + captan (70%) and carboxin disease incidence was ranged from 1.08 to 45.30 per cent. Karatagi (37.5%) + thiram (37.5%) were found best for mycelial inhibition of village recorded highest disease incidence (45.30%) followed by test fungus. Trichoderma viride (Tri-26) was found more effective as Rampur village (29.83%) and least incidence in Hulligudda (1.08%). compared to other bio agents and inhibited maximum fungal growth The mean incidence of stem rot of rice was 12.19 per cent. Potato (75.59%) and least inhibition by Bacillus subtilis (28.14%). In the dextrose agar showed fast and maximum growth with more production disease management, three sprays of trifloxystrobin (25%) + of sclerotial bodies in Petri plate. Fifteen isolates exhibit variations tebuconazole (50%) and thifluzamide were highly effective for based on colony diameter (52 to 90 mm), pattern of sclerotia management of disease. Further, P. fluorescens (RP-46) followed by production, number of days taken to produce sclerotia (6 to 9 days), trifloxystrobin (25%) + tebuconazole (50%) in controlling the disease colour (light brown to dark brown), diameter (0.24 to 0.46 mm) and and recording higher grain and fodder yield. The highest benefit cost number of sclerotia per Petri plate (2432 to 7128 sclerotia bodies). ratio was recorded in these treatments.

Investigations on purple blotch of Onion caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. PADMA ANGADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. ASWATHANARAYANA

Purple blotch disease caused by the fungus Alternaria porri is a major between severity of onion purple blotch and weather parameters yield limiting factor in onion growing areas. Survey during kharif 2016, showed significant positive correlation with minimum temperature showed the highest disease severity in Garjanal village (86.40%) followed (0.630) and sunshine hours (0.649). Whereas, negative correlation co- by Umbli Rampura village (60.80%). The LCMS detection of toxin efficient was noticed with minimum temperature, rainfall, RH1, RH2 produced from Alternaria porri, indicated the presence of tentoxin. and wind speed at weeks lead period. Among the onion varieties Toxin at various concentration (50 to 2000 ppm) showed toxicity on maximum ‘r’ value and AUDPC was observed in Bellary Red and least seedlings of Arka Kalyan and Bellary Red. Toxin at 2000 ppm was in Bheema Shakti and Bheema Super. The simple auto regression concentration inhibited seed germination of 86.79 and 65.13 per cent in prediction model for purple blotch showed accuracy of 85 per cent. Bellary Red and Arka Kalyan respectively and shoot and root inhibition A. porri survived up to 10 months in soil and 9 months in blotter paper of 26.67 and 52.98 per cent in Bellary Red and 28.15 and 42.19 per cent kept in glass house, 11 months in field, 12 months in room and 13 in Arka Kalyan respectively. Foliar spray of toxin showed maximum months under refrigerated conditions. Among screened cultivars, Bheema PDI of 50.67 and 42.00 per cent in Bellary Red and Arka Kalyan Shakti and Bheema Super were found to be moderately resistant with respectively at 2000 ppm toxin concentration. Correlation analysis 18.92 per cent and 19.80 per cent disease severity respectively.

Pathogen variability and resistance against turcicum leaf blight of Maize GEETA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. S. ASWATHANARAYANA

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important coarse cereal crop of the world. Among different SAR chemicals tested, salicylic acid was effective in The crop being affected by many diseases, among those turcicum leaf inhibiting the mycelia growth. Least inhibition of mycelia growth blight (TLB) is an important disease caused by Exherohilum turcicum. was observed in potassium nitrate. Under in vivo, mannitol at Survey indicated that, the disease appeared in severe form in 10 mM was found to be effective in suppressing the pathogen with Choornoor (40.00%) of Ballari district. Least severity was noticed in good germination, shoot and root length as well as vigour index. Among Banapur (2.00%) of Ballari district. The variability studies on 32 different bioagents used, Trichoderma viride (Tri-25) was effective isolates of E. turcicum indicated that the isolates Et11, Et13 and in inhibiting the mycelia growth. Under in vivo, T. viride (Tri-25), Et23, having excellent and good mycelia growth as well as sporulation showed good germination, root and shoot length as well as vigour and these factors can consider as virulent factors of the pathogens. index by ISR. Among the biochemical substances estimated, the total Pathogen variability, CM-202 maize inbred lines showed higher mean phenols, proteins, sugars and cholorophyll contents in ISR increased lesion size of 1.31 cm2 for most of the E. turcicum isolates. Smaller from 7th day of sampling and in SAR from 24 hrs in all the treatments lesion size of 0.26 cm2 was recorded in HS-2 inbred line. Accross the except in both the lines treated with pathogen inoculation. These maize inbred lines isolates from Farathabad, produced higher mean contents were positively regulated in both the inbred lines (HS-2 and lesion size of 1.10 cm2 and small lesion size in Kushtagi (0.24 cm2). CM-202) of maize in combination.

138 Studies on biocontrol mechanism of Trichoderma species with special reference to metabolites S. AVINASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. S. AMARESH

The efficiency of Trichoderma species in disease control has been compatible with T. viride and T. hamatum, these can be considered for known for age old times but mechanisms and actual metabolites involved consortia in IDM. Out of the five insecticides tested against bioagent, was still an enigmatic aspect which needs to be experimented. Thirty carbofuran, fipronil, imidacloprid, and phorate were compatible and five isolates of Trichoderma species were screened for production of thiamethoxam was incompatible with Trichoderma spp. Among volatile compounds, two isolates viz., Tri-4 (T. viride) and Tri-12 weedicides tested, only imazethapyr supported growth of bioagent (T. hamatum) performed better under in vitro against major fungal while alachlor, metribuzin, propaquizafop, and pyrithiobac sodium pathogens viz., Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. udum, Rhizoctonia bataticola, showed inhibition. In terms of highest compatibility T. hamatum with Sclerotium rolfsii and Alternaria alternata and hence were selected for fungicides and weedicides while T. viride with insecticides proved better further studies. Extraction and characterization of secondary metabolites than the other. Different de-oiled cakes viz., cotton, groundnut, neem, from the isolate Tri-4 (T. viride) was made where the presence of pongamia and simarouba cakes were evaluated for shelf life of efficient isolates of T. viride (Tri-4) and T. hamatum (Tri-12) where CFUs antifungal metabolites viz., ferulic acid (C10H10O4), harzianic acid count was taken up to 120 days. The mean CFUs/g was recorded (C19H27NO6) and viridiofungin A (C31H46O10N) was confirmed by LCMS. In test for compatibility with seven fungicides, propiconazole, maximum in cotton cake for both T. viride (25.67 × 106) and T. hamatum tebuconazole, hexaconazole + captan and carboxin + thiram were found (23.00 × 106) which can be suggested as carrier material which supported incompatible while metalaxyl and pyraclostrobin + metiram were the growth of bioagents.

Epidemiology and host resistance for the management of Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in Mungbean MEGHASHREE METI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MALLIKARJUN KENGANAL

Mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) is an important pulse crop epidemiology studies of MYMV revealed positively significant grown in India, belongs to the family Leguminoceae. Among its correlation of whitefly with maximum temperature and negative important diseases, mungbean yellow mosaic disease caused by significance with rainfall. Sowing of mungbean on 6th of June had Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) is a major threat and limiting lowest MYMV incidence (4.85%) and highest seed yield (1220 kg ha-1). its production and productivity. The present study was conducted to Evaluation of mungbean cultivars against MYMV revealed the lowest know its spatial distribution, vector dynamics, epidemiology, host disease incidence of 6.13 per cent in IPM-2-3 with highest seed yield resistance, influence of date of sowing on virus incidence and its of 701 kg ha-1 followed by PDM-139 with 6.41 per cent of disease physical properties. A roving survey was undertaken to know the and 676.66 kg ha-1 seed yield. The highest disease incidence (12.52%) incidence of MYMV among the six districts of North Eastern was recorded in BGS-9 with seed yield of 464 kg ha-1. Screening of Karnataka. The survey revealed the highest MYMV incidence in mungbean genotypes against MYMV showed none of the entries Koppal (33.33%) district and least in Bidar (5.66%) district. highly resistant. However, entries such as Jabalpuri, TRCRM-118, Surveillance of MYMV at five locations revealed that, correlation of TMB-37(c), TRCRM-141, GM-20, 17/01, 116/01 and KMB-39 whitefly population was positive and significant with maximum showed resistance reaction. Studies on physical properties of MYMV temperature and MYMV incidence. Correlation between whitefly indicated thermal inactivation point is 500c for 10 minutes, dilution and per cent disease incidence was positive with each other. The end point is 10-4 and longevity in vitro is 1-2 days at 4 ºC.

Formulation and development of Bacillus subtilis (Cohn) as PGPR and bioagents ASHA CHIDANANDA RATHOD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. NAIK

Bacillus subtilis an endospore forming, gram positive bacteria, plays similarly surfactin 543.20 and 543.74 at retention time of 2.71 and a major role in biocontrol and PGPR activities. In the present 2.75 min respectively in C18 columns of LCMS. Among five fungicides investigation, thirty isolates of B. subtilis were evaluated for bioefficacy Carbendaizim 50 WP showed high compatibility with B. subtilis and plant growth promotion against major pathogens of tomato. (BS-16) by yielding maximum cfu/ml. It is not compatible with Among different B. subtilis isolates, BS-16 showed maximum mancozeb, thiram 75WP and avtar (zineb 68% + hexaconazole 4%) inhibition of mycelial growth of Fusarium solani (62.49%), Alternaria with 100 per cent reduction of colonies. Among five insecticides, solani (61.68%), Rhizoctonia solani (43.61%), Sclerotium rolfsii indoxacarb 14.5 SC showed high compatibility with B. subtilis (60.94%) compared to control. Among thirty isolates, 11 of them (BS-16) by registering maximum cfu/ml and was incompatible with were positive for HCN, 23 for H2S, 23 for IAA positive. 20 isolates oxydemeton methyl. All five tested herbicides were compatible with positive for siderophore production and six isolates produced high B. subtilis (BS-16) Among herbicides, glyphosate + ammonium sulphate quantity of siderophore. 16S rRNA sequence analysis confirmed that showed high compatibility with B. subtilis (BS-16) by recording maximum all the isolates belonged to B. subtilis. Isolates BS-16 and BS-30 cfu/ml. Among various carrier materials used for the formulation, the cfu showed presence of antibiotic compound iturin at the range of 1058.72 was maximum in talc powder (1.8×108 cfu/g) and was least in the case of and 1058.8 and retention time of 4.81 and 4.80 min, respectively, rice bran + husk (1.08×108 cfu/g) up to six months.

139 Studies on leaf spot of Clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] caused by Alternaria cucumerina var. cyamopsidis (Rangaswami and Rao) E. G. Simmons Md. WASEEM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. T. YENJERAPPA

Leaf spot of clusterbean caused by Alternaria cucumerina var. condition where as it survived up to 33 weeks in infected debris kept cyamopsidis, is an important disease and is a major constraint in in open pot condition. Out of thirteen cultivars tested, two cultivars clusterbean production. Survey revealed that maximum disease GAUG-13 and GG-1 were found resistant, cultivars like RGC-1017, severity was noticed in Bidar district (43.30 PDI) and leas severity Amrit-11 and PNB found to be susceptible. Among non-systemic was found in Raichur district (9.75 PDI). Pathogen bears septate fungicides tested in vitro, hundred percent inhibition of mycelial growth mycelium of 4.4-7.2 µm thickness, while conidia and conidiophores was recorded with Carbendazim (12%) + Mancozeb (63%) at measured 63.29-143.32 × 11.36-16.41 µm and 48.25-78.35 x 2.27-4.95, 0.3 per cent concentration. Among the bio-agents, Trichoderma respectively. Richard’s and Potato dextrose medium (both solid and viride was found superior over others in inhibiting the test fungi, liquid) were found to support the good mycelial growth and while Bacillus subtilis was found least effective. Among the systemic sporulation of the fungus. Among the different crops and weeds fungicides tested in vitro, Hexaconazole, Propiconazole and Tebuconazole inoculated, the pathogen A. cucumerina var. cyamopsidis successfully at 0.05 per cent concentration were found most effective in reducing the infected Radish, Brinjal and Tomato in addition to its main host growth of pathogen. Fungicides evaluated under the field conditions, clusterbean. Pathogen, A. cucumerina var. cyamopsidis survived more revealed that Hexaconazole (0.05%) was found more effective against than 39 weeks, in infected debris kept in laboratory and refrigerated the disease followed by Tebuconazole and Propiconazole.

Investigations on early blight of Tomato caused by Alternaria solani (Elis and Martin ) Jones and Grout INDUKURI SAI VAMSI KRISHNAM RAJU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. S. AMARESH

Tomato [Solanum lycopersicum Mill.] belongs to the family T. harzianum (77.53%) has shown closely followed by T. virens solanaceae is the second most important vegetable crop after potato (76.80%). Field evaluation of the fungicides and bioagents revealed and is first amongst processing crops. The production and that tricyclazole 18 per cent + mancozeb 62 per cent WP (0.2%) productivity is under constant threat of different biotic and abiotic has shown maximum disease control (72.05) over control followed stresses in which early blight of tomato caused by Alternaria solani by hexazconazole 4 per cent + zineb 68 per cent WP (0.2%) (68.08). was inevitably an issue that need to be addressed. During survey The economics of different treatment employement elucidataes Kharif 2016 the maximum disease severity (74.66 PDI) was recorded tricyclazole 18 per cent + mancozeb 62 per cent WP (0.2%), found in Kukunoor village of Yalburga and least (11.20 PDI) was noticed to give cost benefit ratio of 4.59. Among six fungicides analyzed for in Naikal village of Shahapur taluk. Maximum mean disease severity their residual behavior seven days after spray, all the fungicides (37.31), was recorded in Koppal followed by Yadgir (36.57) and except tebuconazole 25.9 per cent EC was found to dissipate under least in Raichur (35.68) districts. Among systemic and contact recommended mean residue levels ensuring environmental safety fungicides tested mancozeb 70 per cent WP and tricyclazole with their usage. However none of the fungicides except hexaconazole 18 per cent + mancozeb 62 per cent WP among combi fungicides at 5 per cent SC was proven to be safe for immediate consumption 0.2 per cent were very effective with 100 per cent inhibition. Among after harvest with high dietary exposure values cautioning more different bio agents evaluated for their antagonistic efficacy waiting period for immediate consumption.

Eco friendly management of wilt of Pomegranate caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis and Halst. through bioagents T. H. SHRUTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GURURAJ SUNKAD

Pomegranate (Punica granatatum L.) severely affected by soil borne yellowish green pigmentation and growth at 41ºC and isolates was fungal pathogen (Ceratocystis fimbriata Ellis and Halst.) causing showed negative for Gram’s reaction, spore production and growth wilt. During survey in NEK, maximum wilt disease incidence was in at 4ºC and showed positive results for biochemical tests such as Bijapur district (38.05 %) and least disease incidence in Ballari catalase test, KOH test, starch hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, district (8.18 %) during 2016. Thirty three native isolates of Ureases test, casein test and Indole test. Superior eleven fluorescent Pseudomonads and Trichoderma spp. screened against Trichoderma isolates were produced hyaline, septate mycelium with C. fimbriata for antagonistic activity. However, the per cent globose to oval conidia having light green to green color and having inhibition was higher (more than 50%) in eleven isolates. Among both lateral and terminal Chlamydospores. PFP-4, PFP-10 and PFP-11 fluorescent Pseudomonads maximum per cent inhibition was showed strong production of HCN, strong chelators of siderophore observed in PFP-11 (72.06%) followed by PFP- 4 (71.90%) and production and IAA production while, PPF-1, PFP-2, PFP-3, least inhibition of mycelium was recorded in PFP-3 (53.93%). Among PFP-8 and PFP-9 showed weak production. Among all isolates, Trichoderma spp. isolates PT-11 (93.10%) maximum per cent PT-6 showed higher mean shoot and root length (45.70 cm and inhibition followed by PT- 10 (92.03%) and least per cent inhibition 19.04 cm) followed by PFP-11(41.18 cm and 18.45 cm). Pot culture was observed in PT-8 (78.63%). Eleven efficient isolates of management of wilt, chemical fungicide Propiconazole 25 EC showed fluorescent pseudomonads were showed positive results for the very less disease incidence (12.63%), followed by PT-11(20.38%), morphological characters such as fluorescence under UV light, PFP-11(23.57%) and neem cake (31.38%).

140 Investigation on powdery mildew of Grape cuased by Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr. PAMPANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. B. PATIL

Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the major fruit crops of Karnataka. correlated two week lead time with maximum temperature (+0.055) Among the biotic stresses powdery mildew cuased Uncinula necator minimum relative humidity (+0.159) and maximum relative humidity (Schw.) Burr. is a major disease of grape. The roving survey of powdery (+0.532) , negatively correlated with rainfall (-0.031) and minimum mildew of grape was conducted during 2016-2017 in Northern temperature (-0.182). During rabi 2016-17 negatively correlated with Karnataka Revealed that, maximum severity of the powdery mildew minimum temperature (-0.176), minimum relative humidity (-0.226) was noticed in Koppal followed by Vijayapura and Bagalkot districts. and maximum relative humidity (-0.92), Positively correlated with No sexual stage (cleistothecia) of U. necator was observed. maximum temperature (+0.111). In vitro evaluation of fungicides Morphological studies of the fungus revealed that mycelium is septate, revealed that, azoxystrobin 23 per cent SC, hexaconazole 5 per cent hyaline, and conidia were Produces in besipetalus succession and SC, tebuconazole 50 per cent EC, dinocap 10 per cent EC, potassium measured 12.2 - 23 X 32.0 -39 µm. Spore germination was maximum bicarbonate 80 per cent WP, azoxystrobin 11 per cent + tebuconazole at 1.5 per cent dextrose solution (78.23%) at 24 hr after incubation. 18.3 per cent EC and trifloxystrobin 25 per cent + tebuconazole Maximum conidial germination of 79.43 per cent and 68.90 per cent 50 per cent EC were found effective in inhibition of conidial was found at 25 ºC temperature and 70 per cent relative humidity germination. In vivo evaluation of fungicides revealed that, respectively. The auto regression model for rabi 2016-17 (Yt+1= 1.310 azoxystrobin 23 per cent SC(0.5), hexaconazole 5 per cent SC (0.1)

Yt) with ‘R’ value of 0.927 is a good fit for powdery mildew prediction. and azoxystrobin 11 per cent + tebuconazole 18.3 per cent EC (0.1) During late kharif 2016 powdery mildew development was positively were found effective in management of disease.

Studies on variability and management of leaf spot of Maize caused By Curvularia lunata (Walker) Boedjn KOTRESHA GORANTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. MAHESH

The investigations on Curvularia leaf spot of maize comprised of <2.0 mean number of septa. Whereas, group 3 isolates viz., Cl-4, disease survey, cultural and morphological variability studies, in Cl-5, Cl-6, Cl-8 Cl-9, Cl-11, and Cl-12 are having brownish with vitro evaluation of fungicides and bioagents and Screening of maize medium size of conidia and 2-2.5 mean number of septa. Among genotypes. The results of the investigation are summarized different fungicides evaluated in vitro, hexaconazole 5 per cent EC, hereunder. During kharif 2016, maximum disease severity was tebuconazole 25.9 per cent EC, propiconazole 25 per cent EC, recorded in Kummur (62.65%) village of Haveri district, followed myclobuatanil 10 per cent WP, mancozeb 75 per cent WP, captan by Dharwad. Least severity was noticed in Neermanvi (9.34%) 70 per cent + hexaconazole 5 per cent WP, carboxin 37.5 per cent + village of Raichur district. Among the different media tested, potato thiram 37.5 per cent WS, zineb 68 per cent + hexaconazole dextrose agar found to be best for growth and sporulation.. The 4 per cent WP were found to be the most effective at all the variation in morphological characters of different isolates indicated concentrations. Among the bioagents evaluated in vitro, Trichoderma that, Cl-l and Cl-3 isolates showed maximum (26.90x13.32µm) and viride recorded the maximum inhibition of mycelial growth. Among minimum (17.15x8.33µm) size of conidia, respectively. Group the 17 maize hybrids screened against Curvularia leaf spot, 1 isolates viz., Cl-1 and Cl-10 produced light brownish with large 11 maize hybrids showed resistant (R) reaction with a disease rating sized conidia and >2.5 mean number of septa. Group 2 isolates viz., of 1-3. whereas six hybrids have exhibited maximum rating scale of Cl- 2, Cl-3 and Cl-7 are having grey with small sized conidia and 5 indicating moderately resistant reaction.

Investigations on leaf blight of Niger caused by Alternaria spp. SHUSHMA B. GOUDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. MALLESH

Leaf blight disease of niger caused by Alternaria spp. is one of the dry mycelial weight was recorded in A11 isolate (280.90 mg) at 25ºC important foliar disease affecting the crop to a greater extent by reducing temperature. PH 7.0 was found optimum for growth of all the isolates. the quality and quantity of oil and yield. Alternaria blight of niger is Among the isolates highest dry mycelial weight was recorded in isolate more serious disease in Ethiopia as compared to India. During survey A4 (266.50 mg). Survivability of the pathogen was found on sesame, in North Karnataka, maximum disease severity was observed in Koppal onion, tomato and sunflower crop except soybean proving wide host district (28.63%) and least severity was observed in Bidar district range. Out of 20 genotypes screened, three genotypes viz., JNS 516, (16.40%). Among the different media tested, potato dextrose agar IGPN 1204 and RCR-18 were moderately resistant. Among the systemic supported the maximum radial growth (87.00 mm) of pathogen, whereas fungicides evaluated, hexaconazole, difenconazole, tebuconazole and higher sporulation was observed in oat meal agar followed by water propiconazole showed 100 per cent inhibition and among non systemic agar and maximum dry mycelial weight was recorded in potato dextrose fungicides tested mancozeb showed maximum inhibition (92.33%). broth (688.00 mg) followed by Richard’s broth (592.66 mg), showing Among bioagents tested, Bacillus subtilis (93.33%) was found highly significant cultural variation among different media. In morphological effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of test pathogen followed by variability, maximum size of the conidia was observed in isolate A6 Trichoderma hamatum (90.79%) whereas garlic clove extract (96.29%) (57.53–74.48 µm × 22.32-36.72 µm). The temperature range of followed by neem leaf extract (83.87%) found effective among the 25-30ºC was optimum for the growth of Alternaria spp. Maximum different botanicals tested.

141 Evaluation of Tomato lines for qualitative characters K. SUNDRESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. KISAN

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) belongs to the family was obtained by using a total of 15 random decamer oligo nucleotide Solanaceae. Conservation of surviving populations and their genetic primers. Out of the total 15 random decamer oligo nucleotide primers resources needs identification of genetic diversity leading to the selection only 10 showed reproducible banding pattern and polymorphism. Total of genetically rich population for presence of rare alleles. In this study number of scorable bands amplified were 33 and 3 were genotype 40 tomato lines were evaluated for Lycopene, Ascorbic acid, Total specific bands. The 3 genotype specific bands were present in the Soluble Solids and Diversity of the collected lines. The lycopene content LINE- 89 with primer OPAC-03 and LINE-14 with primer OPAO-08, ranged from 1.936 - 4.639 (mg/100g) maximum in the LINE- 77 LINE-89 with primer OPA-02. The genetic dissimilarity estimates for (4.639 mg/100g) followed by LINE- 33 (4.01 mg/100 g) LINE - 69 40 genotypes were employed to generate dendrogram by using tree (3.10mg/100g), line-36 recorded minimum (0.89 mg/100 g). The ascorbic construction with NTYSS Software. 40 genotypes distributed in two acid content was maximum in the line-43 (44.8 mg/100g) followed by main clusters. Main cluster X divided into two sub clusters X1 sub line -58 (40.816), line-69 (37.415mg/100g), lines 52, 37, 30, 40 recorded clusters had five genotype (29,39,40,36,37) X2 sub cluster consists of minimum (20.4 mg/100g). The TSS content is maximum in the LINE- 12 genotypes (5,10,6,33,31,17,12,14,21,24,23 ). Main cluster Y has 36 (8.23%) followed by LINE - 33 (8.06%) line 64 recorded minimum two sub clusters, In Y1 sub clusters consists of ten genotypes (3.1%). It is important to evaluate tomato germplasm through molecular (3,15,9,16,13,18,19,20,28,27) and in Y2 sub Cluster consists 13 markers. RAPD pattern of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes (Lines-1,34,35,4,8,22,7,11,30,38,32,25,26).

SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Seed technological investigations in Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) genotypes VISHWARAJ BHAJANTRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. SHAKUNTHALA

Field and laboratory experiments were carried out to characterise 50 per cent flowering (51.64). The plant height, seed yield and fibre linseed fibre genotypes and to standardise sieve size for newly yield were more in JRF-4 88.75 cm, 9.02 q/ha and 11.88 q/ha, released variety NL-115 in the department of Seed Science and respectively. Variation was also observed in both chemical and bio Technology, College of Agriculture Raichur. Thirteen linseed chemical test’s. The significantly lowest electrical conductivity was genotypes viz, Jeevan, Ruchi, Pratapalsi, Parvati, Meera, Rashmi, recorded in JRF-1 (280 ì Sm-1). The highest dehydrogenase enzyme Shikha, Nagarkot, Gaurav, JRF-1, JRF-3, JRF-4 and Pcl-16-2 were activity and á-amylase activity were observed in Nagarkot characterised based on seed morphology using seed image analyser, (0.450 nm) and Ruchi (10.98 mm), respectively. The genotype plant morphology using DUS guidelines, genotypic response to Pcl-16-2 recorded good germination percentage (98.00%), with various chemicals, biochemical tests, physiological tests, fibre maximum Seedling Vigour Index (2611). 14 primers revealed a high character and molecular marker. The genotype Pratapalsi recorded DNA polymorphism among the thirteen genotypes. Primer LU-21 high seed length 7.10 mm, seed width 4.90 mm, length / width ratio showed highest (100%) polymorphism followed by primer LU-11 1.45 with 1000- seeds weight 7.95 g. The variations were observed and LU-22 (92.30%). Sieve size 1.2 mm was found to be best for in flower shape and flower colour among the linseed genotypes. No seed grading of linseed variety NL-115 for getting more seed recovery variations were observed for seed colour, petal aestivation, capsule without loss in seed quality. The genotype JRF-4 having high fibre dehiscence and plant type. The genotype Parvati took less days to yield is suitable for textile industry.

Studies on enhancing the seed quality and yield in Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum) cv. MNK-1 H. R. ENAYATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVE GOWDA

The field and laboratory experiments were carried out during rabi seed recorded significantly highest seed germination (92%), shoot season 2016-17, at Department of Seed Science and Technology and length (10.43 cm), root length (16.45 cm), seedling dry weight Seed Unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur on “Studies (615 mg), seedling vigour index (2472), field emergence (92%), on enhancing the seed quality and yield in Kabuli chickpea cv. MNK-1”. dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.82 OD value) and á-amylase Efforts were made to standardize the duration of soaking seeds in enzyme activity (30.00 mm) over control (85.00%, 8.21 cm, 13.39 cm, water, among the different hydro-priming durations (0-8 hours), the 537 mg, 1835, 81.00 %, 0.33 OD value, 20.13 mm, respectively). seeds soaked for seven hours duration recorded maximum seed Where as in the field seed priming with GA3 @ 50 ppm + seed germination (90.00%), shoot length (9.42 cm), root length (14.70 cm), treatment with (mancozeb 50% + carbendazim 25%) @ 3.5 g/kg seed seedling length (24.12 cm), seedling dry weight (525 mg), seed vigour recorded better growth and yield parameters viz., plant height (28.07, index (2170), speed of germination (19.69), dehydrogenase enzyme 48.66 and 59.42 cm) at 30, 60 DAS and at harvest, respectively. Days activity (0.633 OD value) and alpha amylase activity (32.49 mm) and to 50% flowering (44 days), pods per plant (32.47), seed yield per lowest electrical conductivity (0.730 dsm-1), as compared to other plant (19.77 g), test weight (56.91 g), seed yield per plot (2.46 kg), hydro-priming durations. Among the different treatments studied in seed yield/ha (1950 kg) and least values were recorded in seeds coated the laboratory, the seeds treated with fungicide (mancozeb 50% + with Trichoderma viride @ 15 g/kg seed (21.15, 42.06 and 51.43 cm, carbendazim 25%) @ 3.5 g/kg seed and Trichoderma viride @ 15 g/kg 47.00, 27.67, 16.10 g, 51.43 g, 2.15 kg and 1707 kg/ha, respectively)

142 Effect of seed priming on seed yield, quality and storability of Kabuli Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. MNK-1 SEEMA BEEDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANGEETA I. MACHA

The field experiment was conducted at MARS, College of 50 ppm + seed coating of Trichoderma harzianum @ 15 g per kg of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur, to know the effect of priming treatment seed recorded significantly higher germination (97.00%), root length on growth, seed yield and quality of kabuli chickpea. The experiment (16.34 cm), shoot length (9.80 cm) and seedling vigour index (2536). consists of eleven treatments and three replications with various The storage experiment was carried at Department of Seed Science chemicals, growth regulator and biological agents either alone or in and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS Raichur, to know the combination. Among the treatment, GA3 @ 50 ppm + seed coating effect of seed priming treatments on storability of kabuli chickpea. of Trichoderma harzianum @ 15 g per kg of seed recorded The experiment consists of seven treatments and four replications, significantly higher plant height at 30 DAS (17.80 cm), 60 DAS the seed treated with mancozeb 50 per cent + carbendazim (38.50 cm) and at harvest (59.60 cm) and less number of days to 25 per cent at 3 g/kg of seed recorded significantly higher germination 50 per cent flowering (66 days) and higher number of pod per plant (85.00%), shoot length (5.38 cm), root length (13.31 cm), seedling (33.00), However, seeds treated with mancozeb 50% + carbendazim dry weight (676 mg), seedling vigour index (1589), dehydrogenase 25% @ 3 g per kg of seed recorded significantly higher seed yield activity (0.838 OD value), á-Amylase activity (26.10 mm) and (1869 kg/ha), harvest index (42.12) and lowest per cent of wilt lowest electrical conductivity (0.742 dSm-1), pathogen infection incidence (1.67%) and Asochyta blight incidence (4.66%), compared (4.00%), insect infestation (14.75%) and moisture content (7.65%) to control. The resultant seeds of the seed primed with GA3 @ at the end of ninth month of storage.

Influence of gamma irradiation and seed treatment chemicals on storability of Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and Black gram (Vigna mungo L.) PRANESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. DODDAGOUDAR

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the Department of Seed fumigation along with control. Among the different treatments, Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur to study significantly higher seed germination (82.4%), seedling vigour index the influence of gamma irradiation and seed treatment chemicals on (1736), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (1.357) and lower abnormal seed longevity of bengal gram (Cicer arietinum L.) and black gram seedlings (5.3%), dead seeds (6.4%) and electrical conductivity (Vigna mungo L.). The experiment I consisted of nine treatments with (0.609 dSm-1) were recorded by fumigation with aluminium phosphide different dosage of gamma irradiation (200 to 1000 Gy) and seed @ 3 tablets per tonne seed (T7) compared to all other treatments and treatment chemicals. Among the different treatments, significantly higher control even after four times exposure. However, exposing the seeds to seed germination (85.4%), seedling vigour index (1911), dehydrogenase the gamma irradiation (T2 to T6) showed a significant reduction in seed enzyme activity (1.696) with lower abnormal seedlings (8.6%), dead germination, all vigour parameters and enzyme activities both with the seeds (7.1%) and electrical conductivity (0.565 dSm-1) were recorded increase in gamma irradiation dosage and number of exposures. On the by seed treatment with the combination of melathion and thiram each contrary the parameters such as abnormal seedlings, dead seeds and

@ 2 g/ kg of seeds (T9) compared to all other treatments and control at electrical conductivity increased. However, one time exposing the seeds the end of storage period. The experiment II consisted of six treatments to low dosage (200 Gy) of gamma irradiation had a stimulatory effect with repeated exposure to gamma irradiation at different dosage and on the seed quality parameters in both the crops.

Effect of gamma irradiation and seed treatment chemicals on seed longevity of Soybean (Glycine max) and Green gram (Vigna radiata L.) PREM KUMAR HUGAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. R. DODDAGOUDAR

A laboratory experiment was conducted in the Department of Seed exposure to gamma irradiation at different dosage and fumigation Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur to along with control. Among the different treatments, significantly higher study the effect of gamma irradiation and seed treatment chemicals seed germination (71.4%), seedling vigour index (2051), dehydrogenase on seed longevity of soybean (Glycine max.) and green gram (Vigna enzyme activity (0.319 OD value) and lower abnormal seedlings radiata L.). The experiment-I consisted of nine treatments with (11.4%), dead seeds (11.9%) and electrical conductivity (0.678 dSm-1) different dosage of gamma irradiation (T2-200 to T6-1000 Gy) and were recorded by fumigation with aluminium phosphide @ 3 tablets seed treatment chemicals (thiram, malathion and combination of thiram per ton of seed (T7) compared to all other treatments and control and malathion @ 2g/ kg of seed). Among the different treatments, even after four times of exposure. However, exposing the seeds to significantly higher seed germination (73.8%), seedling vigour index gamma irradiation (T2 to T6) showed a significant reduction in seed (2222), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.252 OD value) with lower germination, all vigour parameters and enzyme activities both with abnormal seedlings (11.1%), dead seeds (11.5%) and electrical the increase in gamma irradiation dosage and number of exposures due conductivity (0.655 dSm-1) were recorded by seed treatment with the to increase in abnormal seedlings, dead seeds and seed leachates. combination of malathion and thiram each @ 2 g/ kg of seed (T9) However, one time exposing the seeds to low dosage (200 Gy) of compared to all other treatments and control even at the end of storage gamma irradiation had a stimulatory effect on the seed quality period. The experiment II consisted of seven treatments with repeated parameters in green gram while, inhibitory effect in soybean.

143 Effect of elevated carbon dioxide and temperature on growth, seed yield and quality in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) S. MANJUNATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. M. SHAKUNTALA

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of elevated levels attributes due to elevated temperature (ambient CO2 with elevated 0 of CO2 and temperature on growth of groundnut under Open Top temperature of 2 C) like number of pods per plant (18), seed yield Chamber (OTC’s) at Main Agricultural Research Station (MARS), per plant (11.04) and test weight (31.33g). TMV-2 genotype showed University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka. The five little higher leaf area index (2.95), canopy temperature (38.40), treatments were Control condition, Reference chamber (390 ± 25 recorded higher number of pods per plant (23g) test weight (31.25) 0 ppm CO2), 550 ± 25 ppm CO2, 550 ± 25 ppm CO2 + 2 C rise in and seed yield per plant (11g). Highest germination (92.75%) was 0 temperature and 2 C rise in temperature + (390 ± 25 ppm CO2) with recorded from the resultant seeds of control treatment. Speed of four genotypes K-9, TMV-2, GPBD-5 and R2001-2 laid out in two germination, shoot length (39.15 cm), root length (10.07 cm) and factorial completely randomized design were evaluated during rabi seedling vigour index (2183.89) recorded significantly highest from

2016. Plants grown under elevated CO2 at 550 ppm with elevated the resultant seeds under treatment elevated CO2 at 550 ppm with temperature (2 0C rise) recorded highest plant height (36.19 cm), ambient temperature. K-9 recorded significantly highest germination number of nodules per plant (24.12) and leaf area index (95.83) when (91.40%) and speed of germination (39.78). Plants grown under 0 compared with ambient (CO2 with ambient temperature) over control ambient CO2 and elevated temperature (2 C rise) recorded significantly OTC. And lowest plant height (10.86 cm), number of nodules per higher MDA, SOD and POD content of (23.6, 70.3 and 79.7%, plant (11.53) and leaf area index (36.96) were noticed under treatment respectively). Plants grown under control plot ambient CO2 with 0 ambient CO2 with elevated temperature (2 C rise). under elevated ambient temperature recorded significantly lower MDA, SOD and

CO2 at 550 ppm with ambient temperature recorded higher number POD content of (28.3, 57.48 and 62.85 %, respectively). K-9 recorded pods per plant (28.92), seed yield per plant (19.93 g), test weight significantly higher MDA and POD content of 23.3 and 25 per cent (34.55g) and seed yield per ha (6.64 q/ha), there was decrease in yield as compared to R2001-2 genotype 19.06 and 20 per cent.

Influence of priming on seed quality and storability in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) T. V. SOWMEYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SANGEETA I. MACHA

The laboratory experiments were carried at Department of Seed and shoot length (8.72 and 8.12 cm) as compared to control. However, Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, UAS, Raichur, to there was no germination in cinnamon (10 and 15%) primed seeds in study the influence of priming on seed quality and storability of both the lots and they had less enzymatic activity. Another experiment carrot. The first experiment consisted of 14 priming treatments and was conducted to study the influence of priming on seed longevity of two seed lots. Fresh seed lot primed for 24 hours recorded carrot seeds. This experiment consisted of eight treatments and primed significantly higher germination (77.00%), SVI (1257), dehydrogenase seeds were stored for nine months. During the initial month of storage, enzyme activity (0.555 OD value) and alpha amylase activity seeds primed with panchagavya (5%) recorded significantly highest (23.23 mm) as compared to old seed lot (70.66%, 1089, 0.337 OD seed germination (93.25%), SVI (1585), dehydrogenase enzyme value and 19.50 mm). However, effects of seed priming were more activity (0.624 OD value), alpha amylase activity (28.35 mm) while pronounced in old seed lot (15.3%). Carrot seeds in both fresh and seeds primed with GA3 (100 ppm) recorded highest root length old lots primed with panchagavya (5%) showed significantly highest (8.34 cm), shoot length (8.70 cm) as compared to control. At the end germination (93.00% and 87.75%), SVI (1584 and 1422), of storage period, highest germination (80.50%), SVI (1082), dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.617 OD value and 0.512 OD value) dehydrogenase enzyme activity (0.410 OD value), alpha amylase and alpha amylase activity (29.05 mm and 25.08 mm) whereas, seeds activity (20.85 mm) and lowest pathogen infection (10.00%) were primed with GA3 (100 ppm) showed highest root (8.33 and 8.12 cm) recorded by seeds primed with panchagavya (5%). AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS Growth, instability and supply response of major pulses in Karnataka B. MOHAN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. REDDY

Pulses are the basic ingredient in the diets of a majority of the Indian as a whole, wherein change in mean yield was the main source of population. The growth rate in area, production and productivity of increased pulses production. Correspondingly, the changes in area selected pulse crops were computed for a period of 41 years from 1975 variance and yield variance have contributed to the total variability of to 2016 for the study area. The growth in production of total pulses pulses production in respective locations indicating complementary increased significantly over the study period (1975-76 to 2015-16) in nature in growth and variability in pulses production. The area under Bidar, Gulbarga, NEK region, Karnataka and national level except Raichur commercial crops increased significantly in all the selected districts and Ballari districts, wherein negative growth in production was noticed except Kalaburagi where in it has been decreased from 20.85 per cent in in redgram, greengram and blackgram. The district-wise growth of 2005-06 to 13.75 per cent during 2015-16. 8 out of 18 variables, selected selected pulses revealed that area and production registered high growth for the study area under crop, use of improved variety, fertilizers, in all the selected districts except Raichur in redgram and Ballari in seeds, incidence of pest and disease, market price, bullock labour and greengram and blackgram crops. Among the pulses, bengalgram registered rainfall during flowering and pod formation were influenced on pulse higher growth in production in north eastern Karnataka as well as production. The long run supply response indicated positive elasticity Karnataka as a whole. Increase in pulses production at all the selected in lagged price and yield. While rainfall and price of competitive crop locations was mainly due to increase in mean area except in the country influenced positively on redgram, bengalgram and blackgram.

144 Comparative economic analysis of rural and periurban dairy farming in Kalaburagi district of Karnataka VINAYAK PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. REDDY

Livestock sector is an important sub-sector of agriculture and forms farms. The per day net returns realized was 28.84 and 5.36 in periurban major source of livelihood for rural poor. The present study was and rural dairy farms respectively. However, returns realized per conducted in Kalaburagi district of Karnataka during 2016-17. The rupee of expenditure was 1.05 and 1.16 in rural and periurban dairy study used the primary data obtained through a survey of 60 dairy farms respectively. The mean technical efficiency of rural (0.82) dairy farmers and 30 market intermediaries. The findings of the study farms was low compared to periurban (0.95) dairy farms. The ratios revealed that majority of rural and periurban dairy farmers were of MVP to MFC were greater than one for dry fodder, human labour between age group of 30-50 years. The overall gross maintenance and veterinary medicines and less than one for green fodder, cost per milch local cow was low in rural (` 72.67/day) dairy farms concentrates, grazing land and watering in rural dairy farms. Majority compared to periurban (` 87.80/day) dairy farms. However, gross of rural and periurban farmers sold milk through unorganized sector return was higher in periurban (` 88.14/day) dairy compared to rural (70%) and only 30 per cent of farmers have disposed their milk (` 68.39/day) dairy farms. Similar trend was observed for crossbred through organized sector. Milk vendor was dominant marketing cow and buffaloes in both rural and periurban dairy farms. The per intermediary in both rural and periurban dairy farms. Producer’s share day maintenance cost per SAU in rural and periurban area was in consumer rupee was high in periurban (76.55%) compared to rural ` 91.29 and ` 150.64, respectively. The gross return was higher in (70.70%) dairy farms. Thus, periurban dairy farming was profitable periurban (` 179.48) dairy farms compared to rural (` 96.65) dairy compared to rural dairy farming.

Climate smart agriculture in NEK region - An economic analysis B. G. NAGALINGA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. HIREMATH

Climate change alters agricultural production and food systems and of the farmers perceived that climate had changed over the years and it thus there is need for an approach to transform agricultural systems to had negative impact on crop yield and farmers income. To tackle the support global food security and poverty reduction. Climate Smart adverse effect of climate change, farmers adopted different CSA practices Agriculture (CSA) is an approach that helps to guide actions needed to based on their farming experience, contact with extension personnel transform and reorient agricultural systems to effectively support and need. CSA adopted farmers reaped higher yield and more benefits development and ensure food security in a changing climate. This study than non-adopters in all the crops selected in study area. CSA practices was conducted in NEK region of Karnataka state and focused on variation adopted by farmers are farm pond, plastic mulching, vermicompost in climate change, perception of farmers about climate change, various application, agroforestry, calcium chloride seed priming technique, ridge CSA management practices adopted by farmers to combat climate change and furrow method, compartment bunding and trash mulching. The and impact of CSA on farmers livelihood and income. The study found farm pond was the major CSA practice which has helped to increase the that there was variation in amount of rainfall received over the years in net returns by 50 per cent on an average in different crops and plastic the districts of NEK region and in the past thirty years, the region mulching upto 49 per cent in watermelon. CSA helped the farmers to received rainfall lower than the normal rainfall in most of the years. build resilience and adapt to climate change, along with reducing Temperature had shown increasing trend in the recent years. Majority greenhouse gas emissions wherever possible.

Contract farming of dry chilli in north Karnataka - An economic analysis G. N. JAYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. HIREMATH

Nearly 70 per cent of the India’s poor live in rural areas and about 80 contract farming but growing dry chilli were also selected. Thus, the per cent of the holdings are small and marginal. In this endeavor, contract total sample size constructed for the study was 120 respondents. farming is emerging as an alternative institutional arrangement that Primary data were obtained from the pre-tested schedule through provide both forward and backward linkages. In this regard the present personal interview. The total cost of cultivation of chilli (104910.02 `/ha) study is an attempt to assess the economics of contract farming of dry was found to be less in contract farming when compared to non-contract chilli in North Karnataka. India is the leading producer and consumer of farming (113354.73 `/ha). The share of total variable cost was more Chilli. Karnataka is the second largest producer of Chilli in India next than 80 per cent in both type of farming. There was a difference in yield only to Andhra Pradesh. Multistage sampling method was adopted for between contract (30.65 q/ha) and non-contract farming (27.21 q/ha). the selection of sample farmers. At the first stage, based on the The net returns earned by the farmers under contract farming was concentration of area under dry chilli Ballary district was choosen. In ` 124965.00 /ha which was more than that of farmers under non- the second stage, a cluster of villages participating in contract farming contract farming (` 85278.27 /ha). Hence, returns per rupee spent was was chosen in consultation with contracting firm. Finally, based on the higher in contract farming (2.19) when compared to non-contract farming farmers details maintained by the firm, 60 contract farmers were selected. (1.75). In addition contract farming derived other benefits like saving in An equal number of sample farmers who were not participating in marketing cost and more over assured price.

145 Supply chain management of Fig in Northern Karnataka LOKAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. G. SATIHAL

Horticulture sector is an important sub-sector of agriculture and acre, of which, ` 55,607.30 (44.98%) was variable cost and contributes about 30 per cent to the agriculture GDP. Fig cultivation ` 68,019.40 (55.02%) were fixed cost. Further, the investment made is emerging as one of the important components of the horticulture in fig orchards were found to be economically viable with Benefit in Northern Karnataka. The present study was conducted to cost ratio (BCR) greater than unity (3.01), net present value (NPV) understand the supply chain management of fig in Ballari and was positive (` 749986.40) and Internal rate of return (IIR) was Kalaburagi districts of Karnataka during 2016-17. The primary data higher than prevailing rate of interest (48.00%). The payback period obtained from 60 fig cultivators and 30 market intermediaries and was also desirable considering the total economic life of fig orchard secondary data from various websites. The techniques like compound (3.44 years). Three major supply chains were noticed in sale of fig growth rate analysis, tabular analysis, financial feasibility viz., Chain-I Producer à Retail vendors à Consumer, Chain-II measurements i.e., NPV, IRR, BC ratio and PBP were used to analyze Producer à Village trader à Retailer à Consumer and Chain-III the data. The results revealed that, there was a positive growth rate Producer à Commission agent cum Wholesaler à Retailer à in area (2.01%) in Ballari district and negative growth (-11.30%) in Consumer. The total marketing cost incurred in chain-I, chain-II and Kalaburagi district. On the contrary the production (-2.28 and - chain-III were ` 535.58, ` 1188.17 and ` 1083.43, respectively. 11.53%) and productivity (-1.86 and -0.35%) was negative in both The producer share in consumer rupee in chain-I, chain-II and chain- the district. The total establishment cost was ` 1,23,626.73 per III were 65.11, 38.88 and 41.81 per cent, respectively.

Economic analysis of consumption of high value agriculture commodities in North Eastern Karnataka H. S. PRAVEEN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRABHULING TEVARI

The present study is to analyse the relationship between the arrivals, like pre, post and peak harvest periods. Results showed that the prevailing price, future price and forecasted price chilli markets in correlation between them is found to be highest in post harvest period Karnataka. The study is based on primary and secondary data from and followed by peak harvest and low in pre harvest period. Co- the selected four markets which are selected based on the highest integration model in employed between the NCDEX future price and arrivals registered. In order to forecast the price ARIMA model is prevailing price but the results were not satisfactory. The influence used to forecasted the price of selected markets. The correlation of future prices on selected chili markets is poor. But Co-integration between the arrivals and price ranges was medium. Even same results between selected chilli markets in Karnataka was positive. Influence are found in between the Prevailing price and forecasted price, of price of one market on the other markets were positive and lagged prevailing price and future prices. Multiple regression analysis was price of markets influence on one other. From the study we can fitted to known the factor which are responsible for variation in conclude that selected markets are integrated hence the price of chilli arrivals in selected markets. Four predictors were used namely price, is more or less same in all the market except external charges. The lagged price for one, two and three were taken which contribute upto price of chilli is highly correlated in post harvest period so farmers 19% of the variation in arrivals. Even correlation analysis is employed were suggest to sell their product during the post harvest period to in between the arrivals and prevailing market price at different periods fetch high price.

Performance of farmer producer organizations in North Karnataka - An economic analysis SOURABH JEWARGIKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. HIREMATH

Farmers Producer Organizations (FPO) are a legal form of the the study have procured various crops grown by the members in the company and according to 2002 Act passed in parliament, only farmer last four years. FPOs in Kalaburagi district have procured 19,700 – producers can become members of FPOs. In Karnataka, FPOs were quintals worth of ` 859.25 lakhs which is highest as compared to started functioning since 2012-13. Accordingly, the present study other FPOs in the study area. The revenue earned by FPOs in the last was conducted to understand the performance of FPOs in Bidar, four years was found to be highest (` 13.37 lakhs) in Kalaburagi Kalaburagi and Vijayapura districts of North Karnataka during 2016-17. district. FPOs have provided various input, financial, output and The primary data were obtained from 90 members of FPOs and extension services. Majority (90-93%) of shareholders have availed 90 non members and also secondary data were obtained from the input (90%) and output services (93.33%). The extent of extension selected FPOs. The techniques used in the study for analysis were services availed was 38.88 per cent and least was with respect to Garrett ranking, tabular analysis, averages and percentages. The results financial services (3.33%). In procurement/purchase of inputs, revealed that in the last four years, the selected FPOs in Bidar district members of FPOs saved their cost in purchasing seeds of few crops, supplied 114 quintals of seeds worth of ` 14.39 lakhs. FPOs of fertilizers and PPC than non members. Price realized from the sale of Kalaburagi district supplied 1500.75 quintals of fertilizers worth of output was found to be higher for members of FPOs than non ` 18.15 lakhs and PPC 327.5 litres worth of ` 11.08 lakhs which was members. Nearly 80 per cent of members derived more benefits from higher as compared to other selected FPOs. The selected FPOs for the sale of produce to the FPOs.

146 Economic analysis of groundwater irrigation in Kalaburagi district MALASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. B. LOKESH

Water is a basic input in agriculture and it plays an important role in contribution to irrigation growth in India. Among all irrigation sources, increasing the productivity of crops. Groundwater is fresh water tube well accounted for the highest proportion 37 per cent of the net located underground, in pore spaces of soil and mainly in the space irrigated area followed by canals 35 per cent, dug wells 12 per cent between rocks. Nowadays frequent failure of monsoon and the and tanks accounted for only 4 per cent of net irrigated area. depletion of water table resulted in increasing the scarcity of the Subsequently, irrigated area under tube well has increased at the rate water. Thus, productivity of water is gaining importance. It is estimated of 7.97 per cent during 1960 to 2014. The amortized cost per well that about 69 per cent of worldwide water use is solely for irrigation. was more in sprinkler irrigation (` 24,140) and lowest in conventional Out of which, about 30 per cent of water withdrawn for irrigation is irrigation method (` 16,151). The net return per acre inch of unsustainable. Therefore, groundwater irrigation has become the most groundwater was highest in conventional irrigated redgram (Kharif) crucial and fast growing segment in irrigation sector. The present (` 1,038.53) followed by conventional irrigated hybrid sorghum study was conducted in Kalaburagi district of Karnataka state during (` 1,010). The major constraints in use of groundwater for irrigation 2016-2017. The tube well irrigation technology has made a huge were water quality problem were reported by sample respondents.

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION EDUCATION

A study on vegetable production under protected cultivation in Kolar district of Karnataka N. HARISHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. TULSIRAM

Vegetable cultivation is an awesome business in India, but under open and cleaned vegetables and nearly cent (98.75%) per cent of the field conditions by following traditional cultivation practices it is respondents had favourable perception towards benefit from the difficult to manage various abiotic and biotic stresses. To address subsidy schemes. With respect to cost and returns of both the crops, these challenges Protected cultivation technology i.e., which have caspiscum (BCR=1.69:1) has high economically viable than tamoto been globally accepted for achieving sustainability in horticulture. On (BCR=1.48:1) under shadenet. In case of major constraints and these basis the study was undertaken with caspiscum and tamoto suggested as highlighted by the respondents are scarcity of water crops under shadenet during the year 2016-17 in the Kolar district resources (100%), high initial investment (97.50%), non availability and constitute a sample size of 80. The study found that, majority of of labour (96.25%) and suggested to provide irrigation facilities and the farmers showing positive perception towards vegetable production subsidy percentage should be increase. It is concluded that, protected under protected cultivation in terms of overcome adverse climate cultivation is one of the strategy for sustainable development of small condition (90.00%), protected cultivation yields exportable quality and marginal farmers in Karnataka.

An epidemiological study of under five children malnutrition among rural families in Raichur district of Karnataka R. SNEHA BHAJANTRI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. K. KAMMAR

Adequate nutrition is a key factor to live an active and healthy life. It children. The mothers of respective children were the respondents. is essential for human development. Malnutrition is a condition that Multiple correlation was carried out to know the association between results from imperfect or faulty nutrition. It tends to affect under nutrition and other independent variables. The results of the predominantly all sections of our society. In rural families, reasons study revealed that many of the socio-economic factors such as low for malnutrition are myriad. Malnutrition among under-five children income level (r=-0.427**), low education of respondents (r=-0.172*), is a major public health problem. This affects the child at the most in case of health profile of respondents age at marriage (r= -0.347**), crucial period of development, which can lead to permanent consanguineous marriage (r= -0.193**) and other hygienic factors were impairment in later life. The present study mainly concentrated on negatively and significantly associated with the malnutrition problem the prevalence of malnutrition in the Raichur district of Karnataka in the study area along with low knowledge of mothers about and causes leading to malnutrition in the study area, dietary pattern nutritional programmes and lack of diversity in their food habits. of population, knowledge of mothers regarding nutritional programmes Therefore, it is inferred that malnutrition is one of the menace which and educational efforts made by the extension functionaries in hinders the overall growth and development of children and it must mitigating malnutrition. The research study was conducted during be curbed by creating an awareness programmes among rural women 2016-17. Totally 180 children were selected based on Gomez folk by the involving of Government agencies, NGOs and encouraging classification such as normal, moderate and severely malnourished people’s participation.

147 Farm and non-farm based livelihood activities of rural women in Raichur district of Karnataka BHARATI NARAYAN HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. GOUDAPPA

Agriculture and allied activities support livelihoods of nearly 58 had Dept. of Women and child development as a source of technical per cent of India’s rural population. Rural men and women, backstopping in case of income generating activities (IGAs). With especially in poor households engage in diverse and multiple respect to cost and returns, non-farm based enterprise dairy had activities to improve their livelihoods by maximizing income highest BC ratio i.e. 5.57. Majority of the farm and non-farm based generating activities. The present study was conducted during livelihood respondents expressed that to become economically 2016-17 to identify livelihood activities practiced by the rural women, independent and inevitability to work as the motivational factor. technical backstopping for their livelihood, motivation factors and with respect to constraints nearly half (46.67%) of the farm based constraints in their livelihood in Raichur District by involving 120 livelihood respondents faced middlemen’s higher intervention and rural women respondents. The study found that, majority of the organise capacity building programmes at village in frequent intervals rural women were engaged in dairy followed by goat/sheep rearing ranked as first suggestion by the farm based livelihood respondents and poultry in case of both farm and non-farm based livelihood. and Veterinary services ranked as first suggestion. It could be Nearly one third (30.00%) of the farm based livelihood respondents concluded that, majority of the rural women have engaged in allied had consulted agriculture dept (KSDA) as a source of technical activities as their livelihood and non- farm based livelihood has backstopping. Majority of the farm and non-farm based respondents shown better compare to farm based livelihood.

A study on climate smart soil moisture conservation techniques in Northern dry zone of Karnataka N. SUNIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. MARADDI

Climate change affects crop production and hinders agricultural growth level. Based on the overall result obtained for trend analysis of annual in the world. It affects rainfall. It calls for collective action. To achieve rainfall (mm) of Koppal district, cubic model (0.506) is fitting best food security and agricultural development goals, adaptation to climate for this data set. With regard to knowledge, 53.33 per cent of the change and lower emission intensities per output will be necessary. respondents belonged to medium knowledge about climate smart soil Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) encourages agricultural development moisture conservation techniques. It was revealed that, 46.67 per cent through approaches that improve food security with low emissions of the respondents belonged to low adoption category about climate and increase producer incomes. Adoption of CSA practices by farmers smart soil moisture conservation techniques. It was revealed that has been low globally despite its benefits. The present study was 100.00 per cent of the respondents expressed benefits by adopting conducted during 2016-17 in the Yelburga taluka of Koppal district of sand mulching like reduces soil and water erosion followed by increases Karnataka by involving 120 respondents. The results of the study moisture conservation. It is concluded that, climate smart soil moisture revealed that nearly half 46.67 per cent of the respondents belonged conservation techniques are the best strategy for sustainable to the old age group. Only 10.83 per cent were educated up to degree development of agriculture in northern dry zone of Karnataka.

Technological gap of Ginger cultivation in Bidar district of Karnataka AVINASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. B. GOUDAPPA

Ginger is one of the earliest known oriental spices and is being used for the study. The findings revealed that over half (53.33%) of cultivated in India both as a fresh vegetable and as a dried spice the ginger growers were found in high level of technological gap since time immemorial. It is used in different forms such as raw followed by medium (27.50%) and low (19.17%). Among the various ginger, dry ginger, ginger powder, sliced ginger, ginger oil, ginger recommended technologies, cent per cent of the ginger growers were oleoresin, ginger candy, ginger flakes etc. It has usage in foods, not adopted the recommended cultivation practices viz., preparation beverages, preservatives, medicines and perfumery industries. The of size of the bed, mulching 40-90 days after planting, use of study was undertaken during the year 2016-17 in the selected two recommended varieties like Rio de jenerio, and in post harvest taluks of Bidar district of North Eastern Karnataka. Based on activities like dry ginger preparation. Further, lack of technical maximum area under ginger cultivation, 12 villages were selected knowhow, non availability of good quality of rhizomes, sub-standard from Bidar and Humanabad taluk. From each village 10 farmers and costly chemical fertilizers and pesticides, lack of purchasing were selected by random sampling procedure to constitute a sample power etc were expressed as reasons for technological gap in adoption size of 120 for the study. The ex-post-facto research design was of ginger cultivation practices.

148 B. HORTICULTURE

Studies on nutrient management in high density planting of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda MUSHTAQ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. R. KURUBAR

Field investigation was carried out at Main Agricultural Research 120 and 180 days after pruning. Higher fruits/plant (190.4), average Station, University of Agriculture Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India fruit weight (158.73 g), fruit diameter (6.66 cm), fruit length (7.44 cm), during 2016-17 to study the effect of nutrient management in high fruit yield per plant (44.61 kg) and fruit yield per hectare (48.58 t) density planting on growth, yield and yield components, quality, was recorded by application of NPK @ 235: 118: 120 g per plant as post-harvest parameters and economics of Guava (cv.Allahabad per the RDF for HDP along with 25 kg FYM. Application of Safeda).Treatments consists of application of fertilizers for normal 50 per cent RDF for HDP along with foliar application of urea @ planting compared with 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers 1 per cent at 2, 3 and 4 months after pruning and 25 kg FYM was also (RDF), 75 per cent and 50 per cent of high density planting (HDP) found effective. It also recorded significantly higher total soluble solids along with 25 kg FYM, organic manure alone and foliar application of (11.70 0Brix), TSS/Acid ratio (52.61), reducing sugar (4.55%), non urea @ 1 per cent at 2, 3 and 4 months after pruning. Results indicated reducing sugar (4.70%), total sugar (9.25%), lowest titrable acidity that application of NPK @ 235: 118: 120 g per plant as per the RDF (0.23%), firmness (61.16 N), Skin puncture strength (10.0 N), shelf for HDP along with 25 kg FYM has resulted in maximum plant height, life (6.43 days), lower PLW (14.98%) and overall acceptability of the plant spread, length of new shoots, girth of new shoot, number of fruit. Results concluded that application of NPK @ 235:118: 120 g productive shoots per plant, canopy volume, leaf area index, light per plant and 25 kg FYM would be required to achieve higher interception %, SPAD meter readings and chlorophyll content at 60, productivity of Guava under high density planting.

Genetic variability studies in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) UMESH CHIMMALAGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PATIL

The field experiment was conducted in the Horticulture new orchard of and lowest for days to 50 per cent flowering. Among the various Main Agricultural Research Station, Raichur, Krarnataka, India, during characters studied, high heritability coupled with high GAM was noticed the year 2016-17. The present investigation was under taken to study for fruit length, leaf area and average fruit weight. Fruit yield per plant the Genetic variability in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.). Sixteen had positive and highly significant association with number of leaves genotypes of brinjal were evaluated in Randomized Complete Block per plant, number of branches per plant, average fruit weight and leaf Design with two replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant area at both phenotypic and genotypic level. Path coefficient analysis difference among the genotypes for all characters. Among sixteen revealed that number of fruits per plant, number of leaves per plant, genotypes R-2581 recorded significantly higher fruit yield per hectare fruit girth, average fruit weight, leaf area, fruit length and days to and minimum fruit yield per hectare was observed in Swarn Mani. 50 per cent flowering exerted maximum direct effect on fruit yield per Genetic variability studies revealed high GCV and PCV for fruit length plant at both phenotypic and genotypic level.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on yield and quality of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cv. salem U. B. ANURADHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHEKHARAGOUDA PATIL

Field experiment entitled “Effect of integrated nutrient management on resulted in higher rhizome yield (43.94 t ha-1). It was revealed that yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cv. Salem” was higher fresh rhizome yield was the result of significantly higher number conducted to know the effect of organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen of mother rhizomes, primary rhizomes, secondary rhizomes and their at varied concentrations (50% RDN and 75% RDN) on the growth and significantly higher weight also. Similarly same treatment T7 expressed rhizome yield of turmeric cv. Salem. The experiment was planed with best in dry recovery (23.16%) and also turmeric powder yield eight treatment combinations replicated thrice and allotted in randomized (3.68 t ha-1). However, application of RDN through inorganic sources complete block design. The experiment was laid out at Main Agriculture (T1) as per the RDF resulted in lower fresh rhizome yield coupled with Research Station, College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural low vigoured plant growth and lower yield parameters. The highest

Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India, during 2016-17. The significant curcumin content (2129.32ppm) was noticed in the treatment T1 where differences were observed among the various treatments. as moderate curcumin content (1858.16ppm) was observed in the

Supplementation of 50 per cent of RDN through inorganic sources treatment T7. Oleoresin content was found to be higher (12.80%) in T4 remaining 50 per cent of RDN through organic sources as pongamia (75% RDN through inorganic and 25% of RDN through organic sources as pongamia cake) where as lowest in T (8.90%). cake (T7) resulted in significantly vigorous growth of the plants which 1

149 Genetic variability studies in china Aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees] NAIKWAD DHARMENDRA

The present experiment entitled “Genetic variability studies in China number of flowers plant-1 was recorded in Poornima, var. Arka Aadya aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees]” twelve different varieties viz., was noticed minimum days taken to 50 per cent flowering and it was par Kamini, Shashank, Poornima, Arka Aadya, Arka Archana, Phule Ganesh with var. Poornima, maximum duration of flowering was recorded in white, Phule Ganesh Pink, Phule Ganesh Purple, Phule Ganesh Violet, Kamini and it is on par with var. PG White, maximum flower diameter Mudigere Local, Namdhari Pink and Namdhari White for their growth, and test weight were recorded in var. PG White. Maximum flower yield flower yield and quality was carried out in Randomized Block Design in plant-1, plot-1 and hectare-1 was found in var. PG White. Shelf life for the Experimental block of Department of Horticulture, College of maximum days and minimum PLW was noticed in var. Phule Ganesh Agriculture, UAS, Raichur during the year of 2016-17 to select suitable White. With respect to genetic parameters test weight had high PCV, varieties for commercial cultivation and the data collected from this GCV, heritability and GAM where in improvement in these characters experiment was further utilized for the genetic analysis viz., heritability, which can be brought through simple selection programme. In correlation PCV, GCV, correlation studies. Among the vegetative characters, var. PG studies, number of leaves showed significant positive correlation with Violet was recorded maximum plant height, plant spread, number of yield both at phenotypic and genotypic level. In Path coefficient analysis, leaves plant-1, number of branches plant-1, leaf area, LAI and plant dry test weight directly influenced the flower yield as first ranking components. matter at different stages of crop growth. Significant variation was Further, among all the genotypes studied PG White, PG Pink and PG observed for flower characters among different genotypes. Early flower Violet were found to be promising regarding growth and yield characters bud initiation, minimum number of days to flowering and maximum and the same may be recommended for commercial cultivation.

Standardization of fertigation schedule and foliar spray on Water melon (Citrullus lanatus. L) VINOD SANKARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. PATIL

An experiment was conducted at Horticulture garden, MARS, UAS, results indicated the necessity for higher level of RDF through drip Raichur during the year 2014-15, to study the standardization of irrigation (125% RDF) with foliar spray of panchgavya @ 4 per cent fertigation schedule and foliar spray on water melon (Citrullus enhance yield and yield attributes. Application of 125 per cent lanatus. L). The growth parameters like vine length, number of RDF through fertigation along with foliar spray of panchagvya branches, node number of first female flower, leaf area and days for recorded significantly maximum TSS (13.39%), total seed count first female flower increased significantly with increase in fertilizer (145.57) and application of 100 per cent RDF through drip fertigation dose from 75 per cent RDF to 125 per cent RDF through fertigation. along with foliar spray 4 per cent panchagvya recorded maximum The results indicated the necessity for higher level of RDF through pulp to rind ratio (9.53). Among all treatment combination of drip irrigation (125 % RDF) with foliar spray of panchgavya @ fertigation along with foliar spray, the treatment F3S5 (100% RDF 4 per cent to enhance growth factor. Yield attributes like average through fertigation + 4% panchagavya spray) shows maximum (4.10) fruit weight, yield per plant and yield per plot were found high in BC ratio and minimum (3.42) with the treatment F1S1 (surface fertigation compared to T1 (100% RDF+surface irrigation). The irrigation with 100 per cent RDF).

C. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING FARM MACHINERY AND POWER ENGINEERING

Development and evaluation of bullock cart mounted electricity generation unit for lighting of lamps H. S. LATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.V. PRAKASH

Draught animals are the major source of motive power for Indian as first schedule, 1 ½ h (w) + ½ h (r) +1½ h (w) + ½ h (r) + 1½ h farmers and used for farming works. The one way of utilizing bullock (w) as second schedule and 2 h (w) + ½ h (r) + 2 h (w) as third power could be for electricity generation to meet out the demand of schedule) of bullocks. The experimental results revealed that the the house hold purpose in villages. However, the bullock carts used bullock cart mounted electricity generation unit worked satisfactorily for transport purpose on road conditions are well adopted, the at payload of one quintal and second work rest schedule with fatigue accidents may occur during night times as there is no lighting of score of 14. The minimum draft and power requirement of 294 N lamps in the bullock cart. The development of bullock cart mounted and 0.217 kW were observed in one quintal payload. The maximum electricity generation unit for lighting of lamps was carried out at electric current of 1.52 A, voltage of 12.50 V, specific gravity 1.21 CAE, Raichur during the year 2016-17. The experimental trials were and lowest fatigue score of 14 were observed in one quintal payload conducted for performance evaluation of electricity generation unit at second work rest schedule. Small battery of 60 Ah 12 V can be by considering four payload (one quintal, two quintal, three quintal successfully charged through the electricity generation unit which and four quintal) on bullock cart and three work-rest schedule took 4 hours 30 minutes of charging time in the second work-rest ((1 h (w) + ½ h (r) + 1 h (w) + ½ h (r) +1 h (w)+ ½ h (r) + 1 h (w) schedule.

150 Development and evaluation of inter-row planter SHRINATH P. ABHYANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANANTACHAR

Planter is considered as one of important requirement for maintaining variation. The optimum forward speed, number of cells on seed plate the optimum plant population to obtain higher yield. Intercropping is and hopper level was found to be 0.42 m s-1, 8 and 3/4th, respectively. the most important system aiming to garner the maximum produce The missing index, multiple index and quality feed index, seed spacing, from the agriculture. Management of plant geometry in an intercropping seed rate and degree of variation for cowpea at optimized operational system plays an important role in balancing the competition among the parameters were 10.12, 9.60, 80.28 per cent, 10.40 cm, 25.31 kg/ha and various crops for their productivity. The availability of machines for 11.10 per cent, respectively, where as for green gram these were 7.4, sowing operation between the established crop rows is limited. The 6.3, 86.3 per cent, 10.5 cm, 14.61 kg/ha and 9 per cent, respectively. inter-row planter was evaluated under laboratory condition by using Effective field capacity of inter- row planter operated on cowpea and the grease belt method. The planter was evaluated at three different green gram were found to be 0.06 ha h-1 and 0.056 ha h-1, respectively. number of cells with three forward speeds (0.29, 0.42 and 0.58 m s-1) The cost of sowing with inter-row planter for cowpea and green gram and three hopper levels (1/2, 3/4 and full). The performance of the were found to be ` 2802.66 ha-1 and ` 3002.86 ha-1, respectively. The inter-row planter was analysed in terms of missing index, multiple breakeven point for inter-row planter was estimated to be 215.07 hour index and quality feed index, seed spacing, seed rate and degree of per annum with a payback period of 4.28 years.

Development and evaluation of drone mounted sprayer for selected field crops D. YALLAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. VEERANGOUDA

Application of crop protection materials is one of the crucial unit to monitoring the live spaying operation. The developed drone operations in agriculture to meet ever demanding food production. mounted sprayer was evaluated for its field performance in The drone mounted sprayer mainly consists of BLDC motors, LiPo groundnut and paddy crop and the average field capacity was found (Lithium polymer) batteries, peticide tank, pump, and supporting to be 1.15 ha h-1 and 1.08 ha h-1, respectively at a forward speed of frame. Six BLDC motors were mounted to hexa-copter frame to lift 3.6 km h-1 and 1m height of spray. The cost of operation for groundnut of 5 kg payload capacity. Two LiPo batteries of 6 cells - 8000mAh and paddy crops using drone mounted sprayer has been worked out were used to supply the necessary current required for the 345 and ` 367 Rs ha-1 respectively. The spray uniformity was propulsion system. A 5 liter capacity conical-square shaped fluid increased with increase in height of spray and operating pressure. A tank was used to hold the pesticide solution. A 12 V DC motor VMD and NMD of spray droplet size were measured and it was coupled with pump was used to pressurize spray liquid and then to found to be 345 and 270 µm, respectively in lab condition. This atomize in to fine spray droplets by means of four nozzles. A sprayer is very useful where human interventions are not possible suitable aluminium supporting frame was used to mount the spray for spraying of chemicals on crops including rice fields and orchard liquid tank, sprayer motor, spray and supporting legs (landing gears) crops as well as crops under terrain lands. This technology greatly for safe take-off and landing. The entire drone mounted sprayer helpful for small farming community in reducing cost of pesticide operation controlling with the help of transmitter at ground level, application and environmental pollution but also biological efficacy HD FPV camera also provide at front down side of drone sprayer of application technology.

PROCESSING & FOOD ENGINEERING Standardization of process technology for extraction of essential oil from Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck) Peel S. RUDRESHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANAGOUDA HIREGOUDAR

The present study focused on standardization of process technology The benefit cost ratio of SC-CO2 extracted sweet orange peel oil was for the extraction of oil from sweet orange peel powder by using found to be 1.79 and the desirability at optimum conditions was

Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SC-CO2) method, and to study the found to be 0.98 for sweet orange peel oil. The SC-CO2 extracted antimicrobial properties and its efficacy of the extracted sweet orange sweet orange peel oil was found to be strong activity against peel oil. The proximate composition of sweet orange peel powder Staphylococcus aureus and Mucor spp. Quality parameters of fig viz., moisture content, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fruits coated with sweet orange peel oil showed less change in treatment fat and total ash were found to be 8.71±0.065, 29.99±0.080, T6 (1 mg oil + chitosan) compared to other treatments of coated fig 8.08±0.094, 49.04±0.160, 3.16±0.005 and 0.98±0.005%, respectively. fruits. Even the decay loss observed after six days of storage was less

The optimum conditions for SC-CO2 extraction of sweet orange peel in treatment T6 (1 mg oil + chitosan) as compared to other treatments. oil were 100 bar pressure and 50 °C temperature with the maximum Microbial analysis of coated fig fruits during storage showed that, the extraction yield and extraction efficiency of 2.74 g/100 g and 90.72%, minimum microbial growth after 6 days of storage 4.33 × 103 cfu/ml respectively, and the concentration of limonene was 57.65 per cent. for treatment T6 (1 mg oil + chitosan).

151 Studies on biosynthesis of silica nanoparticles from rice (Oryza sativa L.) husk and its applications PATIL NITA BABASO MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. H. SHARANAGOUDA

Biosynthesis of silica nanoparticles (SNPs) from rice husk involves (20.90), speed of germination (29.43) and mean germination time as an environment friendly green synthesis approach. The highest (3.80 day). The 100 per cent adult mortality of rice weevil was percentage (89.28 ± 0.03) of silica was extracted from rice husk ash. recorded in 175 and 200 ppm of SNPs by priming and direct mixing Different analytical techniques such as Zetasizer revealed that, an methods and also these concentrations showed an effective to control average particle diameter 93.14 nm, UV-vis recorded sharp band of seed borne fungi in one month storage of rice seed. The present absorbance at 310 nm, FT-IR conformed presence of hydrogen study revealed that, the optimized 175 ppm concentration of SNPs bonded silanol and siloxane functional group of silica. XRD and can be used to control rice weevil and seed borne fungi with SEM showed amorphous nature and agglomerated morphology, enhancement in seed quality but SNPs did not show any antibacterial respectively. Rice seeds were primed with different concentrations effect against bacterial leaf blight. Addition of SNPs showed (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 ppm) of SNPs and used significantly improved the physical and mechanical properties of for the further applications. The 175 ppm of SNPs showed positive biodegradable packaging films. The addition of 175 ppm of SNPs effect on seed quality parameters over the control viz., per cent had good potential to improve mechanical strength viz., water germination (94.50%), root length (17.73 cm), shoot length (7.40 cm), absorption tensile strength and per cent elongation at break for seedling length (25.13 cm), seedling dry weight (110.48 mg), seedling overcoming the defects which have limited the application of soy vigour index-I (2373), seedling vigour index-II (10440), peak value protein films in food packaging.

Standardization of process technology for production of Banana leaf powder SOUMYA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. C. T. RAMACHANDRA

Globally, banana is the fourth most important agricultural product radical scavenging activity: 37.72%, pH 6.70 and lowest water after rice, wheat and maize. For ages, banana leaves have been activity: 0.27 and colour difference (L*, a*, b*): 50.2, -3.10, 23.62. extensively used for cooking, wrapping, serving of food, weaving The dehumidified air drying and hammer mill with LN2 ground baskets, mats, food wraps, table cloths, plates and cup. Reports powder showed the highest solubility 86.83%, lowest wettability show that they contained large amount of polyphenol oxidase, of 405.33 s, highest dispersibility of 86.5% lowest bulk density of which was used for treatment of Parkinson’s disorder, weight loss 0.21 g.cm-3 and lowest apparent density of 0.30 g.cm-3. Among the supplement, maintain blood sugar levels, controling blood pressure. five tested drying models namely Newton, Page, Henderson-Pabis, The proximate composition and functional properties were studied Logarithmic and Midilli-Kucuk, the Midilli-Kucuk model described for fresh as well as dehydrated banana leaves and also for banana the best fit to the experimental data with higher R2 value and lowest leaf powder. The proximate composition of fresh banana leaf such SSE and RMSE. The highest benefit-cost ratio (1.80:1) was found as moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, total ash and in dehumidified air drying and hammer mill grinding with LN2 cooling carbohydrates was found to be 74.90%, 1.04%, 13.90%, 7.26% and followed by dehumidified air drying and hammer mill with water 1.79%, respectively. The powder obtained from dehumidified air cooling (1.74:1). The lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.4:1) was found in dried with hammer mill grinding with LN2 had highest functional open yard sun drying with hammer mill at ambient temperature properties such as phenols: 49.95 mg.g-1, total flavonoids: 385 mg.g-1, grinding.

Studies on biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves and their applications SAGILI JHANSI LAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. S. ROOPA BAI

Nanotechnology is the technological innovation in the 21st century. In applied on greengram seeds to study its effect on the seed quality recent years, biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles is an interesting parameters, pulse beetle (Callosobruchus maculatus) issue of the nanoscience and nanobiotechnology. In this regard, (Col.: Chrysomelidae), fungal infection, bacteria (Pseudomonas biosynthesis of Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles was carried out from syringae) and to assess the quality parameters of fig fruits. The spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves with Zinc nitrate hexahydrate concentration of 175 ppm ZnO nanoparticles were found to be solution as a precursor. A change in the colour from dark green to pale effective to control Callosobruchus maculatus, fungal infection and yellow indicated the formation of ZnO nanoparticles. The antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas syringae. Therefore, the biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by Particle concentration of 175 ppm ZnO nanoparticles is recommended for size analyzer, UV-Visible spectrophotometer and Scanning electron seed treatment of greengram, considering the results of insecticide, microscope (SEM). The average particle diameter of ZnO nanoparticles antifungal and antimicrobial activity. The coating of Zinc oxide were found to be 40.59 nm, sharp bands were observed around nanoparticles at a concentration of 175 ppm to fig fruits delayed 375.4 nm and morphological features were characterized by SEM and ripening, slowed down the weight loss, reduced the colour change, found to be spindle in shape. The ZnO nanoparticles with different increased the firmness of fruits and inhibited the growth of concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 and 200 ppm) were microorganisms as compared to uncoated fig fruits.

152 Studies on biosynthesis of copper nanoparticles from Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L.) leaves and their applications S. USHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. T RAMAPPA

The subject nanotechnology deals with manufacturing, study and 100 per cent adult mortality on Callosobruchus maculatus F. and manipulation of matter at nano scale in the size range of 1-100 nm showed significantly less number of eggs laid (1.50) lowest seed damage which may be called as nanoparticles. In the development of green (15.23%) and weight loss (3.86%). The lowest infection level (8.66%) nanotechnology, biomolecules present in plant extracts can be used to was observed in 200 ppm concentration. The Cu NPs showed maximum reduce metal ions into nanoparticles in a single-step green synthesis zone of inhibition at 200 ppm against Pseudomonas syringae (13.16 mm) process Tulasi (Ocimum sanctum L.) is an aromatic plant belongs to and Alternaria porri (8.33 mm). Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a nutritious family Lamiaceae. It constitutes 12.31 mg/kg of Cu and it is a source of fruit which is highly perishable in nature, limits storage for longer bio-reduction and stabilizers. Copper nanoparticles were synthesized period. The most important cause for deterioration is incidence of from tulasi leaves and the average particle diameter obtained was microbial molds. Copper nanoparticles have a stimulatory effect that is 37.61 nm. The copper is highly toxic to microorganisms. Chickpea related to the induction of antioxidant activity and also, the application (Cicer arietinum L.) belongs to family “Fabaceae” is one of the oldest of Cu NPs with chitosan is favourable to maintain the quality attributes pulse cash crop and cultivated throughout India. Chickpea seeds are of fig fruits. Quality parameters of fig fruits coated with Cu NPs was vulnerable, both in the field and in storage, to attack by seed-beetles. observed in terms of TSS, pH, firmness, decay loss, weight loss and Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) can be explored in the field of agriculture microbial population. Less colour changes, decay loss, weight loss and in formulation of various bio pesticides, insecticides. Higher seed quality even minimum microbial growth were observed at 200 ppm concentration parameters were retained at 175 ppm concentrations. At 200 ppm, compared to other treatments of the coated fig fruits.

Studies on production technology of wine from Ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) fruit (cv. Umran) M. N. RACHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. T. RAMAPPA

Wine is one of the oldest alcoholic beverages dating back to the results obtained at T4 treatment were encouraging with TSS Egyptians, almost 5000 years ago. Wine is one of the functional (7.61 Brix), pH (4.06), residual reducing sugars (5.22%) and alcohol fermented foods and has many health benefits. The process technology (10.92%) after fermentation with desirability factor of 0.95 followed th for preparation of wine from ber fruit and the analysis of quality by the results obtained on 90 day of ageing for T4 treatment were characteristics of prepared wine was investigated. The pre-treatment TSS (6.27 °Brix), pH (4.22), residual reducing sugars (4.71%) and of ber juice as influenced by different concentration levels of acid, alcohol (12.07%) with a desirability factor of 0.93. The overall alkali and enzyme on the release of reducing sugars was investigated. acceptability of TC (market white wine) was slightly was better The release of maximum reducing sugars (5.28%) in ber juice was compared to ber wine. This might be due to ageing effect. The wine observed in enzymatic treatment while treating the juice with 1 per cent treated with 5 per cent yeast concentration was aged only for three concentration for 12 hours with the maximum desirability factor of months and found to be next better wine in terms of its quality 0.98. The quality parameters of ber wine were predicted by Design- parameters. The total cost of production of 1 litre of ber wine was Expert 7.7.0 software for optimizing the process parameters. The estimated as ` 99.97/- with a BC ratio of 4:1.

Studies on gamma irradiation for enhancing the shelf - life of dehusked Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) MALA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. S. ROOPA BAI

Gamma irradiation is one of the alternative methods for food dose level of 1.50 kGy reduced the moisture content (9.71%), crude preservation to prevent food spoilage, insect infestation and extending protein (11.23%), crude fat (3.37%), tannin (2.86%) and phytic acid the shelf-life by reducing the microbial load. Dehusked foxtail millet (3.78%) but there was an increase in carbohydrates (65.94%), total samples of 500 g each, packaged in polyethylene terepthalate ash (1.23%) and total phenols (17.42%). The total plate count of packaging material (PET, 100 micron), were irradiated using Cobalt- foxtail millet was found to be (5 × 103 cfu.g-1) at 1.50 kGy. It was 60 (60Co) radiator. The packaged foxtail millets were evenly exposed observed that there were no insects infestation found in irradiated to different irradiation doses of 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, foxtail millet stored upto six months of storage, but in control sample, 1.75 and 2.0 kGy. The effect of gamma irradiation on quality insects were found only after 6th month of storage. Irradiation at parameters, colour, anti-nutritional properties, total plate count and 1.50 kGy was sufficient to extend the shelf-life of dehusked foxtail insect infestation were investigated before and after irradiation upto millets upto six months without any significant change in the six months of storage at every month interval. At the end of 6th nutritional attributes even after six months of storage, compared month, obtained results revealed that radiation of foxtail millet at a with control.

153 SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING

Morphometric analysis of Kalamandargi Thanda -1 micro watershed under North eastern dry zone of Karnataka, using GIS techniques SWETA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. POLISGOWDAR

India is a developing country, with population of 1.28 billion. About parameters were determined to understand the nature, landscape 65 per cent of Indian population depends directly on agriculture and development and hydrologic responses of Kalamandargi thanda -1 it accounts for around 22 per cent of GDP. A good agriculture is led micro watershed. The SOI toposheets E43Q14 and E43R2 of scale by a good watershed management. A healthy watershed produces 1:50000 with 10 m contour interval and Aster DEM data is used for energy as well as it supplies water to agriculture, industry and the morphometric analysis of the watershed to derive linear, relief, ecosystems. In watershed characterization Geographical Information and aerial aspects. Strahler’s stream ordering techniques and analysis System (GIS) has become an efficient tool for delineation of drainage were followed for further analysis like linear aspects, areal aspects pattern and water resources management and its planning. and relief aspects whee linear aspects tells about the drainage pattern Kalamandargi thanda -1 micro-watershed having an area of 631.76 ha and the flow of runoff, areal aspects express about the shape of the which is located between the villages of Dongaragaon, Kalamandargi watershed and relief aspects shows the slope of the watershed .This thanda, Chapala thanda of Kalaburagi taluk and Kalaburagi district of study would be of assistance to utilize the resources for sustainable the Karnataka (Fig.1). The study area is situated in the North-Eastern development of the watershed. The result obtained from the dry zone (Zone-2 of Region-1) of Karnataka and lies between 17°382 geomorphological analysis is the watershed is elongated and it is - 17° 412 North latitude and 76° 592 - 77° 022 East longitude and quietly effected by drainage problems. There is needed to take elevation is from 580 to 660 m above the mean sea level (MSL). In mechanical and agronomical measures to control the soil and water the present study, with the aid of GIS several morphometric erosion.

Application of remote sensing and GIS for irrigation scheduling in selected distributaries of Tungabhadra project command area UMARE SHUBHANGI NIRANJAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. AYYANAGOWDAR

The study was conducted in TLBC under selected pipe outlet region for paddy obtained 901.23 mm, 743.58 mm, 557.94 mm (cotton) and of head, middle and tail end for different village area are Gundur, 846.74 mm respectively. ETc found overall highest in the mid stage or Jawalgiri and Jeenur during kharif season 2015-16 with view to study maturity stage of paddy and cotton crop in all three regions in different the crop evapotranspiration, irrigation water requirement, spatial village area where it required more water. Effective rainfall in Head mapping of ETc planning of irrigation scheduling and LULC maps region Middle and Tail region during growing period of paddy and using ArcGIS and ERADAS imagine. Crop evapotranspiration and cotton were found as 210.88 mm, 197.55 mm, 184.36 (cotton) and effective rainfall were estimated using FAO-Penman Monteith method 213.76 mm respectively. Irrigation water requirement in Head region, and CROPWAT 8.0 model respectively. The LULC was done using Middle and Tail region for paddy and cotton crop obtained as both unsupervised and supervised classification method. Based on 689.09 mm, 545.36 mm, 463.44 mm (cotton) and 632.98 mm, remote sensing and GIS analysis paddy area was found in Head region respectively. Total irrigation water demand in Head region Middle (Gundur village), cotton and paddy in Middle region (Jawalgiri village) and for paddy and cotton crop were found as 430588.44 m3, area and paddy in Tail region (Jeenur village). The total ETo for 375505.60 m3, 651488.90 m3 (cotton) and 355648.30 m3, different region namely head region, middle region and tail region respectively. Overall irrigation water demand for paddy found highest were found as 858.52 mm, 877.29 mm and 842.82 mm, respectively. in head region followed by tail region and middle region for three Crop evapotranspiration in head region, middle region and tail region different selected village areas

Impact of treated wastewater from food processing plant on micro irrigation system PRASAN B. PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NEMICHANDRAPPA

The aim of this study was to determine whether the filters used in of sand separator and automatic screen filter achieve more removable micro irrigation systems can remove potentially emitter-clogging efficiency (67.4% and 86.16%) followed by automatic screen filter particles and evaluation of inline PC CNL and Non PC Drip line in (63.4% and 84.92%), vertical sand media filter (60.8% and 82.45%), combination with selected filter system. This study gives a brief duplex disc filter (58.1% and 81.21%) and highest efficient filter overview of the results of experimental trials for using treated backwashing cycles achieved in combination of sand separator and wastewater on the behaviour of four kinds of filter system viz., automatic screen filter (6 out of 7cycles) and automatic screen filter automatic vertical sand filter, combination of Sand separator and (9 out of 10 cycles) followed by duplex disc filter (8 out of 10 cycles) automatic screen filter, duplex disc filter and automatic screen filter and less efficient backwashing cycles observed in sand media filter and two kinds of emitters viz., PC CNL and Non PC drip line in (2 out of 7 cycles). PC CNL drip line performs better compared to combination with selected filter systems. The treated wastewater Non PC drip line in combination with all filter system. Both drip line quality parameters before and after filter systems was analysed and emitter perform better in combination with combined sand separator head loss across filters were recorded. Depending on the size of and automatic screen filter followed by automatic screen filter, filtering element and quality of treated wastewater, the combination automatic vertical sand media filter and automatic duplex disc filter.

154 Effect of colour plastic mulching on Brinjal crop (Solanum melongena L.) at different drip irrigation levels S. SREEDEVI MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. B. MAHESHWARA BABU

A field experiment was carried out during 2017 at Research farm, crop yield. The highest soil temperature was found under black mulch. Department of soil and water engineering, Raichur, to study the effect The crop root length (27.69 cm) was more in without mulch with of different colour plastic mulching on brinjal crop at different drip 60 per cent ET and crop root spread (69.77 cm) was highest in silver irrigation levels. The experiment was laid out in spilt plot design with colour mulch with 80 per cent ET. The depth of water applied for 12 treatment combination with 3 main plot with irrigation levels viz., 60, 80, 100 per cent ET was 484.09 mm, 642.12 mm, 800.15 mm. The per cent of water saving over 100 per cent was 39.50 and 19.75, I1-Drip irrigation at 60 per cent ET, I2- Drip irrigation at 80 per cent ET, respectively. Depth of water applied ranges from 46.28 to 77 cm. The I3- Drip irrigation at 100 per cent ET and subplot with mulch treatment viz., without mulch, white on black colour mulch, silver on black colour highest net returns of ` 3,25,512 ha-1 were obtained under the treatment mulch and black plastic mulch. The results revealed that 80 per cent ET silver mulch with 80 per cent ET compare to control treatment. The with silver colour mulch enhanced the plant height, number of branches, highest benefit cost (BC) ratio of 4.39 was obtained under the treatment leaf area index, fruit length, fruit size, fruit weight, number of fruits and silver on black plastic mulch with 80 per cent ET.

Nanotechnologic intervention for the remediation of wastewater P. ATHIRA MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. M. S. AYYANAGOWDAR

The present work was aimed to study the nanotechnologic remediation catappa, Azardirachta indica and commercially available Titanium of wastewater, especially for the removal of heavy metal Lead (Pb) dioxide for the remediation of Lead from the wastewater. Moreover, from wastewater. The release of toxic metals into the water bodies the influence of adsorbent dosage, contact time and initial metal ion causes serious problem because of their persistence in the ecosystem, concentration on adsorption process were investigated for different thereby leading to a high risk to both wildlife and humans. In the dosages, time and metal ion concentrations. The results were analyzed present investigation the wastewater samples were collected from by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The correlation the Raichur campus at different time interval for a period of one coefficient of Moringa olifera leaf nano-powders for Langmuir (0.98) week. The samples were characterized for different water quality and Freundlich (0.99) adsorption isotherm models shows good parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, BOD, COD, anions, correlation with favorable adsorption and the isotherm constants (such cations, nitrate, phosphate, SAR and some of the heavy metals. The as b, n and Kf values) are within the limit as compared to remaining characterization showed a medium salinity (EC 1.18 d S m-1), neutral three nanopowders and both the model shows good fitting for Moringa pH (7.56), less turbid (1 NTU) with high levels of BOD (337.98 mg olifera leaf nanopowder. A nanomaterial (Moringa olifera) based filter L-1). The heavy metal Lead (Pb) was detected (3.33 mg L-1) and they unit were developed and evaluated. The developed Moringa olifera were beyond the permissible limit. An adsorption study was carried leaf nanopowder based filter unit gives 99 per cent of Lead removal out using nanosized leaf powders of Moringa olifera, Terminalia efficiency.

Comparative studies of artificial neural network and fuzzy logic models of groundwater level fluctuations for Katarki nala watershed MEGHA KULAKARNI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. NEMICHANDRAPPA

The present study was undertaken with the objective of development and three fuzzy logic models viz., FL-GaussMF, FL-TriMF, FL- of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Fuzzy logic (FL) models TrapMF were developed. The structure of neural network and fuzzy for studying groundwater level fluctuations in the study area of rules were decided by trial and error method. Results shown that Katarki nala watershed, in Raichur district, Karnataka. Inputs were ACF, PACF and CCF found as promising methods for selection of decided on the basis of auto correlation function (ACF), partial desirable inputs for groundwater modeling. The performance of each auto correlation function (PACF) and cross correlation functions models were evaluated by statistical parameters. Among all the (CCF). The monthly rainfall, evapotranspiration and groundwater models, FNN-LM and FL-GaussMF was found to be good model level data for 18 years (Jan-1999 to Dec-2016) of three observation during calibration period and validation period respectively. Over wells located at Kallur, Manvi and Sirwar were taken for the analysis. all FL-GaussMF was found best fit model for Katarki nala Three neural network models viz., FNN-BR, FNN-LM, FNN-GDX watershed.

155 Effect of colour plastic mulching and drip irrigation levels on performance of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) VIDYASHREE MAJOR ADVISER: Dr. B. MAHESHWARA BABU

The present work was aimed to study the effect of colour plastic and 120 per cent of ET was 110.94 mm, 147.92 mm, 185.10 mm and mulching and drip irrigation levels on performance of French bean 222.09 mm, respectively. The per cent of water saving over 100 per (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) The experiment was laid out in split plot cent ET was 40.06, 20.08 and -19.98 over 60 and 80 per cent ET and design with 16 treatments and four replications. The main treatments 120 per cent ET respectively. Colour plastic mulch increased the were irrigation levels viz., drip irrigation at 60 per cent ET (I1), drip yield relative to bare soil as the plant grown in white on black colour -1 irrigation at 80 per cent ET (I2), drip irrigation at 100 per cent ET (I3) plastic mulch with 80 per cent (15.74 t ha ) of ET followed by silver -1 and drip irrigation at 120 per cent ET (I4) along with different coloured on black and black on black with 100 per cent (14.99 t ha ) of ET. plastic mulches as sub treatments viz., white on black plastic mulch Reduction in the weed count also observed in colour plastic mulch

(M1), silver on black plastic mulch (M2), black plastic mulch (M3) compared to control treatment. The cost benefit ratio of French bean and without mulch (M0). The depth of water applied for 60, 80, 100 was highest (3.75) in white on black plastic mulch with 80 per cent ET.

Irrigation performance evaluation of D-7 distributary under Shahapur branch canal command area using remote sensing and GIS R. CHALAPATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANILKUMAR T. DANDEKAR

An investigation on Irrigation Performance Evaluation of D-7 October-2016, minimum value was -0.0059 for the image of distributary under Shahapur Branch Canal Command (SBC) area using 30th March-2017 during study period. Land surface temperature (LST) Remote Sensing and GIS was carried out in Yadgir district of Karnataka of the whole command area varied with a maximum of 39.63oC and to estimate the area under major crops, to derive NDVI and LST and the minimum of 18.39oC on 30th March-2017 and 9th January-2017, to evaluate the overall performance of the irrigated command area respectively. The satellite derived values and observed temperature using remote sensing data during 2016-17. The total command area values had a correlation coefficient of 0.88. It was observed that was 15647.49 ha. The area of various crops and other land cover classes irrigation intensity varied from 59.70 to 83.49 per cent. Overall were estimated from landsat8 data for different dates of 2016-17. The consumption rate for the D-7 command area was 0.78. Water cotton crop occupied the highest area among all crops, covering utilization index was highest for cotton crop at 94.6 ha/Mm3, lowest 32.3 per cent of the gross command area. The cotton crop was followed WUI was found for chilli crop. The output per cropped area for D-7 by paddy and bajra, which occupied 29.20 and 6.2 per cent of the command area was 1.95 lakh/ha. The monetary benefits were worked GCA respectively. The remaining area was occupied by redgram, out with the yield of crops, it was highest for paddy at 932.48 million groundnut, rockout crop, dense scrub, jowar, water body and fallow rupees and it was lowest for bajra at 38.115 million rupees. The land. The maximum NDVI value found 0.59257 for the image of 21st overall performance of D-7 distributary comes under poor category.

Studies on temporal variations of climatological parameters at Raichur, Karnataka H. MEENAKSHI BAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. V. SRINIVASA REDDY

The detail analysis of temporal variations of climatological parameters 2.5 decades (1981-2005). The weekly mean reference th and water balance parameters at Raichur has been carried out in the evapotranspiration (ETo) ranged from 22.7 mm (48 and 49 SMW) present study. The data on various climatological parameters of 35 to 52.3 mm (20th SMW) and weekly mean water deficit ranged from years (1981–2015) and the data of sunshine hours for 17 years (1999- 4.3 (40th SMW) to 45.7 (19th SMW) respectively. The weekly mean 2015) were considered for the present study. The CV of annual rainfall water surplus ranged from 0.0 mm (all most all weeks except few during recent decade (2006-2015) was found to be higher (35.6%) in weeks) to 23.9 mm (40th SMW). Among 17 years of study period of comparison to past 2.5 decades (1981-2005) CV value (25.9%) as drought (1999-2015), drought frequency was observed to be one well as long term (1981-2015) CV value (28.4%) indicating more drought year for every 2.5-3years. The climatic condition at Raichur erratic distribution of rainfall during recent decade. In the recent decade was found to swing from semi arid (13 years) to arid (4 years) during (2006-2015), except RH1 and RH2 remaining climatological study period of 17 years (1999-2015). After the onset of parameters (Tmax, Tmin, Sunshine hours, evaporation and wind speed) monsoon, the length of growing season was observed to be 23 weeks were exhibited slightly decreasing trend in comparison to past (from 28th -50th SMW) for Raichur region.

156 Performance evaluation of laser land levelling on Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) production in UKP command area VENKATESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G.. V. SRINIVASA REDDY

The study was carried out in medium red soils and black soils in respectively. The laser levelled plots were recorded of 51.35 per cent farmers field in the village B. Ganekal, Deodurga taluka, Raichur more water use efficiency in red soil while the 50.00 per cent more District during the karif 2015 to study the effect of land levelling on water use efficiency in black soil. The average yield of paddy was field topographic conditions with different land levelling methods. more in laser levelled plots in red and black soils (7280 and -1 Laser land levelling in red soil (L1), Traditional land levelling in red 7720 kg ha ) in comparison with traditional levelling plots (6282 and -1 soil (L2), Laser land levelling in black soil (L3) and Traditional land 6570 kg ha ) respectively. The per cent increase in paddy yield by levelling in black soil (L4) treatments were considered. The laser land laser levelling over traditional levelling were 15.89 and 17.50 per cent levelling is a promising technology to achieve more precision and in red and black soils respectively. The highest net returns of ` 68,478 quality of levelling in the field. The results indicated that, the quality with BC ratio of 1.89 in laser levelled plot observed in red soil in and precision of levelling was better in laser levelled plot. The results comparison to traditional levelling in red soil of ` 48,542 with BC also indicated that, the water use efficiency was higher in case of laser ratio of 1.63. The plot with laser levelling in black soil achieved higher levelled plots of both red and black soil (0.56 and 0.81 kg m-3) compared net returns of ` 85,270 with B:C ratio of 2.14 as compared to traditional to traditional levelling plots of red and black soils (0.37 and 0.54 kg m-3) levelling in black soil of ` 60,002 with B:C ratio of 1.84, respectively.

Response of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to different levels of irrigation under drip system in conjunction with nitrogen fertilizer PRIYANKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. POLISGOWDAR

Field studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of drip irrigation plant receiving water at 75 per cent ET with 75 per cent recommended with three levels of drip irrigation viz., 75, 100 and 125 per cent ET and nitrogen recorded the highest WUE (94.06 kg ha-1 cm-1) as compared furrow irrigation in conjunction with nitrogen fertilizer of Bt cotton to furrow irrigation. The available NPK, EC and pH by cotton at under Raichur climate at research field, CAE, UAS, Raichur. The harvest was significantly higher in 125 per cent ET with 100 per cent water requirement of the crop was calculated based on the daily recommended nitrogen (146.71 kg ha-1, 98.83 kg ha-1, 208.67 kg ha-1, evaporation data. The water saved in drip irrigation over furrow 0.30 and 8.21, respectively) compared to rest of the treatments. Drip irrigation was found to be 58.55, 44.74 and 30.93 per cent for 75, 100 irrigation at 100 per cent ET with 100 per cent recommended nitrogen and 125 per cent ET, respectively. The better plant growth were was found to be the most profitable production level as it recorded a observed in drip irrigation at 125 per cent ET with 100 per cent BC ratio of 3.71 under drip irrigation followed by T6 recording a BC recommended nitrogen followed by drip irrigation at 100 per cent ET ratio of 3.70 under drip irrigation at 125 per cent ET with 100 per with 100 per cent recommended nitrogen. The highest yield was cent recommended nitrogen. The general trend considering the different recorded in drip at 125 per cent ET with 100 per cent recommended parameters tested suggests that in drip irrigation at 125 per cent ET nitrogen (4522 kg ha-1) and the lowest yield was observed in furrow level with 100 per cent recommended fertilizer can be used to achieve irrigation (2382 kg ha-1). Among different drip irrigation treatments, higher yield of cotton in clay soil, under semi-arid conditions.

157 ABSTRACTS OF THESES

Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees in the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during 2017

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

HORTICULTURE

Crop improvement and standardization of production technologies for Asiatic Lily (Lilium asiaticum L.) under protected environment S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLA NAIK

Investigations are carried out during 2013-14 to 2014-15 at (16.67). Cluster analysis through SRAP (Sequence Related Amplified experimental unit of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Polymorphism) markers, showed that groupings of the genotypes Architecture, College of Horticulture, Mudigere (University of based on colour ranges. Thirteen genotypes were grouped together to Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga), to assess the form a major cluster and the second major cluster constituted two genetic variability of Asiatic Lily through morphological and molecular genotypes viz., Telisker and Merluza. There were 15 F1 combinations markers, to develop and study the performance of F1 hybrids, to produced and all the offspring’s were superior to their parents with standardize the dates of planting and NPK nutrition along with study respect to morphological parameter and yield. Among different dates on the effect of chemical preservatives on vase life of cut-flowers. of planting in Asiatic lily cv. Pavia, the maximum plant height (55.73 cm) Fifteen genotypes were evaluated for morphological and molecular and stalk length (52.67 cm) was observed in October month of characters which were grown under protected condition. The genotype planting followed by November month planting. The maximum plant Mestre recorded maximum plant height (90.53 cm) as compared to height (60.84 cm), leaf area (11.62 cm2), leaf area index (23.25) and other genotypes and was found to be on par with Pavia. The genotypes number of spikes per square meter (18.67) recorded in the treatment Pirandeu, CEB Dazzle, Dazzle, Courier, Pavia and Tresor were found which received NPK @ 20, 20, 20 g/m2. The maximum vase life to be and recorded maximum number of spikes per square meter (13.17 days) was recorded in vase solution containing 1-Mehtyl Cyclo (24.00) while, the genotype Batistero recorded the minimum number Propane (MCP) @ 1000 nl/l + Sucrose 2 per cent.

Effect of plant growth regulators and signal molecules on patho-physiological functions related to bacterial blight of Pomegranate K. A. LALITHYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. RAJU

The present investigation entitled “Effect of plant growth regulators Quality traits like total phenols, anthocyanins, TSS, total sugars and signal molecules on patho-physiological functions related to and reducing sugars found superior in both ethrel and GA3 bacterial blight” was carried out both under greenhouse condition treatments. Enzyme assay and gene expression studies of PR proteins and in field conditions at College of Horticulture, Bagalkot during and defense related genes were analyzed to understand the defense 2014-16. Different phytohormones and signal molecules like auxins, mechanism involved during host-pathogen interaction under gibberellins, paclobutrazol, ethylene, salicylic acid, chitosan and greenhouse condition. Accordingly, different enzymes like POD, nitric oxide were studied in present investigation to know their PPO, PAL and chitinase were upregulated in paclobutrazol, salicylic effect on physiological response and disease resistance against acid, ethrel and 2,4-D treatment upon pathogen inoculation at bacterial blight under field condition. Among these treatments, foliar different time intervals. Higher expression of pathogenesis related spray of GA3 at 50 ppm resulted in enhancing vegetative growth genes, PR1, PR3, PR4 and defense related genes, phenylalanine like plant height (2.24 m), plant spread (N-S-2.88 m, E-W-3.05 m) ammonia-lyase (PAL), catalase and callose synthase-3 (CS-3) were and plant canopy (10.49 m3), whereas, foliar spray of ethrel at found higher in 2,4-D, paclobutrazol, salicylic acid and ethrel 200 ppm enhanced early flowering and helped in inducing highest treatment. Thus, phytohormone mediated plant defense responses per cent of hermaphrodite flowers (91.18), with increased fruit and understanding its biochemical and molecular basis of plant– setting (72.20%) and maximum yield (16.34 t/ha) in both seasons. pathogen interaction enabled to develop effective strategies towards Ethrel treatment also found effective for reducing the disease severity. managing bacterial blight, a devastating disease of pomegranate.

158 Studies on high density planting in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso D. KIRANSHANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. ATHANI

The investigation entitled “Studies on high density planting in mango D3M1 (5.0 x 5.0 m spacing with paddy mulching). While, the treatment

(Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso was conducted in three year old D1M1 (2.5 x 2.5 m spacing with paddy straw mulching) recorded orchard at Regional Horticulture Research and Extension center, highest yield per hectare (4.58 t/ha). In the experiment II, significant Dharwad (University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot) during April, differences were observed with respest to the effect of time of pruning 2013 to May, 2015, to study the effect of plant density, mulching, time and use of paclobutrazol on growth, yield and quality of mango cv. of pruning and use of paclobutrazol on growth, yield and quality of Alphonso. The highest number of fruits per plant (15.00), yield per mango cv. Alphonso. The finding on first experiment revealed that, the plant (5.81 kg) and yield per hectare (9.31 t/ha) was observed in plants with spacing (5.0 x 5.0 m) showed highest number of fruits treatment T1 (pruning soon after harvesting). Among the different

(20.42), yield per plant (5.93 kg). Whereas, highest yield per hectare concentrations of paclobutrazol used in the study, treatment P2 (2 ml) was observed in the spacing of 2.5 x 2.5 m (4.32 t/ha). In different showed highest number of fruits per plant (17.01), yield per plant mulches, paddy mulching showed highest number of fruits (17.40), (6.76 kg) and yield per hectare (10.82 t/ha). While the treatment T1P2 yield per plant (5.10 kg) and yield per hectare (3.02 t/ha). In (pruning soon after harvesting with application of paclobutrazol @ interaction, the highest number of fruits per plant (22.36) was observed 2ml/l) showed highest number of fruits per plant (23.02), yield per in the treatment D4M3 (7.5 x 5.0 m spacing without mulching), plant (7.77 kg/plt) and yield per hectare (12.46 t/ha) and could be whereas, highest yield per plant (6.67 kg/pl) was observed in treatment tested on large scale trails.

Studies on effect of photoperiod, growth regulators, preservatives and chemical mutagen on Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzevelev.) cultivars RAVEENDRA CHOUDHARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BALAJI S. KULKARNI

Chrysanthemum, a leading commercial flower crop grown for Yellow Decorative, Orange Decorative, Yellow Deco, Pink Deco and production of cut flowers, loose flowers and potted plants. The present White Deco, whereas, among the cut chrysanthemum cultivars, cv. investigation was carried out during the period 2014 to 2016, in the White Double were best cultivars. Studies on growth regulators on Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, KRC College chrysanthemum revealed that, there was an increase in growth and of Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, early flowering by foliar application of gibberellic acid at 150 ppm Bagalkot, with the objectives to know the effect of photoperiod, and brassinosteroid at 0.50 ppm. Whereas, cycocel at 750 ppm and growth regulators, preservatives and chemical mutagen on daminozide at 1000 ppm produced maximum number of branches chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzevelev.) cultivars. The and resulted in delayed flowering. The experiment to improve the photoperiod experiment revealed that, 12 h dark and 12 h light vase life revealed that, holding of flower stalks in 2 per cent sucrose photoperiodic module resulted in good vegetative growth (plant height, solution with 200 ppm 8-HQS, just after the pulsing in 20 per cent stem girth, number of leaves per plant, number of branches and plant sucrose with 200 ppm 8-HQS for 6 h enhanced the vase life of cut spread) as well as quality parameters, while 16 h dark and 8 h light chrysanthemum. While, experiment on effect of chemical mutagen produced early flowering in potted and cut chrysanthemum. There showed that, dipping of rooted cuttings of chrysanthemum for 1 h was significant variation among the cultivars for growth, flowering 45 min in EMS (0.70 %) which seems to be LD-50, resulted in maximum and quality plants. Among the potted chrysanthemum cultivars, cvs. abnormalities and mutants in cv. Marigold as compared to cv. Kattiraja.

Population dynamics and integrated management of insects pests of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench D. SIDDARTHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Y. K. KOTIKAL

The present studies related to ‘Population Dynamics and Integrated considerations of biophysical and biochemical traits, 622-8, 622-9 Management of Insects Pests of Okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) and 622-10 were found to be resistant, 622-6, 622-7 and 623-1 were Moench’ were conducted at Haveli Farm, College of Horticulture, found to be moderately resistant and 609-2, 609-3 and 627-7 were University of Horticultural Sciences (UHS), Bagalkot during rabi found to be susceptible against insect pests. Trichomes on leaf lamina, season of 2014, summer, kharif and rabi seasons of 2015 to study trichomes on midrib, trichomes on fruits, total sugars and total phenols population dynamics of major insect pests and natural enemies, played a vital role in determining the basis of resistance of okra screening of okra genotypes to know their reaction to major insect genotypes against the pests screened. Module 3 [Seed treatment pests and effect of integrated management modules on major insect (imidacloprid 70 WS @ 8 ml/kg), neem cake @ 250 kg/acre (twice) pests on okra. Okra was attacked by sucking pests like leafhopper, half dose at the time of planting and other half after one month of Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida), aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover), sowing, Potash - 25% extra than recommended POP as top dressing, whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the early crop growth stages. trap crop (Bt cotton) - planted one row for every 15 rows of crop, Whereas, the shoot and fruit borers, Earias vittella (Fabricius) and maize as boarder crop, pheromone traps – 4/acre, diafenthuron Earias insulana (Boisduval), two spotted spider mite, Tetranychus 50 WP @ 0.5 g/l – twice at 15 days interval after sowing based on urticae Koch dominated in the mid and later crop growth stages. ETL, flubendiamide 480 SC @ 0.30 ml/l – 50 DAS based on the ETL Further, a small population of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) infested level and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.5 ml/l – 65 DAS based on the ETL the crop at early reproductive phase resulting in substantial losses in level] was found superior in managing all the pests with cost benefit the yield. Upon screening for two seasons and taking into ratio of 1: 5.06 and 1: 4.98 during kharif and rabi, 2015, respectively.

159 Effect of nutrient management on growth, yield and quality and pre-harvest spray of chemicals on storage life of Onion (Allium cepa L.) B. R. KUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHIDANAND P. MANSUR

Field experiments were conducted during kharif and rabi season of Growth, yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters were recorded 2015 and 2016, at college of horticulture, Bagalkot and in the farmers higher in soil test based nutrient management (STBNM) treatment field at Kotur village (Dharwad), to study the effect of nutrient 93.75:56.25:93.75 kg NPK ha-1 + 1 per cent Aquasap (Field-I). Growth, management on growth, yield and quality and pre-harvest spray of yield, nutrient uptake and quality parameters was found maximum in chemicals on storage life of onion. Two field experiments (Expt-I & 125:75:125 kg NPK ha-1 (Field-II). The higher benefit cost ratio was II) on nutritional levels, sources and time of application comprising recorded in STBNM and Aquasap (1:2.20) which was followed by 20 and 12 treatments respectively were laid out with Factorial RDF (1:2.09) (Field-I). The higher benefit cost ratio (1:2.09) was Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Storage experiment recorded in RDF and STBNM (Field-II). Sulphate of potash was found with 9 treatments was laid out under Randomized Block Design with better growth, yield, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and excellent three replications. Increasing levels of potassium exhibited an increase storage quality compared to MOP (Field-I & II). The higher benefit in growth and yield of onion. Application of 200 per cent RDK cost ratio was recorded with two split application of MOP as compared recorded significantly higher growth and bulb yield (48.91 t/ha) and to SOP. The pre-harvest chemicals spray of Azoxystrobin (0.5 ml/litre) yield related parameters of onion compared to 150 and 175 per cent + Calcium chloride (0.5%) + Borax 1000 ppm resulted in less bulb RDK. The higher benefit cost ratio of 1:2.65 was recorded in 150 per cent rotting, sprouting, physiological loss in weight and resulted in higher RDK and least benefit cost ratio was recorded in 100 per cent RDK marketable bulb yields. The maximum phenols and pyruvic acid content (1:2.54). Among the sources, sulphate of potash showed better effect was recorded with pre-harvest chemicals spray of Azoxystrobin on growth, yield, nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency and excellent (0.5 ml /litre) + Calcium chloride (0.5%) + Borax 1000 ppm. Pre- storage quality compared to kcl. MOP recorded higher benefit cost harvest chemicals spray of Calcium chloride (0.5%) + Borax 1000 ppm ratio (1:3.09) over SOP (1:2.09). Two split application of potash was recorded higher total soluble solids, dry matter and minimum proved to be superior than the traditional practice of single application. moisture content of onion bulbs in storage.

Etiology, epidemiology and management of wilt of Pomegranate caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata ellis and halst R. SOMU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. K. MESTA

A survey was carried out in major pomegranate growing districts of level of 50, 60 and 70 per cent. The AUDPC and apparent rate of Karnataka to know the incidence of wilt during 2015-16, which revealed infection ‘r’ value was 142.50 and 0.13 at the end of September month that the highest incidence of disease in Bagalkot district (15.27 %) and respectively. Multiple regression analysis revealed that weather least in Chirtradurga district (3.75 %). Four years and above old orchards parameters influence to the extent of 44.00 per cent on per cent disease under black soil showed a higher incidence of wilt, shot hole borer and incidence. Step wise multiple regression analysis showed that among root knot nematode infection. Among the soil parameters electric the weather parameters maximum variation was explained by rainfall conductivity of soil showed the significant positive correlation with (30.66%). Twenty isolates of C. fimbriata were amplified at 500 bp per cent disease incidence. Among the ten media tested, all the five length and isolates were sequenced and deposited in the GenBank isolates showed the maximum growth and sporulation on oat meal agar, under the accession numbers from KY987496 to KY987515. All isolates potato dextrose agar, malt extract agar. The temperature of 25°C, pH from different districts of Karnataka showed specific pattern of similarity 5.0 and light alternates with 12 hr. of darkness were found best for the according to geographical region. Among non-systemic fungicides growth and sporulation of C. fimbriata. Starch and potassium nitrate cymoxanil + mancozeb, mancozeb and captan completely inhibited the were found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources for the growth of mycelia growth of the fungus at all the concentrations tested. All the the fungus, respectively. The soil inoculum level of 12 per cent systemic fungicides tested showed 100 per cent inhibition except concentration of C. fimbriata found to cause 98.33 per cent disease azoxystrobin. Among the bioagents Trichoderma harzianum-55 showed incidence. Survivability studies revealed that C. fimbriata can survive strong antagonistic activity against C. fimbriata. In the field experiment up to 34 weeks under refrigerated condition while it was 22 weeks in propiconazole (0.2%), propiconazole + difenoconazole (0.2%), laboratory and 28 weeks in field condition. Soil temperature of 250C tricyclazole (0.2%) and tebuconazole (0.2%), drenching four times at showed the maximum per cent colonization of the fungus on carrot 15 days interval showed the maximum disease control with higher fruit baits. The cent per cent disease incidence was recorded at moisture yield and net returns.

Biochemical and molecular studies on peel colors of different colored Mango cultivars KARAN JALKER GOURISH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. RAVISHANKAR

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is the choicest fruit of the India that the colored mango cultivars through morphological, biochemical and has huge demand in domestic as well as the international markets.The molecular aspects at ripening stages. Colored mango cultivars were fruit peel color is the most important criteria for successful marketing characterized for morphological traits. The results revealed a and has also been considered as the first perception for the considerable diversity amongst them. They were further analysed consumers. This fact is more emphasized in case of mangoes, wherein following biochemical and molecular techniques. Eight carotenoid attractive red blush types are preferred by the consumers. The compounds and 24 anthocyanins were identified by mass present investigationaimed atstudying mango peel colors in some of spectrometry analysis, which showed significant variation 160 amongst12 cultivars (belonging to green, yellow and red color having higher content of anthocyanin. Gene expression studies by categories) studied. â-carotene and violaxanthin were the most qRT-PCR suggested higher expression of carotenoid biosynthetic abundant carotenoids in the peels of mango fruits. Yellow-orange genes viz. lycopene-â-cyclase and violaxanthin-de-epoxidase in colored mango cultivars had high carotenoid, the majority of which yellow colored cultivar ‘Arka Anmol’ that increased with ripening. consisted of â-carotene (35.18 to 98.06%). In addition, the presence However, in red colored cultivar ‘JanardhanPasand’, higher of compounds belonging to anthocyanin groups viz. cyanidin, expression of all anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and transcription peonidin, petunidin, pelargonidindelphinidin and malvidin were factorsMYB and Basic helix loop helix was observed, indicating recorded. Cyanidin-3-monoglucosides and peonidin-3-O-glucosides their involvement in red color development. This study explained were the dominant compounds recorded in the mango peel. Amongst the accumulation pattern of carotenoids and anthocyanins and genes cultivars, red colored ‘Tommy Atkins’ and ‘JanardhanPasand’ were involved in differently colored mango cultivars.

Genetic analysis for seed content, fruit yield and its associated traits in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) PRAVEENKUMAR ANGADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. M. INDIRESH

Investigation on “Genetic analysis for seed content, fruit yield and x Arka Anand showed high SCA effect for fruit yield/ plant and its associated traits in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)” was undertaken highest positive SCA was observed by Swetha x Haritha indicating during 2013-2016 at the College of Horticulture, UHS Campus, non-additive gene action for pulp to seed ratio. The hybrids viz., Bengaluru. High GCV and PCV were observed for number of flowers/ Kuduchi local x L-2863, Erangere local x Swetha and Haritha X Arka cluster, number of fruits/ cluster, fruit length, fruit diameter, average Anand could be exploited for commercial value as they have manifested fruit weight, fruit volume and number of fruits/ plant. Thirty six significant heterosis over standard check (MEBH-9) for fruit yield/ hybrids were developed by crossing nine parents using half diallel plant. Swetha x Haritha, Kuduchi local x Swetha and Arka Anand x mating design. Combining ability analysis revealed non-additive gene Arka Shirish exhibited highest magnitude of positive heterosis over action for majority of the characters as SCA variance was greater than commercial check MEBH-9 for pulp to seed ratio. Predominant the GCA variances except for number of flowers/ cluster. Parents viz., dominance and dominance based gene actions were observed for fruit IIHR-3, Arka Shirish and Kuduchi local were good general combiners yield/ plant in Haritha x Arka Shirish. Both additive and non-additive and possess additive genes for fruit yield/ plant and Arka Shirish, gene actions appeared to be important for fruit yield/ plant in Kuduchi Swetha and L-2863 for pulp to seed ratio, as they showed significant local x Haritha and for pulp to seed ratio in both Haritha x Arka GCA effect in positive direction. Erangere local x Swetha and Haritha Shirish and Kuduchi local x IIHR-3.

Effect of cane regulation and chemically induced berry thinning on yield and quality of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cvs. Flame seedless and Sharad seedless MOHAMMAD GULAB OMARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. SAMPATH KUMAR

The experiments were conducted during the years 2014 and 2015 at growth, yield and fruit quality parameters. The investigations on (ICAR-IIHR) Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru conventional thinning agents has revealed that, spraying of coffee to optimize the level of pruning on bud fertility and to evaluate the powder (3%) during full bloom stage has resulted significant highest efficiency of conventional thinning agents on berry thinning in Flame yield and quality of fruit, which was followed by olive oil (3%), seedless and Sharad seedless varieties of grape. The level of pinching clove oil (3%) and CuSO4 (0.5%) sprayed at full bloom stage was shoots halt at 4th node with one sub cane in Flame seedless and 6th found to be most effective and economical as compared to standard node with one sub canes in Sharad seedless has provided ideal situation GA3 in Flame seedless. Whereas, in case of Sharad seedless olive oil for growth parameters of grape vine. The level of pruning canes halt (3%) has registered highest yield and fruit quality attributes, which at 4th node having one sub cane and one bud in Flame seedless and was closely followed by coffee powder (3%), clove oil (3%) and th canes halt at 6 node having one sub cane and one bud in Sharad CuSO4 (0.7%) during full bloom stage was found best to attain higher seedless was more effective as compared to straight cane in terms of yield and good quality fruit as compared to standard GA3.

Genetics of resistance to downy mildew (Pseudoperono sporacubensis[(Berk. and Curt.) Rostow.], fruit yield and its attributes in Ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula Roxb. L.) ANAND NARASANNAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. DEVAPPA

Investigation on “Genetics of resistance to downy mildew gourd. High GCV and PCV were observed for number of branches, (Pseudoperonosporacubensis[(Berk.and Curt.) Rostow.], fruit yield nodes up to first female flowering, number of fruits per vine, average and its attributes in ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula Roxb. L.)”was fruit weight, fruit yield per vine and per cent disease index for downy undertaken during 2014-2016 at the College of Horticulture, UHS mildew.Thirty five hybrids were developed by using seven lines and Campus, Bengaluru. In open field screening for downy mildew has five testers in Line × Tester mating design. The hybrids viz., led to identification of two resistant genotypes (COHB-9 and COHB-32), COHB-1 × Deepthi, COHB-33 × Deepthiand COHB-32 × two moderately resistant lines (COHB-10 and COHB-40) and one PusaNutanqualified to be of commercial value as they have manifested was highly susceptible (COHB-8) reaction to downy mildew in ridge significant heterosis over standard check (Naga) for fruit yield/plant.

161 Combining ability analysis revealed non-additive gene action for all indicating the presence of non-additive gene action for total fruit the characters as SCA variance was greater than the GCA variances. yield per vine. Dominance and dominance × dominance based gene Parents COHB-33, COHB-40, PusaNutan and Deepthi were good actions were observed for downy mildew per cent disease index in general combiners and possesses additive genes for total yield per both COHB-1 × Deepti and COHB-32 × PusaNutan. Both additive vine. The maximum SCA effects was observed in the cross COHB-1 and non-additive gene actions appeared to be important forfruit yield/ × Deepthi, COHB-32 × ArkaSumeet and COHB-32 × PusaNutan vine in all the three crosses.

Effect of nanoparticles, antitranspirants and osmoregulators on enhancing the vase life of Cut Roses (Rosa x hybrida L.) VARUN AMINGAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. SREENIVAS

A study was contemplated involving the use of nanoparticles, and highest relative fresh weight (93.38%). Application of proline osmoregulators and antitranspirants to evaluate their effect on improving 10mM resulted in maximum leaf water potential (-0.16 MPa) on the vase life attributes in cut rose at the Department of Postharvest fifth day. Roses held in T1 (silver nanoparticles 50 ppm plus sucrose Technology, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, with average ambient 1.5% plus citric acid 300 ppm) exhibited highest cumulative water temperature being 27±2°C. Silver nanoparticles at 50 ppm resulted in uptake (91.93 g) and highest cumulative transpiration loss (90.65 g). maximum vase life of seven days exhibiting highest cumulative water Flowers held in T3 (glycerol 6% + sucrose 1.5% + citric acid 300 ppm) uptake (84.37 g), highest transpiration loss (84.60 g), maximum water exhibited highest water balance (-1.52 g). Cut roses held in floral balance (-1.03 g) and highest relative fresh weight (91.00%) whereas, preservative solution T2 (silver nanoparticles 20 ppm + sucrose 1.5% carbon nano tubes at 5 ppm resulted in the highest membrane stability + citric acid 300 ppm) exhibited highest relative fresh weight (95.99%) index (52.27%). Zinc nanoparticles resulted in the least bacterial load in and maximum leaf water potential (-0.19 MPa) on the tenth day of the vase solution (6 x 104 CFU ml-1). Among various osmoregulators vase period. It can be concluded that T2 (silver nanoparticles 20 ppm and antitranspirants, proline 2mM resulted in highest cumulative water + sucrose 1.5% + citric acid 300 ppm) was the best treatment overall uptake (47.17 g) and highest cumulative transpiration loss (55.50 g), along with vase life of 12 days and low expenditure of chemicals at Rs. whereas, glycerol 6 per cent resulted in maximum water balance (-2.48 g) 1.04 only per flower per day.

Valorization of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) based products RASHAD AHMAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. SREENIVAS

Strawberry fruit is much prized for its flavor and delicacy. It is a good beverage prepared with strawberry juice(100%), acidity(0.3%) with source of nutrients. It is utilized for preparing processed foods viz., 13ºB and 15ºB was superior in terms of overall acceptability (3.38 & purees, jams, juices etc. The present investigation was carried out to 3.53); nectar prepared with strawberry juice(100%), acidity(0.3%) prepare products from strawberry juice by blending it with grape, with 15ºB and 18ºB was superior in terms of overall acceptability muskmelon, lime and ginger juices to improve on their storage behavior (3.70 & 4.10); and squash recipe involving strawberry juice(100%), and organoleptic evaluation. Blended juice was prepared by mixing acidity(1.0%) with 40ºB and 50ºB was superior with overall strawberry juice with grape, muskmelon, lime and ginger juices. acceptability of 3.60 and 4.10 respectively. During the storage period, Preparation of blended RTS, nectar and squash beverage was done as colour of the products faded in all the treatments after 60 days of per the treatments details. Products were analyzed for changes in storage and the scores for taste, aroma and flavour and overall chemical constituents and sensory evaluation at monthly intervals acceptability also decreased with increase in duration of storage. The during storage at ambient and refrigerated temperature.It was observed products were microbiologically safe, nutritious and important that total soluble solids, reducing sugars, total sugars and pH increased chemical constituents were higher at refrigerated than ambient during storage periods while titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content, condition. Benefit cost ratio for the best recipes of RTS 13ºB, RTS antioxidant activity, anthocyanin content, potassium content, calcium 15ºB, Nectar 15ºB, Nectar 18ºB, squash 30ºB and squash 35ºB were content and magnesium content decreased during storage. The RTS 1.61:1, 1.68:1, 1.74:1, 1.70:1, 1.86:1 and 1.84:1, respectively.

Assessment of genetic diversity and population genetic structure among the accessions of Jeera (Nigella Sativa L.), from Afghanistan and India using morphological, molecular and biochemical traits SAYED ESMAIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. GANESHAIAH

Black cumin (N. sativa L.) is a crop of great medicinal value, but for all the characters including total yield and oil percentage during poorly studied and less tried for genetic improvement. Assessment 2014. During 2015 the accessions did differ significantly for most of the genetic diversity is therefore of crucial importance for its characters except plant height, number of locules per capsule and genetic improvement. The present study was undertaken to assess seeds per capsule. PCA analysis based on the Morphological traits the genetic diversity of the 37 accessions collected from Afghanistan revealed that there is broad-scale geographic differentiation of the and India. The accessions were sown during late Rabi 2014 and populations of N. sativa and populations seem to be mixing well at early Rabi 2015 and evaluated for 11 traits including yield and seed a small geographic scale either because of human mediated commercial oil content. Black cumin accessions showed significant differences exploitation or because of natural out-crossing. RAPD primers were

162 used for molecular diversity analysis of 12 accessions chosen to information contents (PIC) of the 11 RAPD primers used varied represent the diversity at phenotypic level. The number of bands between 0.00 and 0.35. Average PIC was 0.22. The genotypes from produced by each primer ranged from 1 to 11. The highest number Afghanistan and India had similar similarity index values within of loci were amplified in I.15 and BH.2 primers and the lowest in each group (or country) than between them suggesting that short I.18; the gene diversity observed ranged from 0.00 in primer I.14 to geographical isolation has low influence on the genetic diversity of 0.42 in primer I.1 with a mean gene diversity of 0.2. The Polymorphic the genotypes.

Formulation of vase-tablet for longivity and quality of anthurium and Gerbera cut flowers Y. KANTHARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. SREENIVAS

The present investigations was carried out at the Department of material exhibited the highest cumulative water uptake (50.16g), Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during cumulative transpiration loss (48.93g), cumulative water balance 2015-16, to develop vase-tablet formulation and to evaluate their (0.75g), relative fresh weight (60.21%), membrane stability index effect on vase life attributes in anthurium and gerbera cut flowers. In (60.02%), vase life (23.71 days) and the lowest ion leakage (39.98%) experiment-Ia and Ib, best two vase-chemical combinations for and tablet cost (‘ 0.66/day/flower) was on par with Sucrose (2.0%) + anthurium and gerbera cut flowers. Anthurium var. Tropical was placed Sodium hypochlorite (0.3%) + Benzyladenine (10.0 ppm). Wereas, in Sucrose (2.0%) + Sodium hypochlorite (0.3%) + Benzyl adenine when gerbera placed in Sucrose (1.5%) + Sodium hypochlorite (0.3%) (10.0 ppm) and Sucrose (2.0%) + Sodium hypochorite (0.3%) + + Benzyladenine (20.0 ppm) with pregelatinized starch carrier Aluminum sulphate (50.0 ppm). Whereas, when gerbera var. Julia material showed the maximum cumulative water uptake (63.41g), was placed in Sucrose (1.5%) + Sodium hypochlorite (0.3%) + Benzyl cumulative transpiration loss (67.71g), cumulative water balance adenine (20.0 ppm) and Sucrose (1.0%) + Sodium hypochlorite (0.3%) (-3.70g), relative fresh weight (72.52%), membrane stability index + Benzyl adenine (20.0 ppm) significantly influence quality of flowers. (60.18%), vase-life (13.94 days) and the minimum ion leakage Further, the two best standardized chemical combinations used for (39.82%) and tablet cost (` 0.92/day/flower) which was on par development of tablet formulation with five different carrier materials with Sucrose (1.50%) + Sodium hypochlorite (0.3%) + Benzyl and their effect was studied in experiment-IIa and IIb. It was found adenine (20 ppm). Hence, pregelatinized starch based tablet is that anthurium were placed in Sucrose (2.0%) + Sodium hypochlorite compatible for maintaining longevity and quality of anthurium and (0.3%) + Benzyladenine (10.0 ppm) with pregelatinized starch carrier gerbera cut flowers.

Development of novel products from Pineapple (Anonas comosus L.) by vacuum impregnation technique K. S. THIPPANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. B. TIWARI

Optimization of processes variables on pineapple slices was carried dehydrated slices, reducing sugars and total sugar contents were out using different syrup concentrations (40, 50 and 60 °Brix), increased with increase in the duration of osmosis for 1 to 4 hours. temperature (40, 50 and 60 °C) and duration of osmosis (1, 2, 3, and Irrespective of pressure and percent juice in syrup not much variation 4 hour). Optimum water loss (48.81%), solid gain (18.46%) and was found in non-reducing sugar and titratable acidity, whereas, weight reduction (28.34%) was obtained for 50.82 °Brix at 45.91 °C higher carotenoid content (942.6µg/100g) was recorded in VPOD with 238.25 minutes immersion. The pineapple slices were subjected with 100% juice for 4 hours. Flavour profile in the novel products to Atmospheric Osmotic Dehydration(AOD), Vacuum Osmotic was mainly dominated by higher levels of esters (44.01%) in syrup Dehydration (VOD) at 200mbar and Vacuum (200mbar) with containing 100% juice four hours in VPOD, while aldehydes and Pressure (2000mbar) Osmotic Dehydration (VPOD), prior to ketones dominated in VOD (23.58%). The slices subjected to VPOD osmosis was carried out for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours using 60 oBrix for 4 hours had retained maximum calcium (1.09g/100g), while syrup containing 0%, 50% and 100% pineapple juice. Higher water magnesium was higher with 0% juice for 1 hour (0.132g/100g) under loss (50.06%), weight reduction (29.44%) and optimum solid gain VOD in dehydrated slices. VPOD treated slices with 100% pineapple (20.62%) without pineapple juice (0%) in syrup under VPOD for juice containing syrup was recorded maximum sensory scores in four-hour of osmosis, as compared to osmotic solutions containing dehydrated (85.65) and frozen (85.54) samples for four hours of 50% and 100% pineapple juice. In both osmo-dehydro frozen and osmosis.

Studies on plant geometry and integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality traits of guava (Psidium guajava L.) var. Lalit R. KIRAN KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. JAGANATH

The effect of plant geometry and integrated nutrient management 6×6m spacing during 2013 and 2014, respectively. However, maximum (INM) on growth, yield and quality of guava (Psidiumguajava L.) fruit yield per hectare(16.74 and 14.33 tons), shelf life of fruits (6.83 var. Lalit was evaluated, among four different plant densities viz., and 6.89 days) and soil available nitrogen (212.30 and 207.23 kgha-1), 2×2, 3×3, 6×3 and 6×6 m, the maximum plant height (2.81 and 3.07m), phosphorus (24.56 and 25.71 kgha-1) and potassium (260.32 and canopy volume (11.76 and 12.84m3), fruit weight (87.13 and 84.91g), 273.34 kgha-1) were observed in 2×2 m spacing. The biofertilizers and TSS (15.14 and 15.10 °Brix), ascorbic acid (169.24 and 176.94 mg organic manures were applied 15 days before the application of the 100-1 g pulp) and minimum acidity (0.44 and 0.43%) was observed in inorganic nutrients in plant basins after pruning. The INM of

163 Azotobacter 20g + PSB 20g + vermicompost 10 kg + 50 % recommended 311.73 kgha-1), while the acidity was minimum (0.34 and 0.33 %) NPK resulted in highest plant height (2.81 and 2.90 m), canopy volume during 2013-14, respectively. The highest B:C ratio was observed in (11.71 and 11.03 m3), fruit weight (95.23 and 93.61g), fruit yield per Azotobacter 20g + PSB 20g + FYM 10kg + 50 % recommended NPK hectare (15.08 and 12.91 tons), TSS (15.77 and 15.81 °Brix), ascorbic at the spacing of 6×3 m (2.06 and 4.43) in 2013 and 2014, respectively. acid (184.52 and 192.92 mg100-1 g pulp), maximum shelf life of fruits Guava plants spaced at 6×3 m with the application of Azotobacter (7.17 and 7.24 days), soil available nitrogen (221.10 and 216.22 kgha-1), 20 g + PSB 20 g + vermicompost 10 kg + 50% recommended NPK phosphorus (26.76 and 28.01 kgha-1) and potassium (296.89 and proved to be the best combination for guava. ultivation.

Studies on floral biology and fruit development in Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)

SHAFEEQ BAWOOR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRAKASH PATIL

A study entitled “studies on floral biology and fruit development in 2015-16, FRAP antioxidants content of 7.12, 10.57, 15.98 mg/100g in jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.)” was carried out, at the ICAR- 2014-15 and 6.61, 10.62, 16.25 mg/100g in 2015–16, DPPH antioxidants Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessarghatta, content of 7.01, 8.85, 12.09 mg/100g in 2014-15 and 5.76, 9.90, Bengaluru during 2014-15 and 2015-16. The flowering period noticed 13.39 mg/100g in 2015–16 were recorded in accession A5 respectively for on-season jackfruit was November to April, while it was August to at the immature, mature and ripe stages of the fruit. Significantly higher October for off season jackfruit. Duration of stigma receptivity of values for vitamin C (6.68, 12.80, 14.48 mg/100g in 2014-15 and 6.69, female spike was 21.63 and 21.57 days and duration for development 11.97 and 13.46 mg/100g, in 2015–16) and titerable acidity of 0.17%, of floral bud was 45.12 and 44.52 days in 2014-15 and 2015-16, 0.33% and 0.48%, in 2014-15 and 0.17%, 0.33% and 0.50% in respectively. Maximum pollen viability was recorded at 6-hour timing 2015–16 was noticed in immature, mature and ripe stages of the fruit interval. Significantly higher number of fruit set (49.00 and 47.67), respectively in accession A1. During both the years of analysis, number of fruits per tree (38.67 and 37.00) and fruit distribution on significantly higher values for TSS (10.500B, 18.000B, 25.670B in different branches (38.66 and 35.34 %) were recorded during 2014-15 2014-15 and 10.670B, 17.500B, 25.170B in 2015-16, total sugars (9.75%, and 2015-16 respectively in accession A1. However, significantly higher 17.81%, 22.56% in 2014-15 and 9.85%, 16.98%, 21.51%, in 2015-16) days tofruit maturity (104.60 and 102.27 days), fruit weight (24.83 were recorded at immature, mature and ripe stages of fruit, respectively and 24.00 kg), number of flakes per fruit (141.33 and 140.00), flake in accession A7. Significantly high score for overall acceptability of weight (46.50 g and 46.33 g) were during 2014-15 and 2015-16 texture crispness analysis was recorded in accession A7 (4.70 and respectively in accession A7. Results on fruit physico-chemical 4.73 in 2014-15 and 2015-16, respectively). A total of 60 aroma volatile attributes indicated higher values for carotenoid content of 0.60, 1.60 flavor compounds were identified in the samples, including 38 esters, and 3.33 mg/100g in 2014–15 and 0.60, 1.74 and 3.45 mg/100g in 10 hydrocarbons, 7 aldehydes and ketones, and 5 alcohols.

164 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCES

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT

Evaluation and characterization of new in-vitro mutants/ somaclones of Banana cv. Rajapuri (AAB) KAVITA DODDAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. PRABHULING

Evaluation and characterization of in-vitro mutants/somaclones of T10 (Somaclone Arabhavi 2). The similar trend was noticed in crop

Banana cv. Rajapuri (AAB) was carried out in the Department of duration in treatment T10 (Somaclone Arabhavi 2) which documented Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, KRCCH, Arabhavi during least crop duration. The highest bunch length, bunch width, number of 2012-2015. Suckers having higher bunch weight (>15kg/bunch) were hands per bunch, number of fingers on third hand and total number of collected from Awargol village (Hukkeri taluk), Sangankeri village (Gokak fingers per bunch was recorded maximum in T10 (Somaclone Arabhavi 2). taluk), Arabhavi village (Gokak taluk) and mutant plants resulted from The yield characters such as bunch weight and yield per hectare was in-vitro mutagenesis through irradiation treatment (25 Gy, 45Gy) from found to be highest in the treatment T10 (Somaclone Arabhavi 2). The earlier study were used for the study. The vegetative parameters like lowest sigatoka leaf spot index (30.81%) was recorded in the treatment plant height, pseudo stem girth, number of functional leaves and leaf of T10 (Somaclone Arabhavi 2). The genetic variations studied through Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (primer OPC-02 and OPC-08) area were recorded. The treatment T10 (Somaclone Arabhavi 2) recorded the maximum plant height during the initial period of the growth up to analysis revealed density polymorphism between plants of T10

10 MAP. Similar trend was noticed for other vegetative growth (Somaclone Arabhavi 2), T1 (suckers) and T2 (Tissue culture plants). parameters such as pseudostem girth, number of functional leaves and Hence, concluding that Somaclone Arabhavi 2 is genetically different leaf area.The minimum days for shooting were recorded in treatment from suckers and tissue culture plants.

Studies on characterization and seed production techniques in French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) D. ANUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHANTAPPA TIRAKANNANAVAR

The present investigation was undertaken during kharif and rabi season carried out based on DUS guidelines. Thus, characterization based of 2015 at K.R.C. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi. In experiment-I, on plant growth type, stem anthocyanin pigmentation, flower colour genetic variability for growth, quality and yield parameters in french of standard petal, pod colour, pod curvature, stringiness, seed bean genotypes was studied. High GCV and PCV were recorded for shape and seed colour were found to be more reliable for varietal pod yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high GAM was identification. In experiment-III, effect of growing conditions and recorded for most of growth and yield parameters like pod weight and different dates of sowing on seed yield and quality of french bean pod yield per plant indicating that these characters are controlled by genotypes Arka Suvidha and Ring beans was studied. Crop sown in additive gene action and direct selection for these traits is favourable. June under shade house condition produced significantly higher The genotypic correlation studies revealed highly significant and growth and yield attributes leading to higher seed yield. The seed positive association of pod yield per plant with plant height, number yield reduced with delayed sowing with open condition. Ring beans of branches per plant, number of pods per plant and pod weight. The produced higher seed yield compared to Arka Suvidha irrespective genotypic path analysis revealed that the number of pods per plant, of growing condition and sowing dates. However, germination pod weight and number of branches per plant were the most influencing percentage, seedling dry weight, vigour index I and II increased with factors as these traits have strong positive and direct effect on green delayed sowing i.e., November in shade house condition. Thus under pod yield per plant. Using mahalonobis D2 statistics, 49 french bean shade house condition, sowing should be taken in November with genotypes were grouped into 7 clusters. Pod weight contributed Ring beans for obtaining optimum seed yield with least scarifies on maximum to the total genetic diversity. In experiment-II, seed quality under non-traditional Ghataprabha Left Bank Canal morphological characterization of 49 french bean genotypes was (GLBC) area of Karnataka.

165 Development and evaluation of tomato hybrids for drought and ToLCV tolerance and identification of stable cherry Tomato lines ANURAG S GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. C. JAGADEESHA

Twenty crosses were developed by using different nine genotypes in -46.45 to 37.73 for fruit yield per plant, -58.66 to 10.01 per cent for Line x Tester in randomized complete block design to study magnitude fruit yield per plot. Out of 20 hybrids, three were moderately resistant, and direction of heterosis for fruit yield and quality traits, to estimate nine were moderately susceptible, seven were susceptible and one was the combining ability, variance and effects of traits at Kittur Rani highly susceptible. Maximum resistance for ToLCV was observed in Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi (Karnataka) during the cross EC-61066 X L01942 (14.25%) followed by EC- 610652 X 2016-17. Among the parents, good gca for yield per plant was exhibited L01942 (16.97%) and EC- 610652 X TKB133 (18.00%). The cross by the L01942 and TKB133 whereas, for ToLCV the testers L01942, EC- 61066 X L01942 was found to be exhibiting higher resistance with L06052, TLB133 and TKB133 are moderately resistant. The magnitude desired significant sca effect for yield contributing traits like average of heterosis over standard check (Arka Rakshak), ranged from 9.23 to fruit weight per plant and fruit quality traits like ascorbic acid. It also 49.99 per cent for plant height, -56.42 to 10.34 per cent for days to exhibited standard heterosis over check hybrid for number of fruits per first flowering, -18.33 to 52.06 per cent for number of fruits per plant, plant, average fruit per plant, yield per plant and yield per plot.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for productivity and quality traits SHWETA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. R.BASAVRAJAPPA

Present investigation was undertaken during kharif 2016 at Kittur diversity. Dry fruit yield per plant contributed maximum (49.48%)to Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi. Experiment I the genetic diversity followed by fruit length (15.91%).Correlation consists of evaluation of chilli genotypes for productivity, quality studies revealed that fruit yield had positive and highly significant traits, genetic diversity, correlation and path analysis. The analysis association with number of fruits per plant and fruit weight. Path- of variance indicated significant differences among the genotypes coefficient analysis revealed that number of green fruits per plant for all the characters under study. Yield and yield related traits, and green fruit weight had the highest positive direct effect on fruit exhibited high GCV, PCV and high heritability coupled with high yield and most of the fruit related traits contributed to fruit yield genetic advance. Among the forty two genotype of chilli, KCA-32 mainly through fruit girth and fruit weight. Hence, more attention and KCA-48 were identified as high yield genotypes. D2 analysis has to be given on these characters in selection for increasing yield. grouped the forty two genotypes into six divergent clusters. The In experiment II, molecular diversity study conducted with twenty maximum difference among the genotypes within the same cluster selected high yielding genotypes of chilli with nine primers revealed was shown by cluster III. The inter- cluster distance was maximum that tremendous amount of genetic diversity exists in chilli genotypes between clusters III and V (778.48) indicating wide range of genetic under study.

Heterosis and hybrid seed production in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) S. M. VEERESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. SHANTAPPA

Studies on heterosis and hybrid seed production were undertaken in seven crosses were highly heterotic and 12 crosses were low heterotic Department of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, Kittur Rani and one cross was average heterotic. Among highly heterotic crosses Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during 2016-17 to find three crosses involved high x high parental combinations over all gca the superior hybrids and to know the effect of time of pollination, status and three crosses involved high x low parental combinations period of pollen storage on fruit set, seed yield and quality of brinjal and one crosses involve average x high and one cross with average x hybrid. Twenty hybrids were developed by crossing ten lines with low parental combination for overall gca status. The Line K12 D10 two testers and were evaluated along with the parents and commercial 32-5 and K12 D10 36-1 were used as female and male parents check in randomised block design and data was subjected to line x respectively to study the time of pollination and period of pollen tester analysis. Variance due to crosses was significant for all the storage. The pollination between 9 and 10 am by using fresh pollen as growth, earliness, yield and quality parameters studied. resulted in higher fruit set, number of seeds per fruit, germination Comprehensive assessment of crosses by considering standard percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour heterosis values of 12 characters revealed that, out of twenty crosses index in brinjal hybrid.

166 Characterization and hybrid seed production in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench.] RAVISWAMY GOUDARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. SHANTAPPA

The present investigations on genetic variability, correlation, path fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, plant spread east to west, analysis, genetic and molecular divergence of 40 okra [Abelmoschus fruit length, days to maturity and days to first flowering were the esculentus L. Moench] genotypes and hybrid seed production were most influencing factors. The genetic divergence studies using D2 carried out using RCBD at experimental block of Biotechnology and statistics helped in grouping the 40 genotypes into 4 distinct clusters. Crop Improvement, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, The cluster IV with two lines showed maximum intra-cluster diversity. Arabhavi during the year 2015-16. The analysis of variance revealed Based on distance between clusters the maximum divergence was that highly significant differences among genotypes for all the observed between cluster IV and II. Diversity analysis, the 40 characters except number of locules per fruit. The high GCV and PCV genotypes of okra was carried out by using 25 RAPD primers among observed for plant height and number of primary branches. High that 8 gave scorable amplification and good polymorphism. heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean Dendrogram revealed two major clusters and both clusters were was observed for plant height, number of primary branches, number subdivided into two groups each. The genetic dissimilarity values of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant and average fruit weight ranged from 6 to 95 % suggesting a broad genetic base with in the okra indicating improvement of these traits through simple selection would genotypes. Among the seasons of sowing, January sowing was be rewarding. Correlation studies revealed that highly significant and superior followed by June and October for seed yield and quality positive association of fruit yield per plant with number of fruits per parameters. Among the interactions, C2S3 (shade net condition x first plant, average fruit weight and fruit length at both phenotypic and fortnight of January sowing) treatment combination showed better genotypic level. Path and genotypic coefficient revealed that average performance for seed yield and quality in okra hybrid.

Studies on developmental stages of microsporogenesis to induce male sterility using male gametocides in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) N. NAVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Dr. H. M. PALLAVI

Okra hybrid seeds are produced using hand emasculation and pollination opening of the flower. This observation has made a way to select a pre- technique commercially. To skip tedious and labour consuming hand meiotic and post meiotic stage for effective application of gametocides emasculation an experiment was formulated to assess the specific to induce complete male sterility. Earlier studies revealed that the flowering stage for application of male gametocides. The lab and field spraying of gametocides at pre-meiotic stages induced only experiment was conducted during kharif and summer season of 51.77 per cent pollen sterility. Hence, present work was conducted to 2015- 2016 at Seed Testing Laboratory, Seed Unit, Main campus, test the effect of gametocides with higher concentrations at post-meiotic University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. Developmental stages stages. In laboratory experiment, the results indicated that malic of microsporogenesis to induce effective male sterility using different hydrazide @ 450 ppm treated at 45 mm bud size stage induced higher male gametocides in okra was conducted with different flower bud pollen sterility of 93.40 per cent and 90.77 per cent under in vitro sizes ranging from 3 mm (at the time of bud initiation) to 50 mm (at the pollen germination test and acetocarmine test respectively. In field time of anthesis). The study reveals that the formation of microspore experiment, the maximum pollen sterility of 86.16 per cent was found from PMC is between 3 mm to 5 mm bud size. Clear meiosis was by foliar application of MH @ 450 ppm at 45 mm bud size. Further recorded by observing the formation of triads and tetrads during different the technique developed was validated by conducting Grow Out Test stage. Meiosis was completed at 5 mm bud stage and further growth of the hybrids seeds produced. Maximum genetic purity was obtained and development of pollen was seen between 10 mm to 45 mm buds. in 45 mm bud size stage treated with MH at the rate of 450 ppm This was confirmed by pollen viability test and opined that pollen are concentration. Hence among the gametocides (MH, Ethrel and 2, 4- D) non-viable till bud reaches 45 mm size. Further, pollen attains maturity used, MH at a concentration of 450 ppm sprayed at 45 mm bud size just before flower anthesis between 45 mm to 50 mm bud size. However, (before flowering) found to be more effective for inducing male sterility maximum pollen fertility is between an hour before and an hour after in Okra.

Evaluation of advanced lines of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) for productivity and quality traits K. ABHILASHA MAJORADVISOR: Dr. D. SATISH

Forty seven advanced lines of okra along with check Arka Anamika high genetic advance over mean was observed for plant height were evaluated in randomized block design with two replications at (45 DAS and 90 DAS), number of leaves per plant (45 DAS and Department of Biotechnology and crop improvement, College of 90 DAS), internodal length (45 DAS and 90 DAS), number of nodes Horticulture, Bagalkot (Haveli), during kharif season 2016 and per plant, number of branches per plant (45 DAS and 90 DAS), leaf assessed for their genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance area, first flowering node, total number of fruits per plant, total fruit for thirty two parameters concerned with growth, yield and quality. yield per plant, fruit diameter, marketable yield per plant, flesh Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among thickness, crude fiber, fruit firmness, vitamin-C, phenol, rind thickness, the advanced lines for all the traits studied. The genotypic and number of seeds per fruit, seed yield per fruit, 100-seed eight, days to phenotypic coefficient of variability, high heritability coupled with 50 per cent flowering, average fruit weight, fruit length, moisture,

167 total reducing sugar, indicating predominant additive gene action per plant. Mahalanobi’s D2 analysis grouped the 47 advanced lines of offering scope for improvement of these characters through direct okra and including Arka Anamika into eight clusters. The maximum selection. Correlation studies revealed significant and positive difference among the genotypes within the same cluster was shown association of fruit yield per plant with plant height (45 DAS and by cluster I. Cluster VIII and I showed maximum inter cluster distance. 90 DAS), number of leaves per plant (45 DAS and 90 DAS), number Fruit diameter contributed maximum (37.77 %) to the genetic diversity of branches per plant (45 DAS and 90 DAS), internodal length followed by leaf area (30.59 %), marketable yield per plant (30.41%). (90 DAS), first flowering node, number of nodes per plant, number of In the present investigation, the advanced lines viz., UHSB-ADL-15, fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, days UHSB-ADL-26, UHSB-ADL-27, UHSB-ADL-32, UHSB-ADL-34, to 50 per cent flowering. Path analysis studies revealed high direct UHSB-ADL-39, UHSB-ADL-43 recorded higher fruit yield per plant. effect of number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight on total yield The promising genotypes can be further tested for their performance.

Micropropagation and molecular characterization of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa B. P. SHAHAJI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. A. PEERAJADE

In the present study, experiments were carried out to develop protocol twenty existing gamma irradiated M1 seed derived progenies of for micropropagation of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa, screening of existing pomegranate cv. ‘Bhagwa’ were assessed for their genetic variability and for selection against BLB resistance by using four morphological gamma irradiated M1 seed derived progenies against bacterial blight and their genotyping. For microprpagation studies, two types of traits such as bacterial blight on leaves (PDI), leaf length, leaf width explants, viz., shoot tip and nodal explant were tried. Out of these and leaf thickness. High estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance two explants, nodal explant was recorded the highest survival rate as per cent mean were recorded for all the selected traits. Among 120 (73.33%) with low contamination (26.67%) in 0.1 per cent HgCl2 progenies screened, 13 progenies shown moderately susceptible treatment for 6 minute. The MS medium supplemented with BAP reaction, 7 shown susceptible reaction and others exhibited highly 2.00 mg/l + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 30mg/l adenine sulphate + AgNO3 1.00 mg/l was recorded as best concentration for shoot growth parameters susceptible reaction to BLB based on PDI value. These 20 progenies like, highest shoot initiation (80.00%), least number of days for shoot were subjected for genotyping with four polymorphic microsatellite initiation (17.60), highest mean number of shoots per explants (7.00), markers namely PGCT050, PGCT51, pg14a and pg14b were identified longest length of shoot (7.67 cm) and more number of leaves per by using four check varieties (Bhagwa, Ganesh, Patna and Nana). shoot (13.87). Half strength MS medium supplemented with higher Thirteen progenies showed similar banding pattern with moderately level of IBA (1 mg/l) recorded as superior concentration for root susceptible check and seven progenies showed similar banding pattern growth parameters like, highest root initiation (86.7%), least number with susceptible individuals. The differentiating SSR primers of days for root initiation (21.0), highest mean number of roots per identified in the present study can be further employed for screening explants (5.6), longest mean length of root (4.0 cm). Hundred and of other populations for BLB resistance breeding.

Genetic diversity, population structure and marker-trait association for root traits by association analysis in Carrot (Daucus carota L.) CHAITRA C. KULKARNI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARVAMANGALA CHOLIN

A Research work was conducted at University of horticultural remaining were solitary clusters. Diversity contribution of the root Sciences, Bagalkot during 2016-17 for 96 diverse genotypes of carrot weight was maximum indicating the scope for selection of diverse in order to study diversity, population structure and the marker-trait parents for this trait. Correlation analysis indicated positive association for the economic root traits. An Augmented block design correlation of root weight with almost all the plant morphological comprising of 3 checks (Ghataprabha Local, Vigro Kuruda and Pusa characters. Genotyping of 42 polymorphic markers for 96 genotypes Vrishti) having 6 blocks was utilized to screen these 96 genotypes revealed 471 alleles with PIC value ranging from 0.0782(Y-Indel) to comprising of European and Asiatic types with diverse colors. 33 0.928 (ESSR59) with average of 2 to 28 alleles per locus. Unrooted root morphological traits (18 quantitative and 15 qualitative) and 42 Neigbour joining tree from DARWIN showed three diverse groups various molecular markers (SCAR, Indels, ESTSSRs and G-SSRs) but a single genotype in 3rd cluster. STRCTURE analysis also revealed were studied. Significant variation for all quantitative traits was 2 populations. Greater genetic variation was observed within the observed based on ANOVA and variability estimates (GCV and PCV) individuals (71%) than among the populations (13%) as shown by indicated sufficient variability in the population. Higher heritability AMOVA indicating the possible gene flow among the genotypes of for harvest index, number of petioles, petiole length, vegetative weight, the populations. Marker-trait analysis by TASSEL identified root length and root diameter indicated their effective phenotypic significant markers for 13 phenotypic traits with the R2 value ranged selection in breeding. Distinct classes were present for all 15 qualitative from 0.31 (root colour-GSSR153) to 0.81 (root length-GSSR91) with traits from frequency distribution. PCA exhibited six principal the P value of <0.0001. Present study identified 15 superior components explaining 77.71 % of the total variation for all 18 genotypes suitable to tropical conditions and the markers identified quantiative characters. D2 study classified genotypes into twelve would be further confirmed and validated for their exploration in major clusters wherein, I-Cluster contained 85 genotypes and carrot crop improvement.

168 Development and evaluation of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) hybrids for productivity and quality traits SUJATA L. PADADALLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. SATISH

Thirty three hybrids were developed by crossing seven lines and combiner for almost characters which can be used as high yielding three testers in L x T fashion at Division at Biotechnology and crop hybrids. Non additive component of genetic variance was slightly improvement, COH, Bagalkot during 2016-17 and assessed for their higher than additive component for all the traits they can be subjected character association, path analysis heterosis and combining ability to recurrent selection for improving the combining ability for for twenty six parameters for productivity and quality traits. The exploitation of heterosis. The study on correlation found that total variance due to parents vs. hybrids was also significant for all traits fruit per plant had positive and highly significant correlation with except plant height at 45 DAS, internodal length 45 DAS, days to plant height, first flowering node, number of nodes per plant, number first flowering, fruit diameter and seed yield per plant. The magnitude of fruits per plant, average fruit weight. From path analysis it became of standard heterosis was high and significant for marketable yield clear that plant height at 90 DAS, days to first harvest, number of per plot in the cross L4 x T2 (30.36%) followed by L1 x T2 (28.44%), nodes per plant, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, L3 x T2 (24.19%) and L1 x T1 (12%). Comprehensive assessment of exerted direct positive effect towards fruit yield per plant. Thus parents by considering gca effects of 26 characters studied has resulted selection could be made relying on average fruit weight and number into identification of lines, viz., L7, L3, and L1 and the testers T2 and of fruits per plant for high yielding types. The information presented T3 as good combiner over all characters and among the hybrids L3 x here about quality traits of okra showed the potential nutritional T2, L7 X T2, L3 x T3, L1 x T3 and L7 x T2 showed good specific importance of okra and it has role in improved nutrition.

Genetic variability studies for yield and quality parameters and assessment of homozygosity using microsatellites in Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia. L.) MAHADEV KIVATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SAYEED WAJEED R. MULLA

Sixteen bitter gourd local genotypes were evaluated at The Department UBBG 13) of cluster III showed maximum intra-cluster distance. The of Biotechnology and Crop Improvement, COH, Bagalkot during inter cluster average D2 value was maximum between cluster V and 2016-17 for their diversity, character association, path analysis and VI. For character association, genotypic and phenotypic correlations genetic constitution in terms of homozygosity. The analysis of were considered. Yield per vine showed positive and significant variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for all correlation with number of fruits per vine, number of female flowers, characters. High PCV, GCV, heritability and high genetic advance average fruit weight and fruit length. The path co-efficient analysis over mean were recorded for parameters like leaf area, internodal for yield and quality revealed that number of fruits/vine, female length, number of branches, nodes to first male and female flower, sex flowers/vine and average fruit weight/vine were the most influencing ratio, total fruit yield per vine, plot yield, fruit colour (B and L), fruit factors. DNA finger printing using 23 SSR markers produced 36 alleles length and seed yield per fruit. Genetic divergence analysis using ranging from 134 bp to 281 bp. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed Mahalanobis’s D2 statistic grouped 16 genotypes into 6 different three major clusters and six sub clusters. Percent homozygosity ranged clusters, of which four genotypes (UBBG1, UBBG 3, UBBG 10 and from 85-100 percent demonstrating alleles have been already fixed.

Spectral variability and comparative performance of working collections and M1 progenies of vegetable Cluster bean S. AJAY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. G. PRAKASH

Genetic variability and Spectral variability ability in vegetable cluster plant height (cm), branches per plant, pod length, pods per cluster, bean was studied in about 116 accessions and in mutated seeds of pods per plant, clusters per plant, 100-seed weight (g) and seeds per cluster bean variety Pusa Naubahar, respectively. Further, 14 advanced pod. 100-seed weight (g) exhibited highly significant and positive breeding lines of cluster bean was studied for variability with respect correlation with seeds per pod and pods per cluster. Among 14 lines, to nutritional analysis. ANOVA revealed significant differences among COHBCBC-8-S2 exhibited comparatively higher composition of the accessions for all the fifteen traits. A wide range of variance was nutrition qualities and Ca/P ratio. Further, the gamma rays irradiated observed for three qualitative traits. The branches per plant exhibited cluster bean seeds at four doses (80, 100, 120 and 140 kR) were field highest estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variance and genotypic evaluated. The dose of 80 kR was found to be efficient in inducing coefficient of variance followed by clusters per plant. High heritability more variability in cluster bean. Over all, the mutagenic efficiency coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was recorded for was higher at lower dose (80 kR) of mutagen.

169 Genetic plasticity for water stress and nutritional traits among the advanced breeding lines and

comparative evaluation of selected F1 hybrids in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) A. BASAVARAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. G. PRAKASH

Genetic plasticity for water stress and selected food value COHB-14-1-8 x COHB-16-1-12, COHB-14-1-8 x COHB-15-1-15, nutrients among the advanced breeding lines (ABL) viz. COHB-1-3-17, COHB-6-1-15 x COHB-14-1-8, COHB-1-3-17 x COHB-14-1-8 and

COHB-2-3-10, COHB-3-1-16, COHB-4-1-3, COHB-5-1-11, COHB- COHB-7-1-15 x COHB14-1-8 F1 hybrids were developed and 6-1-15, COHB-7-1-15, COHB-8-1-15, COHB-9-1-8, COHB-10-1-15, evaluated; plant height (55.50-119.21), plant spread (46.83-91.72), COHB-11-1-4, COHB-12-1-17, COHB-12-1-17, COHB-13-1-13, number of primary branches (5.60-8.34), stem girth (1.61-2.03), COHB-14-1-8, COHB-15-1-15 and COHB-16-1-12 were assessed specific leaf area (92.92-141.76), days to 1st flowering (43.84-55.73), st along with comparative performance of selected F1 hybrids of brinjal. days to 50 per cent flowering (51.02-61.85), days to 1 fruit maturity Significant differences among the ABLs for all morphological and (67.18-77.93), fruit length (7.71-22.24), fruit diameter (4.16-9.54), nutritional value traits were observed. High GCV and PCV values fruit length and diameter ratio (1.49-2.31), average fruit weight were recorded for all morphological traits among the ABLs and (54-51-115.16), number of fruits per cluster (1.60-1.06), number fruits

F1hybrids. The component traits of drought tolerance viz. membrane per plant (9.55-33.87) and fruit yield per plant (1.10-2.16) and stability index (MSI), relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll heterosis recorded significant difference among the F1 hybrids. content varied significantly among the ABLs. Based drought tolerance COHB-13-17 x COHB-14-1-8 and COHB-7-1-15 x COHB-14-1-8 were and nutritional values parameters COHB-14-1-8 x COHB-1-3-17, superior among the tested F1s and check, Arka Anand. Superior hybrids COHB-14-1-8 x COHB-6-1-15, COHB-6-1-15 x COHB-16-1-12, and ABLs could be utilized in multiple locations for their performance.

Variability studies in Melon (Cucumis melo L.) F2 population for resistance to downy mildew and powdery mildew diseases and morphological traits K. R. KAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHIVAPRIYA

Melon (Cucumis melo L., 2n=24) of Cucurbitaceae family has great included parents, F1 and two F2 populations (191 and 102 F2s) of importance because of its commercial value and is grown mostly for Kashi Madhu x COHB38 under natural disease conditions. Another its fruits. Melon cultivation is threatened by downy mildew and set of F2s (152) along with parents and F1 were evaluated for powdery powdery mildew diseases which hinder the production and reduce mildew disease resistance. The reaction of F2s for both the diseases the quality of fruits. Indian melon landraces are being used worldwide showed a continuous distribution from highly resistant to highly as disease resistant source in gene introgression to cultivated lines susceptible phenotypes and revealed the quantitative nature of through different breeding methods. In Karnataka state melon landraces resistance in resistant parent COHB38. Very wide variation was are grown in small patches. In our study, the F2 segregating populations observed among F2s for all morphological traits. Among 31 qualitative developed using disease susceptible, superior variety Kashi Madhu characters, 13 were dimorphic and 18 were polymorphic. Out of and downy mildew and powdery mildew resistant landrace of 15 quantitative characters, 14 were polymorphic except seed length. Karnataka, COHB38 were field evaluated at College of Horticulture, The resistant plants along with superior fruit characters can be selfed Bengaluru for resistance to diseases and morphological traits based further and utilised in developing superior melon lines resistant to on DUS guidelines. Downy mildew disease resistance screening diseases.

Physiological and genetic diversity analysis of selected advanced breeding lines of Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) taub] for drought tolerance K. RASHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. MOHAN KUMAR

Cluster bean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] is an important except for well watered plants. Physiological parameters such as under exploited leguminous vegetable crop adapted to arid drought RWC, SPAD chlorophyll meter, total leaf area, specific leaf area, root conditions. Even though the crop is drought tolerant in nature, the traits, leaf area ratio and total dry matter were recorded. Advanced yield will decrease under severe moisture stress condition hence the breeding lines like COHBCB 15S2, COHBCB 30S1, COHBCB study has been conducted to identify the better advanced breeding TL-2 which performed better under water stress condition. Further lines which will suit to water deficit conditions. Nineteen advanced for evaluating genetic diversity, 22 microsatellite markers were used breeding lines including the check variety Pusa Navabahar were raised among 19 lines. A dendrogram was constructed based on unweighed in pots and screened for relative water content (RWC), which is the pair group method of arithmetic means (UPGMA) using data derived most appropriate estimate of plant water status in terms of from 22 SSRs grouped the 19 cluster bean advanced breeding physiological consequence of cellular water deficit 35 DAS under lines into two main clusters with 0.62 similarity. The range of drought, 7 lines including check were selected for further water stress dissimilarity among the cluster bean advanced breeding lines varied studies. Stress was imposed by withholding water after 35 DAS from 0.62 to 1.00.

170 SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY Effect of fertigation and soil application of major nutrients on Pomegranate cv. Bhagwa NEKHA THANARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. SUMA

A field experiment was conducted during 2016-17 hasta bahar season was in higher range in 100 per cent SA (T1- 2.09, 0.38 and 1.93 per cent to evaluate the effect of fertigation and soil application of major nutrient respectively) as compared to 100 per cent fertigation (T6- 1.84, 0.27 in pomegranate. The experiment comprised of six treatments with four and 1.67%, respectively) at flowering stage. With the advancement of replication that included application of 100 per cent recommended crop growth its content decreased. After the fruit harvest, the lowest dose of fertilizer (RDF) through soil application (T1) and fertigation was recorded in T1 (1.51, 0.14 and 1.19 per cent, respectively) while,

(T6), supplementing 50 per cent (T2 and T3) and 75 per cent (T4 and relatively higher N, P and K content was observed in T6 (1.76, 0.28 and

T5) RDF through fertigation following two different nutrient application 1.43%, respectively). Pomegranate growth parameters viz., plant height schedule. In schedule-1, nutrient application rate and time was retained and canopy spread was more in T1 and schedule-1 (T2 and T4) during closer to recommendation i.e. per cent RD N: P2O5: K2O 20:20:20 as flowering stage. T6 and schedule-2 (T3 and T5) showed slower growth basal, 50:50:50 at active growth stage and 30:30:30 at rest period. But in the initial days while, at later stage higher growth were recorded. The in schedule-2 per cent rate at basal and rest application was reduced to highest number of hermaphrodite flowers (128.0) and fruits (67.25)

5:15:15 and 20:10:10 per cent and relatively high nutrient rate (75:75:75) were observed in T5 (75% F + 25% SA Shedule-2) but, the fruit weight was applied during active growth stage. The results of soil nutrient (288.50 g), fruit size, aril weight (183.40 g) and aril size was higher in availability indicate relatively higher availability of N, P2O5, K2O and T6 (100% F). The juice quality parameter viz., titrable acidity, ascorbic

S in 100 per cent soil application (T1) and schedule-1 (T2 and T4) acid content, phenolic and antioxidant activity in peel and juice was treatments during flowering stage but, decreased with the advancement highest in T6. In the present investigation the highest fruit yield of -1 -1 of crop growth. However, 100 per cent (T6) and schedule-2 (T5 and T3) 18.49 kg plant and 9.12 t ha was obtained in T5 (25% SA + 75% F -1 fertigation plots though recorded lower nutrient availability initially, schedule-2) that was on par with T6 (100% F) recording 16.89 kg plant -1 their availability increased with the advancement of crop growth due to and 8.31 t ha . The lowest yield was observed in T1 (100% SA) recording -1 -1 higher split application as compared to T1. The leaf N, P and K content 11.36 kg plant and 5.60 t ha . ENTOMOLOGY Collection, isolation and screening of entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin G. SOWMYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. JAYAPPA A roving survey was conducted randomly in Belagavi district of All the eighteen isolates of M. anisopliae from soil and six isolates Karnataka state for collection of soil and insect samples in vegetable from insect samples were screened for their pathogenicity against the fields from August 2015 to February 2016. A total of 30 soil and laboratory reared tobacco caterpillar, Spodoptera litura. The isolates insect samples each were collected from six taluks covering five villages SSB, SBvB and SBvD from the soil samples yielded positive results in each taluk. About eighteen isolates (60%) from soil and six isolates for their infectivity. Further they were screened for their bio-efficacy (20%) from insect samples were identified as entomopathogenic against the test insect following leaf dip method. The isolate SSB was fungi.Five protocols (soil washing technique, soil direct plate method, found to be the most virulent with highest mortality (76.67%) of serial dilution method, direct plating of insects and plating of surface S. litura at the concentration of 3×108 cfu per 1000 ml at six days sterilized insect) were tested for isolation of Metarhizium anisopliae after treatment when compared to other two isolates. The sub lethal from soil and insects samples. Among them, soil serial dilution method effects were also investigated wherein, the isolate SSB recorded lowest and plating of surface sterilized insect proved to be best isolation per cent pupation (23.33), SBvB recorded lowest per cent adult techniques. Five selective media viz., D0C2-10, D0C2-4, D0C2-50%, emergence (6.67) at the concentration of 3×108 cfu per 1000 ml when D0C2-PDA and SMA were used for isolation. The media SMA and compared to SBvD. The isolates SSB and SBvB recorded zero D0C2-PDA yielded more number of colonies compared to other media. per cent oviposition at the concentration of 3×108 cfu per 1000 ml. Collection, isolation and screening of entomopathogenic fungi, Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Zare et Gams RESHMA GOKAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. JAYAPPA The investigation on collection, isolation, standardization of protocol for isolation of the L. leacnii. Similarly, selective media (D0C2-10, with selective media for isolation of Lecanicillium lecanii and bioassay D0C2-4, D0C2-50%, D0C2-PDA and SMA) were evaluated to know guided screening of selected isolates against Myzus persicae was the best suitable medium for the isolation of the L. lecanii. The conducted at the Biological Control Laboratory, Department of results yielded two media i.e. D0C2-PDA and SMA which supported Entomology, KRCCH, Arabhavi (UHS Bagalkot). The roving survey 100 per cent growth of the L. lecanii compared to other media was conducted during August-2015 to February-2016 in Belagavi tested for isolation of L. lecanii. The bioassay guided screening of district of Karnataka state covering six taluks with five villages in three isolates viz., R4HAT, R7BGBD and R8GAR against each taluk and collected 60 samples comprising soil and insect M. percicae showed that the R7BGBD was the most virulent isolate samples. A total of three active isolates of L. lecanii viz., R4HAT, with cent per cent mortality of M. percicae at eight days after R7BGBD and R8GAR were obtained from the total samples which treatment compared to the isolates R4HAT and R8GAR. The lowest 9 9 accounted for only five per cent of total samples collected. The LC50 values of 0.54 x 10 and 0.15 x 10 conidia per 1000 ml were study on standardization of protocol and selective media for isolation recorded for the isolate R7BGBD at six and eight days after of L. lecanii revealed that, soil serial dilution technique and direct treatment, respectively. While, the highest LC50 values were recorded plating of insect after surface sterilization had yielded positive results for the rest of two isolates. 171 Studies on seasonal incidence, loss estimation and management of Pomegranate thrips V. PRAVEENKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATESHALU

The investigation on seasonal incidence, loss estimation and management exportable quality fruits without scaring fruit rind (28.34 t/ha). Overall, of pomegranate thrips was conducted at the Department of Entomology, thrips caused around 28.75 per cent reduction in fruit yield and 62.98 College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2015-16. per cent reduction in quality of the fruits as evident in untreated control Studies on incidence of thrips on pomegranate under Ambe bahar when compared to maximum protection. Among the different treatment revealed two peaks with major peak from January to April insecticides evaluated against thrips on pomegranate, cyazypyr 10 OD coinciding with flowering and fruit development and another peak from @ 1.5 ml per l of water recorded significantly highest fruit yield August to middle of October during resting period. Thrips population (15.17 t/ha) and lowest fruit damage (6.22%) followed by imidacloprid was noticed on all plant parts with relative high density on tender 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml (14.67 t/ha and 9.65%, respectively). The next best shoot (9.46/shoot), flower bud (4.02/flower bud), flowers (3.11/flower) treatments were, clothianidin 50 WDG @ 0.17 g and diafenthiuron 50 and tender fruit (3.03/fruit). Studies on biology of Scirtothripsdosalis WP @ 1.0 g. So, spraying of cyazypyr 10 OD (a new anthranilicdiamide Hood on pomegranate var. Bhagwa revealed total life cycle period of insecticide) @ 1.5 ml recorded highest net returns of ` 6,63,000 per ha 14.50 to 20.25 days from egg to adult death. Economic loss estimation followed by imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml (` 6,29,648/ha). However, due to thrips interms of quality and yield of fruit indicated that, in terms of benefit cost ratio, imidacloprid 17.8 SL proved best (3.77) maximum protection (5 sprays at 15 days interval from vegetative to followed cyazypyr 10 OD (3.62). Hence, spraying of imidacloprid fruiting) recorded significantly lowest thrips population (1.84 thrips/ 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml or cyazypyr 10 OD @ 1.5 ml may be recommended plant) and fruit damage by thrips (9.38%) and produced highest for the effective management of thrips on pomegranate.

Faunistic studies on economically important noctuids associated with major vegetable crops MUDDASAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VENKATESHALU

Faunistic studies conducted on economically important noctuids Scoliopteryginae (1 species each). Of the 42 collected species associated with major vegetables of Karnataka revealed a total of 42 7 were new records to Karnataka and total of 5 new host plant species belonging to 27 genera and 14 subfamilies. Three families of records for 5 species of Noctuoidea complex. 14 species of parasitoids Noctuoidea complex viz., Noctuidae, Nolidae and Erebidae were belongs to eight families were recorded from 5 species of noctuid represented in Karnataka. The family Noctuidae was represented caterpillars in the study, one species was reported as new to the by twenty nine species belonging to eight sub families viz., Acontiinae science i.e., Parapanteles sp. on S. litura. Choice test under laboratory (2 genera and 4 species), Bagisarinae (2 genera and 3 species), to standardize food bait using larvae of S. litura revealed the Condicinae (1 species), Hadeninae (1 species), Heliothinae (2 genera combination of rice bran + jaggery 20% + yeast 0.1% and rice bran and 3 species), Noctuinae (5 genera and 10 species), Plusiinae + molasses 10% proved best in attracting more larval populations. (4 genera and 6 species) and Stictopterinae (1 species). The family Efficacy of different combinations of ingredients of poison baits Nolidae was represented with eight species which belonged to two under field condition for managing cutworm in spinach revealed a subfamilies viz., Cloephorinae (2 genera and 4 species), and jaggery based bait mixed with spinosad (rice bran + jaggery 20% + Westermanninae (1 genera and 2 species). The family Erebidae is yeast 0.1% + spinosad @ 2.5 ml/kg) proved best next to spinosad represented with seven species which belonged to four subfamilies spray in reducing the larval population, leaf damage and increased viz., Calpinae (2 genera and 4 species), Erebinae, Eublemminae and leaf yield over other treatments and untreated control.

Studies on gall formers and their management in chilli cv. Byadgi dabbi G. B. CHETHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. TATAGAR

The investigation on gall formers and their management in chilli cv. found highly resistant (No damage), resistant (<1%), moderately Byadgi Dabbi was conducted at the Horticulture Research and resistant (1 - 5%) and highly susceptible (>25%) to gall midge Extension Centre (HREC), Haveri (Devihosur), University of incidence. Among the various management practices against chilli gall

Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, during the year 2016-17. Survey formers, T2 (Neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + Azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ conducted in three major growing districts of Karnataka viz., Haveri, 1 ml/l) registered its superiority over rest of the treatments. Next best

Dharwad and Gadag district revealed that Shiggoan taluk of Haveri treatments in the order of efficacy were T4 (Neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + district recorded highest gall formers incidence compared to other Diafenthiuron 50 WP @ 0.75 g/l), T5 (Neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + taluks. During the study it was found that incidence of gall formers Imidacloprid 200 SL @ 0.25 ml/l) and T3 (Neem cake @ 2.5 q/ha + highest in July transplanted crop compared to August transplanted Profenofos 50 EC @ 2 ml/l). Incorporation of neem cake @ 2.5 q/ ha crop. Screening of chilli germplasm for resistance to gall midge revealed at the time of transplanting followed by spraying of Azadirachtin that, out of 120 chilli germplasm only 22 germplasm were moderately 10000 ppm @ 1 ml/ l coinciding with peak flower bud initiation has susceptible (6-10 %) including Byadgi kaddi as check, remaining recorded lowest gall formers incidence, highest dry chilli yield of 98 germplasm including Byadgi dabbi as check showed susceptible 7.88 q per ha and highest BC ratio of 3.02 can be recommend as effective reaction (11 - 25%) to gall midge incidence. None of the germplasm and eco-friendly component for the management of chilli gall formers.

172 Risk analysis of newer insecticide molecules on safety of honey bees, Apis cerana indica Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae) M. DHIVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. JAYAPPA

In toxicity analysis of newer insecticide molecules on Apis cerana selected insecticides under laboratory conditions through bioassay indica, bees were exposed to six selected insecticide molecules through method in the honeybee. The experimental analysis indicated that none bioassay and oral (contaminated pollen and nectar) and contact exposure of the insecticides are safer for honeybees. Results obtained from oral (insecticide drift and residual toxicity) Since honeybees are considered toxicity indicated that thiamethoxam caused highest mortality of 63.33% as one of the potential pollinators. bee losses results in the reduction of followed by emamectin benzoate (62.50%), cyantraniliprole (51.67%), crop yield due to the indiscriminate use of insecticides in the field. chloraniliprole (49.99%), fipronil (47.50%) and spinosad (42.50%). Results from the bioassay experiment suggested that thiamethoxam, The mortality from evaluation of insecticide drift indicated that highest emamectin benzoate, fipronil, spinosad, cyantraniliprole and mortality was obtained in thiamethoxam (78.00%) followed by fipronil chlorantraniliprole exhibited acute toxicity with LC50 of 0.0003 ug (73.33%), chlorantraniliprole (59.52%), cyantraniliprole (59.05%), a.i.ml-1, 0.003 up a.i. ml-1, 4.864 ug a.i. ml-1 and 21.776 ug a.i. ml-1 emamectin benzoate (57.81%) and spinosad (50.19%). The contact respectively and the mortality increased with LC50 value of 0.0002, toxicity of insecticide residues conducted in cashew ecosystem indicated 0.00031, 0.00097, 0.028, 2.648 and 3.239 0.0002 up a.i. ml-1 at 48h that mortality of honeybees reduced in correspondence with decrease post treatment. The purpose of this work is to fix LC50 value for the in day of insecticide treatment.

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) against newer selected insecticides C. MEGHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. JAYAPPA

The Diamondback moth (DBM), Plutellaxylostella L. is one of the 10.26 OD (2.67 ìga.i. ml-1). Similarly, for Chikkaballapura population key insect pests of crucifers. The study was conducted to generate a it is highest for dichlorvos 76 EC (13.93 ìga.i. ml-1) and lowest for -1 baseline susceptibility data for newer selected insecticides, to assess emamectin benzoate 5 SG (1.53 ìga.i. ml ). The mean LC50 values the current status of insecticide resistance in DBM to newer selected were varied across the population and mean LC50 was highest for insecticides and to observe the susceptibility of succeeding generations kolar population, which was followed by Bengaluru and of DBM to different insecticides under laboratory conditions. The Chikkaballapura population. Similarly, the mean LC50 were also varied bioassay of newer insecticides was conducted against third instar across insecticides and highest mean LC50 was recorded for dichlorvos larvae of DBM sampled from Bengaluru, Kolar and Chikkaballapura. 76 EC and lowest mean was for emamectin benzoate 5 SG insecticide. The results of study exhibited variation in median lethal concentration The mean resistance ratios were varied across populations and

(LC50) across insecticides for single population and also across the Bengaluru, Kolar and Chikkaballapura recorded 1.789±0.636, populations. The LC50 value of Bengaluru population was highest 1.93±1.09 and 1.499±0.493 folds respectively. In brief, this clearly for fenvalerate 20 EC (11.90 ìga.i. ml-1) and lowest for emamectin indicated that the rate of evolution of resistance in P. xylostellawas benzoate (2.05 ìga.i. ml-1). The Kolar population recorded highest varied across insecticides for single population and also across for dichlorvos 76 EC (14.08 ìga.i. ml-1) and lowest for cyantraniliprole geographical locations.

Pollinator fauna and their effect on yield and quality of Cashew S. POORNIMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. K RAMEGOWDA

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) has become an important and densities of cashw studied, conventional planting system (8 m x commercial nut crop in India owing to its nutritional value and export 8 m) recorded highest insect diversity (0.909) of FN visitors or earnings. Among a series of reasons for low cashew nut yields, pollinators and least (0.843) diversity under high density planting inadequate pollinator has become a major one. A study was conducted (4 m x 4m). Highest Simphson’s Diversity Index (0.939) for EFN at College of Horticuture, Bengaluru on pollinator fauna and their visitors was documented in semi high density (6 m x 4 m) planting effect on yield and quality of cashew during 2016-17. Both male and and high density planting (0.935) (4 m x 4 m ), among various cashew hermaphrodite flower produced abundant pollen and nectar of which canopy directions, highest diversity was documented in South (0.945) hermaphrodite flower being the highest nectar producer (0.365 pl) for FN and EFN visitors, respectively Insect diversity for FN visitors than male flower (0.155 pl) with peak production during noon house was highest (0.939) at early flowering and least (0.926) at nut initiation (Male: 0.343 pl at 1300 h; hermaphrodite: 0940pl at 1400 h). Thirteen Six years old trees recorded highest diversity for FN visitors while insect species were documented visiting cashew panicles for floral that of EFN visitors remained unchanged with tree age (three to six and extrafloral nectar of which, Apis cerana dominated (0.39 to 062) years). Among different modes of pollination and panicles failed to among floral nectar (FN) visitors of pollinator while, A florae (0.21 to set when they were complete excluded from insect visitors. Quality 0.40) and Tetragonula sp. (0.15 to 0.44) were dominated among the parameters tested for cashew apple and nut resulted from open and extra floral nectar (EFN) visitors. Among various planting designs hand pollination yielded non-significant difference.

173 Host plant interactions of South American Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick): Deciphering potent kairomones S. VANITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. D. KAMALA JAYANTHI

Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is an invasive pest of response was observed when gravid females of T. absoluta were exposed tomato introduced into India very recently. The objective of this study to tomato plant headspace volatiles. In dual choice assay, tomato plant was to understand its interaction with the selected solanaceous host volatiles were found to be more attractive than other host plant volatiles. plants viz., tomato, potato, brinjal, ashwagandha, nightshade, wild Electroantennography with gravid females revealed that mean tomato, tobacco and datura. Ovipositional preference of tomato leaf depolarization was significantly more towards tomato, potato, miner under no-choice condition revealed that the gravid females ashwagandha and brinjal compared to empty air and honey. Seventy preferred tomato (66.53±3.30 eggs per plant) for egg laying the least volatile compounds were revealed in the GC-MS analysis across the number of eggs were laid on ashwagandha (0.81±0.38) and tobacco selected eight host plants headspace samples and terpenoids were (4.31±0.73) and did not prefer to lay eggs on datura. Similar trend abundant. Gaschromatography- Electroantennographic detection wasalso observed in subsequent larval count per plant under no-choice with gravid females revealed four active fractions viz., Nonane, assay. Under choice condition also females preferred to lay eggs on 5-(2 methylpropyl); ä-2-carene; Ethanone, 1-(1, 3-dimethyl-3- tomato (276±22.56) and very few eggs were laid on ashwagandha cyclohexen-1-yl) and Nonane, 3,7-dimethyl-. When synthetic sample (0.25±0.25) and tobacco (0.50±0.50) whereas, datura was not at all of carene was tested in olfactometer, no significant differences were preferred. Larval survival was more on tomato. A positive behavioural noticed between control and treatment was observed.

Studies on seasonal incidence of pests on Jasminum spp. emphasizing on bud borer complex and their management on Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. F.) Andrews ROOPINI GA REDDY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PRASAD KUMAR

Seasonal incidence of pests on Jasminum spp. emphasizing on bud were documented. Among the four jasmine species observed viz., borer complex and their management were undertaken at College of J. multiflorum, J. sambac, J. auriculatum and J. grandiflorum only Horticulture, Bengaluru during 2015-16. Among the pest species J. multiflorum and J. sambac were severely infested by H. duplifascialis observed, eriophyid mite was predominant on J. multiflorum and was and E. jasminophagus whereas, J. grandiflorum was completely free significantly and positively influenced by maximum temperature from bud borers. Total life cycle of E. jasminophagus on J. multiflorum followed by bud and shoot worm. Peak incidence of bud worm was lasted for 32 to 41 days under laboratory and 31 to 40 days under noticed during February with negative significant correlation with field conditions with five larval instars. Average fecundity was 50 morning and evening relative humidity. Shoot web worm and thrips eggs per female and laid preferably on green bud calices. Among six had a significant positive correlation with maximum temperature. An insecticides and two botanicals evaluated against bud borers of unidentified pupal parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on J. multiflorum, chlorantriniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.2 ml/l, profenophos Elasmopalpus jasminophagus, two Hymenopteran larval parasitoids, 50 EC @ 2 ml/l, quinolphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/l, spinosad 45 SC @ Dolichogenidea stantoni (Braconidae) and Tetrastichus sp. 0.2 ml/l and NSKE (5%) recorded lower larval population with higher (Eulophidae) on both, E. jasminophagus and Hendecasis duplifascialis yield and cost benefit ratio.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Isolation and evaluation of indigenous Trichoderma sp. against major soil borne pathogens affecting turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) and Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) S. E. NAVYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA KOULAGI

Turmeric and ginger are the two major spices cultivated in India since major soil borne pathogens causing rhizome rot in turmeric and ginger ancient time. Though these crops have a lot of medicinal properties viz., Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium sp., by dual and being used by humans, these crops are infected by several culture method. Isolate Tv-23 was recorded highest inhibition of pathogens. One among them is the rhizome rot which is caused by Pythium (83.19%). Isolate Tv-17 had shown maximum per cent soil borne pathogens namely Pythium, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and inhibition of mycelia growth of Fusarium (90.92 %) and Rhizoctonia Sclerotium sp. Biological control is the desired control measure for (89.56%). Isolate Th-25 was most aggressive and able to inhibit soil borne disases. Among the BCAs, Trichoderma dominates the 79.04 per cent of Sclerotium growth. Identification through literature as successful antagonists and have gained wide acceptance morphological characters were further confirmed by Molecular as effective biocontrol agent against several soil borne plant pathogens. characterisation using Trichoderma specific primers ITS primers (ITS 1 Total of twenty five indigenous isolates of Trichoderma species were and ITS 4). This confirmed that all the isolates belong to Trichoderma isolated from rhizosphere soils of turmeric and ginger grown in species. The genetic relatedness among eight potential isolates were different locations of Belagavi and Bagalkot districts, Karnataka analysed by using five random RAPD primers and RAPD profiles (India). Based on the cultural and morphological characterization, showed genetic diversity among the isolates by the formation of two these isolates were identified as, twelve T. harzianum (Th) and thirteen major clusters. One major cluster includes six isolates of Trichoderma T. viride (Tv) isolates. Trichoderma isolates were evaluated against viride and another includes two isolates of Trichoderma harzianum.

174 Studies on root-knot nematode associated with Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) K. J. NIRANJANA PRABHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. KANTHARAJU

Root-knot nematode infection has been identified to be a major in inoculum levels of M. incognita. Highest nematode population was constraint for turmeric production. It occurs in several parts of India observed in plants inoculated with 10,000 J2 per pot. The plants wherever this crop is grown. Investigations were carried out on the inoculated with 10 J2 per pot showed lowest nematode population. survey for the occurrence of root-knot nematodes in turmeric in major Among the eighteen varieties screened none of them were found turmeric growing districts of Karnataka, pathogenicity of root-knot resistant and Cudappa and CLI-325 varieties were found to be nematode (Meloidogyne incognita), screening of available turmeric moderately resistant with gall index of 3 and Salem & Suroma found varieties against M. incognita and management of M. incognita infecting to be highly susceptible with the gall index of 5 and all other varieties turmeric using various treatments viz., neem cake, carbofuron-3G, were sucsceptible with the gall index of 4. The maximum plant height, Trichoderma viride and Paecilomyces lilacinus individually and in fresh rhizome weight, dry rhizome weight and least number of galls, combination. Among all four districts surveyed, the maximum incidence egg masses and lowest soil nematode population was found in was recorded in Chamarajanagara district with more number of galls Carbofuron 3G among the individual treatments and among (26.26) per system, gall index (3.00) and soil nematode population combination treatments neem cake + Paecilomyces lilacinus performed (76.63), respectively, followed by Belagavi, Bagalkot and Kalburgi. better which was on par with neem cake + Trichoderma viride when The nematode population in root increased significantly with increase compared with control.

Compatibility studies on trichoderma sp. with agrochemicals, botanicals and other bioagents used in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Cabbage (Brassica oleracea Var. Capitata L.) H. M. SHASHIKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SUMANGALA KOULAGI

Compatibility Study was conducted with commonly used concentrations. Compatibility of herbicides evaluated against agrochemicals, botanicals and other bio agents against the T. harzianum Trichoderma sp. revealed that Glyphosate was found to be highly and T. viride being used as a biocontrol agents against soil borne compatible (@ 0.05, 0.1 & 0.15% Conc.). Maximum inhibition was diseases of tomato and cabbage under in vitro and in vivo conditions. recorded with Alachlor followed by 2, 4-D, Pendimethalin and Results indicated that among systemic fungicides, Azoxystrobin was Oxyfluorofene.Among the Botanicals, Ocimum, Neem and Adathoda found highly compatible with T. harzianum and T. viride at all the leaf extracts at 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent were compatible with three tested concentrations (0.05, 0.10 and 0.15%) followed by Trichoderma sp. while Pongamia and Garlic extracts were moderately Metalaxyl. The highest inhibition was recorded in Carbendazim. With compatible. Among bio agents, Metarrhizium anisopliae was found respect to non-systemic fungicides, Mancozeb recorded least highly compatible followed by Paecilomyces lilacinus and inhibitory effect on Trichoderma sp. and incompatibility was found Lecaenicilium lecanii whereas Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus with Copper Oxy Chloride and Chlorothalonil. Among the antibiotics, substilis were found moderately compatible. Further compatible Streptomycin sulphate was highly compatible with T. viride and combinations were evaluated to know the survival of population of T. harzianum at all the tested (0.04, 0.05 and 0.06%) concentrations. Trichoderma in soil media cropped with tomato and cabbage. No Among systemic insecticides, Fipronil (@ 0.15, 0.2 and 0.25%) was significant difference in population of Trichoderma was noticed found highly compatible with T. viride and T. harzianum followed between treatments and control. Significant increase in population by Imidachloprid. With respect to non-systemic insecticides, maximum was noticed with neem leaf extract. Thus the compatible combinations inhibition of Trichoderma sp. was observed with the Quinalphos at their recommended dosage can be recommended for integrated followed by Chloropyriphos at 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 per cent management of soil borne pathogens of these crops.

Studies on citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas Citri subsp Citri on Kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) K. CHETHANKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. C. KIRAN KUMAR

The present investigation on “Studies on citrus canker caused by district with 15.78 and 16.13 per cent. Biochemical characterization Xanthomonas citri subsp citri on Kagzi Lime (Citrus aurantifolia revealed that the isolates collected were Xanthomonas citri subsp Swingle)” was conducted at the Department of Plant Pathology, citri without any variability. The antibiotic compounds and chemicals College of Horticulture, Bagalkot during 2015-2016. The causal each at three different concentrations were evaluated for their efficacy organism X. citri subsp citri was isolated from infected leaf, branch against Xanthomonas citri subsp citri by inhibition zone assay method. and fruit showing typical symptoms of bacterial canker. The Among the different antibiotics, 2-Bromo-2 nitropropane-1, 3-diol pathogenic nature of the organism was proved by Koch’s postulates showed highest inhibition (14.67, 16.33 and 18.17mm) at 300, 400 and confirmed through 16srRNA sequencing. Survey conducted in and 500 ppm. Among the fungicides copper hydroxide recorded major lime growing districts of Northern Karnataka revealed that the highest inhibition (14.33, 15.67 and 17.33 mm) at 1500, 2000 and disease severity on leaf was highest in Kalaburagi district with 2500 ppm, respectively. Thirteen bacterial antagonistic bacterial 23.11 per cent and on fruit and branch was observed highest in Raichur bioagents were evaluated against Xanthomonas citri subsp citri under

175 in-vitro condition and observed maximum inhibition (>90%) from two botanicals with maximum average inhibition. The experiment conducted isolates VK-6B (Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus) and KK-3A. The botanicals in nursery showed that 2-Bromo-2 nitropropane-1, 3-diol and Garcinia like plant extracts and different commercial oils were evaluated for their indica treated plants showed positive result in reduction of disease. efficacy against Xanthomonas citri subsp citri. The alcoholic and aqueous Similarly in field condition 2-Bromo-2 nitropropane-1, 3-diol @ 0.5gm extracts of eleven plant extracts and nine different commercial oils were + COH @ 2.5gm and 2-Bromo-2 nitropropane-1, 3-diol @ 0.5gm + tested. Among them Prosopis juliflora (10.83 and 15.21mm) and Garcinia indica @ 1:5 combination treatment recorded less disease Garcinia indica (9.50 and 14.00 mm) was found to be the most effective incidence compared to other treatments

Studies on Turmeric leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby SANGAMESHWAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SADANAND K. MUSHRIF

Survey on the severity of turmeric leaf spot disease during 2015-16 sugar, total phenol, total protein and total chlorophyll content (41.30, carried out in the major growing Karnataka, revealed maximum Per 44.73, 27.20 and 0.83 mg/g of fresh leaf respectively) whereas the cent Disease Index (PDI) of 38.89 in Chamaraja Nagar district variety Cuddapah with maximum PDI of 78.33 recorded least total whereas, the minimum PDI (26.98) in Bagalkot district. Effect of sugar, total phenol, total protein and total chlorophyll content (21.20, different planting dates on turmeric leaf spot disease indicated that 30.16, 13.60 and 0.18 mg/g of fresh leaf respectively). Results of in the early sown crop (1st May) showed least PDI of 38.59 with vitro evaluation of fungicide against C. capsici revealed that the highest fresh rhizome yield (34.07 t/ha) than the late sown crop fungicide carbendazim was highly effective in inhibiting the growth (1st August) with maximum PDI (58.24) and least fresh rhizome of the pathogen even at the lowest concentration of 10 ppm. The yield (27.41 t/ha). Of the eight turmeric varieties against turmeric least effective fungicides were copper hydroxide, mancozeb, leaf spot disease under natural disease pressure conditions the variety thiophanate methyl, difenoconazole and azoxystrobin which could Salem registered least PDI (12.53) with maximum rhizome yield not inhibit the growth of the pathogen even at 500 ppm. The results (40.01 t/ha), whereas the highest PDI (48.6) was observed in variety on field evaluation of fungicides showed that the fungicide Cuddapah that recorded lowest fresh rhizome yield (28.05 t/ha). carbandazim (0.1%) was highly effective registering least PDI The total sugar, total protein and chlorophyll contents started (20.67) yielding highest rhizome yield (36.10 t/ha) and the BC decreasing while total phenol content showed increasing trend as ratio of 2.44 whereas the untreated plot registered maximum PDI (78.42) the disease severity increased and also the age of the crop. However, was noticed in untreated plot with the least yield (27.73 t/ha) with the variety Salem with least PDI of 20.83 recorded highest total BC ratio of 1.90.

Optimization and compatibility of effective isolates of bacterial bio-agents against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae S. M. JAYASUDHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. C. KIRAN KUMAR

The present investigation on “Optimization and compatibility of best to support viable population with maximum per cent survival of effective isolates of bacterial bio-agents against Xanthomonas all the four bio-agents as well as consortium up to three months. axonopodis pv. punicae” was conducted in the Department of Plant However zeolite, kaolin, perlite, talc, bentonate and phytosil followed Pathology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot during 2016-2017. The the vermiculite in order. With regard to liquid formulation highest per effective four bio-agents which were maintained in the Department cent survival was found in pongamia oil as compared to groundnut were identified through molecular technique using 16S rRNA oil, sunflower oil, distilled water and nutrient broth. All the four bio- sequencing as Bacillus subtilis-KK-9A, Brevibacillus borstelensis-BK-6, agents found compatible and able to grow on media poisoned with Brevibacillus sp-PM-2A, Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus - VK-6B, and bleaching powder, bordeaux mixture, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos, confirmed their efficacy against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae dichlorovas, difenconazole, dimethoate imidachloprid, and phorate under in-vitro.Among eight different media, AK agar No.2 medium were found compatible. However the bio-agents incompatible with supported well for the growth of all the four bio-agents with the carbofuran3G, chlorothalonil, hexaconozole, K-cyclin, mancozeb, average colonies of 129.80 at 107dilution followed by Maintenance propicanazole, streptocyclin, and 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol medium.The temperature of 300C and pH 7 was found optimum for and found incompatible. The soil application of consortium +aerial the maximum growth of bacterial antagonists viz., Brevibacillus spray of consortium alternative with streptocyclin 500 ppm + COC borstelensis, Brevibacillus sp., Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus. Whereas, 0.3% was recorded highest per cent disease reduction on leaf, twig Bacillus subtilis required 35 0C and pH of 7 for its maximum and fruits with highest ICBR (1:7.49) compared to soil and aerial growth.Out of seven solid carrier materials, the vermiculite was found application alone.

176 Studies on foot rot complex of Betelvine (Piper betle L.) Y. P. PRASAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. P. BASAVARAJAPPA

Survey was carried out during 2016-17 which revealed that the disease optimum temperature 20 oC, pH 8 and RH 90 per cent. Whereas in incidence ranged from 5-92 per cent in different parts of northern case of S. rolfsii czapek’s dox agar (88.20 mm) supported for highest Karnataka. Maximum incidence was recorded in Haveri (67.46%) growth of the fungus followed by oat meal agar (86.70 mm) after district followed by Bagalkot (62.91 %) and the least per cent disease seven days of incubation and minimum growth (42.70 mm) of the incidence (28.06 %) was recorded in Belagavi. The causal agents of pathogen was recorded in V-8 juice agar. Glucose and calcium nitrate foot rot complex were confirmed through pathogenicity test, cultural, were found to be best carbon and nitrogen sources for the growth of morphological and molecular identification as Phytophthora parasitica the fungus, respectively. The highest growth of S. rolfsii was recorded and Sclerotium rolfsii. Among 10 solid media tested, czapeck dox agar at the optimum temperature 30 °C, pH 5 and RH 90 per cent. (86.50 mm) supported for highest growth of the fungus P. parasitica Treatments metalaxyl + mancozeb 78 WP (3 g/l @ 2 l/vine) or enriched at eight days of incubation followed by sabouraud’s agar (85.30 mm) FYM with Trichoderma harzianum (@ 2 kg / vine) + Pseudomonas and the minimum growth of the pathogen was recorded in malt extract fluorescens (@ 10 g/vine) or enriched FYM with Trichoderma agar (41.70 mm). L-asparagine and potassium nitrate were found to harzianum (@ 2 kg / vine) + Pseudomonas fluorescens (@ 10 g/vine) be best carbon and nitrogen sources for the growth of the fungus + neemcake (@ 1 kg/vine) or Bordeaux mixture (1%) @ 2 l/vine respectively. The highest growth of P. parasitica was recorded at the recorded highest reduction of the disease with maximum yield.

Evaluation of pomegranate germplasm and elucidation of role of ethylene in resistance against bacterial blight MOTIBHAI MOHAMMED SHAREEF RAJMOHAMMAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. MANJUNATHA

The present investigation entitled ‘‘Evaluation of pomegranate rated as highly susceptible. Ethylene is a plant growth regulator and germplasm and elucidation of role of ethylene in resistance against hitherto is less known about its property of inducing disease resistance bacterial blight’’ was carried out at College of Horticulture, Bagalkot in pomegranate. The optimum concentration of ethylene which induces during 2016-17. X. axonopodis pv. punicae is a threatening pathogen maximum resistance is found to be150 ppm which recorded lowest causing bacterial blight disease in pomegranate. In an attempt to disease severity in all tested cultivars. This sub optimal dosage can be identify the resistance source against blight, 98 and 72 pomegranate commercially adopted as one of the component of IDM. The germplasm/accession were screened in field and greenhouse condition mechanism involved in ethylene induced resistance was assessed respectively. Among them, none of the variety recorded resistance through gene expression of PR-proteins and defense genes using semi under both the condition, however the accession IC318759 showed quantitative PCR. PR1 and PR4 showed up regulation in Daru, lowest severity of 17.92 per cent and 22.51 per cent in field and IC318759 and Bhagwa cultivar upon ethylene pre-treatment, whereas greenhouse respectively and rated as moderately susceptible. The PR3 showed down regulation in Bhagwa upon ethylene pre-treatment. highest severity recorded in Bhagwa cultivar with 59.91 per cent and The defense genes viz., CAT, PAL and ACS-2 showed no response to 50.54 per cent in greenhouse and filed condition respectively and exogenous ethylene application.

Etiology and management of black spot (Diplocarpon rosae wolf.) and powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca pannosa Wallr.) of Rose NAGESH K. SOUDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAGHAVENDRA K. MESTA

Black spot and powdery mildew caused by D. rosae and S. pannosa, genotypes screened, none of the genotype was found resistant for respectively, are the most destructive and wide spread foliar diseases powdery mildew disease. Cherishma showed moderately resistant in rose growing areas. Both the diseases affect the quantity and quality reaction to black spot. Among different fungicides evaluated in vitro, of flower production. The results obtained during the course of study carbendazim, difenconazole and thiophanate methyl recorded 100 revealed that among the different districts surveyed, Haveri recorded per cent inhibition of mycelia at 100 ppm concentrations against highest average per cent disease index (PDI) of 45.83 for blackspot D. rosae while the fungicides azoxystrobin, propiconazole and and 15.71 for powdery mildew. The highest per cent of conidial myclobutanil recorded 100 per cent conidial germination inhibition of germination of D. rosae (73.94) and S. pannosa (71.43) were found in S. pannosa at concentration of 250 ppm. Under field conditions, sucrose solution of 1.5 per cent after 24 hours. Maximum radial difenconazole @ 0.1% (2.86) and carbendazim @ 0.1% (3.05) recorded growth (81.67 mm) of D. rosae was found on potato dextrose agar least PDI for black spot disease with the highest yield of 57,754 medium. Similarly, maximum dry mycelial weight of D. rosae was on and 53,013 flowers/ha with net returns of ` 88,106 and potato dextrose broth (314.87 mg). The highest growth of D. rosae ` 79,325 per hectare, respectively. In case of powdery mildew, was noticed at temperature 25 0C (280.65 mg), pH 6 (299.87 mg) and propiconazole @ 0.1% recorded least (11.25) PDI with highest yield RH 90 (284.80 mg) per cent. Maximum per cent conidial germination of 77,720 flowers and net returns of ` 1,16,017 per hectare followed percentage of powdery mildew was found at temperature 25 0C by myclobutanil @ 0.05 per cent (19.71) with yielded 72,539 flowers (62.79), pH 6 (54.56) and RH 90 (65.87) per cent. Among the and net returns of `1,02,807/ha.

177 Etiology and management of rhizome rot of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) S. O. NALINA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. S. LOKESH

Ginger is an important crop grown for its aromatic rhizomes, used oat meal agar (90.00 mm) after 7 days of incubation period. Highest both as spice and medicine. Rhizome rot complex is an important growth of the P. aphanidermatum was recorded at temperature of disease, it occurs in several parts of India wherever the crop is 30 0C (314.18 mg), pH 7 (298.93 mg) and RH 90 per cent grown and affects the quantity and quality of rhizome production. (335.03 mg) where as maximum growth of Fusarium solani observed The results obtained during the course of this study revealed that, on Czapek’s (dox) agar (76.00 mm) after 7 days after incubation among the different districts surveyed, the highest disease incidence period. Highest growth of the Fusarium solani was recorded at was noticed in Uttar Kannada (25.47%) followed by Haveri temperature of 25 0C (285.95 mg), pH 6 (274.85 mg) and RH 90 per cent (21.40%).The causal agents of rhizome rot complex were confirmed (290.10 mg). Among the different treatments tested under field through pathogenicity test by koch’s postulates, cultural, condition, the treatment (T8) which included soil application of morphological and molecular identification as Pythium enriched Trichoderma harzianum (2 kg mixed with 500 kg FYM/ha) aphanidermatum, Fusarium solani and Ralstonia solanacearum. 10–15 days before sowing + soil application of neem cake @ 2 From molecular identification, the pathogens were confirmed as tonnes/ha + rhizome treatment with copper oxychloride (3 g/ L)+ Pythium aphanidermatum (210 bp), Fusarium solani (371 bp) and streptocycline (0.5 g/L) + metalaxyl- MZ (6 g/L) for 30 min has Ralstonia solanacearum (400 bp). Among 9 solid media tested, recorded least per cent disease incidence (6.55%) with highest yield maximum growth of the Pythium aphanidermatum was found on (9.09 t/ha) and maximum B:C ratio (4.18).

Exploring microbial endophytes as potential antagonists against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) causing anthracnose of Mango MAHESH S. DASHYAL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. G. SANGEETHA

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) is isolates 17 were had septate mycelium and 18 showed aseptate the major disease of mango which occurs both as a pre harvest and mycelium and among bacterial isolates all of them were gram positive. post-harvest disease. Endophytes are microorganisms which colonize All the bacterial isolates exhibited negative reaction for indole test. healthy plant parts intercellularly and or intracellularly without causing Among all the fungal isolates screened for their antagonistic activity, any outward symptoms of the disease. In this study, endophytic EFWS-A, isolated from the stem tissues of Willard showed maximum fungi and bacteria were isolated from ten different varieties of mango inhibition of 83.70% followed by isolates from Alphonso leaf and viz., Alphanso, Totapuri, Neelum, Anfas, Willard, Badam Model, stem tissue EFAL-C and EFAS-D with inhibition of 72.32% and Khaderi, Pancharasi, White Sari and Kisan Bhog. The isolated 71.11% respectively. Among all the endophytic bacterial isolates endophytes were screened for their antagonistic activity against the from different mango varieties, EBANL-1 isolated from the leaf tissue pathogen. A total of 35 endophytic fungi and 20 endophytic bacteria of Anfas showed maximum inhibition of 56.67% followed by EBPS- were isolated from ten different varieties of mango. Morphological 1 (55.48%) isolated from stem tissue of Pancharasi. Hence, endophytic characterizations of endophytes were done and among the fungal fungi EFWS-A and endophytic bacteria EBANL-1 can be identified isolates, and most of them were nonsporulating. Among all the fungal and exploited for further use as a biological agent.

Studies on bio-intensive management of purple blotch disease in Onion N. E. NAVEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTA S. BHAT

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the important commercial vegetable were moderately susceptible, 15 genotypes were susceptible and crops of India grown for both domestic and international markets. remaining seven genotypes were highly susceptible. Studies on the Purple blotch disease caused by the fungus Alternaria porri (Ellis) effect of different bio-formulations and silicon indicated that, these Cif. is one of the most destructive diseases in onion production formulations positively influenced plant height, number of leaves, throughout the world and in India. At present, the management of leaf length and width, collar thickness and yield in both the varieties this foliar disease under field situation mainly relies on frequent (Arka Kalyan and Sataragarva) and reduced the incidence and fungicidal sprays. However, due to hazardous nature of chemical severity of purple blotch disease. Among these, Arka Krishi pesticides there is a search for safer alternatives for managing this Samrakshak (Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 0.5%) seed treatment, disease and the present study was aimed at that. Field experiments seedling treatment and three foliar sprays were proved best and were conducted during kharif 2015-16 at College of Horticulture, under in-vitro condition, it was found to be more inhibiting the GKVK, Bengaluru. Total 50 onion genotypes were screened along mycelial growth (67.01%) of the fungus. The maximum content of with two checks in natural field condition, to isolate sources of total phenols and PR-proteins, highest activity of peroxidase and resistance against A. porri. Out of 50 genotypes six were found to polyphenol oxidase were observed in Arka Krishi Samrakshak treated be resistant, 12 genotypes were moderately resistant, 12 genotypes onion plants.

178 Development of mutants in banana cultivar ney poovan resistant to wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. cubense through in-vitro mutagenesis of embryogenic cells SRISHTY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. AMRUTA S. BHAT

Investigations on “Development of mutants in banana cultivar, Ney (1044) which were decreased with increase in the strength of gamma

Poovan resistant to wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. irradiation. LD50 for EMS duration was between 20 to 30 min and sp. cubense through in-vitro mutagenesis of embryogenic cells” were that for gamma irradiation dose was 30 Gy. Embryos obtained were carried out during 2015-17 at Division of Biotechnology and Division screened through toxin ie. fusaric acid followed by Foc culture filtrate of Plant Pathology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (ICAR- and fusaric acid supplemented media. Twelve out of 200 in Ney IIHR), Bengaluru. Embryogenic cell suspension of banana was Poovan EMS-10min and 17 out of 200 in Ney Poovan EMS-15min mutagenated through chemical and physical methods by Ethyl treatment survived in the toxin media. Survived plants from in vitro Methane sulphonate (EMS) and gamma irradiation respectively. Effect screening were subjected to pot screening under polyhouse condition of treatment duration of EMS (0.2%, v/v) on plant regeneration yielded two eachmutagenated banana from 10 min EMS group and 15 capacity of ECS was remarkably high with 10 min EMS treatment min EMS group. Further,there was a significant elevation in PAL and followed by control and decreased with increase in treatment Peroxidase activity was observed in some of the mutants in defense duration.Gamma irradiation doses on plantlets regeneration capacity related enzyme assay. Four mutagenated plants with tolerance to revealed that the number of viable embryos were highest in control Fusarium wilt were obtained from the present investigation.

Screening of advanced breeding lines of brinjal against bacterial wilt disease incited by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) SANTOSH BANGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. DEVAPPA

Investigation on “Screening of advanced breeding lines of brinjal against isolates of Ralstonia solanacearum. The plant height of different bacterial wilt disease incited by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith)” was breeding lines showed the significant difference across all the undertaken during the year 2015-16 at College of Horticulture, combination of isolates and method of inoculation. Among the different Bengaluru. Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is methods of inoculation, the earliest symptoms were noticed in the widespread in different agro climatic zones of Karnataka (India) viz., drenching method. The disease score and disease severity showed the Bengaluru Rural, Mysuru, Dharwad, Hassan, Bidar, Kolar, Vijayapura, significant variation at different days of interval from 60 to 120th day Tumakuru and Chikkaballapur. The roving survey was conducted of inoculation. Drenching method of inoculation, the maximum bacterial during 2015-16 for assessing the bacterial wilt incidence and collection population was recorded in COHB-8 which was inoculated by I4 of disease samples in different agro climatic zones of Karnataka. The isolate. Among the different breeding lines, the least wilting percentage per cent disease incidence was varied significantly with respect to was observed in line COHB-2 (44.44%) and maximum (100%) was different places and Chikkaballapur showed the maximum disease recorded in the lines COHB-13, COHB-7, COHB-3, COHB-8, incidence. The advanced breeding lines were screened against different COHB-11 and COHB-16 for all the isolates.

Diagnosis and identification of virus causing mosaic disease in capsicum (Capsicum annum var. Grossum Sendt) PRAFULKUMAR VANDAKUDARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. ANJANEYA REDDY

An Investigation on “Diagnosis and identification of virus causing to be moderately susceptible. The host range study revealed that mosaic disease in capsicum” was conducted at College of the plant species Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun, N. glutinosa, N. Horticulture, Bengaluru during 2015-16. In the present investigation occidentalis, Datura metel, Physalis floridana, Solanum nigrum, the survey report determined the incidence of mosaic disease in Capsicum annum were known to be infected with ChiVMV. In the major capsicum growing districts like Chikkaballapura, Kolar, study on vector transmission, five aphids per plant showed highest Bengaluru rural and Ramanagar. The maximum incidence was found transmission (100%). The effect of different dates of inoculation on inRamanagar district (54.85%) and minimum incidence was found different plant growth parameters, the highest per cent disease in Chikkaballapura district (7.99%). DAC-ELISA results revealed transmission was observed in 15 days after sowing and lowest in 90 that the forty samples collected from different districts showing days after planting. In phylogenetic analyses of ChiVMV isolates, vein banding, leaf distortion and mosaic mottling symptoms with the nucleotide identity of ChiVMV between Kolar and composition of both CMV and ChiVMV. However, only ten samples Chikkaballapura had 89% sequence similarity. The highest nucleotide showed reaction with CMV antiserum. Screening of capsicum sequence similarity of Kolar was 93.81% with ChiVMV of Raichur varieties, hybrids and germplasm against ChiVMV disease resistance isolate and lowest was 78.31% with the ChiVMV of Pakistan isolate. by sap inoculation revealed that, hybrids viz., Diana, Starlet, Aristotle However, Chikkaballapura isolate had highest homology of 93.97% and germplasm lines DCA 310 were found to be moderately resistant with ChiVMV of Rajastan isolate and lowest of 81.96% with to ChiVMV and four hybrids and four germpalasm lines were found ChiVMV of Pakistan isolate.

179 Studies on variability of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) causing anthracnose of Mango N. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. DEVAPPA

Mango(Mangiferaindica Linn.) is an important fruit crop in India nature compared to other isolates. Among nine mango seedling varieties and other tropical and subtropical countries of the world. Among the and eight varieties of mango fruits tested, Dasheri (20.00%) (seedlings) fungal diseases causing economic losses, the most important one is and Mallika (20.22%) (fruits) exhibited moderately resistant reaction anthracnose caused by ColletotrichumgloeosporioidesPenz. and Sacc. to C. gloeosporioides in the green house and in vitro conditions (Teleomorph-Glomerellacingulata).Ten pathogenic isolates of respectively. Among the 12 botanicals and 14 fungicides evaluated, C. gloeosporioides were obtained from different agroclimatic zones fresh plant extract of Simarouba @ 7.5% has recorded (46.34%) of Karnataka and were named them as Cg-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and maximum mycelia inhibition, Aloevera @ 7.5% has recorded (24.93%) 10. The variability study indicated that, all isolates exhibitedvariation maximum mycelial inhibition as dry plant extractwas effective under in colony character, type of margin, colony colour, topography and in vitrocondition.Whereas, combi product of fungicide, flusilazole pigmentation in the culture. Cg-8 (Arabhavi) and Cg-4 (Tumkuru) 12.5% + carbendazim 25% SE and systemic fungicides propiconazole isolate showed excellent sporulation; Cg-3 isolate had fast growing 25% EC @ 0.1, 0.2 & 0.3 %showed complete inhibition of ability (9.5 cm) at 12th day; Cg-8 isolate showed highest virulence C. gloeosporioides under in vitro condition.

FRUIT SCIENCE

Physiological investigation on growth and yield of Sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] K. S. SATHISH MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. A. M. SHIROL

The study of physiological investigation on growth and yield of epicuticular wax content (0.144 mg/dm2) was recorded in cv. sapota [Manilkara achras (Mill.) Fosberg] was carried out in the Kirthabharthi, while cv. DHS-2 recorded maximum proline content field of “All India Co-ordinated research project on Fruits”, Kittur (0.195 µg/g). Maximum yield per plant and yield per hectare (201.50 kg Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Karnataka and 20.15 t/ha respectively) was recorded in cv. DHS-1, while during 2012-2013. Among different cultivars studied the maximum Kalipatti recorded significantly higher number of fruits per plant plant height (6.50 m, 6.60 m and 6.83 m) was exhibited by cv. DHS-1 (2821 nos.). cv. Tagapampudi recorded maximum fruit weight, fruit at quarterly interval. Maximum plant spread (10.00 m, 10.40 m and volume and peel weight (121.67 g, 130.53 ml and 29.00 g, 10.67 m in North-South and 10.03 m, 10.33 m and 10.63 m in East- respectively). Maximum fruit length was registered in cv. Long Oval West direction), maximum stem girth and canopy volume (7.27 cm), whereas maximum fruit breadth was noted in cv. (38.54 cm, 38.69 cm and 38.85 cm) and (130.82 m3, 154.68 m3 and Kirthabharthi (6.09 cm). Correlation coefficient studies showed that, 58.06 m3) during peak growth period was noted in DHS-2. presence of more relative water content is positively correlated Significantly maximum relative water content and carotenoid content with increase in individual fruit weight and fruit volume in cv. was recorded in cv. Cricket Ball (88.64%) and (6.68 mg/g), while Tagarampudi, whereas high light transmission rate at middle portion maximum chlorophyll stability index was recorded in cv. PKM-1 of the canopy is positively correlated with increase in individual (63.25%). Maximum total chlorophyll content (84.72 mg/g) and fruit weight, fruit breadth and fruit volume in cv. Long Oval.

Identification of elite strains and economic analysis of Kagzi lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) in Vijayapura district of Karnataka K. ABHILASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. G. KERUTAGI

The present research was carried through survey of forty orchards cost during gestation and bearing periods were worked out to be from Indi and Sindagi taluks of Vijayapura district during the fruiting 181617.46 and 65068.73 in Indi taluk; 211798.87 and 102024.33 in season of 2015-16. The fruits were used for studying the physico- Sindagi taluk, respectively. Financial analysis revealed that at chemical characters and variety cultivated in the study area was Kagzi 12 per cent discount rate, the NPV were ` 14,27,910 and Rs. 10,49,247; lime. Among the 40 selections, KLS-15 (63.75 kg) and KLS-13 (52.67 kg) BC Ratios were 2.83 and 2.09; PBP were 5.17 and 5.21 years and had maximum yield, whereas minimum number of seeds obtained in IRR were 28 per cent and 23 per cent in Indi and Sindagi taluks, KLS-20 (8.50). KLS-31 contained maximum juice (55.40%), which is respectively. Three marketing channels were identified. Producer’s useful for juice extraction. ‘KLS-15’ had maximum peel thickness share in consumer rupee was the highest (79.26%) in channel-II (1.30 cm) which is best for pickle purpose and ‘KLS-23’ had the (producer-distant retailer-consumer) followed by channel-III highest titratable acidity (8.85%), ascorbic acid (31.65 mg/100g) and (producer-local retailer-processor) and channel-I (producer- total soluble solids (7.56 0B). For overall acceptability, KLS-15 has commission agent cum wholesaler-retailer-consumer) with 63.34 and shown good results. It should be further multiplied and popularized 57.98 per cent, respectively. Major production constraints were high for the benefit of the farming communities.Economic analysis of lime initial investment (82.50%), non availability of labourers during peak was carried out by adopting representative random sampling season (75.00%). High commission charges (92.50%), wide price procedure through personnel interview method. The per ha fluctuations (87.50%), high transportation cost (80.00%), lack of establishment cost of lime was estimated at ` 366463.82 and local processing units (75.00%) and lack of quick market information 418158.40 in Indi and Sindagi taluks, respectively. The maintenance (57.50%) were the identified marketing constraints.

180 Studies on seed viability, germination and softwood grafting in Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) N. BHAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGESH NAIK

The investigation on viability of karonda seeds stored under two recorded no germination at 120 days after extraction. Among different different storage conditions along with different container treatments pre-sowing treatments maximum seed germination (83.33%), minimum was carried out at department of Fruit Science, K. R. C. College of number of days taken for initiation (9.66), 50 per cent (14.66) and Horticulture, Arabhavi. Karona seeds were sown at 15 days interval maximum germination (19.00) and also vegetative parameters such as up to 8 months after extraction. Among the storage conditions, shoot length (19.33cm), root length (12.00 cm), fresh weight of shoot refrigerated storage resulted better seed germination (30.55%), while (2.73 g), fresh weight of root (0.80 g), dry weight of seedling (1.53 g) seed stored under ambient conditions resulted low seed germination and seedling vigour index-I (2612.00) were recorded highest in water (12.22%) at 90 days after extraction. Among container treatments, soaking treatment for 8 hours and lowest for control treatment. seeds treated with Trichoderma harzianum and kept in poly bag of Softwood grafting in karonda was found successful in August, 700 gauge has recorded good germination (33.33%) compared with September and October months. Whereas, highest graft success the control treatment (8.33%) at 90 days after extraction. In case of (87.50%), graft survivability (100%), number of leaves (67.65), interaction effect root length, shoot length, seedling vigour index-I number of sprouts (4.65), graft height (58.85 cm) and graft girth and germination percentage (26.66) were recorded highest in seeds (6.21mm) were recorded in September month at 90 days after grafting. treated with Trichoderma harzianum kept in poly bag under Softwood grafting in the months of August, September and October refrigerated storage when compared to control treatment which, was found beneficial for Northern dry Zone of Karnataka (Zone-3).

Studies on effect of wrapping materials for scion storage and grafting success in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Alphonso U. INDHUMATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGESH NAIK

The present investigation was carried out during 2016-17 at the like number of sprouts, number of leaves, stem girth and length of Department of Fruit Science, Kittur Rani Channamma College of sprouts 30, 60 and 90 DAG. However, minimum number of days to Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, sprout was recorded in scions stored under ambient condition. The Karnataka. Among the individual effects, the scions stored in 100 gauge interaction effects for the scions stored in 100 gauge polythene sheet polythene sheet recorded minimum physiological loss in weight (PLW), under refrigerated condition got minimum PLW and spoilage per cent, spoilage per cent and number of days to sprout, maximum values for maximum values for graft success, graft survival and all other growth graft success, graft survival and all the growth parameters like number parameters like number of sprouts, number of leaves, stem girth and of sprouts, number of leaves, stem girth and length of sprouts on 30, 60 length of sprouts 30, 60 and 90 DAG. Whereas, the number of days to and 90 Days after grafting (DAG). The scions stored under refrigerated sprout was lowest in scions stored in 100 gauge polythene under ambient condition recorded minimum PLW and spoilage per cent, maximum condition. The scions stored for three days under refrigerated condition values for graft success, graft survival and all the growth parameters recorded best results for all the parameters.

Studies on vegetative methods of propagation in Jamun (Syzygium cuminii (L.) Skeels) SHRUTI REVANASIDDHA JEVOOR MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. A. M. SHIROL

Jamun is one of the important minor indigenous fruit crops of India grafting with VAM in November (47.93 (6.95)) and maximum fresh with multifarious uses. The vegetative propagation of jamun by weight of roots (7.70 g (2.86 g)) was recorded in softwood grafting with hardwood cutting, air layering, patch budding and softwood grafting VAM in February. Maximum length of longest root (36.63 cm (6.09) with application of VA Mycorrhiza was carried in the months of cm) was recorded in softwood grafting with VAM in November and November and February in Kittur Rani Channamma College Of highest survival percentage of propagated plants (87.13 (69.03)) was Horticulture, Arabhavi during 2016-17. Hardwood cutting with VAM recorded in softwood grafting with VAM in November. As highest per in February (12.13) took minimum number of days for initiation of cent of survival of vegetative propagated plants was recorded in softwood new sprout. The highest number of sprouts were recorded with grafting with VAM in November hence softwood grafting with VAM in softwood grafting with VAM in February (2.50 (1.74)). The maximum November is most suitable for vegetative propagation of jamun. Effect number of leaves were produced in air layers with VAM in February of length of cutting, growth regulator, VA Mycorrhiza and bioformulation (15.40 (3.98)). Maximum number of branches were recorded in softwood on rooting of cuttings in jamun was investigated. Two, four and six grafting with VAM in February (2.54 (1.79)) and the maximum shoot node cuttings were used. Six node cutting treated with panchagavya length was recorded in air layers with VAM in February (44.50 cm recorded minimum number of days taken for initiation of new sprout (6.70 cm)). Maximum number of roots were recorded in softwood (10.43) and maximum number of sprouts (4.76).

181 Studies on the success and survivability of grafts in different varieties of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) by soft wood grafting under different growing conditions G. C. NANDITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. R. PATIL

The present investigation entitled on “Studies on the success and highest graft success (85.74%), number of sprouts (4.34), number of survivability of grafts in different varieties of guava by soft wood leaves (16.19), sprout length (14.11 cm), scion diameter (6.75 mm), grafting under different growing conditions” was carried out during graft height (52.24 cm) root length (30.93), root mass (28.76 g), the year 2015-16 at University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. per cent graft survival (73.39%) were recorded in var. Sardar and also The results of the investigation revealed that the highest graft success recorded minimum number of days required for graft take (14.18). (77.38 %), number of sprouts (3.83), number of leaves (16.91), sprout Among the interactions, highest number of sprouts (5.17), sprout length (13.77 cm), scion diameter (6.36 mm), graft height (50.90 cm), length (15.33 cm), scion diameter (8.15 mm), graft height (53.07 cm), root length (31.25 cm), root mass (27.06 g) and per cent graft survival root mass (34.58 g) were recorded in var. Sardar when the grafts were (68.96 %) were noticed in mist house followed by shade house. While, kept in mist house followed by shade house. However, graft success the minimum number of days for graft take (14.97) was recorded in of 95.28 per cent was recorded in Sardar under mist house followed mist house followed by open condition. Among the varieties, the by open condition.

Molecular marker profiling and its association with economic traits of popular indian cultivars of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) NUSRAT PERVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARVAMANGLA CHOLIN

The present investigation was carried out with 25 pomegranate Early Bhagwa and Ganesh. In the principle component analysis, 35 genotypes at University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot, characters analysed were partitioned in to three PCs with the Karnataka during 2016-17 using randomized complete block design cumulative variance of 55.37%. Correlation studies revealed with three replications. These genotypes included popular cultivars, significant positive correlation between fruit weight and fruit volume, four mutant lines and two wild forms, which were subjected to fresh and dry weight of 100 arils, peel weight, aril weight and total extensive phenotypic characterization using morphological and number of arils per fruit while path coefficient analyses affirmed a biochemical parameters together with molecular marker profiling significant contribution of peel and aril weight on fruit weight. using 24 microsatellite markers as well as field screening for D2analysis grouped 23 genotypes into four distinct clusters and resistance to bacterial blight and foliar and fruit spots. Variability high genetic divergence was found for genotypes falling in clusters studies demonstrated higher PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM II and III. Based on marker trait association, markers like implying the existence of sufficient variation among the studied PGKVR112, PGKVR 132 and PGKVR 149 exhibited significant R2 genotypes. High heritability with high genetic advance was recorded value for aril parameters, fruit weight and fruit volume while, marker for most of the characters viz. fruit weight, fruit volume, peel weight, PGKVR 122 was found to be associated with bacterial blight and aril weight, total number of arils and titratable acidity indicating also with fruit weight. Consequently, the present investigation effective selection for these traits . Many of the cultivars studied, illustrated existence of wide range of variations for most of the exhibited desirable phenotypes like soft seediness, red juice and characters among the pomegranate genotypes, providing round shape. Daru and Nana were found to have very less bacterial opportunities for genetic gain through selection or hybridization in blight severity as compared to the popular cultivars like Bhagwa, future breeding programme.

Studies on integrated nutrient management in tissue culture Banana cv. Rajapuri (Musa.AAB) SUHASINI S. PATTAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. KULAPATI HIPPARAGI

The present investigation was carried out during 2016-17 at the College plant), finger weight (81.96 g). Also registered better quality parameters of Horticulture, Haveli, Bagalkot district, Karnataka, India, with the such as shelf life (7.85 days) and total soluble solids (23.57oBrix). The major objectives to study the effect of Integrated Nutrient Management same treatment recorded highest available nutrients (233.26 kg ha-1 N, -1 -1 on growth, yield and quality of banana cv.Rajapuri and its effect on 21.85 kg ha P2O5 & 215.60 kg ha K2O) in soil and leaf tissue (2.57% cost of production. The treatments include, application of 100% RDF N, 0.36% P and 2.88% K). The economic analysis indicated that the

(200:100:300 g/plant N:P2O5:K2O) through inorganic fertilizers without total yield of 25.35 t/ha with net returns of Rs. 5,51,660/ha and BC

(T1) or with (T2) biofertilizer (PSB+ Azospirillum @ 20 g/plant), partial ratio of 3.64:1 was the highest in the plants treated with treatment T2. supplementation of recommended dose of fertilizer at 25 (T3), 50 (T4) In the present investigation application of 100% RDF and biofertilizer and 75% (T5) through organics based on K2O content and 100% RDF (T2) has performed better in terms of banana growth, yield, quality and through organic source (T6). Amongst the treatment, application of economics followed by 75% RDF + 25% K2O through organic source.

100% RDF and biofertilizer (T2) recorded significantly highest growth The present findings can be commercially used in making banana parameters viz., plant height (197.44 cm), pseudostem girth (73.05 production more profitable by the integration of nutrients under arid cm) at shooting and yield parameters such as bunch weight (10.89 kg/ zone of Karnataka.

182 Studies on effect of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality in Papaya cv. Red lady M. PREETHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. P. PRAKASH

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of plant growth (1.30m plant height, 36.00cm stem girth, 48.56 leaves per micronutrients on growth, yield and quality in papaya cv. Red lady at plant), reproductive parameters (50.11 flowers and 28.33 fruits per College of Horticulture, Bagalkot during 2016-2017. In the experiment plant) and fruit yield (43.54 kg/plant). The maximum values of qualitative parameters in respect of total soluble solids (11.50°Brix), ascorbic acid on effect of soil application of Zinc, Boron and Iron, T12[treatment having Zn (10g) + B (5g) + Fe (10g)] has recorded maximum plant (23.03 mg/100g pulp) and maximum fruit parameters (1.54 kg weight growth (1.42m plant height, 34.37 cm stem girth, 41.34 leaves per of fruit) were also obtained with the same treatment. In the experiment plant), reproductive parameters (49.50 flowers and 28.67 fruits per on effect of time and concentration of foliar application of fruit special, plant) and fruit yield (43.99 kg/plant). The maximum values of qualitative T9 (5g/l at 30 days interval) has recorded maximum plant growth (1.65 m parameters in respect of total soluble solids (12.98°Brix), ascorbic acid plant height, 35.75 cm stem girth, 43.83 leaves per plant), reproductive (23.64 mg/100g pulp) and maximum fruit parameter (1.54 kg weight of parameters (52.50 flowers and 31.00 fruits per plant) and fruit yield fruit) were also obtained with the same treatment. Whereas in the (46.10 kg/plant). The maximum values of qualitative parameters in experiment on finding out suitable period of soil application of respect of total soluble solids (11.78°Brix), ascorbic acid (25.45 mg/ 100g pulp) and maximum fruit parameters (1.52 kg weight of fruit) micronutrient mixture, T9 [treatment having Zn (10g), B (3g) and Fe (10g) at 1, 3, 5 and 7 months after transplanting) has recorded maximum were also obtained with the same treatment.

Influence of pruning intensity on growth, yield and quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Super bhagwa under organic condition ASHA HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. N. PATIL

A field experiment on ‘Influence of pruning intensity on growth, per plant (13.71 kg) and yield per hectare (21.53 t). Among the levels yield and quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Super of pruning, the maximum number of flowers per shoot (6.97), minimum Bhagwa under organic condition’ was carried out during the year number of days (15.32 days) taken for initiation of flowering and the 2016-2017 at Department of fruit science, University of Horticultural minimum number of days (23.25 days) taken for fruit set were recorded Sciences, Bagalkot. The experiment was laid out in two factorial in unpruned plants. Whereas, the maximum fruit weight (285.87 g), randomized block design with two types of organic condition (100 fruit length (8.48 cm), fruit diameter (8.85 cm), yield per plant per cent recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through farm yard (14.78 kg) and yield per hectare (23.16) was recorded in plants pruned manure and 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost) and three at level of 30 cm from the tip of shoot followed by 15 cm pruning. levels of pruning (Unpruned, 15 cm and 30 cm pruning). Among the However, the interaction effect between types of organic condition types of organic condition, 100 per cent RDN through farm yard and levels of pruning had significant effect on yield attributing manure recorded significantly the maximum number of flowers per characters. The maximum fruit weight (312.25 g) and fruit length shoot (6.70), minimum number of days taken for initiation of flowering (8.51 cm), yield per plant (15.92 kg), yield per hectare (24.64 t) and (15.85 days), highest fruit weight (260 g), number of fruits per plant highest benefit cost ratio (4.79) was recorded in plants treated with (55.28 fruits), fruit length (8.32 cm), fruit diameter (8.82 cm), yield 100 per cent RDN through FYM with 30 cm pruning.

Effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and nutrients on yield and quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa BEERAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Dr. S. N. PATIL

The investigation was conducted in the farmer’s field of Hire Samshi ratio (23.33%), ascorbic acid content (15.37 mg 100 g-) and juice village, in Bagalkot taluk of Bagalkot district during 2016-17 with an (56.33%), highest shelf life (27.02 days) and least physiological loss in objective to study the effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid weight (14.28%) were also recorded in GA3 @ 50 ppm + calcium and nutrients on yield and quality of pomegranate cv. Bhagwa. The nitrate (2%) + borax (0.2%) + SOP (2%), where as highest physiological experiment consisted of nine treatments with three replications laid loss in weight (18.51%) and minimum shelf life (20.19 days) was out in Randomized Block Design. Among the different treatments, recorded in control. The highest potassium content in juice (18.70 g/L) foliar application of GA3 @ 50 ppm + calcium nitrate (2%) + borax and peel (0.81%) was recorded in T4 - GA3 @ 50 ppm + calcium nitrate (0.2%) + SOP (2%) has recorded the highest fruit length (94.62 mm), (2%) + borax (0.2%) + SOP (2%), phosphorus content in juice fruit diameter (93.63 mm), fruit volume (448.67 ml), number of arils (4.13 g/L) and peel (0.28%) was recorded in T5 - GA3 @ 100 ppm +

(719.33), total aril weight (297.67g) 100 aril weight (44.00 g), peel calcium nitrate (2%) + borax (0.2%) + KNO3 (2%) and maximum calcium weight (156.00 g), fruit weight (431.67 g), yield per plant (44.11 kg) and boron content of juice and peel were recorded in T4, where as and yield per hectare (34.15 tonnes/ha) compared to control which lowest were found in T9 (Control). Among the different treatments, the recorded lowest yield (26.27 t/ha) and yield attributes. The quality plants treated with GA3 @ 50 ppm + calcium nitrate (2%) + borax parameters of pomegranate viz., high total sugar (14.64%), reducing (0.2%) + SOP (2%) influenced the improved fruit growth, increased sugar (12.69%), total soluble solids (15.50 oBrix) content, sugar/acid yield and better quality as compared to other treatments.

183 Studies on improving the productivity and quality of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Super bhagwa through organic source of nutrients B. SANGEETA KURER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. R. PATIL

A field experiment entitled ‘Studies on improving the productivity RDN through neem cake followed by 100 per cent RDN through and quality of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Super Bhagwa sunhemp. Among the qualitative characters, the higher total soluble through organic source of nutrients’ was carried out at Department of solids (15.60 ºBrix), vitamin-C (18.33 mg/100 g) content and lower Fruit Science, Sector 70, University of Horticultural Sciences, titratable acidity (0.36%) were recorded with application of Udyanagiri, Bagalkot during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost whereas, 100 per cent a complete randomized block design with seven different source of RDN through poultry manure recorded maximum shelf life (27.10 nutrients. Among the different nutrient sources, 100 per cent days). Application of 100 per cent RDN through FYM recorded recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through vermicompost was improvement in soil pH (7.20) and highest soil available P (43.67 kg/ha), found to be superior over others with respect to growth parameters. while 100 per cent RDN through poultry manure recorded the highest Yield parameters viz., number of productive flowers (85.15/plant), soil OC (0.71%) and soil available K (281.33 kg/ha), 100 per cent fruit set (67.16 %), number of fruits (48.37/plant) and fruit yield RDN through neem cake recorded highest EC (0.19 dS/m) and (13.43 kg/plant and 20.73 t/ha) were found to be highest with the 100 per cent RDN through sunhemp recorded highest soil available N application of 100 per cent RDN through poultry manure whereas (239.33 kg/ha). From the present investigation, it was found that fruit weight (336.23 g/fruit), fruit length (8.7 cm) and fruit diameter application of 100 per cent RDN through poultry manure increased (9.01 cm), aril weight (240.72 g/fruit), rind weight (95.00 g/fruit) and yield of pomegranate while for growth and quality improvement juice content (144.85 ml/fruit) were found to be highest in 100 per cent 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost was found better.

Studies on bunch feeding in Banana cv. Rajapuri (Musa AAB) SOUMYA M. GARASANGI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. I. ATHANI

A field experiment was carried out in farmer’s field at Tadasalur village (75.54 g), peel weight (27.32 g), bunch weight (13.11 kg), yield near Yaragatti of Savadatti taluq, Belgaum district during 2016-17 to (14.56 t/ha), green life (12.67 days), shelf life (9.00 days), investigate the effect of bunch feeding in banana cv. Rajapuri (Musa physiological loss in weight (15.34%), total soluble solids AAB). The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block (21.20 0Brix), ascorbic acid (3.14 mg/100 g), reducing sugar (13.28%), design with ten treatments which were replicated thrice. The main total sugar (19.91%), sugar to acid ratio (77.18%) and benefit-cost objectives of the experiment was to know the effect of bunch feeding ratio (2.28:1) and lowest titrable acidity (0.24%) and minimum on growth and yield, quality and benefit:cost ratio of banana. The number of days taken for shooting to harvesting (120.66 days). results revealed that, the bunch stalk fed with dipping the cut end in Where as control (T10) recorded the minimum values for most of the the 500 ml of cow dung slurry + 20 g of K2SO4 recorded significantly parameters studied. In conclusion, the banana bunches fed with highest internodal length (13.84 cm), bunch length (57.47 cm), bunch dipping the cut end in the 500 ml of cow dung slurry + 20 g of shape index (109.44 cm), hand weight (1.79 kg), finger length (15.91 cm), K2SO4 improved the yield and quality parameters of banana cv. finger girth (12.68 cm), finger weight (141.50 g), pulp weight Rajapuri grown in northern dry zone of Karnataka.

Studies on the effect of growth regulators on the rooting of cuttings in different varieties of Fig (Ficus carica L.) under open and shade house conditions PREMA KUNTAGOL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. R. PATIL

The present investigation entitled “Studies on the effect of growth regulators, IBA at 3000 ppm recorded significantly highest regulators on the rooting of cuttings in different varieties of fig percentage of rooted cuttings (36.22), number of roots (21.32), root (Ficus carica L.) under open and shade house conditions” was carried length (21.95 cm), survival percentage (86.52), shoot length (12.95 cm) out during the year 2016-17 at Department of Fruit Science, and number of leaves (11.60) in different varieties. Among the University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot. Among the different treatment combinations, the percentage of rooting (42.22), shoot growing conditions, open condition recorded significantly highest length (15.46cm), number of leaves (15.07) were recorded percentage of rooted cuttings (33.66), number of roots (19.90), root significantly highest in Deanna cuttings treated with IBA at 3000 length (16.90 cm), survival percentage of rooted cuttings (73.70) as ppm. The survival percentage (89.47), root length (25.56 cm) and compared to shade house condition. The shoot length (5.95 cm) and number of roots (24.14) were significantly highest in cuttings of number of leaves (5.84) were significantly maximum in shade house Conadria treated with IBA at 3000 ppm concentration. It can be condition as compared to open condition. Deanna under shade house concluded from the results of the present study that, open condition condition recorded highest shoot parameters such as shoot length proved better for root growth and survival as compared to shade (8.42 cm), number of leaves (7.60) as compared to other treatment house condition. Among the growth regulators, IBA at 3000 ppm combinations. The root parameters such as number of roots (22.67), recorded maximum root and shoot growth. Deanna performed well fresh (2.83 g) and dry weight (0.89 g) of roots were recorded with respect to shoot parameters and percentage of rooting compared significantly highest in Conadria under open condition. The survival to all other treatment combinations. High survival percentage and percentage (77.14) of rooted cuttings was significantly highest in root parameters (Number of roots and root length) were obtained in cuttings of Bellary under open condition. Among the growth cuttings of Conadria treated with IBA at 3000 ppm.

184 In vitro propagation of Banana cv. Ney poovan (Musa spp., AB Group) BHALANG DIENGNGAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. PRABHULING

Ney Poovan (AB) is the choicest diploid cultivar which is under percentage (100 %), least days for bud sprouting (8.09), maximum commercial monoclonal cultivation on a large scale especially in the number of shoots/ explant (4.92), maximum number of leaves/ shoot state of Karnataka. However, most of the commercial laboratories (1.85), highest length of shoot (3.38 cm), maximum content of are dealing with Cavendish clones such as Grand Naine and Williams. chlorophyll a (0.84 mg/g fresh weight of tissue), chlorophyll b (0.24 mg/g This biased attitude towards the elite native Ney Poovan is due to fresh weight of tissue) and total chlorophyll (1.05 mg/g fresh weight inherent problems associated with them such as higher degree of of tissue) and fresh weight of plantlets (3167.27 mg/plantlet) was culture browning, poor multiplication rates etc. under in vitro found best when multiple shoot clumps were incubated onto MS B conditions. An investigation was, therefore, carried out using different + BAP (5.00 mg/l). However, the carry-over effect of TDZ for antioxidants and cytokinins to overcome the in vitro recalcitrance three subculture cycles proved to be better than BAP. Significantly, of this variety. Shoot tip explants were inoculated onto Murashige the maximum number of shoots/ explant (3.90, 5.44, 6.60), number and Skoog’s basal media with different types and concentrations of of leaves/ shoot (1.98, 2.47, 2.93) and shoot length (2.84 cm, antioxidants (ascorbic acid, citric acid, activated charcoal and dark 3.43 cm, 4.60 cm) were observed on hormone free MS B at first, incubation). Among the different treatments, the maximum second and third subculture cycles using cultures of MS B + TDZ establishment of aseptic culture (80.00 %), least extent of browning (0.02 mg/l), respectively. PCR based RAPD markers proved to be (no browning), minimum days taken for bud sprouting (19.83), effective for detection of variation among the tissue culture maximum number of sprouts/ explant (0.67), least activity of multiplied plantlets. OPC 04, OPC 20, OPK 14, OPM 12, OPB 04 polyphenol oxidase (40.71 unit/ml/min) was recorded with MS B + and OPD 07 primers detected 94.10 per cent monomorphism and Dark incubation. During multiplication, the highest regeneration 5.90 per cent polymorphism.

Studies on the effect of biofertilizers, growth regulators and media on seed germination and seedling growth of acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia (christm.) Swingle) K. S. SHIVARAJ PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. R. GURUPRASAD

The studies on effect of biofertilizers, growth regulators and media on minimum was noticed in control. In media and biofertilizers experiment, seed germination and seedling growth of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia the seedling height, root length, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh (christm.)Swingle) was carried out at Regional Horticultural Research weight, dry weight, seed germination percentage and seedling vigour and Extension Centre, UHS Campus, GKVK Post, Bangalore during were maximum in the combination of revised potting mixture (Red the period 2014-15. In pre-soaking experiment, the treatment with earth: FYM: Vermicompost) 2:1:1) + cocopeat. In foliar application

GA3 100 ppm recorded the earliest germination, highest germination experiment, the treatment with GA3 150 ppm recorded the maximum percentage, faster rate of germination, maximum seedling height, stem seedling height, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh weight and dry girth, seedling biomass and highest vigour index of seedlings while weight, while minimum was noticed in control.

Studies on integrated nutrient management for growth, yield and quality of strawberry (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) Cv. Sabrina under polyhouse ESMATULLAH AHMADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. HONNABYRAIAH

An experiment was conducted to study the influence of integrated quality parameters like number of fruits/plant (19.07), fruit weight nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of strawberry (16.23 g), fruit length (4.28 cm), fruit diameter(2.56 cm), fruit volume (Fragaria × Ananassa Duch.) Cv. Sabrina” under polyhouse (18.83 ml), yield/plant (309.70 g), yield/ha (17.20 tons), TSS condition at College of Horticulture, UHS Campus, GKVK Post, (10.13°Brix), total sugars (6.01%), reducing sugars (5.17%), TSS to Bengaluru during 2016-2017. The experiment was laid out in acid ratio (16.78) and Benefit: Cost ratio (2.37) were found maximum Randomized Block Design with nine treatments replicated three where plants supplied with 100% RDF + VAM @10 kg/ha + 0.4% times. The results revealed that significantly maximum plant height Boron + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray. It was found that leaf nutrient contents (24.50cm), number of leaves/plant (23.13), leaf length (9.63 cm), such as N (2.74%), P (0.51%), K (2.99%), Zinc (59.00 ppm) and leaf breadth (8.57 cm), plant spread (30.53cm and 25.83cm in north- Boron (76.67 ppm) were also maximum in the plants treated with south and east-west directions, respectively), number of runners/ 100% RDF + VAM @10 kg/ha + 0.4% Boron + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray plant (5.13), leaf area (105.41 cm2) and number of flowers/plant than the control. Hence, it could be concluded that, the INM (25.07) were recorded in the plants supplied with 100% RDF + in strawberry is found to be useful for obtaining higher yield and

VAM @10 kg/ha + 0.4% Boron + 0.5% ZnSO4 spray. The yield and quality fruits.

185 Effect of growth regulators, macronutrients, biofertilizers and media on seedling growth of Pummelo (Citrus maxima Merill) H. R. HARSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. R. GURUPRASAD

The experiment entitled “Effect of growth regulators, Red earth: Poultry manure (2:1). The seedling height (45.09 cm), macronutrients, biofertilizers and media on seedling growth of seedling diameter (0.57 cm), number of leaves (36.53), leaf area pummelo (Citrus maxima Merill)” was conducted at RHREC, UHS (30.52 cm2), fresh and dry weight of seedlings (35.23 and 10.10 g) campus, Bengaluru during 2016-2017. Two set of experiments on and root parameters were found maximum in Red earth: FYM: seedling growth were conducted, one with foliar spray of growth Cocopeat + Biomix and was minimum in Red earth: FYM: Sand regulators and macronutrients, and second experiment was with (1:1:1). Red earth: FYM (2:1) recorded highest (1.26:1) BC ratio biofertilizers and media. The Seedling height (49.30 cm), seedling and least was in Red earth: Vermicompost + Biomix (0.35:1). The diameter (0.64 cm), number of leaves (42.90), leaf area (32.53 cm2), microbial population of Azotobacter, Phosphate solubilizing bacteria fresh and dry weight of seedlings (48.67 and 12.87 g) and root and Pseudomonas were maximum in the treatment Red earth: FYM: Cocopeat + Biomix followed by Red earth: Poultry manure (2:1) parameters were found highest in foliar spray of GA3 150 ppm + NAA 150 ppm and minimum was in water spray. The seedlings and Red earth: FYM: Cocopeat (2:1:1), respectively. One hundred raised in potting mixture of Red earth: FYM: Cocopeat (2:1:1) + percent Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza colonization was found Biomix (Azotobacter + PSB + Pseudomonas + VAM) 5 g each have in Red earth: FYM: Sand + Biomix, Red earth: FYM + Biomix, Red recorded the highest germination percentage (78.47%) and maximum earth: Vermicompost + Biomix, Red earth: Poultry manure + Biomix vigour indexes I and II (7004.44 and 790.42) and minimum was in and Red earth: FYM: Cocopeat + Biomix.

Studies on evaluation of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) cultivars under poly house condition S. K. MANJULA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. K. HONNABYRAIAH

Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassaDuch) is a highly appreciated fruit in cv. Winter Dawnwhereas,the minimum of leaves (40.20) was for its excellent flavour, wonderful taste, attractive colour, high recordedin cv. Barak. The runner production (9.73) and leaf area nutrient profile and cosmic medicinal value. It was demonstrated that (46.86 cm2) was significantly higher in cv. Hadar as compared to genotype is the main source of variation and single most important other cultivars. The cv. “Sabrina” exhibited maximum fruit length factor that influenced the growth, yield and quality of fruit. Seven (4.72 cm), berry weight (21.80 g), fruit volume (21.34 ml) and total micropropagated strawberry cultivars viz. Sabrina, Cristal, Barak, sugars (7.51%). The maximum number fruits per plant (29.05) and Hadar, Gili, Winter Dawn and Sweet Charlie were evaluated in a yield per plant (501.15 g/plant) was recorded in the cv. Winter Dawn polyhouse at College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, during 2016-17. followed by cv. Sweet Charlie (414.75 g/plant). The two cvs. Winter The results showed that there was significant variation in vegetative Dawn and Sweet Charlie were found to be promising with respect to growth, flowering and yield in different strawberry cultivars. The maximum growth and yield. The highest cost benefit ratio (2.31) was maximum number of leaves (77.35) and flowers (35.50) was recorded observed in cv. Winter Dawn.

Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on growth and yield of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) cv. Neelum (NA-7) Y. C. ABHIJITH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. DINAKARA ADIGA

The major problem associated with Aonla (Emblicaofficinalis Gaertn.), diameter (4.73cm) and reproductive parameters such as reduced a minor subtropical fruit crop,suitable for rain-fed horticulture, which incidence of fruit drop (45.60%) resulting in increased fruit retention is a most sought after fruit for ayurvedic preparations, is the incidence (53.73%). Further, the said combination of micronutrients was also of fruit drop which reaches up to 80 per cent of fruit set. In this associated with highest fruit weight (43.69g), pulp weight (43.03g) context, an investigation was taken up during the year 2016-17 at and yield (24.96kg/plant). The yield was almost double as compared Regional Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, Bengaluru, to to control resulting in higher benefit: cost ratio (3.60). The quality exploit the possibility of reducing the incidence of fruit drop and parameters of fruits such as higher total sugar (4.94%), reducing sugar enhancing the fruit yield and quality through foliar application of (3.01%) and non-reducing sugar (1.93%) content of fruits was micronutrients in aonla cultivar Neelum (NA-7). The study revealed significantly improved without reducing the vitamin C (483.71mg/ that the foliar spray of micronutrient combination of 0.5% ZnSO4+0.5 100g) with the same treatment combination. Hence, the above said

% FeSO4+0.25% Borax recorded the maximum increment in growth micronutrient combination holds immense potential as a foliar spray parameters such as plant height (0.79m), plant spread (0.9 and 0.92 in arresting fruit drop and doubling up the yield and improving quality m in East-West and North-South directions respectively), stem in aonla.

186 Studies on propagation of Dragon fruit through seeds and cuttings H. J. SANDESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. S. K. SWAMY

An investigation on propagation of dragon fruit through seeds and with 500 ppm GA3 gave early germination (4.66 days), highest cuttings were carried out at the Department of Fruit Science, COH, germination percentage (100.00%), survivability percentage (88.46%), Mysuru. The experiment on effect of seed sowing dates from the day vigour index (333.00) and vegetative growth parameters like number of extraction to 110 days after extraction at 10 days interval on seed of roots (3.66), longest length of roots (1.55cm), shoot length (1.78cm), viability revealed that significantly earlier seedling emergence (9.33 seedling height and longest sprout length at the time of transplanting, days), complete seed germination (29.00 days), highest germination 30, 60 and 90 DAT. The third experiment on effect of different stem percentage (80.00%)and highest survivability percentage (80.95%)was cutting length and media on establishment of quality planting material found in the seeds which were sown on the day of extraction which revealed that cuttings of 15cm length planted in coco peat shown also recorded high estimates of different seedling growth parameters better performance in terms of less number of days for sprout initiation like number of roots (2.06), longest root length (1.86 cm), longest (18.00 days), root initiation (23.33 days), rooting per cent (96.60%), shoot length (1.90 cm), vigour index (304.37), number of sprouts and number of roots (15.33), root length (40.87 cm), fresh weight (4.72g), sprout length at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting. Delay in seed dry weight (0.56g) and highest survivability per cent (92.0%). Number sowing caused a considerable decrease in all these parameters. The of sprouts and sprout length at different intervals after transplanting effect of different seed treatment on seed germination and seedling were also significantly high in case of 15cm lengthcittings planted in growth characters were also studied, which indicated that seeds treated coco peat.

Studies on effect of paclobutrazol on growth yield and quality of Jamun (Syzygium cumuni Skeels) cv. Chintamani SWATHI HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. DINAKARA ADIGA

Jamun (Syzygiumcumini Skeels.) is an important minor indigenous PBZ treatment. The application of PBZ at 3.0 g a.i./ plant resulted fruit of India belonging to the family Myrtaceae. Jamun cultivation is less increment in plant height (23.67cm) and canopy spread in N-S constrained with the problem of irregular bearing which leads to (38.50 cm) & E-W (50.83 cm) direction, 2.5g a.i/ plant resulted in considerable loss of their production potential. Paclobutrazol, a triazole highest number (424) of panicles per plant, number of flowers per derivative, has been effectively used to induce and manipulate panicle (51.33) and length of flowering panicle (16.16 cm), fruit weight flowering, fruiting and tree vigor in several perennial fruit crops. An 12.20 g, fruit length 26.20 mm and seed weight 2.30 g. The study investigation was taken up at Regional Horticultural Research and revealed that PBZ at 1.5 g a.i/ plant resulted in highest number (292) Extension Centre (RHREC), University of Horticultural Sciences of new flushes per plant which ultimately led to highest fruit number campus, Gandhi KrishiVignana Kendra, Bengaluru, during 2015-16 (4217) and fruit yield per plant (47.13 kg). Application of to exploit the possibility of regularizing the flowering using paclobutrazol at 3.0 g a.i./ plant resulted in highest total sugar (8.14%), paclobutrazol (PBZ). The six year old grafted plants of antioxidant (268.53 mg/ 100g) and phenol (2.96 g/ 100g). The use of jamuncvChintamani were applied with 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 PBZ holds ample promise for regularizing bearing pattern and g a.i of PBZ per plant through soil. The control plants did not receive increasing the yield and quality to achieve maximum profit in jamun.

Effect of growth regulators, macronutrients, biofertilizers and media on seedling growth of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) J. MAHAMMADNAZIM MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. R. GURUPRASAD

The experiment titled “Effect of growth regulators, macronutrients, spray, whereas the seedlings raised in potting mixture of Red earth: biofertilizers and media on seedling growth of mango (Mangifera indica FYM: Cocopeat + Biomix has recorded the highest seedling height L.)” was conducted at College of Horticulture, UHS campus, Bengaluru (29.31 cm), girth (0.82 cm), number of leaves (15.60), leaf area (287.08), during 2015-2016. Two set of experiments on seedling growth were percent of graftable seedling (68.54%), fresh and dry weight of seedlings conducted with growth regulators and foliar spray of macronutrients, (25.16 and 10.43 gm) and root parameters. The least was found in whereas second set of experiment was conducted with media and water spray and potting mixture of Red earth: FYM: Sand.The biofertilizers. Seedling height (31.87 cm), girth (0.80 cm), number of propogation of mango in combination of different media, biofertlizers leaves (16.82), leaf area (294.17), percent of graftable seedling (71.47%), and growth regulators was found economical. However the media fresh and dry weight of seedlings (27.99 and 11.34 gm) and root containing Red earth: FYM: Cocopeat (2:1:1) + Biomix was found to parameters were found highest in GA3 150 ppm + NAA 150 ppm be good for quality planting material of mango.

187 Standardization of budding techniques in Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) ARCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. NACHEGOWDA

An investigation was carried out at Department of Fruit Science, College length, number of leaves and diameter of bud sprout did not show of Horticulture Kolar, UHS, Bagalkot and Department of Biotechnology, significant difference among the treatments. Cured and non-cured scion UAS, Bengaluru to know the effect of seasonal influence on success of had no significant influence on budding and sprouting success. The patch budding, optimum age of rootstocks for budding and bud wood effect of age of rootstocks on budding percentage success on jackfruit curing period for higher budding success in Jackfruit. Patch budding differed significantly among the treatments. Rootstocks of two months was carried from January to December 2015. Maximum success of old significantly recorded maximum budding success, sprouting success, budding and sprouting was during June to September months and sprout length, number of leaves and diameter of bud sprout followed minimum success was observed in October and November months by four months rootstocks and six months old rootstocks. While, under Bengaluru condition. The scion cured for five days and ten days minimum budding success was recorded in eight months old rootstocks. gave 92 and 94 per cent budding success, respectively. While non- It could be concluded from this study that patch budding during the cured and fifteen days cured scion gave 90 per cent success. Budding months of June to September using two to four months old rootstocks and sprouting success were significantly influenced, whereas, sprout gave higher budding success in vegetative propagation of jackfruit.

Studies on fruit growth dynamics, phenology and maturity indices in Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) Genotypes B. T. MAHALAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. NACHEGOWDA

Fruit growth dynamics was studied in seven jackfruit genotypes at parameters such as, TSS, Titratable acidity, reducing sugars, non- 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 days after fruit set (DAFS) and ripening stage. reducing sugars, total sugars and carotenoids varied in seven genotypes Fruit weight, length, diameter and volume of jackfruits increased at ripened stage. The carotenoid content was higher in Swarna continuously from the initial stage of fruit development till maturity (1.05 mg/100g pulp) and HMT Jack (0.79 mg/100g pulp). Starch in all the genotypes. However, HMT Jack, Lalbagh Madura showed content increased up to maturity and decreased at ripened stage (5.25- higher increase in fruit weight and length up to 150 DAFS. Genotype, 3.72%). The phenol content decreased from 90 DAFS to ripened Swarna showed slow increase in fruit weight, length, diameter and stage (2.67-0.86 g/100g). The days taken for fruit maturity varied volume initially and it was rapid from 150 DAFS to maturity. Spine from 152 to 174.67 DAFS. Jackfruit genotypes studied followed density of all genotypes decreased with the maturation of fruits from single sigmoid pattern of fruit growth with respect to all the growth 139.09 to 84.24 per 5 cm2. Least number (8.33) of flakes per kg of parameters such as fruit weight, length, diameter and volume. fruit with higher width (4.95 cm) and flakes size (59.10 g) was observed Parameters for judging maturity in jackfruit could be; days taken for in Lalbagh Madura followed by Horticulture Veg-1. Biochemical maturity, fruit color, spine density and spine color.

Budding of tubagare Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) on different artocarpus rootstocks N. MANJUNATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. NACHEGOWDA

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) is one of the most significant hirsutus were evaluated the morphological characters and further tree in tropical home gardens and perhaps the most widespread and budded with Tubagare variety as scion to know the grafting useful tree in the genus Artocarpus.Seed propagation is common compatibility. The Artocarpus hirsutus rootstock has recorded method of propagation in jackfruit, however the genetic uniformity maximum (84.67%) germination percentage. The KM-3 rootstock and conservation of elite clone or cultivar needs to be carried through had recorded higher seed weight (260.00 g), seedling vigour (5250.73) vegetative propagation. The effect of different Artocarpus species as and higher number of leaves (5.93) at two months after budding stage. root stocks on budding success has not been studied so far. Keeping The KM-3 rootstock also recorded higher shoot and root dry weight. these points in view the present study on Budding of Tubagare Further, the bud sprout diameter recorded at various intervals was jackfruit with different Artocarpus was undertaken at the Department higher in budded with Tubagare variety as scion on KM-3. The of Biotechnology, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru. Six Artocarpus rootstocks rootstock diameter was higher in KM-3 and Rudrakshi indicating that NKT-1, KT-9, KM-3, Rudrakshi, local genotype and Artocarpus they serve as the best rootstock for Jackfruit.

188 VEGETABLE SCIENCE

Genetic variability studies in F2 generations of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) E. LAKSHMI MAJOR ADVISOR:Mr. VILAS. D. GASTI

The investigation on “Genetic variability studies in F2 generations of number of locules per fruit, average fruit weight, number of fruits tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)” was conducted in the field of per plant, yield per plant, lycopene content and ascorbic acid in Vegetable Science of Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, both the populations. Therefore, additive component is predominant

Arabhavi. Two F2 populations of tomato i.e., Arka Samrat and Arka here. Thus, there is ample scope for improving these characters Rakshak were evaluated in un- replicated yield trails during rabi 2015. through direct selection. The results on correlation and path analysis Analysis of variance revealed that highly significant (P= 0.01 & revealed positive and significant association of yield per plant with P= 0.05) difference among two populations was observed for all plant height, plant spread from east to west, plant canopy, average characters studied indicating the higher magnitude of variability in fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, plant spread from north to two populations. High GCV and PCV were observed for plant canopy south, ascorbic acid and lycopene content, since these traits had and lycopene content in both the populations. Except yield per high positive direct and indirect association with yield per plant. plant in the population of Arka Samrat and number of primary Hence, direct selection of these traits would be more useful in the branches per plant in the population of Arka Rakshak. The high improvement of yield per plant. The more number of fruits and heritability coupled with high GAM were observed for plant height, high fruit yield per plant was recorded for the plant number 49, number of primary branches, plant spread from north to south 153, 154, 213 and 217 in Arka Rakshak and 20, 22, 59, 120 and 141 direction, plant spread from east to west direction, plant canopy, in Arka Samrat and these plants forwarded for further generations polar diameter of fruit, equatorial diameter of fruit, pericarp thickness, to assess for their stability.

Development of F1 hybrids for high yield and tolerance to yellow vein mosaic virus in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] AKSHAYKUMAR UPADHYE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVINDRA MULGE

The investigation on “Development of F1 hybrids for high yield and The hybrid which exhibited maximum heterosis (86.84%) for yield tolerance to yellow vein mosaic virus in okra” was undertaken at per hectare over the commercial check was KOA-16 x AAN followed Vegetable Science unit of Kittur Rani Channamma College of by KOA-12 x AAN (82.21%), KOA-4 x AAN (69.53%) and Horticulture, Arabhavi, Belagavi (Karnataka). Totally 54 crosses were KOA-5 x MMG (65.18%). The crosses KOA-16 x AAN, KOA-7 x developed by crossing 18 lines with each of three testers. All the MMG, KOA-12 x AAN, KOA-9 x MMG and KOA-17 x VU were crosses were evaluated along with the parents and a commercial check identified as good specific combiners for yield per hectare and the (MHY-10) in randomised block design with two replications and data parents KOA-5 (1.75), KOA-17 (1.31), KOA-12 (1.23), KOA-4 was subjected to line × tester analysis. The magnitude of heterosis (1.13) and KOA-16 (1.10) were identified as the good general over the commercial check was high in the desirable direction for total combiners for yield per hectare in order of merit. Among the lines yield per plant (95.95%), yield per hectare (86.84%), number of KOA-4, KOA-5, KOA-10, KOA-12 and KOA-16 were identified as branches per plant (61.29%), average fruit weight (50.68%), number good combiners over all characters based on comprehensive study of seeds per fruit (47.25%), nodes upto first flowering (-46.15%), considering gca effects of 20 characters. Among the crosses one cross plant height at 90 DAS (42.01%), plant height at 45 DAS (40.09%), is moderately resistant and 25 are tolerant and rest are susceptible to plant height at 60 DAS (36.06%), number of fruits per plant (31.98%) yellow vein mosaic virus, KOA-16 x AAN was the best hybrid selected and internodal length at 60 DAS (-31.95%). Magnitude of standard for yield per hectare which is moderately resistant to YVMV and heterosis in desirable direction was medium to low for fruit length KOA-12 x AAN second best hybrid followed by KOA-4 x AAN, (15.46%), number of ridges on fruit surface (-10.71%), number of KOA-5 x MMG and KOA-9 x MMG were tolerant to YVMV. Non leaves at 90 DAS (8.96%), days to first flowering (-6.72%), fruit additive gene action was more predominant for majority of the yield diameter (5.88%), number of nodes on main stem (4.84%), days to 50 contributing characters indicating its amenability for recurrent selection per cent flowering (-4.61%) and number of leaves at 60 DAS (3.62%). apart from heterosis breeding for further development.

Diallel analysis in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] A. SHWETHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAVINDRA MULGE

The investigation on diallel analysis in okra was carried out during the per plant (58.33%), number of seeds per fruit (40.09%), number of year 2016-17 at Vegetable Science unit, Kittur Rani Channamma nodes on the main stem (25.04%), plant height at 60 DAS (24.21%), College of Horticulture, Arabhavi. The experimental material comprised internodal length at 60 DAS (-24.10%), total yield per plant (20.35%), of eight parents and 28 cross combinations produced through half- yield per plot (20.25%), yield per hectare (20.21%) and number of diallel fashion and two commercial checks (Arka Anamika and leaves at 90 DAS (20.14 %). Magnitude of standard heterosis in the MHY-10). All the crosses were evaluated along with the parents and desirable direction over the commercial check (MHY-10) was medium the commercial checks in randomised block design with two to low for plant height at 45 DAS (18.31%), plant height at 90 DAS replications. Magnitude of heterosis over the commercial check (18.11%), number of fruits per plant (17.35%), number of leaves at (MHY-10) was high in the desirable direction for number of branches 60 DAS (16.15%), average fruit weight (14.50%), days to 50 per cent

189 flowering (-10.10%), number of leaves at 45 DAS (9.31%), fruit KO1606 and KO1608 were identified as the good general combiners diameter (8.34%), fruit length (6.79%), days to first flowering for yield and yield attributing traits. Studies on combining ability (-5.00%) and number of ridges on fruit surface (-1.96%). Maximum variance revealed that non-additive gene action was predominant standard (MHY-10) heterosis for yield per hectare was observed in for number of nodes on the main stem, plant height at 90 DAS, the cross KO1606 x KO1608 (20.21 %) followed by KO1602 x average fruit weight, internodal length, days to first flowering, number KO1608 (14.53%) and KO1603 x KO1606 (13.25%). The crosses of seeds per fruit and fruit length. Non additive component of genetic KO1601 x KO1605 and KO1603 x KO1606 were identified as the variance was slightly higher than additive component for total yield good specific combiners for yield per hectare and the parents per plant and yield per hectare.

Heterosis and combining ability studies in Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) SHIVAJI KALLAPPA DURADUNDI MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. V. D. GASTI

An investigation on heterosis and combining ability studies in heterosis over commercial check for fruit yield per hectare was exhibited muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) was carried out in the fields of by the cross KM-2 x PS (56.96%) followed by KM-1 x DK (52.19%) Department of Vegetable Science, K. R. C. College of Horticulture, and KM-3 x PS (46.56%) and these hybrids were also identified as good

Arabhavi. Totally 30 F1 hybrids were developed by crossing ten lines specific combiners for fruit yield per hacter. Comprehensive assessment with each of three testers. These hybrids were evaluated along with of parents by considering gca effects of 26 characters studied has parents and commercial check (Madhuras) in randomized block design resulted into identification of lines, viz., KM-1, KM-2, KM-8 and with two replications and data was subjected to line x tester analysis. KM-10 as good combiners over all characters. The average fruit weight, The magnitude of heterosis over commercial check (Madhuras) was flesh thickness, cavity length, vine length, number of branches, sex high in the desirable direction for number of branches per vine at 30 ratio, fruit yield per vine, fruit yield per plot, fruit yield per hectare, DAS (75.00%), flesh thickness (74.75%), total soluble solids days to first flowering, days to first female flowering, number of (70.61%), total sugars (63.47%), â-carotene content (60.77%), number nodes up to first female flowering, number of fruiting branches per of leaves per vine at 30 DAS (57.85 %), fruit yield per vine (56.96%), vine, number of fruits per vine, fruit shape index, rind thickness, fruit yield per plot (56.96 %), fruit yield per hectare (56.96%), number cavity breadth, total soluble solids, total sugars and â-carotene content of fruits per vine (53.13 %), average fruit weight (52.79%), number of are predominantly controlled by non-additive gene action and hence leaves per vine at 60 DAS (49.60%), cavity breadth (-44.59%), number heterosis breeding and recurrent selection can be employed for of branches per vine at 60 DAS (39.77%), number of fruiting branches improvement. Direct selection or recurrent selection can be employed per vine (38.60%), number of nodes up to first female flowering for the improvement of the traits number of leaves at 60 DAS and days (-35.94%), cavity length (-35.63%), rind thickness (-32.56%), sex to first harvest as the additive and non additive component of genetic ratio (-31.58%) and vine length at 60 DAS (31.01%). Maximum variances are controlling these traits.

Heterosis and combining ability studies in advanced lines of Bottle gourd [Lagenariasiceraria(Mol.) Standl.] RAJU K. KHOT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKANTH EVOOR

The investigation on “Heterosis and combining ability studies in (26.93%) and Bot.G-7 X Arka Bahar (25.98%) showed significant advanced lines of bottle gourd” was undertaken at Vegetable Science heterosis over the commercial check for fruit yield per hectare. The Unit of Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, crosses Bot.G-6 X Samrat, Kolkotta Collection X Samrat and Bot. Belgaum (Karnataka). Thirty crosses were developed by crossing 10 G-2-1 X ArkaBaharwere identified as the good specific combiners for lines with each of three testers. Crosses were evaluated along with the fruit yield per hectare in order of merit. Among parents, Bot.G-4, parents and commercial check (Warad) in randomized block design Bot.G-7 and Kolkotta Collection exhibited significant general combining with two replications and data was subjected to line × tester analysis. effects for yield per hectare and also good general combiners for overall The magnitude of heterosis over the commercial check was very high in traits studied. Hence, these parents can be used as lines in future breeding the desirable direction and it ranged from -44.06 to 68.34 per cent for programme. Low GCA to SCA ratio (non additive gene action) was vine length at 30 DAS, -57.84 to 38.67 per cent for vine length at fruit yield per vine, fruit yield per plot and fruit yield per hectare, vine 60 DAS, -40.00 to 76.00 per cent for number of branches at 60 DAS, length at 30 DAS, average fruit weight, sex ratio , days to last harvest, -20.88 to 22.59 per cent for sex ratio, -4.64 to 25.83 per cent for fruit length, number of fruits per vine, days to first flowering, vine number of fruits per vine, -13.43 to 42.56 per cent for fruit length, length at 60 DAS, number of leaves at 30 DAS, number of branches at -18.37 to 32.17 per cent for fruit diameter, -18.56 to 5.78 per cent for 60 DAS, number of leaves at 60 DAS, nodes up to first female flowering, average fruit weight, -10.00 to 22.93 per cent for fruit yield per vine days to first female flower, days to first harvest and fruit diameter. and -6.03 to 29.92 per cent for fruit yield per plot. The crosses Kolkotta Therefore, for improving these characters, it is suggested to follow Collection X Samrat (29.93%) followed by Bot.G-6 X Samrat recurrent selection or heterosis breeding.

190 Development of F1 hybrids in Ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.] DIVYA S. KAMBLE MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. V. D. GASTI

The present study was carried out at Vegetable Science unit of Kittur (61.41%) for total yield per hectare. The cross DWD local x CO-1, Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, Belagavi ERG-1 x Deepthi, IC-92637 x Deepthi, HSN local x CO-1 and (Karnataka) in the year 2016-17. Thirty crosses were derived from DMRG-25 x Deepthi were identified as good specific combiners and 10 lines and three testers which were evaluated in RCBD and data parents DWD local, ERG-2, ERG-1 and DMRG-1 were identified as was subjected to line x tester analysis. The magnitude of heterosis good general combiners for total yield and yield attributed traits. over the commercial check (Naga) was high in the desirable direction Studies on combining ability variances revealed that non additive for vine length at 45 DAS (60.03%), vine length at 90 DAS (39.88%), gene action was predominant for the characters vine length at 45 and number of leaves at 90 DAS (48.70%), number of branches at 45 90 DAS, number of branches at 45 and 90 DAS, number of leaves at DAS (61.54%), number of branches at 90 DAS (40.38%), nodes to 45 and 90 DAS, days to first male flowering, node to first male first male flowering (-34.09%), sex ratio (-50.87%), fruit length flowering, days to first harvest, days to last harvest, sex ratio, fruit (47.68%), fruit diameter (22.31%), per cent fruit set (66.85%), rind length, fruit diameter, number of fruits per vine, fruit yield per vine, thickness (69.70%), flesh thickness (48.98%), number of fruits per fruit yield per plot, fruit yield per hectare, per cent fruit set, flesh vine (20.87%), average fruit weight (90.30%), fruit yield per vine thickness and rind thickness and these characters could be further (143.01%), fruit yield per plot (128.03%) and fruit yield per hectare improved through recurrent selection or heterosis breeding. Additive (128.01%). Maximum standard heterosis was found in crosses DWD gene action was predominent for average fruit weight and node to local x CO-1 (128.01%), ERG-2 x Deepthi (119.09%), ERG-1 x first female flowering. Thus these characters can be improved by Deepthi (112.09%), ERG-2 x PSN (85.97%) and DMRG-25 x Deepthi simple selection.

Genetic variability and character association studies in Dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L.) R. O. MAHESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHASHIKANTH EVOOR

The investigation on ‘‘Genetic variability and character association at 45 DAS, it indicates simultaneous selection for these traits would studies in dolichos bean” was conducted in the field of Vegetable be rewarding in improving the vegetable pod yield and also pod Science of Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi. yield per plant had highest positive direct effect on plant height at Twenty five genotypes of dolichos bean collected from different parts 45 DAS followed by canopy spread (E-W), number of inflorescence of the country were evaluated in randomized block design with two per plant, number of pods per plant, pod breadth, pod yield per replications during kharif 2016. The analysis of variance revealed hectare, protein content, fiber content and total sugars. Hence, direct highly significant (both at P=0.01 and P=0.05) difference among the selection for these traits would be more useful in improvement of genotypes for all the characters studied indicating the higher magnitude yield per plant. Based on Mahalonobis D2 analysis, the 25 genotypes of variability in the germplasm.The characters like plant height at 45 were grouped into eight clusters. Cluster I showed maximum intra- DAS, canopy spread (N-S), canopy spread (E-W), number of cluster distance (D2 = 733.16), whereas, the maximum inter cluster inflorescence per plant, pod yield per plant, pod yield per plot, pod distance was observed between cluster V and VIII (D2 = 6401.77). yield per hectare, protein content, pod fiberness and total sugar Among the 19 characters studied, the protein content contributed content were recorded high GCV, PCV, heritability and GAM. Hence, maximum (56.33%) to genetic diversity. The genotypes viz., Arka these traits had lot of variability with additive gene action. Therefore, Jay, COGB 14, Arka Amogh, ARDL 183, Chithodagal Local and these traits are improved by simple selection.Pod yield per plant Mary were selected as best genotypes based on their pod yield per was positively and significantly correlated with number of plant and other characters. These selected genotypes can be further inflorescence per plant, ten pod weight, pod breadth and plant height assessed for their stability.

Evaluation of f1 hybrids in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) SANTOSHKUMAR HEGADE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. H. YASHAVANTAKUMAR

The field experiment was conducted at Regional Horticultural Research per plant, -67.29 to 9.74 per cent for yield per plant, -67.32 to and Extension Centre (RHREC), Kumbapur, Dharwad. Forty five 9.76 per cent for yield per hectare, 7.54 to 79.47 per cent for number of hybrids were derived from 15 lines and three testers were evaluated locules per fruits, -17.23 to 121.01 per cent for total soluble solids through RCBD design and analysed by line × tester analysis in order content of fruit, -30.15 to 0.84 per cent for pericarp thickness, -3.53 to to estimate heterosis for growth, earliness, yield and quality parameters 41.62 per cent for fruit length, -28.66 to 21.23 per cent for fruit girth in tomato. The magnitude of heterosis over the commercial check and -3.40 to 36.60 per cent for fruit colour. The hybrid UHSB-20 × (Arka Rakshak) was highly desirable in positive direction and it ranged UHSB-32 was the best hybrid selected for yield per hectare as it exhibited from 3.07 to 55.72 per cent for plant height at 90 DAT, -38.31 to maximum standard heterosis of 9.76 per cent and its estimated total 17.41 per cent for number of primary branches per plant at 90 DAT, yield was 441.35 q per hectare as compared to 402.12 q per hectare of -55.73 to 7.17 per cent for days to flower initiation, -13.97 to the commercial check (Arka Rakshak) in this experiment. The second 28.25 per cent for days to fifty per cent flowering, -14.23 to 9.30 per best hybrid was UHSB-17 × UHSB-33 and its estimated yield per cent for days to first fruit harvest for earliness, -64.58 to 70.98 per cent hectare was 435.46 q with 8.29 per cent standard heterosis. Line for average fruit weight, -17.07 to 60.06 per cent for number of fruits UHSB-17 was identified as good general combiner for yield per plant,

191 lines UHSB-11, UHSB-14, UHSB-15 and UHSB-17 for yield per plot, UHSB-14 × UHSB-37 are identified as the good specific combiners for lines UHSB-11, UHSB-14, UHSB-15 and UHSB-17 for yield per yield per hectare. By comprehensive assessment of parents by hectare. The testers UHSB-32 and UHSB-33 considered as best general considering gca effects of 20 characters has resulted into identification combiners for average fruit weight, yield per plant, yield per plot and of lines, viz., UHSB-11, UHSB-14, UHSB-15, UHSB-17, UHSB-20, yield per hectare. The crosses UHSB-18 × UHSB-37, UHSB-11 × UHSB-21, UHSB-23 and UHSB-31 and among the testers UHSB-32 UHSB-37, UHSB-28 × UHSB-33, UHSB-20 × UHSB-32 and and UHSB-37 as good combiners for over all characters. Effect of soil test based INM practices on the performance of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) B. M. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. B. ALLOLLI

Experiment entitled “Effect of soil test based INM practices on the higher yield. Further INM was followed by inorganic practice. For performance of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)” was carried out at quality traits like ascorbic acid content, per cent dry matter and farmer’s field of Neeralakatti village, Dharwad (Karnataka) during chlorophyll content in fruits were found superior with organic kharif 2015. The experiment involving twelve different treatment practice, which was followed by INM practice. Among different combinations with water spray as control was laid out in randomized organic amendments panchagavya spray @ 3% + Verticillium luccani block design with factorial concept and replicated thrice to assess the at 30 and 60 DAT (S1) recorded significantly higher growth, earliness performance of chilli for vegetative, earliness, yield and quality to flower, yield and quality parameters. Gross returns, net returns parameters. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences and B: C ratios were found significantly higher due to adoption of between the treatment combinations. INM found better for growth INM practice (213607 ` 155925 ` and 2:7) than others nutrient parameters (plant height, stem thickness, number of primary branches management practices. Among organic amendments, use of and number of secondary branches per plant) earliness (days to first panchagavya spray @ 3% + Verticillium luccani at 30 and 60 DAT and 50 % flowering) as well as yield parameters (number of flower (S1) proved to be most productive as well as more economical; the and fruits per plant, per cent fruit set, average fruit weight, yield usage of which results in higher gross returns (218600 ` ), net returns per plant and yield per plot) as reflected in vigorous plant and (157600) and BC ratio (2.6). Evaluation of advanced lines of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) for green Chilli yield and yield attributing characters T. G. HARISHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. PATIL

Investigation on “Evaluation of advanced lines of chilli (Capsicum hectare (24.50 t/ha). Next best performing genotype was ST-13(VN2 annuum L.) for green chilli yield and yield attributing characters” was 31 x ASR-3) with respect to growth as well as yield characters having carried out at Horticulture Research and Extension Station, Haveri fruit yield of 23.32 t/ha. The high yielding genotypes had moderate (Devihosur), University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot pungency in the fruits, whereas genotypes ST-24(VN2 -28 x ASR - (Karnataka) during kharif season of 2016-2017. The experiment 141) and ST-22(VN2 -66 x ASR -13) grouped into highly pungent involving thirty seven genotypes was laid out in a randomized block cultivars. The growth and yield attributing characters like plant height, design with two replications to evaluate these genotypes for yield, plant spread and number of branches per plant, number of fruits per yield attributing and quality characters. Among the genotypes studied, plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, stalk length and stalk to ST-16 (Byadgi Kaddi x GPM-80) was better with respect to growth fruit ratio have shown positive correlation with yield per hectare. Genetic parameters like plant height, plant spread and number of branches as diversity of thirty seven genotypes using SSR markers grouped into well as yield attributing characters like number of fruits per plant, stalk three major clusters. The advanced lines of different combination were length and stalk to fruit ratio, which is determined by fruit length, fruit grouped into different clusters other than checks. Molecular analysis diameter and fruit weight reflecting in higher yield per plant and per of these advanced lines indicated existence of high degree of variation.

Heterosis and combining ability studies in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench) AYESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. REVANAPPA

The present investigation was carried out with three objectives at inheritance of the traits. Hence, direct selection for higher values of experimental block of vegetable crops in Haveli farm, Bagalkot, during yield per plant can be practiced. Comprehensive assessment of kharif and rabi season in the year 2016-17. The present study was crosses by considering heterosis values revealed that, out of thirty undertaken to elicit information on the nature of combining ability crosses, three were average heterotic (MHO- 22 × MHO- 27, MHO- 22 variance, effects, gene action and heterosis through diallel analysis × KRCO-1 and MHO- 22× KRCO-8) and three were low heterotic including reciprocals. The analysis of variance revealed presence of (MHO- 12×KRCO-1, MHO-22×MHO-16 and MHO-12×KRCO-8). good variation for all the character studied among parents as well as in The dominance effects (H1 and H2) were higher than the additive hybrids. Comprehensive assessment of parents by considering gca effect (D), which showed the preponderance of non-additive effects has resulted into identification of parents, viz., MHO- 12, gene action plays a greater role in the inheritance for the MHO- 16, MHO- 27 and KRCO-1 as good combiners for yield and characters in this study for plant height at 90 DAS, internodal yield contributing characters. The crosses viz., MHO- 22× MHO- 27, length at 45 and 90 DAS, number of branches at 45 and MHO- 22× KRCO-1 and MHO- 22× KRCO-8 were good specific 90 DAS, number of leaves at 45 DAS, fibre. The degree of 1/2 combiners for yield and yield related traits which can be used in dominance (H1/D) was more than unity for all traits except future breeding programme. Combining ability analysis revealed that for number of leaves at 45 and 90 DAS, average fruit weight, sca effects are higher than gca effects for most of the traits indicating fruit length, fruit diameter which indicates all these characters the presence of both additive and non additive gene effects for were had over dominance. 192 Morphological and molecular characterization of green Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes SUJATA KUMARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. R. S. JAWADAGI

The investigation was undertaken at Horticultural Research and and positive correlation of plant height (90 and 120 DAT), secondary Extension station, Vijayapur (Tidagundi), University of Horticultural branches at 90 DAT, fruit weight, stalk length and fruits per plant Sciences, Bagalkot during kharif season 2016-17. The experiment with yield. The path coefficient analysis had direct positive effect on was conducted to evaluate Chilli genotypes for genetic variability, yield through number of fruits per plant, fruit weight and secondary association of characters and their direct and indirect effect on yield branches at 90 DAT. Molecular characterization of 15 green Chilli components. The analysis of variance exhibited significant differences genotypes with 17 polymorphic SSR markers was taken up. The among all the genotypes for all the traits studied. Moderate GCV and polymorphic information content (PIC value) varied from 0.31 to PCV were observed for most of the characters. The parameter, number 0.78 and Jaccard’s phylogenetic cluster analysis divided the genotypes of fruits per plant had high GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled into three main clusters. The cluster I and II contained genotypes nine with high GAM recorded for all the characters except primary and and five respectively, and cluster III was solitary containing genotype secondary branches. Thus, there is an ample scope for improvement DC-1613. Hence, this genotype could be employed as parents for through selection. The genetic correlation studies revealed significant hybridization programme.

Nutritional requirement of vegetable Cowpea in Northren dry zone of Karnataka (Vigna unguiculata L.) H. KAVIRAJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. P MANSUR

An investigation on “Nutritional requirement of vegetable cowpea in matter production) as well as yield parameters (number of pods per northren dry zone of karnataka” (Vigna unguiculata L.) was undertaken cluster, pod yield per plant, pod yield per plot, total bio mass and during kharif season of 2016. The experiment involving two varieties seed yield) and for quality traits like protein content and stover yield and five different combinations of chemical fertilizers was laid out in were found superior in Arka Suman (V1) as compare to Arka Gariam randomized complete block design with factorial concept and replicated (V2). Among different chemical fertilizer treatments, the treatment F1 thrice in Haveli farm under University of Horticultural Sciences, (125 % RDF of NPK) recorded significantly higher growth, yield and Bagalkot. To assess the performance of cowpea varieties for quality parameters. Gross returns, net returns and B: C ratios were vegetative, yield and quality parameters. Analysis of variance revealed found significantly higher due to adoption of 125 % RDF of NPK highly significant difference between varieties and treatment along with variety Arka Suman (V1) proved to be most productive as well more economical which results in higher gross return (43560.6 `), combinations. The variety Arka Suman (V1) found better for growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area index and dry net return (272141.1 `) and BC ratio (2.66:1).

Molecular and morphological characterization of Byadgi Dabbi ecotypes of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) H. J. YOGESHKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. S. AJJAPPALAVARA

The present investigation on “molecular and morphological and positive correlation with number of fruits/plant (0.643), plant characterization of byadgi dabbi ecotypes of chilli (Capsicum annuum height (0.593), plant spread (0.541), fruit length (0.458), fruit weight L.)” was carried out at Horticulture Research and Extension Station, (0.396) and fruit diameter (0.214). The genotypic path analysis Haveri (Devihosur). The experiment with 56 ecotypes was laid out in revealed that ascorbic acid content (0.345), fruit length (0.124), stalk randomized block design with two replications. The GCV and PCV to fruit ratio (0.124), fruit diameter (0.120), number of fruits/plant, was higher for number of fruits/plant (28.80%, 32.35%), stalk to number of secondary branches/plant (0.335) and plant spread (0.238) fruit ratio (26.30%, 032.51%), fruit yield/palnt (32.35%, 35.36%), had higher levels of direct effect on yield. Molecular characterization capsaicin (100.24%, 100.60%) and oleoresin (27.92%, 28.67%). High of 56 Byadgi Dabbi ecotypes and 15 released and advanced chilli heritability and high GAM was observed for number of fruits/plant genotypes was carried out using 43 SSR primers. The PIC and number (79.30%, 52.83%), stalk length (63.80%, 25.12%), stalk to fruit ratio of alleles were high for the primer CAN010950 and CMS674, (65.40%, 43.81%), fruit yield/plant (83.70%, 60.97%), dry matter respectively. Dendrogram analysis revealed 3 major clusters. Out of (87.60%, 33.36%), capsaicin (99.30%, 205.73%) and oleoresin content 71 diversified genotypes studied, 45 unique ecotypes (63%), (94.80%, 56.01%). Thus, there is an ample scope for improving these originated from single source, specific to some traits were identified characters by direct selection. The genotypic correlation studies on by different polymorphic markers and grouped in cluster III, indicating yield and its component traits revealed that, total yield had significant the smaller genetic diversity in the material used.

193 Nutritional studies on vegetable Soybean (Glycine max (L.) merrill) in Northren dry zone of Karnataka VIJAYALAKSHMI PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR:Dr. SHANKAR METI

An investigation on “Nutritional studies on vegetable soybean in and also protein content compared to Swarna Vasundhara. Among northren dry zone of Karnataka (Glycine max (L.) Merrill.)” was chemical fertilizer levels 125 per cent RDF recorded significantly under taken during kharif season of 2016-2017. Factorial combination higher growth, yield and quality parameters. Application of of two varieties (vegetable soybean variety Swarna Vasundhra and 125 per cent RDF with Swarna Vasundhara recorded higher nutrient seeed soybean variety JS 335) and five fertilizers levels (125, 100, 75 uptake particularly P and K, but with respect to internal utilization and 50 per cent of RDF and 100 per cent RDN through vermicompost) efficiency of nutrients JS 335 showed positive trend between nutrient were evaluated in randomized block design with three replications at uptake and yield, where as Swarna Vasundhara showed negative COH Bagalkot, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot with a trend. Post harvest soil nutrient status varied significantly between objective of assessing the nutritional requirement of vegetable soybean variety with Swarna Vasundhara recording significantly lower post under northern dry zone of Karnataka. The variety Swarna Vasundhra harvest soil nutrient particularly N and P compared to JS 335 indicating showed better growth (plant height and total dry matter production), the need of different level of fertilizer with more balanced nutrient quality traits (stover yield and stover nutrient content) as well as supply along with other micronutrients to enhance the efficiency and organoleptic quality as compared to JS 335 variety. On the other yield level. Among the treatment combinations, application of hand JS 335 showed higher LAI as well as yield parameters like 125 per cent RDF with JS 335 gave higher gross return (` 1,71,533), number of pods, fresh pod yield, fresh seed yield and harvest index net return (` 1,35,794) and higher BC ratio (1: 3.8).

Evaluation of bacterial wilt disease resistant green long pre-breeding lines in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) NEELAMBIKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. LINGAIAH

An investigation on “Evaluation of bacterial wilt disease resistant indicated the characters were less affected by the environment within green long pre-breeding lines in brinjal (Solanummelongena L.)” was the line. High heritability with high GA and GAM was observed for carried out in the research block of Department of Vegetable Science, yield per plant in interfamily variability, suggested good scope of College of Horticulture, Bengaluru. Ten green long brinjal pre-breeding conducting selection between the lines for this character. Interfamily variability studies revealed high heritability coupled with high GA, lines of F3:4 generation of Green Long X IIHR-3 along with their parents and checks (Arka Anand and ArkaKusumakar) were evaluated GAM and GCV for average fruit weight and yield per plant in all the for interfamily and intrafamily variability along with bacterial wilt lines indicating the major role of additive gene action for inheritance resistance by artificial inoculation. The results revealed that the range of these traits. Among the pre-breeding lines 12-36-170-9, 12-36- of variation between the average performance of lines was lesser 170-11, 12-36-170-19, 12-36-46-3 and 12-36-46-6 were found to be when compared to intrafamily variability. High PCV and GCV resistant to bacterial wilt. Further, 13 plants viz., 12-36-170-9-15, estimates was found only for average fruit weight in interfamily 12-36-170-9-19, 12-36-170-9-30, 12-36-170-11-1, 12-36-170-11-11, variability studies indicates the lack of variability between the average 12-36-170-11-14, 12-36-170-19-19, 12-36-170-19-26, 12-36-46-3- performance of segregating lines for this character. The difference 32, 12-36-46-3-35, 12-36-46-6-4, 12-36-46-6-10 and 12-36-46-6-37 between PCV and GCV was comparatively higher in interfamily were selected based on fruit shape, fruit colour, yield and per cent variability and it was lesser in intrafamily variability studies which bacterial wilt disease incidence for further evaluation in F4:5 generation.

Field evaluation for an early generation genetic variability and screening of a DNA marker linked to bacterial wilt resistance in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) A. S. MANOJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. LINGAIAH

Field and laboratory experiments were carried out during 2014-15 at and breadth in Raidurga Green Round × WCGR. Similarly, a highly Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru negative correlation between average yield per plant and days to first to study the early generation genetic variability and to screen the flowering has been recorded in both the crosses. Hence, selection DNA marker linked to bacterial wilt resistance in brinjal population. programme through these component traits may help in improvement of yield. Later, 40 high yielding selfed F lines were selected and The F2 generation derived from the crosses Green long × IIHR-3 and 2

Raidurga Green Round × WCGR were used for evaluation of genetic advanced to F3 generation for screening bacterial wilt resistance. In F3 variability, where Green Long and Raidurga Green Round were population, eight lines namely 1, 18, 46, 50, 97, 124, 164 and 170 bacterial wilt susceptible parents with good horticultural traits and from Green Long × IIHR-3 and seven lines viz., 30, 67, 84, 86, 108, IIHR-3 and WCGR were used as resistant source to bacterial wilt. 233 and 249 from Raidurga Green Round × WCGR were found to be

The F2 plants showed significant difference for all the characters highly resistant to bacterial wilt which can be used in further generation studied. The phenotypic correlation coefficients between yield and for bacterial wilt resistance breeding. DNA marker of 762 bp reported plant height, number of branches per plant and number of fruits per from China found not linked to bacterial wilt resistance in Indian plant were of higher magnitude in positive direction; while, highly background, indicating genotypic specificity and possibility of diverse significant correlation between yield has been observed for fruit length genetic make-up.

194 Studies on integrated nutrient management (Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench.) cv. Arka anamika on growth, yield and quality of Okra under drip irrigation MOHAMMAD NADER AMIRY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANJANAPPA

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of integrated weight of plant (79.27g), maximum total uptake of nitrogen nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of okra (58.92 kg/ha), phosphorus (17.31 kg/ha), and potassium (89.16 kg/ha), (Abelmoschus esculentus (L). Moench.) Cv. Arka Anamika under drip highest net returns (` 250425.8), benefit cost ratio of 3.77:1 and irrigation at College of Horticulture, UHS Campus, GKVK Post, residual soil nitrogen (313.60 kg/ha),phosphorus (28.60 kg/ha) and Bengaluru during kharif-2016. The results revealed that combined potassium (188.00 kg/ha) content followed by plants provided with application of 50% RDF+25% N through vermicompost+25% N 50% RDF + 50% nitrogen through neemcake + 5% cow urine at 30 -1 through neemcake + panchagavya+5% cow urine at 30 and 40 DAS. and 40 DAS (T8) recoded the highest yield (14.72 t ha ), net returns (` 213717.32) and benefit cost ratio (3.64:1) during the crop season. (T9) recorded significantly higher plant height (132.17 cm), number of leaves (28.30), stem girth (4.76 cm), number of nodes per plant Based on the growth, yield, quality and BC ratio. Application of _ (15.38), number of fruits per plant (21.17), fruit length (22.55 cm), 50% RDF+25% nitrogen through vermicompost+25% N through fruit girth (6.50 cm) fruit weight (28.34 g), fruit yield per plant (460.22 g), neemcake + panchagavya + 5% cow urine at 30 and 40 DAS (T9) was fruit yield per plot (19.32 kg), total yield per hectare (17.03 t/ha), dry found optimum for cultivation of okra crop under drip irrigation.

Evaluation of bacterial wilt disease resistant green round pre-breeding lines in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) O. R. ASWATHI JYOTHSANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. B. LINGAIAH

An investigation on “Evaluation of bacterial wilt disease resistant studies which indicated the characters were less affected by the green round pre-breeding lines in brinjal (Solanummelongena L.)” environment within the line. High heritability with high GA and GAM was carried out in the research block of Department of Vegetable was observed for yield per plant in interfamily variability studies, it Science, COH, Bengaluru. Seven green round pre-breeding lines of indicated suggested good scope for selection between the lines for this character. Interfamily variability studies revealed high heritability F3:4 generation of Raidurga Green Round x West Coast Green Round along with their parents and checks (Arka Anand and Arka Kusumakar) coupled with high GA, GAM and GCV for fruit weight and yield per were evaluated for interfamily and intrafamily variability along with plant in all the lines indicating the major role of additive gene action bacterial wilt resistance after artificial inoculation. The results revealed for inheritance of these traits. Among the pre-breeding lines 12-23- that the range of variation between the average performance of lines 30-1, 12-23-30-2, 12-23-249-10 and 12-23-249-12 were found was lesser when compared to intrafamily variability. None of the resistant to bacterial wilt. Further 10 plants viz., 12-23-30-1-41, 12- characters had shown high PCV and GCV estimates in interfamily 23-30-1-42, 12-23-30-1-32, 12-23-30-1-18, 12-23-30-1-7, 12-23-30- variability studies indicates the lack of high variability between the 2-7, 12-23-30-2-12, 12-23-249-10-54, 12-23-249-10-55 and 12-23- average performance of segregating lines for these characters. The 249-10-29 were selected based on fruit shape, fruit colour, yield and difference between PCV and GCV was comparatively higher in per cent bacterial wilt disease incidence for further evaluation of F4:5 interfamily variability and it was lesser in intrafamily variability generation.

Studies on development of specific micronutrient formulation for growth, yield and quality in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) R. P. MANJUNATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. VISHNUVARDHANA

A field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research and 60 DAS. Among different formulations, T11-foliar spray of UHSB-5 Extension Centre, Somanahallikaval, Hassan during kharif 2016 to micronutrient formulation along with RDF recorded maximum plant study the effect of micronutrients and their formulations on growth, height (66.53 cm, 66.87 cm) whereas, T9-foliar spray of UHSB-3 yield and quality in potato cv. KufriJyoti. The experiment was micronutrient formulation along with RDF recorded significantly conducted in Randomized Complete Block Design with twelve highest number of branches per plant (4.60, 4.60), number of compound leaves per plant (24.60, 24.67) and plant canopy spread treatments replicated thrice. Treatments included were T1 (control)- (1583.35 cm2, 1612.64 cm2) at 45 and 60 DAS respectively. The RDF (FYM 25 t/ha + N:P:K at 75:75:100 kg/ha), T2 – T1+ boron, same treatment was recorded significantly highest number of tubers T3 -T1+ zinc, T4 - T1 + zinc + boron, T5 - T1 + IIHR vegetable special, per plant (7.87), tuber weight per plant (687.87 g), tuber yield per T6 - T1 + IIHR potato special, T7 - T1 + UHSB 1, T8 - T1 + UHSB 2, hectare (25.18 tonnes), dry matter content (19.76%), reducing sugars T9 - T1 + UHSB 3, T10 - T1 + UHSB 4, T11 - T1 + UHSB 5, and (0.39%) and total sugars (0.43%) and least rotten tubers (31.62%) at T12 - RDF of N:P:K without FYM. Each formulation has different concentration of micronutrients and were sprayed at 30, 45 and 75 days after storage compared to control.

195 Heterosis and combining ability studies in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genotypes G. P. PREETHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. ANJANAPPA

Present investigation on heterosis and combining ability was to 55.79).The hybrid which exhibited maximum heterosis over the undertaken at College of Horticulture, Bangalore during 2016-17. commercial check (Chitra) was Green long × Poinsette (55.79%), Twenty five hybrids developed by crossing five lines with five testers Green long × Pusa Uday (54.30%), Pondicherry 1 × Punjab Naveen in L × T fashion were evaluated along with the parents in RCBD with (50.47%)for fruit yield per plant.The crosses Green long × Poinsette two replications. The magnitude of heterosis over the commercial and Pondicherry 1 × Punjab Naveen and lines Pondicherry 1 and check (Chitra) for vine length (-12.85 to 19.91), number of branches green long were identified as good specific combiner and general per plant (-7.69 to 25.00), number of nodes per vine (-11.5to46.50), combiner for fruit yield. Among the parents IIHR 341, Green long, node of female flower appearance (-28.95 to 28.07), days to female Pusa Uday were identified as good general combiners overall 17 flower anthesis (-9.67 to -28.46), sex ratio (-20.27 to 34.17), days to characters based on comprehensive study considering gca effects. first fruit harvest (-3.14 to -23.74), number of fruits per plant (-17.68 Non additive component of genetic variance was slightly higher than to 44.44), Fruit length (-10.05 to 41.94), Fruit yield per plant (-43.16 additive component for all the traits studied.

Studies on genetic variability in Ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb] genotypes S. HARSHITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.M. INDIRESH

A study on genetic variability in ridge gourd genotypes was under number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight are the important taken during the year 2015-16 at COH, Mysuru where 25 genotypes contributing traits influencing yield through direct effect coupled were evaluated and significant differences were observed among with high positive correlation and selection based on these characters genotypes for all the characters studied except for 100 seed weight. can be effective for developing high yielding varieties. Fruit yield High PCV, GCV and heritability coupled with high GAM were per plant ranged from 1825.2 g per plant (IC-92638) to 297.03 g per recorded for most of the parameters viz., number of primary branches plant (IC-335912) and was found highest in IC-92638 (1825.2 g per per plant, vine length, number of nodes per main vine, internodal plant) and Arka Sumeeth (1802.37 g per plant) followed by Arka length, number of nodes to first male and female flower, number of Sujat (1593.54% g per plant). Deepthi (9.9% PDI) and IC-92638 fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant, vitamin C, crude protein, total (8.66% PDI) showed resistant to downy mildew under artificial chlorophyll content, seed yield per plant and number of seeds per screening and hence these genotypes may be used for further fruit. Character association and path analysis studies revealed that resistant breeding programme.

Studies on performance of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes for bulb yield and quality attributes under Eastern dry zone of Karnataka R. ASIYA KOWSER MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. AMARANANJUNDESWARA

The present investigation entitled “Studies on performance of garlic Local, DWG-1 and Baram Local-06 were modified to be early maturing. (Allium sativum L.) genotypes for bulb yield and quality attributes Besides, morphological differentiation showed the presence of three under Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka” was carried out during Rabi types of foliage colour, two types of leaf habit, while bulb character season of 2016-17 at Department of Vegetable Science, College of indicated four types of bulb skin colour, five types of clove skin Horticulture, Kolar. The experiment was laid out in Randomized colour and two classes of clove flesh colour. In regard to insect pests Complete Block Design with two replications and twenty six and disease resistance, Yamuna Safed, Ranebennur Local, Jamnagar genotypes collected from different parts of the country. The research Local, Mandsaur Local, GN-14-01, Ooty Local and Baram Local-06 was conducted to identify the elite genotypes with high bulb yield, were revealed resistance to thrips incidence. However, the genotypes good quality, long term storability, inspect pests and disease resistance. Bhima Purple, Yamuna Safed-2, Yamuna Safed-3, Yamuna Safed-4, All the genotypes varied significantly with respect to growth, yield, Yamuna Safed-5, Yamuna Safed-8, Yamuna Safed-9, Baram Local-06, quality attributes and storability. Among the genotypes evaluated, Jamnagar Local, Mandsaur Local, Ranebennur Local, Ooty Local, Yamuna Safed-3 found superior with respect to growth and yield GRS-1330, GN-14-25, GN-14-15, DWG-2 and check variety DWG- attributing traits, similarly GRS-1330 for quality traits and GRS- 1 were found to be resistant against purple blotch among the genotypes 1328 were proved promising for long storability. While, Ranebennur evaluated under Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka.

196 PLANTATION, SPICES, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC CROPS

Effect of organic manures and bio-inoculants on growth, dry root yield and quality of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal.) THONDURU PRAMOD KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MUKUND SHIRAGUR

An investigation was carried out to study the “Effect of organic root diameter (1.88 cm) recorded maximum in T3- RDF + VAM manures and bio-inoculants on growth, dry root yield and quality of (25 kg/ha), which was on par with T7- FYM (5 t/ha) + Azotobacter ashwagandha (Withania somnifera L. Dunal.)” at K.R.C.C.H. (625 g/ha) + Azospirillum (625 g/ha) + PSB (625 g/ha) + VAM (25 kg/ha) Arabhavi. The experiment was conducted in RCBD design with seven + (Panchagavya-3% + Amrit Pani -3% at 15 days interval up to treatments and three replications. In experiment, the growth attributes harvest of crop). Maximum total alkaloid content (0.31%) recorded in viz., plant height (74.20 cm), stem diameter (0.85 cm), plant spread T7- FYM (5 t/ha) + Azotobacter (625 g/ha) + Azospirillum (625 g/ha)

[E-W (38.07 cm) and N-S (37.60 cm)] and number of primary branches + PSB (625 g/ha) + VAM (25 kg/ha) + (Panchagavya-3% + Amrit Pani (8.80) and yield parameters viz., number of berries per plant (219.33), -3% at 15 days interval up to harvest of crop), however it was on par 6 seed yield (3.15 q/ha), fresh root (19.58 q/ha) and dry root yield (5.88 with T3 and T1. Maximum bacterial population (134 × 10 ), fungi 3 Azotobacter chroococcum 4 Azospirillum q/ha) found significantly superior in treatment T3- RDF + VAM (25 (124 × 10 ), (174.25 × 10 ), brasilense 4 6 kg/ha), however treatments T1- Recommended dose of fertilizers (N: (192.23 × 10 ), Phosphate solubilising bacteria (178.46× 10 ), root colonization (82%) and number of chlamydospores (3174.50/ P: K- 40:50:40 kg/ha) + FYM (5 t/ha) and T7- FYM (5 t/ha) +

Azotobacter (625 g/ha) + Azospirillum (625 g/ha) + PSB (625 g/ha) + 100 g of soil) were obtained in the treatment T7- FYM (5 t/ha) + Azotobacter Azospirillum ( VAM (25 kg/ha) + (Panchagavya-3% + Amrit Pani-3% at 15 days (625 g/ha) + 625 g/ha) + PSB (625 g/ha) + interval up to harvest of crop) have shown the on par results with VAM (25 kg/ha) + (Panchagavya-3% + Amrit Pani -3% at 15 days other treatments. Quality parameters like root length (27.07 cm) and interval up to harvest of crop).

Effect of organic manures on growth, yield and quality of sacred Basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn). CHANDRAKANT BALLOLLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. A. M. SHIROL

An investigation on effect of organic manures on growth, yield and the statistically superior treatment T1 [RDF (125:75:60 kg NPK /ha) + quality of sacred basil (Ocimum sanctum Linn.) was conducted at the FYM (10 t/ha)]. Maximum total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, (3.57 mg and 2.42 mg/g, respectively), fresh herbage and dry herbage Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi, University yields (17.35 t and 5.10 t/ha, respectively), essential oil content (0.55%) of Horticultural Sciences - Bagalkot, during kharif 2016-2017. The and yields (47.65 kg/ha) were found significantly high in T1 and the field experiment was laid out in RCBD design with nine treatments treatment was on par with T7 (fresh herbage yield - 17.13 t/ha, dry and three replications. Among the organic manure treatments, T7 herbage yield - 4.70 t/ha, essential oil content - 0.50% and its yield -

[FYM (10 t/ha) + Vermicompost equivalent to RDN + Arka microbial 42.47 kg/ha). Significantly higher available N: P2O5: K2O (175.02: 54.20: consortium (5 kg/ha) + foliar spray of Panchagavya at 3%] recorded 205.63 kg/ha), population of Bacteria (117.33 ×106 CFU), fungi (111.67 maximum values for the growth parameters like plant height (94.27 ×103 CFU), Pseudomonas thaiwanensis (74.00 ×106 CFU) and cm), number of branches (30.50) and stem girth (12.80 mm); and Azotobacter tropicalis (120.33 ×106 CFU) were found in the treatment 2 physiological parameters like leaf area (7255.43 cm /plant) and total T7. The same treatment also recorded the highest gross returns dry matter production (190.63 g/plant). It was found to be on par with (` 1,88,000 /ha), net returns (` 1,27,930 /ha) and BC ratio (3.42).

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on growth, yield and quality of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) K. L. ABHISHEK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. GANGADHARAPPA An investigation was carried out to study the effect of nitrogen and were noticed in plants supplied with 200 kg nitrogen per hectare. At 90 phosphorus on growth, yield and quality of Japanese mint (Mentha 2 DAP, carotenoid (2.58 mg/g of tissue) and leaf area (4353.97 cm• /plant) arvensis L.) in the Department of Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and were found to be maximum at 160 kg nitrogen per hectare.Among Aromatic Crops, Kitur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, phosphorus treatments, plots supplied with 80 kg phosphorus per ha Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot during kharif, recorded maximum plant height (60.39 cm), stem girth (9.85 mm), plant 2016-17.The experiment was carried out using factorial randomized spread (35.96 cm in E-W direction and 44.00 cm in N-S direction), complete block design with fifteen treatment combination and three number of branches (16.73), fresh herbage yield per hectare (17.63t), oil replications. At harvest (90DAP), maximum stem girth (10.78 mm), yield per hectare (134.94 kg), essential oil content (0.86%), menthol plant spread (37.43 cm and 43.23 cm in east-west and north-south content (65.54%), phosphorus content in plant (0.65%) and phosphorus respectively), number of branches (18.33), fresh herbage yield per uptake (53.89 kg/ha) at harvest. The same treatment also recorded hectare (17.37 t), oil yield per hectare (134.93 kg), essential oil content maximum carotenoid (2.63 mg/g of tissue) and leaf area 4358.66 cm•2/ (0.88%), menthol content (66.15%), nitrogen uptake (95.22 kg/ha) plant) at 90 DAP. There was no significant interaction effect of nitrogen and nitrogen content in plant (2.09%) were recorded in plants supplied and phosphorus on growth, physiological and yield parameters. Highest with 160 kg nitrogen per hectare. However, the maximum plant height net returns (` 66,107.00) and BC ratio (2.03) was observed in plants (63.41 cm) and available nitrogen in the soil after harvest (169.93 kg/ha) supplied with 160 kg nitrogen and 80 kg phosphorus per hectare.

197 Studies on medicinal coleus (Plectranthus forskohlii Briq.) based leafy vegetable intercropping system N. P. ROOPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. N. PUSHPA

A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Plantation, tuberous roots (16.80 per plant), root diameter (18.35 mm),fresh Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, KRCCH, Arabhavi, University root yield per plant (172.35 g) and dry root yield (15.39 q/ha) of of Horticultural Sciences (Bagalkot) during kharif 2016-2017, to study medicinal coleus were found maximum in medicinal coleus + coriander the effect of intercropping of leafy vegetables on growth, yield and intercropping system which was on par with medicinal coleus + quality of medicinal coleus and to work out the economics of the fenugreek intercropping system. Among different intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in RCBD design with six combinations, highest forskolin content of medicinal coleus was treatments viz., medicinal coleus intercropped with coriander, recorded in the dry roots of medicinal coleus + palak (0.93%) followed amaranthus, fenugreek, palak and dill and a sole crop of medicinal by medicinal coleus + fenugreek intercropping system. The coleus and the treatments were replicated four times. Among different intercropping system of medicinal coleus + fenugreek recorded intercropping systems, the growth attributes of medicinal coleus, maximum LER (2.44), medicinal coleus equivalent yield (20.64 q/ha), such as average number of branches (21.50), leaf area (5855.57 cm2) gross return (` 3,07,450 per ha), net profit (` 2,04,670 per ha) and and leaf area index (4.87) were found maximum in medicinal coleus + B:C ratio (2.99) followed by medicinal coleus + coriander amaranthus intercropping system, which was followed by medicinal intercropping system. Therefore, fenugreek and coriander are the two coleus + coriander intercropping system. However, yield and yield profitable and compatible intercrops in medicinal coleus under irrigated attributing parameters of medicinal coleus such as average number of conditions of northern dry zone of Karnataka.

Studies on performance of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) as intercrop with maize (Zea mays L.) SUPARNA NAYAK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. B. MASTIHOLI

A field experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Research and (0.9%) was found maximum in both sole crop of Japanese mint and in

Extention Station, Hidkal Dam (under the University of Horticultural T3. Whereas, menthol content of Japanese mint was not affected by Sciences, Bagalkot), Tq.Hukkeri, Dist. Belagavi, Karnataka, during the intercropping system. Similarly, the plant height, leaf area, dry kharif, 2016-2017 to study the performance of Japanese mint as an matter accumulation (leaves, stem and roots), total dry matter intercrop with maize, to find out the optimum row proportion and to production per plant of maize and yield attributes such as number of work out the economics of the intercropping system. The experiment cobs per plant, grain yield and stover yield of maize were not influenced was laid out in randomized block design with eight treatments and significantly by intercropping of Japanese mint with maize. Among three replications. The Japanese mint was intercropped with maize the different intercropping systems, the highest LER (1.5), ATER in different row spacings and row proportions (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and (1.4), maize grain equivalent yield (252.5 q/ha), Japanese mint 2:2) along with sole maize and Japanese mint. At harvest, number of equivalent oil yield (312.4 kg/ha) and net returns (` 1,79,219 /ha) branches, stem girth, plant spread, leaf area, leaf area ratio, dry matter were recorded in T3 with maximum BC ratio of 3.34. Hence, the accumulation in leaves, stem, roots and total dry matter production, intercropping of maize (120 cm x 10 cm) + Japanese mint (30 cm /

AGR, fresh herbage yield (20.5 t/ha), essential oil yield (192.4 kg/ha) 60 cm x 15 cm) in 1:3 row proportions (T3) was found suitable for was found highest in sole crop of Japanese mint followed by in T3 maize and Japanese mint intercropping to increase the productivity, (maize (120 cm x 10 cm) + Japanese mint (30 cm / 60 cm x 15 cm) in land use efficiency, to get higher net income from unit area and to 1:3 row proportions). Quality parameter such as essential oil content utilize the resources efficiently.

Evaluation of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) genotypes for growth and seed yield under Northen transitional zone of Karnataka VITTAL U. DHARAMATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VENKATESHA

The experiment was conducted to evaluate twenty one coriander high in DCC-74 (7.67), Number of flowers per umbel was high in genotypes in Randomized Complete Block Design with three DCC-61 (9.07) and maximum number of seeds per umbel was found replications to study their performance with respect to growth, yield with DCC-69 (69.60). The genotype DCC-68 (15.82 q) recorded and quality under northern transitional zone of Karnataka during rabi highest seed yield/ha, followed by DCC-79 (15.11 q) and DCC season of 2015-16 at Horticulture Research and Extension Centre, (14.97 q). Maximum thousand seed weight was recorded in DCC-71 Haveri (Devihosur), Karnataka. Twenty one genotypes taken for the (17.63 g). The genotype DCC-62 (0.42 %) was found early and with study indicated significant variation among them at all the stages of highest essential oil content. In the correlation studies yield had crop growth. The highest plant height was recorded in DCC-68 (69.00 cm) highly significant and positive association with plant height (0.635), at harvest, Genotypes DCC-76 (9.27) and DCC-70 (12.00) recorded umbels per plant (0.480), crop duration (0.450), umblet per umbel higher number of primary and secondary branches respectively (0.412), harvesting index (0.397), fresh biomass (0.376), flowers per maximum fresh weight per plant was found in DCC-79 (24.52 g) and umbel (0.374), number of secondary branches (0.363), seeds per umbel maximum dry weight in DCC-79 (3.75 g). DCC-71 registered maximum (0.322) and test weight (0.300). In the present study among the East-West (19.01 cm) and North-South plant spread (17.90 cm). genotypes evaluated considering growth, yield and quality parameters, There were significant differences with respect to yield and yield DCC-68, DCC-79, DCC-63, DCC-69, and DCC-77were found components, among genotypes, maximum number of umbels per plant promising to grow during rabi season under protective irrigation in was registered in DCC-68 (26.33) while umbellets per umbel were Northern Transitional Zone of Karnataka. 198 Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) RAJASHREE S. SARATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANAND B. MASTIHOLI

Field experiment was conducted to study “effect of integrated nutrient siliqua (0.48 mm), number of seeds per siliqua (2.03), seed yield management on growth, yield and quality of garden cress (Lepidium (22.67 g/plant, 2.92 kg/ plot, 21.65 q/ha), harvest index (0.26) and sativum L.)” during rabi 2016-17 under irrigated condition at Main test weight of seeds (2.43 g) were also significantly higher in treatment

Horticultural Research and Extension Centre, UHS, Udyangiri, T4. Quality attributes such as oil percent (26.43) and oil yield Bagalkot, Karnataka. Application of 75 per cent recommended dose (572.2 kg/ ha) were also significantly higher in the treatment supplied of fertilizers + 25 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen through with 75 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers + 25 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen through vermicompost (T ). The vermicompost (T4)significantly increased the plant height (67.93 cm), 4 number of leaves per plant (44.5), number of branches per plant highest net returns (` 1,68,949/ha) and benefit: cost ratio of 3.44 was (17.00), dry matter accumulation per plant (24.37 g) and biomass obtained by the application 75 per cent RDF + 25 per cent RDN (dry) production (11.25 kg/plot and 8.33 t/ ha ). However, the highest through vermicompost.Hence, the integrated nutrient management number of days taken for 50 per cent flowering (39.2) was observed treatment T4 (75 % RDF + 25% RDF through vermicompost) was in T10 (RDF (80:30:30 kg NPK + 10 t FYM /ha) Similarly, the yield found better for the cultivation of garden cress in Northern Dry Zone attributes such as number of siliquae per plant (1144.67), length of (Zone 3) of Karnataka.

Standardization of different planting techniques in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) under northern dry zone of Karnataka D. S. PUSHPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. KATTIMANI

An experiment was conducted to study the “standardization of yield parameters T1 (Whole rhizome 20-25 g) recorded significantly different planting techniques in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) under maximum number of primary fingers per plant (7.27), length Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka”. Variety Humnabad local was used (14.13 cm), girth (14.62 cm), weight of primary rhizome (84.67 g) for this experiment. The experiment was laid out in randomized and yield per hectare (29.41 t/ha). This also recorded maximum in complete block design with three replications and nine treatments at quality attributes like oil content (1.80%), oleoresin (4.34%), fiber Haveli Farm, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka. During (5.17%) and dry recovery (19.67%). In economics of ginger

May, 2016 to February, 2017. Significant variations were observed at production, T3 [2-3 eye bud rhizomes (6-10 g) raised in polythene all the stages of crop growth. The treatment T1 (Whole rhizome bags of (2 x 3") under polyhouse condition] required highest input 20-25 g) recorded significantly maximum plant height (60.40 cm), cost (` 189633.30 /ha), highest gross returns (` 800246.10/ha) and number of leaves per plant (16.93), number of tillers per plant highest net returns (` 648414.20/ha) obtained in treatment

(9.83), internodal length (3.20 cm) and stem girth (5.63 cm). Similarly, T1 [Whole rhizomes (20-25 g)] compared to other treatments and ` maximum fresh weight and dry matter content in pseudostem the lowest input cost ( 124951.90) used in treatment T5 [Single (90.67 g, 15.33 g respectively), rhizome (84.00 g, 15.00 g eye bud rhizomes (3-5 g) direct planting in beds] and lowest profit ` respectively) and roots (13.33 g, 1.70 g respectively) at 180 days ( 245555.10/ha) were incurred in T9 (2-3 eye bud rhizomes (6-10 g) after planting were recorded in T1 (Whole rhizome 20-25 g). Among raised in protrays under open condition).

Study of containers and rooting media for growth and field establishment of Coffee seedlings D. D. SRIGANDHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. J. VENKATESHA

The present investigation was carried out to study the different red soil + sand + FYM + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus containers and rooting media for growth and field establishment of megaterium + Azospirillum. Whereas, the maximum leaf area coffee seedlings at the College of Horticulture, Mudigere during 2016-17. (60.69 cm2), collar girth (4.01 mm), number of primary roots (238.6), The treatments comprised of 2 containers and 7 media under primary number of secondary roots (557.8), fresh weight (2.96 g) and dry nursery; 5 containers and 7 media in secondary nursery. The weight (1.098 g) of roots were recorded in root trainer using the media experiment was laid out in factorial design with 2 replications. In red soil + sand + FYM + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus primary nursery, the maximum seed germination percentage (87.80) megaterium + Azospirillum. The coffee seedlings grown in different was recorded with raised bed using the media red soil + sand + treatments were transplanted to the main field. The result at 90 days vermicompost. Whereas, taproot length (5.69 cm), number of primary after transplanting revealed that, survival percentage was maximum roots (34.50), secondary roots (5.770), fresh weight (0.13 g) and dry in all treatment (100%) except raised bed grown seedlings. However weight of roots (0.04 g) were recorded maximum in raised bed using the plants grown in root trainer containing red soil + sand + FYM + the media red soil + sand + FYM + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Pseudomonas fluorescens + Bacillus megaterium + Azospirillum Bacillus megaterium + Azospirillum. In secondary nursery, the recorded maximum plant height (22.30 cm), number of leaves (20.90), maximum plant height (16.91 cm) and number of leaves (9.20) were number of primary branches (2) and least days for new flush emergence recorded in seedlings raised in black polythene bag using the media (21.70 days).

199 Characterization and evaluation of Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica L.) germplasm L. JAMES SINGH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. VASANTHA KUMAR

Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica (L.) Uraban) is a perennial, prostrate, diameter, petiole length, fresh leaf weight and dry leaf weight. The stoloniferous herb gorwn commonly in damp areas in different tropical genetic divergence studies using Mahalanobis D2 analysis divided the countries and is used both in traditional and modern medicine. The accessions into five clusters based on morphological characters. main active pprinciples are Asiaticoside, Madecassoside, Asiatic acid Biochemical analysis for terpenoids showed wide variation among and Madecassic acid. The study was undertaken to assess the genetic the accessions with the highest asiaticoside content in IIHR CA-13 diversity by morphological, biochemical and molecular methods within followed by IIHR CA-14. The madexassoside content was found the 15 germplasm accessions maintained at ICAR-India Institute of highest in IIHR CA-14 followed by IIHR CA-7, IIHR CA-1 and Horticultural Research, Bengaluru. Morphological characterization IIHR CA-13. The molecular characterizaion was done using 20SSR of the accessions showed differences among the qualitative traits in markers out of which 18 primers showed 100 per cent polymorphism. terms of leaf shape, leaf margin, leaf petiole colour and flower colour. PIC values of primers ranged form 0.20 to 0.30 with a mean of 0.26. For quantitative characters. Higher estimates of phenotypic coefficient Thus, this study showed that there is a wide vriation among the of variation, genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic genotypes in terms of morphological, biochemical and molecular advance was observed for shoot length, leaf length, leaf width, rosette characters and offers scop for future crop improvement programmes. Effect of plant growth promoting Rhizobacteria on growth, yield and quality of Shankapushpi (Clitorea ternatea L.) P. DHANRAJ MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. P. MALLIKARJUNA GOWDA

A field experiment was conducted to assess the Effect of Plant Growth treatment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum + Pseudomonas fluorescence Promoting Rhizobacteria on growth, yield and quality of shankapushpi with application of full dose RDF under rainfed and irrigated (Clitorea ternatea L.) under rainfed and irrigated conditions at conditions. The seed treatment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum + College of Horticulture, UHS campus, GKVK Post, Bengaluru during Pseudomonas fluorescence with application of full dose RDF has 2016-2017. The two experiments were comprised of ten treatments recorded the maximum nodules, fresh and dry weight of nodules and and they were replicated thrice in RCBD. The maximum plant height, microbial load. The least growth, yield and quality attributes were number of branches, early germination and germination percentage recorded with seed treatment of Pseudomonas fluorescence and were recorded with seed treatment of Bradyrhizobium japonicum + application of 50 per cent RDF under rainfed condition. The present Pseudomonas fluorescence with application of full dose of RDF. The investigation indicated that, the seed treatment of Bradyrhizobium maximum number of pods per plant, length of pod, width of pod, japonicum + Pseudomonas fluorescence with application of full dose weight of pod, seed weight, test weight, seed yield, biological yield, RDF was more profitable in cultivation of shankapushpi under economical yield and crude protein content were recorded with seed irrigated condition.

Evaluation of Fennel (Foeniculumvulgare Mill.) varieties under Eastern dry zone of Karnataka S. SHIVAPRASAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. UMESHA

An investigation was carried out at College of Horticulture, UHS plant, seed yield per plant and seed yield per hectare.In correlation campus, G.K.V.K, Bengaluru during rabi season of 2016-17 to studies, seed yield per plant exhibited positive and significant evaluate fennel varieties for growth, yield, and quality under correlation with plant height, number of branches, days to first EasternDry Zone of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in flowering, days to maturity, number of umbels per plant, number of RCBD with 3 replications for evaluating 12varieties. Analysis of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds per umbellet and dry weight variance revealed existence of wide range of variation among varieties of umbel. Path analysis revealed positive direct effect through for all the characters except days to first flowering. Higher magnitude number of branches, number of umbels per plant, number of of GCV and PCV have been noticed for characters viz.,number of umbellets per umbel and dry weight of umbel. Some of the desirable umbels per plant, seed yield per plant, seed yield per hectare and oil varieties viz., RF 145, GF 12, RF 143 and RF 205 recorded higher yield. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per seed yield but GF 2 and RF 145 gave higher oil yield and they may cent mean was observed for plant height, number of branches, days be recommended for commercial cultivation in Eastern Dry Zone of to maturity, number of umbellets per umbel, fresh and dry weight of Karnataka.

Evaluation of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties for growth, yield and quality under Eastern dry zone of Karnataka G. S. ANILKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. UMESHA

An investigation was carried out at College of Horticulture, University Analysis of Variance revealed the existence of wide range of variation of Horticultural Sciences Campus, GKVK, Bangalore, during rabi among the varieties for all the characters studied except number of season of 2016-17 to evaluate coriander varieties for growth, yield seeds per umbellet. The higher magnitude of GCV and PCV have been and quality in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka. The experiment was noticed for the characters viz., plant spread, dry weight of plant, seed laid out in RCBD with 3 replications and 16 different varieties. yield per plant, seed yield per hectare, test weight and harvest index.

200 The high heritability (bs) coupled with high genetic advance as per per umbellet, test weight and harvest index. Path analysis revealed cent mean was also observed for plant spread, fresh and dry weights that, number of primary branches per plant had a highest positive of plant, number of umbellets per umbel, seed yield per plant and direct effect on seed yield per plant followed by number of umbellets seed yield per hectare. Correlation studies indicated that, the seed per umbel. Some of the desirable varieties identified by this study yield per plant had positive significant correlation with plant height, were CO(CR)-4, ACr-1 and RCr-446 for higher seed yield, CO(CR)- number of primary branches per plant, dry weight of plant, number 4, CO-3, CO-2 for higher essential oil content and varieties RCr-728 of umbels per plant, number of umbellets per umbel, number of seeds and RCr-480 for higher linalool content.

Evaluation of Fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) varieties under eastern dry zone of Karnataka VINAYKUMAR ASHOK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. MARUTHI PRASAD

An investigation was carried out at College of Horticulture, UHS mean was observed for plant height, pod length, stover yield per campus, G.K.V.K, Bengaluru during rabiseason of 2016-17 to plant, stover yield per plot, stover yield per hectare and test weight. evaluate fenugreek varieties for growth, yield, and quality under In correlation, seed yield per plant exhibited positive and significant EasternDry Zone of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in correlation with plant height, days to 50 per cent flowering, pod RCBD with 3 replications for evaluating 15 varieties. Analysis of length, days to maturity, number of seeds per pod, test weight and variance revealed existence of wide range of variation among varieties harvest index. Path analysis revealed positive direct effect through for all the characters except number of primary and secondary plant height, number of pods per plant, days to maturity, pod branches, days to first flowering and days to 50 per cent flowering. length,number of pods per plant, test weight andharvest index.Hence, Higher magnitude of PCV and GCV has been noticed for characters DH Local variety can be recommended for cultivation under eastern viz., seed yield per plant, seed yield per plot, seed yield per hectare, dry zone of Karnataka for seed purpose. Further, this variety found stover yield per plot, stover yield per hectare and biological yield. to be the best variety for multiple traits and can be used for further High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent breeding programme.

Effect of foliar nutrition on growth, yield, quality and nursery management against foot rot disease in Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) varieties DIVYA SEETARAM BHAT MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. K. HEGDE

Two separate trials were conducted on effect of foliar nutrition on and boron (0.15). Per cent disease incidence was lower in the variety growth, yield, quality and nursery management against foot rot disease IISR-Shakti (9.25) receiving foliar nutrition with zinc and higher in of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) varieties during May 2016 to June Panniyur-1 (49.09) without any foliar nutrition. Content of zinc and 2017 at Horticulture Research and Extension Station, Sirsi boron in leaf were significantly higher in IISR-Shakti (0.33 ppm and (UHS, Bagalkot), Uttara Kannada district. Field trial was laid out in 0.23 ppm respectively) receiving foliar nutrition with zinc and boron split plot design replicated thrice with three black pepper varieties respectively. To assess the rooting behavior and disease reaction (foot (IISR-Shakti, IISR-Thevam and Panniyur-1) as main plot and foliar rot) a separate field trial was laid out in factorial randomized block nutrition (zinc-0.5%, boron-0.15%, combination of zinc 0.5% + boron design replicated thrice with two factors viz., media (fortified nursery 0.15%, control - no spray) as sub plot to assess the performance of media enriched with Trichoderma + VAM), control (nursery media black pepper varieties for foliar nutrition with zinc and boron on i.e., with soil and FYM in 1:1 without enrichment) and variety (ten growth, yield and quality. Growth parameters were higher in the black pepper varieties). Days to first sprouting, days to 50 per cent variety Panniyur-1 receiving foliar nutrition with zinc (0.5%). Among sprouting were higher in the variety Panniyur-1 raised in fortified yield attributes, number of spikes per vine (627), spike length nursery media. First leaf emergence, number of roots per cutting (15.31 cm), number of berries per spike (276.80), fresh weight of (37.33), cumulative length of roots (52.10 cm), fresh weight (139 mg/ berries (6.91 kg/vine) and dry weight of berries (2.61 kg/vine) were cutting), dry weight of root (23.67 mg/cutting) were higher in the higher in the variety Panniyur-1 receiving foliar nutrition with zinc variety IISR-Thevam raised in fortified nursery media. Significantly (0.5%). However, hundred berry weight was recorded higher in higher survival percentage was recorded by the variety Panniyur-1 Panniyur-1 and IISR-Thevam (52.80 g each) receiving foliar nutrition raised in fortified nursery media at ninety days after planting (92.33%) with boron (0.15 %). Among quality attributes, higher content of and per cent disease incidence was significantly lower in Ademane essential oil (8.07%), oleoresin (10.01%), recoveryof black pepper pepper raised in fortified nursery media (15.33) compared to Vadakkan (37.77%) and white pepper (29.67%) were higher by the variety raised in control media (32.64) among ten varieties of black pepper Panniyur -1 receiving foliar nutrition with combination of zinc (0.5%) screened.

201 Standardization of grafted Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) for bush pepper cultivation under zone-9 (Up Ghat region) of Karnataka S. C. KAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. BASAVARAJA An investigation was carried out at College of Horticulture, Sirsi study conducted to find out the effect of growth hormones and during 2016-17 to study the influence of season and age of the scion chemicals on grafting success in bush pepper, which reveals that, for grafting success in bush pepper. The study pointed out that, among the different growth hormones and chemicals tried among the different grafting seasons (from July to October at {T1- IBA@ 50 ppm, T2- IBA@ 75 ppm, T3- Carbendazim - IBA @ fortnightly interval) with age of the scion (soft wood, semi hard (0.2% - 75 ppm), T4- Carbendazim - IBA @ (0.2% - 50 ppm), 8 wood and hard wood scion) tried, grafting performed during the T5- Vermiwash @ 10%, T6- PGPR (P. fluorescens-10 cfu/g, second fortnight of August with semi hard wood scion recorded T7- Coconut milk and T8- Untreated check}, scions treated with significant maximum sprout length of the scion, number of leaves IBA- 50 to 75 ppm has recorded significant influence on growth and more number of nodes. However, August month was found to parameters viz., minimum number of days to initiate first be not suitable for bush pepper production due to maximum (16.67 days) and 50 per cent sprouting (25.67 days), sprout length vegetative growth. Whereas, grafting performed during September of the scion (17.10 cm), number of nodes per scion (3.50 No./plant) month with semi hard wood scion observed least number of days and number of branches per plant (1.68 No./plant). Maximum leaf for initiation of first sprout (17.3 days) and 50 per cent sprout length (14.07 cm) and leaf width (11.95 cm) was recorded in scions (28 days), leaf length (16.7 cm), leaf width (11.98 cm) and graft treated with coconut milk followed by IBA- 75 ppm. The per cent success (100%) when compare to August grafted plants. The study grafting success was found be maximum (73.33%) in scions treated revealed that, grafting of bush pepper could be carried out during with IBA- 50 ppm followed by vermiwash (10%). The grafted September month with semi hard wood scion as grafting material plants in all the treatments did not show any symptoms of foliar which is found to be the best for carrying grafting work. In another infestation of Phytophthora foot rot during the study period.

Studies on seed storage and propagation in Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) H. B. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHANTAPPA TIRAKANNANAVAR

An investigation on seed storage and propagation in cardamom respectively) and seedling vigour index-II (234, 213 and 345, variety Mudigere-1 was carried out at Department of Plantation, respectively) at the end of 15 days after storage. In case of method Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, of propagation and media study, protray method recorded minimum Sirsi during 2016-17. Among the different pre-sowing treatments, days to initiation of germination (30.14), maximum germination maximum seed germination (80.00 %), seedling vigour index-I (707) (64.67%) and survival per cent (64.67). Among propagation media, and seedling vigour index-II (496) were recorded in nitric acid coir pith noticed minimum days to initiation of germination (26.50), maximum germination (89.67 %) and survival percent (89.67). Among treatment (T8) 25 % for 10 minutes and it was followed by water soaking for 12 hours. In storage study, refrigerated condition, sand interactions, protray and coir pith media recorded minimum days to media and interaction effect of refrigerated condition and sand media initiation of germination (26.00), maximum germination (90.67%) retained maximum moisture content (28.21, 28.70 and 31.40%, and survival per cent (90.67) followed by cocopeat. Seedling vigour respectively) at the end of 12 days after storage. Refrigerated index-I (643) and seedling vigour index-II (4796) were recorded condition, sand media and interaction effect of refrigerated condition maximum in nursery method (643 and 4796), coirpith media (820 and sand media recorded maximum germination (37.53, 35.17 and and 4197) and interaction effect of nursery method and coirpith 43.67%, respectively), seedling vigour index-I (259, 270 and 363, media (1004 and 7120), respectively. Evaluation of Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) genotypes under Northern dry zone of Karnataka JYOTI VERMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BALAJI S. KULKARNI An present investigation entitled “Evaluation of Dahlia (Dahlia observed in ACC-6 whereas, maximum duration of flowering (63.10 variabilis L.) genotypes Under Northern dry zone of Karnataka” days) and duration of crop (157.33 days) were observed in the was undertaken at Department of Floriculture and landscape, Kittur genotype Zail Singh. Maximum number of flowers per plant (25.30) Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during the year was found in genotype Hiranmoyee whereas, maximum flower yield 2016-17.The experiment was laid out in simple randomized block per plant (g) was found in Song of India (718.72 g). Maximum weight design with three replication involving 20 genotypes with a view to of single tuber (60.00 g) was found in ACC-2. Maximum number of know the overall performance of different genotypes of dahlia on the tubers per plant (10.33) was found in genotype Hiranmoyee whereas, basis of different growth, yield and quality parameters. Maximum maximum tuber yield per plant (g) was found in Song of India (433.80 g). plant height (122.38 cm), number of branches (13.15), stem girth Maximum weight of single flower (29.88 g) and maximum diameter of (1.48 cm) plant spread in E-W direction (59.12 cm), plant spread in fully opened flower (18.22 cm) were found in genotype Song of N-S direction (58.86 cm) and intermodal length (18.04 cm) were India. Maximum number of whorls (14) and petals (187.98) per flower recorded in genotype Hiranmoyee whereas, maximum leaf area were obtained in genotype Barakanchari whereas, maximum petal (1909.78 cm2) was recorded in genotype Barakanchari. Total length (8.50 cm) and petal width (2.97 cm) were obtained in genotype chlorophyll content in leaf (4.65 mg/100g leaf) was obtained highest Song of India. Maximum stalk length (23.10 cm) was recorded in in genotype Hiranmoyee. Minimum days taken for first bud ACC-4 whereas, maximum vase life (6.90 days) was obtained in appearance (42.34 days), first flowering (53.34 days), 50 per cent genotype Hiranmoyee. Overall highest acceptability score (4.87) was flowering (69.90 days) and cent per cent flowering (89.08 days) were obtained in genotype Song of India. 202 Valuation of different genotypes of Crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb) under GLBC condition GURUDEEP SINGH GILL MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. B. S. KAMBLE An experiment was carried out at Kittur Rani Channamma College of flowers per inflorescence (67.20), number of spikes per plant (123.00), Horticulture, Arabhavi, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot 100 flowers weight (5.70 g), flower yield per plant (39.75 g), flower during the year 2013-14. Ten Crossandra genotypes viz, Arka Kanaka, yield per plot (397.40 g) and flower yield per hectare (2207.26 kg). Delhi Crossandra, ACC-1, ACC-2, ACC-3, ACC-4, ACC-5, ACC-6, The genotype Arka Kanaka was free from incidence of wilt (0.00%) ACC-7 and ACC-8 were used for the study. The experiment was laid and per cent physiological loss in weight (60.00%) with maximum out in RCBD with three replications at 60 x 30 cm spacing under corolla length (2.53 cm). Shelf life (2.13 days, 2.10 days and 2.03 days) open field conditions. The results of the study indicated that, plant was more in the genotypes ACC-3, ACC-8 and Arka Kanaka, height (74.20 cm) and leaf area (1285.53 cm2) were highest in the respectively. The genotype ACC-8 recorded maximum score on flower genotype ACC-3. The number of primary shoots (3.13), number of colour and appearance (3.75), maximum flower size (3.99) and overall secondary shoots (19.93), number of leaves per shoot (59.20) and acceptability (3.99). Application of boric acid at 0.5 per cent, aluminium plant spread (61.16 cm) were highest in Arka Kanaka. Chlorophyll sulphate at 0.1 per cent and silver nitrate at 0.002 per cent were best in ‘a’ (2.471 mg/g) content was highest in ACC-4 whereas, maximum increasing the shelf life with minimum physiological loss in weight of chlorophyll ‘b’ (2.494 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (4.789 mg/g) content crossandra flowers (44.43, 45.00 and 55.23%, respectively) as compared were recorded in ACC-2 and was early to show its visible flower buds to control (80.03%) and 300 guage polyethylene bag recorded increased (66.66 days). Genotype Arka Kanaka was early to harvest (83.73 shelf life and minimum physiological loss in weight (20.33%) as days) with maximum duration of flowering (67.26 days), number of compared to control (90.60%). Evaluation of elite genotypes of Gomphrena globosa L. under different environmental conditions N. AYESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Mr. A. M. SHIROL The present investigation entitled “Evaluation of elite genotypes of stable for vegetative and quality parameters and AGS-6 was stable Gomphrena globosa under different environmental conditions” was and predictable for yield parameters and hence these genotypes are undertaken to asses stability of promising gomphrena genotypes under well adapted to all the environmental conditions. Correlation studies three different environmental conditions viz., polyhouse, shade house over environment for flower yield per plant revealed positive and and open field condition during the year 2016-17. The observations significant association with plant height at 90 DAT, duration of in all the environments were assessed for different growth, flowering flowering, crop duration, number of flowers per plant and seed yield and yield characters following the stability model of Eberhart and per plant, suggesting the possibility of simultaneous selection for Russell (1966). Analysis of variance revealed that the genotypic these characters. Cultivation of gomphrena genotypes under naturally variance was significant for all the characters except for plant height ventilated polyhouse can be recommended because the performance at 30 and 90 DAT, stem girth at 30 and 90 DAT, plant spread at 60 of the genotypes grown under polyhouse was good with respect to and 90 DAT, number of branches at 30 DAT, seed yield per plant, most of the characters and also polyhouse cultivation was found seed yield per plot, seed yield per hectare, fresh and dry weight of beneficial to get maximum and superior quality of flower in Bachelor’s individual flower, longevity of flower on plant, shelf life and button. The genotypes AGS-5 and AGS-6 appeared to be the overall chlorophyll content. Genotype × environment interaction was best of genotypes, combining high stability with yield. As these significant for plant height at 60 DAT, stem girth at 60 DAT, plant genotypes were stable for most of the characters they can be used in spread at 30 DAT, days to first flowering. The genotype AGS-5 was breeding programmes for further crop improvement. Efficacy of Entrophospora sp. (VA Mycorrhiza) on salt tolerance and flower yield in Chrysanthemum var. Marigold IRAPPA KUMBAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. CHAYA P. PATIL

A pot culture experiment was conducted during 2016-2017 at Kittur plant growth and was pronounced, no flowering was observed in Rani Chennamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi to know the uninoculated plants. All growth parameters were found to be good “Efficacy of Entrophospora sp. (VA Mycorrhiza) on salt tolerance at 1.15 and 2 dS/m salinity levels but flowering parameters were and flower yield in chrysanthemum var. Marigold under varying found to be better at 1.15 dS/m in nonmycorrhizal plants but it was levels of salinity (1.15 (Control), 2, 4 and 6 dS/m) treatments. The significantly higher in inoculated plants even at 6 dS/m salinity results revealed that, at transplanting Entrophospora sp. inocultated level. Reduction in growth and flowering parameters were observed plants showed highest survival per cent (89.47%), higher shoot at 4 dS/m salinity levels so, which means chrysanthemum var. length (11.8 cm) and more number of secondary roots (62.6) Marigold is moderately salt tolerant plant at 6 dS/m. Under salt compared to uninoculated plants (75.18%, 9.2 cm, and 38 stress, plants showed better performance in both growth and yield respectively). After imposition of salt levels (75 DAP) plant growth parameters of mycorrhizal chrysanthemum var. Marigold compared parameters (viz. plant height, number of leaves and branches per with non-mycorrhizal plants. This enhancement was due to presence plant, leaf area, shoot length, root length, and dry weight), of higher mycorrhizal fungi (Entrophospora sp.) root colonization biochemical parameters (viz. total chlorophyll and carotenoid per cent, root biomass, increased nutrient uptake (NPK) and content), flowering duration, flower diameter, shelf life, flower yield reduction in shoot and root proline production under high salinity and available nutrient uptake from soil significantly decreased with levels such enhanced root and vegetative parameters reduced salt the increased salinity levels but relatively higher values were found stress in flowering plant, indicative of Entrophospora sp. (VAM) in Entrophospora sp. inoculated plants compared to uninoculated mediated reduction in the deleterious effect of salt stress on plant plants. Higher salinity (6 dS/m) level showed detrimental effects on growth and development.

203 Response of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) var. Calcutta orange to type of planting material and nutrition B. NAVEENAKUMARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SATEESH R. PATIL

A field experiment was conducted to ascertain influence of type of increase in vegetative parameters such as plant height (36.81 cm), number planting material and nutrition on growth, flowering and yield in African of primary branches (14.90) and plant spread (1948.79 cm2) were marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) var. Calcutta orange at Research Block recorded in P1N2 (Seedlings + INM). All the vegetative parameters Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of were higher with INM treatment for both type of planting material. Horticulture, Haveli Farm, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot Flowering characters such as early days taken for bud initiation (37.32 during 2015-2016. The treatment details include four different forms of days), flower initiation (40.61 days) and 50% flowering (50.24 days) nutrition (RDF, INM, farmers practice and farmers practice for organic were recorded with P1N2 (Seedlings + INM). Flower yield (521.28 g/ cultivation) impose on two type of planting material (Seedlings and plant), (12.96t/ha) were higher with plants which propagated through Rooted cuttings) and treatments are replicated thrice. The study revealed seed that receives INM treatment. Increased higher xanthophylls that there was a variable response with respect to growth, yield and (1.91 mg/g) and chlorophyll (9.24 mg/g) content were recorded with quality parameters of marigold var. Calcutta orange for different type P2N2 (Rooted cuttings + INM). Highest net return (2,77,661) and highest of planting material and nutrition. The results indicated significant benefit cost ratio (3.49) was observed in P1N2 (Seedlings + INM).

Varietal response in Rose for micropropagation M. R. VINUTHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. TEJASWINI

The present study on “Varietal response in rose for micropropagation” of NAA either 0.1ppm or 0.2ppm in combination with GA3 (0.5ppm) was conducted to assess the response of normal and irradiated explants resulted in inhibition of shoot formation in both the genotypes. Half of rose genotypes ArkaSwadesh and IIHRR7-1 to in vitro culture. strength MS medium supplemented with IBA at 0.5ppm resulted in The nodal segments were cultured on MS medium supplemented good rooting in both genotypes. In case of gamma irradiated explants, with different hormonal combinations for shoot regeneration. The the irradiation dosage of 0.05 K Gy was determined as LD50 dose hormonal combination BAP 3ppm + GA3 0.5ppm was considered as based on the explants survival percentage. The highest rate of explants best for shoot proliferation of both the genotypes with much more survival (100%), longer shoots (1.93cm), more number of branches pronounced effect in ArkaSwadesh. In these hormonal combinations, per shoot (4.75) leaves per shoot (19.20) was observed in unexposed early shoot initiation (8 days) was observed. The longer shoots explants. At 0.05 K Gy dosage, shorter shoots length (1.18cm) and (2.03 cm), more number of branches per shoot (4.80) and leaves per minimum number of branches (3.50) per shoot and leaves per shoot shoot (20.60) and best response for multiple shoot production was (12.25) were observed. The research established the significance of also observed in same media combination. The hormonal combinations hormonal combinations for organogenesis in rose. Standardized NAA (0.1 and 0.2ppm) had taken more number of days for shoot micropropagtion protocol in combination with standardization of initiation. Incorporation of NAA in media resulted in reduced length LD50 dosage can further be utilized efficiently for rose breeding of shoots, less number of branches and leaves per shoot. Incorporation program as well as mass propagation.

Assessment of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) germplasm for variability and resistance to Fusarium wilt disease M. ANISH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M.V. DHANANJAYA

Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) is one among the most popular poly house condition and also identified superior cut flower genotypes commercial cut flowers of the world and preferred by several exporting for pot culture in open field to make carnation cultivation feasible and countries, on account of its wide range of forms and colors and ability affordable by small and marginal farmers for producing quality flowers to withstand long distance transportation.The performance of for domestic as well as export market. In additional to this available Carnation varieties varies with region, season, genotypes andgrowing germplasm were screened for Fusarium wilt resistance. It was revealed environment. In India, there is a wide fluctuation in temperature, light that wide range of variability exists for all the traits in ten carnation intensity andhumidity which not only affect the yield and quality of genotypes viz. Razalla, Bizet, Orange Vienna, Harvey, Liberty, flowers but also limit their availability fora particular period of a Harmony, Charmant, White 1103, White 1073 and White Liberty. year. The information on genetic variability, pot culture in open field Genotypes Bizet and Orange Vienna were found superior among all and source of resistance to the most serious disease resulting in huge genotypes for all observed traits and yield also. The results obtained crop loss, Fusarium wilt which is caused by Fusarium oxysporumf by screening genotypes for Fusarium wilt disease, least mortality sp. dianthi is very limited. Hence, the proposed study envisaged per cent was observed in Bizet (16%) followed by Orange Vienna assessment of extent of genetic variability for vegetative traits, floral (24.50%) and greater resistance was observed in Charmant (24.13%), traits and yield parameters among the experimental genotypes under Bizet (22.73%) and Orange Vienna (23.62%).

204 Characterization of Bird of paradise (Strelitzia reginae L.) for morphological and physiological traits K. N. SHILPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ANURADHA SANE

An endeavor was made during 2015-16 to characterize 21 genotypes Among physiological parameters, genotype BOP 45 recorded higher of Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae L.) for various morphological leaf wax content (0.62 mg cm-2) with relative water content (94.91%). and physiological traits under open field condition at ICAR-Indian Whereas transpiration rate (6.61 m mol m-2 s-1), photosynthesis rate -2 -1 -2 -1 Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru, (7.33 µ mol CO2 m s ) with stomatal conductance (0.11 mol m s ) Karnataka. Among growth parameters, genotype BOP 41 recorded and total chlorophyll content (2.63 mol m-2 s-1) was higher in genotype higher plant height (166.3 cm), fans per plant (29.67), leaves per BOP 16 and stomata number was maximum (40.80 mm-2) in genotype plant (389) and plant spread (NS-279.67 cm, EW-275.33 cm) indicating BOP 31. With respect to flower color pigment maximum anthocyanin the vigor of plant. Genotype BOP 33 exhibited higher leaf lamina content was found in genotype BOP 22 (124.65 mg 100g-1), while length (40.51 cm), lamina breadth (13.67 cm), leaf length (124.18 cm) genotype BOP 6 recorded maximum carotenoid content (22.31 mg with higher specific leaf area (311.92 cm2 g-1). Among flower quality 100g-1) indicating bright colored flower production. The genotypes parameters BOP 45 recorded higher spike length (149.43 cm) and expressing better morphology can be used as a trait specific stalk length (128.66 cm), whereas maximum fresh weight (140.09 g), germplasm in breeding programme. The results of physiological spathe diameter (23.09 mm), spike diameter (16.33 mm) with longer parameters viz., leaf wax, stomatal density and transpiration rate vase life (10 days) was recorded in genotype BOP 33. Genotype will be useful for breeders to identify BOP genotypes with better BOP 41 found superior with respect to spike yield per plant (41.33). drought tolerance.

Characterization of male sterile systems in Marigold (Tagetes sp.) SEDEVILIE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. TEJASWINI

The present research was taken up to characterize various male remained receptive for 3.33 (IIHRMys-3) to 9.40 (IIHRMy-4) days. sterile and restorer lines of Marigold (Tagetes sp.). Three different On an average from anthesis to full bloom, male sterile lines took male sterile systems were analysed in the study for their floral 10.86 to 16.00 days, while restorer lines took 6.93 to 13.43 days. morphology and endogenous hormones content. Besides these Study on the endogenous hormone viz. IAA, GA3 and Ethylene and characters, pollen characterisation along with germination ability Phenols indicated that the highest concentration of IAA was observed was also taken up for the study in case of restorer lines. In vitro in IIHRMys-4 (68.50 ng/g fw) while the least was observed in pollen germination was carried out in Brewbaker’s media with 15% sterile IIHRMOS-1 (17.83 ng/g fw). Concentration of GA3 showed PEG. Germination percentage in different restorer lines ranged a range of 315.50 (Arka Bangara-2) to 491.23 ng/g fw (sterile between 25.20% to 33.14% while viability percentage was more IIHRMOS-1). The estimation of ethylene showed a range of 11.29 than 98% in all the lines studied. Pollen grain size ranged between (Arka Agni) to 57.91 (IIHRMys-4) nl/g/m fw; while phenol content 2.30 to 3.48 ìm. The study on floral morphology indicated that ranged between 29.96 (IIHRMY-4) to 47.36 (Arka Bangara-2) mg/ number of days taken from flower bud initiation to anthesis ranged g fw. The study indicated male sterile lines having low ethylene between 17.93 (IIHRMy-4) to 22.73 (IIHRGM7-3) days. Stigma content. Among the restorer lines, IIHRMys-4 was found to be the became receptive on the same day of anthesis in all the lines and best with maximum pollen.

Standardization of spacing and NPK levels for growth, yield and quality of Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) under eastren dry zone condition M. S. DIVYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. MUNIKRISHNAPPA

An experiment on “Standardization of spacing and NPK levels for 90 kg NPK/ha) resulted higher plant height (103.33 cm), flower yield growth, yield and quality of gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) per hectare (18.90 t) and cost benefit ratio (2.46). Plant spread (102.48 under Eastern dry zone condition” was conducted during 2015-16 at cm2), number of branches per plant (80.38), leaf area (69.00 cm2), Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of flower diameter (7.13 cm), petiole length (47.00 cm), corolla length Horticulture, UHS campus, GKVK (post), Bengaluru. Experiment (3.02 cm), 100 flowers weight (395.00 g), flower yield per plant was laid out in Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (466.20 g), shelf life of flowers (30.15 hours), dry weight of plant

(FRCBD) comprisingof three different spacing levels,viz., S1 (45 × (0.41 kg/plant) and flowers (0.33 kg/plant)proved superior with

30 cm), S2 (60 × 45 cm) and S3 (60 × 60 cm) and four levels of S3F4(60 × 60 cm, 225:120:90 kg NPK/ha). Higher N, P and K uptake nutritionviz., F1 (75% RDF - 112.5:60:45 NPK kg/ha), F2 (100% by plants, flowersand available soil N, P and K were found superior

RDF - 150:80:60 NPK kg/ha), F3 (125% RDF - 187.5:100:75 NPK with wider spacing of 60 × 60 cm and higher NPK level at 225:120:90 kg/ha) and F4 (150% RDF - 225:120:90 NPK kg/ha). Results revealed kg NPK per hectare. Plants spaced at 45× 30 cm and supplied with that, lower spacing (45 × 30 cm)and higher nutrient levels(225:120: 112.5:60:45 kg NPK per hectare (S1F1)were early to flower.

205 Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of Floribunda rose cv. mirabalis S. POORNIMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. MUNIKRISHNAPPA

An experiment was carried out at College of Horticulture, UHS number of shoots per plant (14.83), shoot length (61.27 cm), leaf campus, Bengaluru during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out chlorophyll content (51.22), more leaf area (3.61 cm2). Among in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising of flowering, yield and quality parameters, early bud initiation (28.60), eight treatments and three replications. Treatment detail includes early first flowering (37.58), flower diameter (4.23 cm), increased micronutrients viz., MgSO4, MnSO4, FeSO4, Boron, ZnSO4 and flower stalk/petiole length (3.99 cm), number of petals per flower

CuSO4 at different levels on growth, yield and quality of floribunda (32.40), less physiological loss of weight (25.47 g), highest number rose cv. Mirabalis. Results revealed that foliar application of of flowers per plant (116.98), higher flower yield per plant (295.72 g),

T7- ZnSO4 (0.75%) + Boric acid (0.5%) + FeSO4 (1.5%) + MgSO4 100 flower weight (253.12 g), maximum total flower yield per

(0.5%) + MnSO4 (1%) + CuSO4 (0.3%) at 210 days after pruning. plant (0.73 kg), flower yield per hectare (16.22 tonnes), shelf life Results revealed that increased in plant height (73.61 cm), plant (41.93 hrs.), and also B:C ratio (3.3), However it was minimum in spread (N-S direction) (64.00 cm), E-W direction (50.32 cm), control.

Evaluation of Crossandra (Crossandra undulaefolia Salisb.) genotypes under eastern dry zone of Karnataka RAHUL DAS MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. M. MUNIKRISHNAPPA

An experiment was carried out to evaluate eight genotypes of flower diameter (3.87 cm) and corolla tube length (2.58 cm) were crossandra for growth flowering behaviour, yield and quality traits recorded maximum in genotype ‘Arka Shreeya’ with the color intensity using Randomized Complete Block Design at Department of of Orange red 35 B. ‘Arka Shravya’ recorded the maximum number of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, UHS flowers per spike (42.00) and longest spike (10.79 cm), and highest campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka during September 2016 to June 2017. flower yield per plant and per hectare (232.60 g and 12.79 t, The maximum plant height (56.95 cm) and plant spread in North – respectively). Flowers packed in high density polyethylene cover South direction and East – West directions was maximum in ‘Arka with 1 per cent ventilation proved effective in extending the shelf life Shravya’ (60.09 cm and 60.21 cm, respectively). The genotype ‘Arka of crossandra flowers up to 50.67 hrs. with less physiological loss in Shreeya’ had maximum number of primary and secondary branches weight and more moisture content. This was closely followed by (9.00 and 29.73, respectively) per plant. With respect to flowering aluminium laminated polyethylene covers with 1 per cent ventilation. parameters, the genotype ‘Arka Shreeya’ was early to initiate the Among the genotypes, Arka Shravya seems to be superior under first flower and to reach 50 per cent flowering. Flower quality viz., Eastern dry zone of Karnataka for growth and yield characters.

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY Studies on storage and processing of Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) genotypes PRATHIKSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. RAMACHANDRA NAIK

An investigation was carried out to find out the best genotype for maximum recovery of chips (22.20%) and flour (22.60) and also the storage and the best pre-treatment for preparation of chips and flour maximum amount of ash content (1.64%). The lowest moisture content from sweet potato in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, for dehydrated chips (13.97%), minimum non-enzymatic browning KRC, College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during the year 2016-17. Among (0.103%) and the lowest value for water activity (0.24) were recorded the stored genotypes, BSP1 had recorded better quality parameters like in blanched slices soaked in 0.5% sodium metabisulphite. The maximum lower incidence of weevils after 15 DAS (10%) and 30 DAS(25%) ; scores for texture (8.73) was secured by blanched slices soaked in 0.5% lowest firmness (3.6, 4.6 and 6.2 kg/cm2 respectively) on 1st, 15th and sodium metabisulphite and maximum score for mouth feel (8.37) was 30th days of observation: minimum PLW (22.9%) and minimum loss in recorded in blanched slices soaked in 0.1% citric acid. Both these volume on (33.9 %) on 30th day; minimum reducing sugars (1.44, 1.37, treatments were found to have fairly good scores for color and 1.19% respectively) on first, 15th and 30th day; highest calcium (50.47 appearance, taste and overall acceptability. In case of fried chips, the mg/100g); highest phosphorus (154.23 mg/100g) and maximum scores maximum scores for texture (7.33) and over all acceptability (8.00) for flesh and skin color. Hence this genotype was selected for further were obtained by T8 (blanched slices soaked in 0.5% sodium studies. The second experiment was carried out to assess the effect of metabisulphite) and the other parameters like color and appearance, different pre-treatments on the quality of chips and flour prepared for taste and mouth feel were also fairly good. However, in case of flour, the best genotype selected from first experiment. The pre-treatment the treatment T4 obtained highest scores (8.92, 7.83 and 8.25) for color involving blanched slices soaked in 0.1% citric acid recorded the and appearance, taste and overall acceptability, respectively.

206 Standardization of juice extraction process and preparation of blended beverages from Karonda fruits ANUPA CHRISTLE SERRAO MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LAXMAN KUKANOOR

Investigation on “Standardization of juice extraction process and fleshed guava and pineapple) was prepared in 70:30 and 60:40 ratios. preparation of blended beverages from karonda fruits” was conducted It was observed that blended RTS had highest chemical parameters during 2016-17 in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, KRC when compared to RTS prepared from 100 per cent karonda juice. College of Horticulture, Arabhavi (UHS, Bagalkot), Karnataka. The 15 per cent RTS prepared from the blend of 70 per cent karonda and juice extraction process included different combinations of blanching, 30 per cent guava juice scored high overall acceptability when compared hand crushing of the pulp and pectinase enzyme treatment with two to other treatments. 15 and 20 per cent RTS was prepared using different preservation methods. Among the different treatments extracted juices from karonda, shatavari and aloevera in the ratios of karonda juice extracted by blanching (30 sec) + hand crushing pulp + 100:0:0, 50:50:0, 50:45:05 and 50:40:10, respectively. Among the pectinase (0.1%) + pasteurization (82±2p C) (T4) had scored better different combinations, karonda juice based health drink prepared results with respect to physico-chemical parameters and organoleptic with 15 per cent juice blend of 50 per cent karonda + 45 per cent traits up to six months of storage. 15 and 20 per cent karonda juice shatavari + 5 per cent alovera juice was found highly acceptable with based RTS blended beverage with different fruits (pomegranate, pink respect to flavour, taste and overall acceptability.

Standardization of drying techniques in Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum T.) var. Marigold G. CHITHIRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LAXMAN KUKANOOR

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different drying retention (45.10%), maximum score for colour (4.00), shape (4.50), media and methods for chrysanthemum var. marigold flowers in the appearance (4.50) and overall acceptability (4.50) were observed in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, KRC, College of flowers dried at lower temperature of 35ºC for 87.00 hrs. This study Horticulture, Arabhavi during the year 2016-17. Among the different also revealed that microwave oven drying had significance influence on media used for dehydration, silica gel was found to be the best with dry weight, moisture loss and quality parameters. The minimum dry respect to quantitative and qualitative parameters such as minimum weight (0.87g/ flower) and maximum moisture loss (87.84%) were dry weight (0.57 g/flower), highest moisture loss (92.90%), least recorded in flowers dried at lower power density till the flowers final moisture retention (1.88 %) and maximum xanthophyll retention completely dry for duration of 15 min. With regard to quality parameters, (42.35%) with highest score for colour (4.45), shape (4.40), appearance drying of flowers at medium level for 2 minutes and then at low level (4.90) and overall acceptability (4.50) of flowers throughout the storage for 4 minutes was found to be superior with respect to colour, shape, period. Data on drying of flowers in hot air oven had significant appearance and overall acceptability (4.05, 4.04, 4.07 and 4.10, influence on dry weight, moisture loss, final moisture retention and respectively) of dried chrysanthemum flowers. The results of the xanthophyll retention. Maximum moisture loss (85.33%), minimum present study suggests that the combination of silica gel + sun drying dry weight (0.49 g/flower) and minimum final moisture (2.07%) were was found superior in better quality dried chrysanthemum var. marigold recorded in the flowers dried at 60ºC. Whereas highest xanthophyll flowers.

Studies on processing of Wood apple (Feronia limonia L. swingle) pulp for value addition KOUSTUBHA M. GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. LAXMAN KUKANOOR

A research investigation entitled “Studies on processing of wood apple total sugars and pH were found to increase whereas titratable acidity, (Feronia limonia L. Swingle) pulp for value addition” was carried out pectin content, non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and organoleptic in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, Kittur Rani Channamma scores decreased. The wood apple pulp was found to be microbiologically

College of Horticulture, Arabhavi during the academic year 2016-17. safe upto 3 months of storage. Wood apple fruit bar prepared from T5 The experiments were conducted to standardize the wood apple pulp (wood apple pulp of 1000 g + sugar of 1000 g + milk powder of 200 g extraction method using pectinase enzyme and to standardize the + hydrogenated fat of 100 g + citric acid of 0.25%) and T7 (wood apple protocol for the preparation of wood apple fruit bar and to study the pulp of 1000 g + sugar of 1000 g + milk powder of 200 g + hydrogenated storage stability of the products. Among different extraction methods fat of 200 g + citric acid 0.50%) resulted in superior quality fruit bar using pectinase enzyme, incubation of wood apple pulp at 45p C + 5 with respect to phyisco-chemical characters and organoleptic traits. pH and 45p C + 4.5 pH at 0.2 per cent pectinase enzyme concentration During 3 months of storage under refrigerated conditions the TSS, for 2 hrs gave maximum recovery of pulp (81.60 and 80.85%), TSS reducing sugars, total sugars and pH were found to increase whereas (6.23 and 6.15p B), reducing sugars (3.55 and 3.35%), total sugars (5.12 titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, non-reducing sugars, calcium, and 5.05%) with lower pectin content (0.43 and 0.45%), respectively. phosphorous and organoleptic scores decreased. The wood apple fruit The results of storage for 3 months under ambient conditions revealed bar was found to be microbiologically safe upto 3 months of storage that the chemical constituent’s viz., total soluble solids, reducing sugars, under refrigerated conditions.

207 Comparative studies on dehydration of Fig (Ficus carica L.) fruits cv. Bellary under different pre-treatments and dryers ANUSREE ANAND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. JAGADEESH

An investigation entitled “Comparative studies on dehydration of fig electric dryer, D3- Solar tunnel dryer and D4 Solar dryer) to study (Ficus carica L.) fruits cv. Bellary under different pre-treatments and physico-chemical and sensory quality of dehydrated figs. Dried fig dryers” was carried out through three systematically laid out recovery was highest in T2D2 (22.07%). Lowest texture force (329.09 experiments in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, College N) and highest overall acceptability score (7.78) were noted in T2D3. of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2016-17. Among Dried figs (cv. Bellary) of moderately acceptable quality could be five pre-treatments tried, maximum dried fig recovery (21.12%), solid produced by blanching fruits for 4 minutes followed by dipping in o gain (29.21%) and total sugar content (55.03%) were noted in T4 0.2% KMS solution for 5 minutes and steeping in 40 B sugar solution (steaming at 10 psi for 5 minutes + 0.2% KMS for 5 minutes + containing 0.25% citric acid for 24 hours followed by drying in solar o steeping in 40 B sugar solution containing 0.5% citric acid for 12 tunnel dryer (T2D3) in comparison to other dryers examined. In the rd hours). Reducing sugars (53.57%) were higher in T3 (blanching for 4 3 experiment, fig fruits dried by employing the selected pre- o minutes + 0.2% KMS for 5 minnutes + steeping in 40 B sugar solution treatment and dryer combination (T2D3) were packed using 3 different containing 0.5% citric acid for 24 hours). Pre-treatments yielding packages (P1-LDPE of 100 gauge, P2-Aluminum foil pouch and P3- st organoleptically acceptable dried figs in the 1 experiment (T3 and T4 Polypropylene box) to know their storage stability. Dehydrated figs nd named as T2 and T3 respectively in 2 experiment) were selected packed in P2 were found to be superior for nutritional and sensory along with control T1 (blanching for 4 minutes) and combined with attributes over P1 and P3 during storage period of 3 months under four different types of dryers (D•1- Electric tray dryer, D2- Ezidri ambient conditions. Studies on field application of salicylic acid, azoxystrobin and cycocel on shelf life of Onion var. Arka kalyan AYEESHYA H. KOLHAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. L. JAGADEESH

The present investigation entitled “Studies on field application of 0.1% at 60 + 90 DAT and CCC 2500 ppm at 90 DAT) (2.26%) and salicylic acid, azoxystrobin and cycocel on shelf life of onion cv. Arka bulbs of the treatment T5 (SA @ 2 mM and azoxystrobin @ 0.1% at 60 Kalyan” was conducted in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, + 90 DAT) exhibit least rotting (1.87%). Reduced incidence of black

COH, Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2016-2017. Onion cv. Arka mould was noticed in the treatment T12 (1.63%) and maximum per cent

Kalyan was imposed with seedling dip and pre-harvest foliar sprays at marketable were obtained in the treatment T11 (85.54%). The Maximum different time intervals at 60 and 90 days after transplanting (DAT). mean dry matter (18.38%) and minimum per cent moisture (81.60%)

After harvesting bulbs were cured properly and stored under ambient was noticed in treatment T4 (Pre-harvest spray of azoxystrobin @ condition. Various physiological and physico-chemical changes were 0.1% at 60 + 90 DAT). Bulbs of the treatment T11 were found to be recorded at monthly intervals for 4 months. Treatments showed more firmner (123.38 N), contained more total solubule solids significant differences for yield, number of bulbs per kg and bulb diameter. (15.14 °B) and bulbs scored maximum for overall acceptability Foliar spray of salicylic acid (SA) @ 2 mM and azoxystrobin @ 0.1% (7.90 out of 9). Pyruvic acid, indicating pungency was noted to be at 60 + 90 DAT followed by CCC 2500 ppm foliar spray @ 90 DAT maximum in T6 (Seedling dip SA @ 2 mM + SA @ 2 mM and

(T11) significantly reduced the physiological loss in weight (PLW) azoxystrobin @ 0.1% at 60 + 90 DAT) (8.71 µmoles/g) and the same

(11.62%), and bulbs of the treatment T3 (Seedling dip in SA @ 2 mM treatment recorded maximum total phenol (13.73 mg/100g). In + SA @ 2 mM 60 + 90 DAT) exhibited least rate of respiration (15.29 conclusion, foliar application of SA (2 mM), azoxystrobin (0.1%) at ml CO2/Kg/h). Minimum sprouting was observed in the treatment T12 60 + 90 DAT and CCC (2500 ppm) at 90 DAT was effective in (Seedling dip in salicylic acid @ 2 mM + SA @ 2 mM, azoxystrobin @ maintaining quality and shelf life of onion. Studies on development of nutri-enriched cookies fortified with Pomegranate peel powder and defatted Soybean flour J. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI

An investigation entitled “Studies on development of nutri-enriched maximum sensory scores among 9 treatments. In the 2nd experiment, cookies fortified with pomegranate peel powder and defatted soybean best three treatments from 1st experiment along with control were taken flour” was carried out through three systematically laid out experiments for nutritional quality analysis. The composition of T7: 65% RWF + in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture, 5% PPP + 30% DSF was found high in protein (8.62%), crude fibre Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2016-17. Firstly the proximate (19.46%), total phenol content (21.15mg GAE/g) and calcium composition of pomegranate peel powder and defatted soybean flour (96.54 mg/g) was found nutritionally superior to all other treatments was analyzed for moisture, ash, fat, fibre, protein, carbohydrate, total and it also scored highest in sensory scores and this treatment was phenol content, antioxidant activity, minerals and colour value (L*, a*, subsequently taken for storage studies by using different packaging b*). In the 1st experiment, nutri-enriched cookies were prepared by materials. In the 3rd experiment the cookies, that are nutritionally superior fortifying with pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and defatted soybean with highest sensory score along with control were packed in four flour (DSF) in different proportions. Among different treatments T2 different packaging materials (P1-Glass jar, P2-Aluminum foil pouch, [72.5% Refined wheat flour (RWF) +2.5% pomegranate peel powder P3- HDPE and P4-Polypropylene box) to know their storage stability.

(PPP) + 25% defatted soybean flour DSF], T3 [70% RWF + 5% PPP The cookies packed in aluminum foil pouch were found to be superior

+ 25% DSF] and T7 [65% Refined wheat flour + 5% Pomegranate peel for nutritional and sensory attributes over P1, P3 and P4 during storage powder + 30% Defatted soybean flour] were found optimum by scoring period of 3 months under ambient conditions. 208 Studies on fermentation of Pomegranate juice by lactic acid bacteria J. RANJITHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. L. RUDRESH

The experiment entitled “Studies on fermentation of pomegranate Lactobacillus plantarum (T6). In the experiment III, best treatment juice by lactic acid bacteria” was conducted in the Department of (T6: 85% PJ + 15% KJ fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum) from Post-Harvest Technology, College of Horticulture, Bagalkot during experiment I was blended with different concentration of prebiotics the academic year 2016-17. Fermented beverages were prepared with (honey and lactose). Among different concentration of prebiotics, different proportions of pomegranate and kokum juice using different blended pomegranate beverage with 5 per cent honey as prebiotic and lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains. Among the thirteen treatments, fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum (T4) showed the highest mean maximum score for consistency (7.16), taste (8.30) and overall antioxidant activity (80.40%), phenol content (257.73 mg GAE/ acceptability (7.30) was observed in the treatment with 85% 100 ml), ascorbic acid (10.52 mg/100 ml) and protein content (1.93%) pomegranate juice (PJ) blended with 15% kokum juice (KJ) fermented during 45 days of storage period. The mean LAB population of 6 by Lactobacillus plantarum (T6). The fermented pomegranate beverage 4.40×10 cfu/ml was observed in T4 during storage period of 45 days. with and without KJ were analysed for biochemical and microbial In conclusion, the Lactobacillus plantarum fermented beverage, parameters during storage period. Among the different treatments, prepared by blending of 85% pomegranate juice + 15% kokum juice highest mean value for ascorbic acid (10.05 mg/100 ml), antioxidant with 5% honey (prebiotic) showed superior biochemical and sensory activity (77.07%), phenol content (252.00 mg GAE/100 ml), LAB properties up to 45 days at 4oC. The blended beverage also supported population (2.91×106 cfu/ml) and overall acceptability (7.85) were the survival of lactic acid bacteria up to 30 days under refrigerated found in treatment with 85% PJ blended with 15% KJ fermented by condition.

Development and evaluation of nutri-dense noodles incorporated with Drumstick leaf powder and defatted Soybean flour VITTAL KAMBLE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. BHUVANESHWARI

Studies on “Development and evaluation of nutri-dense noodles maximum score for sensory evaluation and texture of raw noodles incorporated with drumstick leaf powder and defatted soyabean (23.83 N) and cooked noodles (1.73 N) were observed in T3 (73% flour” was conducted in the Department of Post Harvest Technology, RWF + 5% DLP + 10% DSF). During 4 months storage period College of Horticulture, Bagalkot, Karnataka during the year 2016-17. significantly higher moisture (7.76%), fat (5.07 g/100 g), peroxide In the present experiment, efforts were made to produce nutri- value (21.90 meq/kg), L* a* b* values and total fungal count (10cfu/g) densed noodles by incorporating drumstick leaf powder (DLP), was reported in control T1 whereas, highest protein (16.92 g/100 g), defatted soyabean flour (DSF) into refined wheat flour (RWF) and crude fibre (0.81 g/100 g), ash (4.48 g/100 g), beta-carotene (1.73µg/g) other ingredients. Physical and cooking parameters of nutri-dense and mineral contents were reported in T3 (73% RWF + 5% DLP + noodles were carried out. Among the different treatments the 10% DSF). Sensory evaluation score were decreased from initial maximum mean volume of dried noodles (215 ml) was recorded in month to four months of storage. Mean score for colour, flavour, control T1 (88% RWF + 0% DLP + 0% DSF). The minimum cooking taste, texture and overall acceptability were decreased from 7.56 to time (5.47 min) was recorded in T7 (63% RWF + 15% DLP + 10% 7.05, 7.48 to 6.70, 7.62 to 7.02, 7.56 to 6.90 and 7.52 to 6.70,

DSF) and maximum cooking loss (8.25%) was recorded in T7. The respectively. The results obtained in this study suggest that maximum swelling index (2.16%), cooked weight (158.33 g), volume acceptable noodles in terms of cooking properties, organoleptic of cooked noodles (68.98 ml), per cent increase in volume evaluation and higher nutritional contents could be produced by

(68.98 ml) and L* a* b* values were recorded in control T1. The incorporating 5% DLP and 10% DSF into refined wheat flour. Effect of chemicals and packaging materials on shelf life of Sapota (Achras zapota L.) fruits N. UMMESEEMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. Md. JAMEEL JHALEGAR An investigation to study the effect of packaging material (CFB box, acceptability score (7.85) least polygalactouranase (PG) activity bamboo baskets, nylon and gunny bags), chemicals such as salicylic (71.57 µg -galatouronic acid-FW g-1 h-1) and electrolyte leakage (6.20%) acid (0.5, 1.0, 1.5mM) and KMnO4 (treated fruits packed in CFB without adversely affecting physico-chemical and organoleptic boxes and conventional packaging) and different storage conditions qualities even up to 8 days of storage compared to control. Sapota on physico-chemical changes and shelf life of sapota (cv. Cricket fruits subjected to different storage temperature and post harvest ball), was carried out in Dept. of Post Harvest Technology, College of chemicals at different concentration studied for various physico- Horticulture, Bagalkot, during period from 2015-17. Among the four chemical and sensory constituents. The minimum PLW (13.78%), -1 -1 packaging materials used, fruits packed in CFB boxes showed fruit decay (17.00%), respiration rate (54.81 ml CO2 kg h ), maximum minimum values with respect to physiological loss in weight (PLW) firmness (73.21 N), minimum PG enzyme activity (46.97 µg - -1 -1 -1 -1 (13.30%), respiration rate (51.59 ml CO2 kg h ), gave higher firmness galatouronic acid-FW g h ) and electrolyte leakage (10.31%)) was

(63.50 N), showed less spoilage (4.78 %) and witnessed highest overall recorded in C1M3 (Cold storage + KMnO4 paper shreds in CFB box) acceptability score (7.85) without adversely affecting the quality. followed by C1M2 (Cold + salicylic acid @ 1.5 mM) interactions.

Among the two post harvest treatments with chemicals KMnO4 From the overall results of the studies, it is concluded that sapota treated fruits (packed in CFB box) showed least PLW (11.95%), fruits kept in CFB boxes with KMnO4 treatment stored at 8°C could -1 -1 respiration rate (68.49 ml CO2 kg h ), witnessed higher firmness prolong the shelf life of sapota (cv. Cricket ball) for 6 days compared (54.71 N), showed less spoilage (10.82%), recorded highest overall to control fruits.

209 Standardization of protocols for the production of encapsulated Avocado (Perseaamericana mill.) powder using spray drier V. S. KARTHIK NAYAKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHAMINA AZEEZ

A study on “Standardization of protocols for the production of powder, range of values for various physico-chemical parameters encapsulated avocado (Perseaamericana Mill.) powder using spray were: moisture content (1.35-3.10%), water activity (0.153-0.240), drier”was conducted during 2016 - 2017 in the Division of Post wettability (83.00-190.33 s), instrumental color values L* (61.71- Harvest Technology & Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian 68.63), a* (0.33-6.52)and b* (26.67-32.33),total soluble solids (4.67- Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR), Hessaraghatta, 7.48 °Brix), protein (1.08-1.83 g/100 g), fat (10.33-21.33%), titratable Bengaluru, and College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, (UHS, Bagalkot), acidity (1.32-2.33%), antioxidant activity (80.97-166.24 mg/100 g), Karnataka. The objectives of the study were to standardize the crude fiber (7.51-12.80%) and ash (0.33-4.13%). There was a process conditions viz., inlet temperature (160 and 180 °C), feed significant change in most physico-chemical properties of flow rate (10 and 15 ml/min) and maltodextrin concentration (5 and encapsulated avocado powder during storage. The results revealed 10%) for encapsulation of avocado powder using spray drier. The that maximum powder yield (11.83%), with superior physico- encapsulated powder was packed in aluminium laminated pouches chemical properties were obtained when spray drying was and stored for three months to study their physico-chemical carried at 160 °C inlet temperature, 10 ml/min feed flow rate and properties and storage stability. In the encapsulated fresh avocado 10 per cent maltodextrin.

Standardization of the protocols for the development of aonla and Pomegranate wine C. SINDHU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K.N. SREENIVAS

An investigation on “Standardization of the protocols for the score of the aonla wine was 8.7 out of 20.Pomegranate development of aonla and pomegranate wine” was carried out at the (Punicagranatum L.) fruits which were unmarketable are used for Department of Postharvest Technology, COH, Bengaluru. Aonla the preparation of wine.Wine was prepared without crushing the (Emblicaofficinalis G.) fruits fresh, healthy and mature were obtained arils. Fermentation was carried for 7 days and storage at 30, 60 and for wine preparation. Primary fermentation was carried out for 90 days. The effect of different concentrations of roselle on various 21 days and storage at 30, 60 and 90 days. The whole aonla fruits physico-chemical properties of pomegranate wine was investigated. were used for the preparation of wine repeatedly in three batches. The wine prepared from pomegranate arils with 32ºB sugar syrup, The wine extracted from second and third batch was more acceptable. 2.5 per cent rind powder and 0.1% roselle was found best as Among different treatments aonla with 32ºB sugar syrup with steam compared to other treatments with pH (3.49), TSS (9.56ºB), acidity treatment for 5 min was found best and had optimum pH (3.50), (0.76%), ascorbic acid (72.10mg/100 ml), total sugars(6.35%), TSS (15.580B), acidity (0.58%), ascorbic acid (54.83mg/100ml), antioxidants (304.68mg AAE/100 ml), Phenols (293.60mg/100ml), total sugar (14.56%), antioxidants (115.72mg AAE/100 ml), phenols Alcohol (11.78%). The overall acceptability score of the (112.72mg/100ml) and alcohol (8.32 %). The overall acceptability pomegranate wine was 7.6 out of 20.

Development of spiced carbonated drink from Kokum (Garcinia indica C.) PRAJNA PRABHAKAR HEGDE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. N. SREENIVAS

Kokum is an indigenous minor tree spice which is nutritional and III, the best treatment from the experiment II having 14 °B was having high therapeutic value and a study was conducted on added with different spice extract level (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5%) “Development of spiced carbonated drink from kokum (Garcinia and carbonated at 100 psi pressure. In the experiment IV, the best indica C.)” at Department of Postharvest Technology, COH, treatment got from the experiment III (0.3% spice extract) was Bengaluru during the academic year 2016-17. The spiced carbonated added with different concentration of sodium benzoate preservative drink from kokum was developed after performing four experiments. (0, 25, 50, 75 ppm) and was stored for 90 days at ambient and low In the experiment I, the RTS was prepared by combining kokum, temperature condition. The carbonated drink stored with 75 ppm aonla and ginger in different ratio to check the best blend. The best sodium benzoate and stored at low temperature condition was highly blend obtained was having 10% kokum, 1% ginger and 1% aonla and nutritive and it had retained 1.49 per cent HCA, 3.59 mg/100ml it was taken as a base for the syrup preparation of experiment II in anthocyanin and 308.28 mg AEAC/100ml antioxidants and which T.S.S (12, 13, 14°B) and Carbon dioxide pressure level (80, organoleptically acceptable and safe for consumption after 90 days 90, 100 psi) was altered to get the carbonated drink. In the experiment of storage.

210 Influence of post harvest treatment of chitosan on quality and shelf life of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit L. S. BHANUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. R. VASUDEVA

Papaya(Carica papaya L.)fruit is highly perishable in nature due to yellow streak) were treated with chitosanconcentrations from 0.5 high physiological processes and microbial decay. Harvest and to 3 per cent. Among the treatments, the fruits treated with chitosan postharvest losses of papaya is reported to be 7.36%. Chitosan is at 3 per cent recorded minimum physicochemical processes and an edible and bilologically safe preservative coatings. With an decay and retained maximum sensory quality under both storage objective to extend the shelf life of papaya fruits, a study entitled conditions. Papaya fruits treated with chitosan at 3 per cent retained “Influence of post harvest treatment of chitosan on quality and maximum firmness, higher moisture content, lesser changes in colour shelf life of papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit” was conducted at values, minimum PLW, higher retention of ascorbic acid, reducing Department of Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture, and non-reducing sugar, beta carotene, antioxidant capacity,total UHS Campus, Bengaluru during the academic year 2016-17. The soluble solids less disease index and lower microbial count during experiments were carried out independently to record the influence the shelf life in bothstorages. The chitosan treated fruits showed of postharvest dip treatment of chitosan on papaya fruits stored at significantly higher shelf life of 9 and 23days in ambient and cold ambient (28±1ºC) and cold storage (12±1ºC). In both the storage, respectively compared to control (7 days in ambient and experiments,papaya fruits harvested at Stage 2 (Appearance of 18 days in cold storage).

211 ABSTRACTS OF THESES Accepted for the award of post-graduate degrees in the University of Agricultural Sciences, Shivamogga during 2017 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

A. CROP SCIENCES GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Generation mean analysis for cured leaf yield and quality traits in Flue Cured Virginia Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) NETRAVATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. D. MOHAN KUMAR

Tobacco is an important commercial crop in view of revenue generation, epistatis for most of the characters viz., like days to flowering, plant export earning and employment potential. Among all types of tobacco, height, leaf area, fresh leaf yield, cured leaf yield, top grade equivalent Flue Cured Virginia (FCV) is the major exportable tobacco type and is in both crosses and leaf length, leaf area chlorophyll content and all leaf mainly used in cigarette manufacturing. The yield levels in FCV tobacco quality traits except reducing sugar (L) which could be exploited by has stagnated at 1500-1700 kg/ha in Karnataka. In the present situation biparental mating in segregating generations followed by pedigree of increasing input costs, to make tobacco cultivation more profitable selection. A wide range of variability was observed for most of the to the farmers, it is necessary to breed varieties with an yield levels of traits under study in F2 populations of both the crosses. High heritability 3000kg /ha or more. Considering the above facts and the economic coupled with high genetic advance was observed in leaf area per plant, importance of the crop, the present investigation was carried out at the fresh leaf yield, cured leaf yield, top grade equivalent and leaf quality College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural and Horticultural traits indicating additive gene action and scope for practicing selection. Sciences, Navile, Shivamogga during Kharif season of 2016, to In both the crosses, characters leaf length, leaf breadth, leaf area, fresh understand the inheritance pattern of leaf yield and quality traits using leaf yield and top grade equivalent showed significant positive correlation biometrical technique - Generation Mean Analysis. Experimental and days to flowering recorded negative correlation with cured leaf material consisted of six generations of two crosses (TB-70 x TB-102 yield. Therefore, selection should be practiced by considering these and TB-100 x TB-102) produced by crossing new donar parents for characters for direct improvement of cured leaf yield. The present high yield and quality viz., TB-70, TB-100 and TB-102. Gene effects study, revealed that the cross TB-70 x TB-102 was the potential source for leaf yield and leaf quality traits were estimated. Generation mean for improving the cured leaf yield and its component traits without analysis revealed that dominance and dominance based gene effects sacrificing the quality and can be advanced for subsequent generation were involved in the expression of most traits along with duplicate for identifying the promising cultivars.

Studies on submergence tolerance mechanism in rice germplasm lines with relation to genetic, molecular and physiological aspects G. K. NISHANTH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHAKUMAR

The present investigationconsisted of 525 rice germplasm lines laid Cellulose content after submergence highest in IET21330 (230.50 mg/g) out in augmented design to screen them for submergence tolerance in and lowest was in KHP-10 (199.75 mg/g).Range for hemicellulose rainfed lowland areas of Nagara, Shivamogga during Kharif 2015. content was 118.75 mg/g (IET16907) to 135.00 mg/g (IET21465) in Among germplasm lines none of the lines have recorded 100 per cent before submergence condition while in after submergence condition survival, twohave recorded 95-99 per cent survival, 68 lines falls was 84.00 mg/g (IET14819) to 107.00 mg/g (IET21465). Cellulose under 75-94 per cent survival, under 50-74 per cent survival rate 230 and hemicellulose content depletion after submergence was more in lines were observed.The lines which recorded more than 50 per cent susceptible germplasm lines compared to tolerant lines.Two allele survival rate were selected to studyphysiological basis of tolerance, specific SSR markers SC3 and ART5 were screened across yield and yield related traits during Summer 2016.The analysis of 65 germplasm lines to find out the presence or absence of Sub1A and variance indicated the presence of significantly higherdifference among Sub1C locus responsinle for tolerance. Twelve lines have recorded the germplasm lines for most of the characters studied. High positive to presence of Sub1A locus and 15 lines recorded positive to heritability was observed for all the traits. Genetic advance as per presence of Sub1C locus. Thirteen SSR markers revealed presence of cent mean was high to moderate, yield per plant and number of high diversity.IET21464 was identified as suitable line with high yield productive tillers per plant recorded very high genetic advance as per for both submergence and non submergence condition. IET21465, cent mean.Cellulose content before submergence was maximum in AC38575, AC35323, IET21330 and IET6074 are the significantly IET21330 (251.40 mg/g) and minimum in KHP-10 (207.50 mg/g). superior, stable, physiological and molecularlevel.

212 AGRONOMY Performance of aerobic rice based intercropping system through fertigation technique in Southern transition zone of Karnataka REKHA BADALINGAPPANAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. K. VEERANNA

Field experiment on performance of aerobic rice based intercropping 100 per cent RDF supplemented with foliar spray of one per cent system through fertigation technique was conducted during each 19:19:19 and 13:0:45 at maximum tillering stage and grain filling Kharif2015-16 and 2016-17 atShivamogga. First experiment consists stage, respectivelyrecorded significantly higher grain (39.39 q ha-1) of two land configuration techniques and five intercropping systems and straw yield (49.92 q ha-1) thereby achieved 14.57 and 13.55 per laid in split plot design with three replications. Second experiment cent higher compared to 75 per cent RDF with same dose of foliar was laid in FRCBD on five intercropping systems to evaluate two fertilization. Among different intercrops rice+french bean and rice + levels of fertilizerssupplemented with foliar fertilization under rainfed carrot gave significantly higher rice equivalent yield of 78.36 q ha-1 conditions. The results revealed that, raised bed method recorded (73.32%) and 73.25 q ha-1 (62.02%), respectively compared to sole higher rice yield of 55.09 q ha-1 (10 % higher) and water productivity crop of rice (45.21 q ha-1) with monitory advantage of ` 42,481 and of 118.28 kg ha-cm-1 (11% higher) over flatbed method. Among 40,203 ha-1, respectively there by achievied higher B:C (3.93 and different intercrops, rice+french bean and rice+carrotrecorded 68.64 3.71) compared to sole crop of rice. Cultivation of aerobic rice through and 62.62 per cent higher rice equivalent yield with monetary fertigation registered 42.99 and 100.32 per cent higher yield and water advantage of ¹ 69,560 and 70,829 ha-1, respectively and hence achieved productivity, respectively and achieved 61.08, 72.83 and 72.83 per cent higher B:C (3.20 and 2.92) compared to sole crop of rice. Aerobic rice use efficiency of NPK respectively, over conventional method of grown under rainfed situation indicated that, treatment receiving fertilizers under rainfed conditions.

SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY

Soil quality and other properties as influenced by different land use systems in Jambadahalla subwatershed, Tarikere, Chikkamagaluru district B. NETHRAVATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. S. VAGEESH

An investigation was under taken at University of Agricultural and cultivated maize land use system. Among the various land use systems Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga during the period of 2014 to 2016 studied in black soils significantly higher levels of water stable aggregates to study the soil quality and related other properties as influenced by (WSA), organic carbon stock (OCS) were recorded in maize land use different land use systems in Jambadahalla subwatershed, Tarikere, system (72.36 % and 24.20 Mg ha-1 respectively) as it is followed on Chikkamagaluru district. Based on soil type and cropping pattern deep, clayey textured soils and the lowest values in the potato land use assessment soil sampling was done on the basis of management zones system. Natural forest (0.46) followed by eucalyptus land use system and they were analysed for physical, chemical and biological properties. (0.42) recorded highest soil quality index and maize land use system Soil profile studies were taken up, ten profiles were excavated and (0.32) recorded the lowest soil quality index among the different land studied in the field for their morphological features and they were use systems practised on red soils. The principal component analysis analysed for chemical and biological properties. physical, chemical and identified eight soil attributes including OC, Fe, Zn, and MWD contained biological properties as influenced by different land use systems viz., in eight PCs accounting for an overall cumulative variance of natural forest, eucalyptus, arecanut, coconut, potato and maize were 81.5 per cent. Maize land use system recorded highest soil quality studied under red soils whereas in black soils four different land use index (0.40) and potato the lowest soil quality index (0.28) among the systems viz., arecanut, coconut, potato and maize were studied. different land use systems practised on black soils. The principal Laboratory incubation studies were carried out for a period of 60 days component analysis identified seven soil attributes including TC, Mn, to study the effect of different land use systems on mineralisation of Ca and MWD contained in seven PCs accounting for an overall added N in soils. Physical, chemical and biological properties of soils cumulative variance of 82 per cent. Organic carbon with highest under different land use systems determined in red and black soils were communality factor of 97 per cent was the major contributor towards the used to develop soil quality indices (SQI). The results indicated that variance in soil quality index among all the soil attributes studied in among the various land use systems studied in red soils significantly both red and black soils. Soil organic carbon and bulk density recorded higher levels of water stable aggregates (WSA), organic carbon stock very high communality value in the present study and hence it is implied (OCS), total microbial activity (TMA) and other properties were that soil management practices need to be adopted at the farm level that recorded in forest land use systems (77.5%, 24.23 Mg ha-1 and 37.9 mg increase the efficiency of organic matter cycling and maintain favorable -1 -1 CO2-C kg day ) and lowest values were recorded in the intensively soil structure to improve the soil quality.

213 AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Reproductive status, burrowing behaviour and nonchemical management of Leucopholis spp. (Scarabaeidae:Coleoptera) infesting arecanut S. K. ADARSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K. SHIVANNA

Investigations on the reproductive status of adult beetles emerged and of EPNs such as Soldier, Grub terminator and Calterm super were their burrowing behaviour was conducted between 2015 and 2017. found to be moderately effective against white grubs. Plant products Various nonchemical management strategies were also evaluated under also reduced the grub population which was not significant. However, field condition. Peak emergence of females was observed between 18:40- in all the experiments, insecticide i.e., Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1.5ml/ 19:20 hrs, when light intensity fell to 83.62 lux. The highest number of palm was found to be most promising followed by Chlorpyriphos males approached to virgin female at 18:50 hrs (15.99 lux) and terminated 20 EC 6ml/palm. Underground drainage system with gravel soil and at 19:20hrs (0.26 lux). Leucopholis lepidophora showed a unique mating stone application was most effective among all the treatments and behaviour with copulation period of 74.60 ± 6.61 min. Most of the recorded the lowest larval population both around the palms emerged beetles were virgin females (51.62%). Among the different (0.74 larvae/palm) and in between the palms (0.43 larvae/palm). female-baited traps evaluated, bucket trap with the plastic box was Application of gravel soil and stone did not affect the physical property, found to be significantly superior (14.14±0.9 males/trap/week). Mated chemical property and major nutrients like ‘Phosphorus’ and ‘Potassium’ females found to burrow deeper than male and virgin female beetles. except ‘Nitrogen’ in the soil. Insecticidal spray (Imidacloprid 17.8 SL Evaluation of different commercial formulations of entomopathogenic @ 0.50ml/lit) with flooding for eight days brought the larvae to an nematodes, bioagents and plant products indicated Bacillus thuringiensis upper surface of 15 cm and reduced the grub population of both 20g/palm was found to be effective whereas commercial formulations L. lepidophora and L. burmeisteri.

Taxonomy, distribution and diversity of Termite (Isoptera) Fauna of Western Ghats A. S. VIDYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. KALLESHWARASWAMY

Western Ghats is one of the important biodiversity hot spots in the termite species collected in the study area. The morphological world, rich in flora and fauna including insects. The diversity of termites identification is consistent with the molecular findings. Statistically from this region has been poorly described. Studies were made to identify distinct 16S rRNA profiles were observed in Amitermitinae, the species diversity existing in Western Ghats with their distribution Macrotermitinae, Nasutitermitinae and Rhinoterminae. Species pattern. A total of 42 termite species belonging to 13 genera and six diversity and richness varied across three habitats. The forest habitat subfamilies under two families viz., Rhinotermitidae and Termitidae were had more number of species (12) than plantation habitat (10) and recorded. Termitidae was the most dominant family which represented pasture habitat (7). Distribution maps were developed for all collected 97.99 per cent with 37 species in eleven genera. Among the subfamilies, species, however, the following species recorded in only one locality Macrotermitinae contributed the highest (81.11%) followed by which includes Coptotermeskishori, C. heimi, Heterotermesbalwanti, Amitermitinae (7.36%), Nasutitermitinae (6.68%), Termitinae (2.84%), Eurytermesbuddha, E. assmuthiassmuthi,O. bhagwatii, O. globicola, Coptotermitinae (1.34%) and Heterotermitinae (0.67%) in the overall O. horni, O. peshawarensis, Nasutitermesgardneri, collections. Highest number of species (18) collected belongs to two Trinervitermesnigrirostris, Angulitermes fletcheri and genera, namely Microtermes and Odontotermes of the subfamily Dicuspiditermesincola. All the collected specimens were deposited in Macrotermitinae. An illustrated identification key was developed for the Department of Entomology, UAHS, Shivamogga.

Survey, comparative development of rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. in different split legumes and its management using botanicals and modified atmospheric methods NANDINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. MANJUNATHA

During 2015-17 an investigation was carried out at the Department of to management of S. oryzae in split field bean dhal, among the Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of different concentrations of tested plant products, sweet flag rhizome Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga and Department powder at one per cent was found to be significantly superior of Processing and Food Engineering, College of Agricultural followed by cashew nut shell powder. Evaluation of two formulations Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur on Sitophilus of different plant products revealed that, solid formulation was oryzae L. in different split legumes. The survey of rice weevil, found to be significantly superior compared to gel formulation. S. oryzae infestation and its larval parasitoid, Theocolax elegans However, sweet flag rhizome powder at one per cent was found as (Westwood) was known to exist only on the split field bean dhal, effective as malathion (standard check). The effect of modified split red gram dhal and split bengal gram dhal. Among the tested split atmospheric gas concentrations showed that M1 (80% N2: 0% O2: legumes, the comparative development of rice weevil, S. oryzae was 20% CO2) found to be significantly superior. Whereas, the effect of better in split field bean dhal being the most highly preferred host. modified atmospheric gas (O2 and CO2) concentrations along with

The physical and biochemical analysis revealed that there was sweet flag rhizome powder at one per cent revealed that T1 (80% significant increase in adult population, protein, ash and moisture N2: 0% O2: 20% CO2 + SF 1%) was significantly superior with cent content and reduction in fat, fiber and carbohydrates. With respect per cent mortality and no weight loss.

214 PLANT PATHOLOGY Diversity of Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs. and genetics of resistance vis-à-vis integrated management of turcicum leaf blight in Maize T. G. MANU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. GANGADHARA NAIK

Maize is third major cereal crop of India.Among the diseases affecting were found to be resistant to the TLB diseaseat both the locations maize, turcicum leaf blight (TLB) caused by Exserohilum turcicum is and during both the years. The six generation mean analysis indicated of worldwide importance. Survey for the incidence of turcicum leaf the significance of additive, dominance and additive x additive gene blight revealed that, the highest PDI among seven districts was noticed effects for TLB andbased on the opposite signs of [h] and [l] gene in Chickmagaluru district. Thirty two isolates from different parts of effects indicated the presence of duplicate gene interaction in the southern Karnataka showed significant differences in relation to radial genetic control of turcicum leaf blight in the crosses CML 502 x CML growth, colony character, pigmentation and spore characters on potato 511 and CM 202 X CML 509.The SSR marker, bmc1767acts as dextrose medium.Shivamogga isolate was found to be fast growing dominant marker and is tightly linked to the resistant trait against and carrot agar, rye agar A, potato dextrose broth and Richard’s broth TLB. Among the fungicides, Tebuconazole, Propineb and Carbendazim were found to be better media. In nutritional studies, mannose and 12% + Mancozeb 63%, whereas, amongthe botanicals, garlic bulb asperginewere found to be the best carbon and nitrogen sources extract and bio-agent Trichoderma harzianum -2 were found to be respectively. Molecular variability studies showed that the primers effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of E. turcicum in-vitro. In SSR 23 and SSR 24 were polymorphicand variability exists among field conditions, spraying of Propiconazole showed least PDI with the isolates. Screening of germplasm revealed that, only nine lines more yield and BC ratio in both years and at both locations.

Investigation on Ginger rhizome rot complex with special emphasis on Ralstonia solanacearum (E.F. Smith) Yabuuchi et al., in Southern transition zone of Karnataka H. NAGARAJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. NARAYANASWAMY

Rhizome rot complex is one of the major constraint in ginger 12 genotypes showed susceptible reaction both under field and cultivation. causing heavy economic loss. In present investigations glass house condition. Among the botanicals, bioagents and carried out on various aspects of ginger rhizome rot caused by antibacterial chemicals tested against R. solanacearum, neem leaf R. solanacearum during 2014 to 2016 with respect to survey, extract at 20% ( 12.43 mm), Pseudomonas fluorescens (Shivamogga identification characters and management. During 2014-15 and 2015-16 isolate) (16.85 mm) and streptocycline + copper oxychloride at 500 survey, the maximum disease incidence of 29.54% and 30.56% and + 300 ppm (29.38 mm ) were found superior and showed maximum the minimumof 15.87% and 17.74% were recorded in Shivamogga inhibition zone under in vitro condition. Integrated management of and Bidar districts respectively.The isolated bacterium was rhizome rot under filed condition, rhizomes treated with confirmed as R. solanacearum, gram negative, rod shaped. The Streptocycline @ 0.5 g + COC @ 3.0 g/lit of water + soil application bacterial colonies on TZC medium exhibited white with light pinkish with neem cake 3q/ha followed by drenching with bleaching powder center and highly fluidal with copious slime. Biochemical characters (33%) @ 2.0 g/lit + Metalaxy l MZ @ 1.0 g/lit for three time at revealed that, the bacterium showed positive for acid production 20 days intervals + Ginger special spray 45 DAS for three time at from maltose, sucrose and dextrose, starch hydrolysis, hydrogen 20 days interval starting with initiation of the disease was effective sulphide production, gelatin liquefaction, gas production, KOH and recorded less disease incidence of 14.23 per cent with higher solubility test, urease test and catalase test. Among thirteen ginger yield of 110.27 q/h compared to other treatments and control. There genotypes (IISR, Calicut)screened against bacterial rhizome rot was significant increase in the percent germination of rhizomes in complex, Varada genotype showed moderately resistant and other solarized plot when compared to non solarized plot.

Studies on Pomegranate wilt complex incited by Ceratocystis fimbriata Ell. and Halst. and Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and Chitwood H. S. IMRAN KHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA

Pomegranate wilt complex incited by Ceratocystis fimbriata and formed which separated Cf-R from rest of the isolates, The isolates Meloidogyne incognita is one of the important diseases which affect from Cf-Ct, Cf-H, Cf-K, Cf-T and Cf-B were grouped in second cluster. the crop in major growing regions of Karnataka. The disease was noticed While,third cluster consisting of isolates Cf-B, Cf-C and Cf-V. The in all districts surveyed in Karnataka, ranging from 17.11 per cent in average polymorphism percentage ranged from 33.33 to 83.20 per cent. Chickmagalur district to 33.91 per cent in Koppal district. Maximum RAPD profiles showed a high level of genetic variability among the incidence of wilt was observed in red sandy loam (38.40%) and maximum isolates of C. fimbriata. Propiconazole recorded cent per cent inhibition soil population of Meloidogyne incognita recorded in Koppal district of mycelial growth of C. fimbriata followed by hexaconazole. with RKI of 5.0. Cultural studies revealed that malt extract agar was Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride were found to be the found to be the best source for growth of all the isolates. Interaction most effective under in vitro. Application of propiconazole along with studies revealed combined inoculation of C. fimbriata andM. incognita carbofuran, neemcake and microbial consortium of T. harzianum and recorded least shoot, root growth and fastened the wilt incidence. P. fluorescens along with vermicompost were found effective in reducing Dendrogram obtained from RAPD analysis indicated three major clusters the incidence of wilt complex disease with highest BC ratio of 2.23.

215 Morphological and morphometrical studies of Meloidogyne graminicola under different soil types of major rice growing states of India H. B. NARASIMHAMURTHY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA

Of late, rice root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne graminicola) has and bhendiwhere no galls were observed on these cultivars. emerged as a major threat throughout the world and it has occupied a However,North Carolina tomato cv. Rutgers was infected by this place of ‘National Pest’ owing to its severity. This is a major constraint M. graminicola, hence, it is an indication of occurrence of new species/ in successful rice cultivation leading to significant loss to the rice race in this location. Survival of M. graminicola studies revealed that, grower. Studieswere carried out with respect to morphology, the location having sandy loamy soil, acidic soil pH, with least soil morphometrics, identification of races, survival strategies under organic carbon, higher nitrogen, lower phosphorous and potassium different soil and moisture regimes, galling pattern, biology and with higher moisture content in the soil which recorded higher nematode management using biocontrol agents.Morphological and population. Different galling patterns were observed from different morphometrical comparisons were made for 12 populations of locations,which may be the indication of new races/ species in rice. In M. graminicola, collected from different agro-ecological regions of biology study, second stage juveniles were attracted to the roots and India namely, Gujarat, Hyderabad, Assam, New Delhi, Orissa, Uttar moved towards the root tip. The infective second stage juveniles of Pradesh and different districts of Karnataka viz., Shivamogga, Mandya, M. graminicola entered the rice roots within 24 hrs of inoculation and Davanagere, Chikmagaluru, Kodagu and Udupi in respect of eggs, they started feeding and became stationary. The duration of second, second stage juveniles and females by employing Duncan’s Multiple third, fourth and adult female stages lasted for 1-5, 6-8, 9-12 and Range Test and Multivariate Analysis with standardized Canonical 28 days, respectively. The total life cycle including the preparasitic discriminant function. Out of 12 M. graminicola populations, three stage was 25-28 days. Among different bioagents tested, application populations namely, New Delhi, Shivamogga and Hyderabad appeared of consortium of P. fluorescens+ T. harzianum was found effective quite different from typical M. graminicola. In host range studies, all in reducing the incidence of M.graminicola with highest BC ratio the tested cultivars were infected by M. graminicola, except cotton of 1:1.32.

216 MASTER OF SCIENCE

A. CROP SCIENCES GENETICS AND PLANT BREEDING

Assessment of genetic variability in segregating generation (F2) of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) K. H. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR

The present investigation in rice (Oryza sativa L.) was undertaken high genetic advance as per cent mean for spikelet fertility, test weight, during Kharif, 2016 at College of Agriculture, Navile, UAHS, plant height, harvest index, grain yield per plant, grain length, number Shivamogga, to study variability parameters, character association, of productive tillers per plant, number of tillers per plant and L:B path analysis, and identification of transgressive segregants in respect ratio indicating additive gene action in their genetic control. Grain yield per plant was exhibited positive significant correlation with of grain yield and its component traits in F2 population of MO4 x Puttabatta cross. The distribution pattern indicated large number of test weight, harvest index, number of productive tillers per plant, genes with dominance based complementary interaction in the number of grains per panicle, plant height, spikelet fertility and panicle inheritance of plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of length. Path analysis in F2 generation indicated the positive direct productive tillers per plant, number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet effect for number of grains per panicle, number of productive tillers fertility, grain yield per plant and L:B ratio and duplicate type of per plant, harvest index, test weight, grain length, days to 50 per cent interaction was noticed for panicle length, test weight and harvest flowering, number of tillers per plant and plant height. Superior index. GCV and PCV values were relatively higher for grain yield per desirable transgressive segregants (MP-312, MP-319, MP-299, plant, number of productive tillers per plant, number of tillers per MP-243, MP-238, MP-291, MP-200, MP-242, MP-237 and plant, harvest index and grain breadth. High heritability coupled with MP-215) were identified in the cross for advancing to the next generation.

Studies on variability, diversity and characterization of genotypes in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) JYOTI PRABHULINGA JIRANKALI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. GANGAPRASAD

The present investigation in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) was branches, fruit length, number of fruits per cluster and fruit diameter undertaken during kharif season of 2016. Hundred brinjal genotypes on total yield per plant. Mahalanobis D2 analysis grouped 100 along with two checks were evaluated in Augmented design in genotypes of brinjal into four clusters. The cluster III showed University of Horticultural and Agricultural Sciences, Shivamogga. maximum intra-cluster distance and maximum inter-cluster distance Analysis of variance revealed high significant differences among was observed between clusters II and III, these genotypes can be genotypes for fifteen out of nineteen characters studied. High chosen for further breeding programme through hybridization. Yield estimates of PCV, GCV, heritability coupled with high genetic contributed maximum to the genetic diversity followed by leaf area, advance were observed for fruit weight, number of fruits per cluster fruit borer infestation, fruit weight, Plant spread, days to first fruit and shoot borer infestation. Hence indicating high variability for maturity. Characterization for qualitative and quantitative characters these traits and selection for these traits may be effective. Correlation showed high variability among the genotypes, based on different studies revealed significant and positive association for total yield characters related to spines, flower, stem, leaf and fruit. The per plant with fruit weight, number of primary branches, fruit length, genotypes performing well can be released as a variety or it can be number of fruits per cluster, fruit diameter. Path analysis studies put to further use in the breeding programme as a breeding line by revealed high direct effects for fruit weight, number of primary the breeder.

Assessment of genetic diversity of rice genotypes for submergence tolerance in rainfed lowlands G. LAHARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR

The present investigation was carried out atCollege of Agriculture, plant and absolute growth rate. Correlation studies revealed highly Shivamogga during summer 2016 to screen 107 rice genotypes including positive significant association of grain yield per plant with number 4 checks (FR13A, Swarna Sub1, Hemavathi and Jyothi) for their of tillers per plant, number of productive tillers per plant, number of survival ability under submergence using Augmented design. Among spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and straw 107 genotypes, 49 genotypes with higher survival percentage were yield per plant.The highest positive direct effect on grain yield was selectedand laid out using Randomized Complete Block Design with observed in straw yield per plant and harvest index. Using Mahalanobis two replications under submergence during kharif 2016 for evaluating D2, 49 genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. The maximum genetic variability, character association, path analysis and genetic inter cluster distance was observed betweencluster VII and cluster divergence for thirteen traits. The analysis of variance revealed a VIII. Among all the characters,absolute growth rate had maximum significant difference among the genotypes for all the characters under contribution towards genetic divergence. Hence from the present study. High PCV and GCV coupled with high heritability and high investigation three promising genotypes viz., IET 19171, IET 17393 GAM was recorded in number of tillers per plant, number of and IET 18508 have been identified as high yielding submergence productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant, straw yield per tolerant rice varieties.

217 Genetics of yield and yield parameters in FCV (Flue Cured Virginia) Tobacco hybrids (Nicotiana tabacum L.) MEGHA GANACHARI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. D. MOHAN KUMAR

The present investigation was conducted to assess the combining (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) variances were highly ability, gene action and heterosis in respect to leaf yield and its significant for almost all the characters indicating the importance of component charactersthrough 6 x 6 diallel mating design involving both additive and non additive gene actions. Parents and F1 hybrids thirty hybrids (developed through full diallel) and six parents in differed significantly for GCA and SCA effects for all the characters FCV tobacco during kharif 2016 at ZAHRS,CoA, Shivamogga. The respectively. The ratios of GCA:SCA variance revealed the analysis of variance indicated significant amount of variability among predominance of non-additive gene action in the inheritance of all genotypes for sixteen quantitative characters studied except for the the traits and these traits can be improved for combining ability characters like number of leaves per plant, reducing sugar and nicotine through heterosis breeding. Study on the combining ability revealed content.Heterosis was recorded for leaf yield and its component that the parents Kanchan, FCH-222 and Tobios-6 were found to be characters andthe studyon standard heterosis revealed that five best general combiners for cured leaf yield than others. The highest hybrids viz., 6 x 1, 3 x 1, 2 x 1, 4 x 1 and 6 x 2 exhibited significant significant positive SCA effect was observed in the cross 2 x 4 positive heterosis for cured leaf yield over bestcommercial check followed by 1 x 3, 6 x 1, 1 x 4 and 1 x 5 for cured leaf yield. These Kanchan. Combining ability analysis was carried out for leaf yield hybrids were found to be suitable for obtaining higher cured leaf andits components in FCV tobacco. Both general combining ability yield in FCV tobacco.

Assessment of variability and genetic divergence in Cucumber (Cucumis Sativus L.) MEGHA VIDYARANYA HOSAMANI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. GANGAPRASAD

Thirty five diverse genotypes of cucumber collected from different correlation with leaf length, leaf breadth, petiole length, no of female indigenous sources were planted in Augmented design, during kharif per node, number of male per node, vine length, number of branches of 2016 at ZAHRS, CoA, Shivamogga and were assessed to know per vine, node number at which male appears, fruit length, whereas the variability, correlation, path analysis and divergence for different positive significant correlation was observed for number of nodes yield related traits. The analysis of variance indicated significant per vine, fruit weight and number of fruits per vine. Phenotypic amount of variability among genotypes for nineteen quantitative path co-efficient analysis for fruit yield per plant revealed that the characters studied.The high value of GCV and PCV was observed characters like fruit weight and number of fruits per plant have high for characters like fruit weight, number of fruits per vine and yield positive direct effect towards yield. The genotypes were grouped per vine. Low GCV and PCV was observed for days to first female into two clusters and highest intracluster distance was found in flowering, days to first male flower, internodal length, days to first cluster II (479.96). Intercrossing the genotypes from these two fruit harvest and vine length. High heritability estimates coupled clusters generate wider variability and is expected to throw high with high genetic gain were observed for fruit weight, no of fruits yielding transgressive segregants in a population improvement per vine and yield per vine. Total fruit yield per vine had positive programme.

Studies on genetic diversity for drought tolerance in local land races of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under aerobic condition G. T. NAVYA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. M. DUSHYANTHA KUMAR

Rice is the principle food crop for more than half of the world’s with yield under drought condition. Phenotypic path-coefficient analysis population. The frequent occurrences of abiotic stress are the key to revealed that test weight in drought and number of spikelets per panicle decreased productivity of rice. Drought is identified as the major abiotic under control showed highest direct effect on yield per plant and among stress affecting the yield of rice.The present study was undertaken to physiological characters root length under drought and control condition evaluate 49 local land races of rice including checks in field and PVC exhibited highest direct effect on yield. Using Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics, pipes for screening drought tolerant genotypes, assessing genetic genotypes were grouped into eightclusters, wide genetic variability variability, correlation, path coefficients and genetic divergence under was indicated by the intra and inter cluster distances. Maximum inter control and drought condition. ANOVA revealed highly significant cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and cluster VIII under difference for all the characters. Yield per plant was significantly and drought condition and between cluster VII and VIII under control positively associated with productive tillers per plant, number of condition. Based on yield and yield attributes results under both drought spikelets per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, seed filling and control conditions the genotypes Sannavaalya, Manjakaime, per cent and test weight. Physiological characters like chlorophyll JGL-1798, Gangadace, Madras sanna and Najarbadwere recommended content, relative water content, proline content, root length, root to for drought tolerance breeding programme as well as adoption under shoot ratio and root volume showed significant positive correlation drought stress condition.

218 Heterosis and combining ability studies for yield and yield attributing traits in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) NIKHILA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. H. GOWDA

The present investigation was conducted to assess the heterosis and ability (SCA) variances were highly significant for almost all the combining ability in brinjal with respect to yield and yield attributing characters indicating the importance of both additive and non-additive traits through line x tester mating design. Seven lines and three testers gene actions. SCA variances were higher than the GCA variances were crossed to develop twenty-one F1 hybrids during kharif – 2016 except for three characters, indicating non-additive gene action in and were evaluated during rabi 2016-17 at ZAHRS, CoA, Shivamogga. most of the traits and these traits can be improved by heterosis The analysis of variance due to genotypes was highly significant for breeding. These hybrids would be advantageous for production and most of the characters except for plant spread. Heterosis was recorded quality improvement. The three characters like plant height, fruit for yield and yield attributing traits and the top five hybrids viz., Bili length and fruit length to diameter ratio showed additive gene action chandu badane x Mullugai badane, Bili udda badane x Mullugai badane, which can be improved by reciprocal recurrent selection. The parents 40 A badane x Mullugai badane, Desi jawari badane x Mullugai badane like Bili udda badane, Nati badane and Mullugai badane showed highly and Nati badane x Mullugai badane exhibited significant positive significant positive GCA effects, the crosses Thailand badane x Dodda heterosis for yield per plant over standard check. Combining ability mullina badane, Sakleshpur badane x Dodda mullina badane and Bili analysis was carried out for fruit yield and yield attributing traits in chandu badane x Mullugai badane showed the highly significant brinjal. Both general a combining ability (GCA) and specific combining positive SCA effects for the yield per plant.

Genetic investigation on end-of season drought stress in advanced breeding lines of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) G. CHANDRASHEKHARA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. HARISH BABU

The present investigation focused on the study of morphological, index, oil content and root to shoot ratio. The results of path analysis physiological and biochemical response of forty groundnut genotypes reflected that, the yield related traits viz., relative water content, phenolic under both managed drought stress (end season drought stress) and content of leaves, oil content, root to shoot ratio, plant height, number normal moisture conditions was conducted at College of Horticulture, of secondary branches per plant, number of mature pods per plant, Hiriyur using randomized complete block design with two replications. number of immature pods per plant, number of kernels per plant, test The analysis of variance revealed the existence of highly significant weight, kernel yield per plant, fresh seedling weight, harvest index and differences among the genotypes under study for all the traits studied. days to maturity had direct positive effect on pod yield under moisture A wide range of variability and high heritability coupled with high stressed field condition. The genotypes Dh - 234, R - 2001 - 3, genetic advance were recorded for most of the yield contributing traits. ICGV - 15151, ICGV - 15138, SB - 14, ICGV - 15145, ICGV - 15154, The association studies revealed that, pod yield per plant showed ICGV - 15146, ICGV - 15159 and ICGV - 15158 have been identified significant positive correlation with number of mature pods per plant, as drought tolerant genotypes in view of their better drought tolerance number of immature pods per plant, number of pods per plant, number ability and these can be used as donor parents to develop drought of kernels per plant, kernel yield per plant, fresh seedling weight, harvest tolerant varieties in further breeding programme.

Variability studies in segregating populations of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L).Walp) H. K. SHEELA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. H. GOWDA

The present investigation in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata(L).Walp.) pod, test weight and seed yield per plant in both generation of both the was undertaken during 2015-2016 at ZAHRS, Shimogga to study the crosses.The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that number of variability parameters, correlation, path analysis and to identify clusters per plant, total number of pods per plant and test weight superior segregants in F2 and F3segregating populations of the crosses showing significant positive association with seed yield in F2 and F3 of UAHS 47 X UAHS 34 for brown population and UAHS 58 X North both the crosses.In the path analysis the characters like number of bold for white population. F2, F3 and parental cultivars were evaluated pods per plant and test weight showed highest positive direct effect on for 12 quantitative characters and statistical parameters were estimated. seed yield.The diversity analysis between families in F3 revealed that The high GCV and PCV were observed for seed yield per plant, the selection of families from the clusters formed will helps us to retain number of pods per plant, plant height, number of clusters per plant the variability present in the families by reducing the families’ number. and test weight in F2 and F3of both the crosses.Heritability and genetic Transgressive families were selected in F3 for further generation. The advance over mean were higher for plant height, number of primary selection for the seed yield along with number of clusters per plant, branches, number of secondary branches, number of clusters per total number of pods per plant and test weight will be highly reliable plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per for developing high yielding genotypes in further generations.

219 Variability and character association in F3 generation of FCV (Flue Cured Virginia) Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) SHUBHA K. NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. D. MOHAN KUMAR

The present investigation was carried out at ZAHRS, UAHS, with high genetic advance as percent mean was observed for plant Shivamogga during 2016-2017 Kharif season to study the genetic height, chlorophyll content, specific leaf weight, internodal length, variability, heritability, genetic advance, character association and path number of leaves per plant, leaf breadth, leaf area per plant, green leaf analysis in respect of cured leaf yield and its conributing traits in F3 yield, cured leaf yield, top grade equivalent and reducing sugar. The generation of FCV (Flue Cured Virginia) tobacco cross TB-70 x component characters viz., green leaf yield, top grade equivalent, stem

TB-102. The mean and variance in sixteen quantitative characters in F3 girth, number of leaves per plant, leaf length, leaf area per plant, plant generation of the cross TB-70 x TB-102 indicated wide variability height and leaf breadth exhibited significant positive correlation with among the families for all the traits viz., leaf area per plant, internodal each other and also with cured leaf yield. Path analysis in F3 generation length, plant height, chlorophyll content, specific leaf weight, number indicated maximum positive direct effect of number of leaves per plant, of leaves, leaf length, leaf breadth, green leaf yield, cured leaf yield, top top grade equivalent, leaf breadth, leaf length and green leaf yield on grade equivalent, reducing sugar content and nicotine content. GCV and cured leaf yield. In the present investigation superior promising individual

PCV values were relatively higher for leaf area per plant. Heritability families were identified in F3 generation. Therefore, for improving cured estimates were high for all the characters investigated except for nicotine leaf yield selection may be based on characters which have shown content which exhibited moderate heritability. High heritability combined positive direct association with cured leaf yield.

Studies on genetic variability in segregating generation of Green gram VEERASENA REDDY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SHIVANNA

The present investigation in green gram(Vignaradiata(L). Wilczek.) per plant, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per was undertaken during 2015-2016 at ZAHRS, Shivamogga to study podand seed yield per plant in both population of both the crosses. the variability parameters, correlation, path analysis and to identify The correlation coefficient analysis revealed that number of clusters superior segregants in F2segregating populations of the crosses MLS per plantand total number of pods per plant showing significant x UAHS bold and MLS x BOLD-2. F2, and parental cultivars were positive association with seed yield in F2generation of both the crosses. evaluated for 12 quantitative characters and statistical parameters In the path analysis the characters like number of pods per plant and were estimated. The high GCV and PCV were observed for seed yield pods per cluster showed highest positive direct effect on seed yield. per plant, number of pods per plant, plant height, and number of Transgressive families were selected in F2 for further generation. The clusters per plant in F2population of both the crosses.Heritability selection for the seed yield along with number of clusters per plant and genetic advance over mean were higher for plant height, number and total number of pods per plant will be highly reliable for of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of clusters developing high yielding genotypes in further generations.

Assessment of genotypes x environment interaction in advanced breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) VITTAL TAPASI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. MALLESHAPPA

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) isone of the staple food crops of the world. The with grain yield at phenotypic level. Harvest index had the highest present study was undertaken to evaluate twenty advanced breeding positive direct effect on grain yield, whereas highest positive indirect lines in a Randomized Complete Clock Design with two replications effect on grain yields by number of grains per panicle via number of during Kharif 2016 at six locations viz, AHRS, Kattalagere,College of spikelets per panicle. Using Mahalanobis’ D2 statistics, advanced Agriculture (CoA), Shivamogga, AHRS, Honnavile. ZAHRS, Mudigere. breeding lines were grouped into five clusters, cluster I consists highest AHRS, Bavikere and AHRS, Ponnampetefor variability, diversity and number of advanced breeding lines. Days to maturity and plant height stability for yield and its components. ANOVA revealed significant had highest contribution towards the genetic diversity. The advanced differences among all the advanced breeding lines for all the characters breeding line JA-6-2 is identified as the stable variety for grain yield in studied. High range of variation, PCV, GCV and high heritability coupled all the six locations, whereas JT-2-16-1 (AHRS, Kattalagere), JT-2-22-5 with high GAM was observed for days to fifty per cent flowering, (CoA shivamogga), JA-4-3 (AHRS,Honnavile), JT-2-15-1 (ZAHRS, days to maturity, plant height, and grain yield. Plant height, number of Mudigere), JB-1-20-2 (AHRS, Bavikere) and JK-1-7-5 (AHRS, tillers, number of productive tillers,number of grains per panicle, test Ponnampete) are identified as stable lines for specific locations for weight, harvest index and straw yield had significant positive association grain yield.

220 AGRONOMY Performance of Little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem & Schult.) genotypes for different dates of sowing M. R. ANUSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. T. BASAVARAJ NAIK

A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, UAHS, local recorded significantly higher number of tillers (12.8), leaf area Shivamogga during kharif 2016 to study the performance of little (471.44 cm2 plant-1), total dry weight (23.25 g plant-1), leaf area index milletgenotypes for different dates of sowing. The experiment was (1.57), grain yield (1283 kg ha-1) and stover yield (1542 kg ha-1) laid out with in split plot design with three replications. There were followed by OLM-203 which recorded higher leaf area (408.02 cm2 twelve treatment combinations comprised of four dates of sowing plant-1), total dry weight (16.18 g plant-1), leaf area index (1.36), grain (July last week, August 1st week, August 2nd week and August 3rd yield (1016 kg ha-1) and stover yield (1232 kg ha-1), respectively. week) and three varieties (Hiriyur local, BL-6 and OLM-203) as main However, Hiriyur local sown on July last week recorded higher net and subplots respectively. Among the dates of sowing, July last week returns (` 43,782 ha-1) and BC ratio (1.98) followed by OLM-203, sown crop recorded significantly higher plant height (98.70 cm), total whichrecordednet returnsof ` 20,963 ha-1and BC ratio 1.46. Study dry weight (23.36 g plant-1), leaf area (461.91 cm2 plant-1), leaf area revealed that superiority of Hiriyur local at different tested dates of index (1.54), grain yield (1290 kg ha-1) and stover yield (1569 kg ha-1) sowing. As an alternative OLM-203 with July last week or for delayed compared to other dates of sowing. Among the varieties tested Hiriyur situations may be considered. Effect of water soluble fertilizers and molybdenum on rainfed Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Southern Transition zone of Karnataka K. T. GOWDESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYANA S. MAVARKAR

A field experiment entitled Effect of water soluble fertilizers and @ 6 g kg-1 seed, The experiment was laid out in RCBD with replicated molybdenum on rainfed groundnut (Arachishypogaea L.) under thrice. The result revealed RNMP + Seed treatment with ammonium Southern Transition Zone of Karnataka was conducted during kharif molybdate@ 6 g kg-1 seed + Foliar application of NPK (18:18:18) @ season of 2015 at the college of Agriculture, Navile, Shivamogga, on 2% at 30 DAS + Foliar application of Multi-K @ 2% at 45 DAS red clay loam soil land which was low in nitrogen, medium in available (T14)recorded significantly higher plant height (35.07 cm), number of phosphorous, low in available potassium. There were fourteen branches per plant (10.90), number of leaves per plant (48.10), leaf 2 trarments comprising T1: RDNPK alone (25 kg N 50 kg P2O5 and area per plant (13.57 dm ), number of pods per plant (25.97), 100 -1 -1 25 kg K2O ha ),T2: RNMP + Seed treatment with ammonium kernel weight (38.67 g), haulm yield (32.17 q ha ), kernel yield -1 -1 -1 molybdate @ 6 g kg seed,T3: RNMP + Foliar application of NPK (19.67 q ha ), pod yield (26.83 q ha ), shelling percentage (73.77), oil -1 (18:18:18) @ 1% at 30 and 45 DAS,T4:T3 + Seed treatment with content (46.83%), oil yield (917 kg ha ), harvest index (31%) compared -1 ammonium molybdate @ 6 g kg seed,T5: RNMP + Foliar application to other treatments. Similarly, available nutrients (280.03, 29.10, -1 -1 of Multi-K@ 1% at 30 and 45 DAS,T6:T5+ Seed treatment with 166.10, 0.23 N, P2O5, K2O kg ha and Mo mg kg , respectively) ammonium molybdate @ 6 g kg-1seed T : RNMP + Foliar application nutrient uptake (49.03, 11.61, 45.47, 1.06 N, P O , K O kg ha-1 and g , 7 2 5 2 of NPK (18:18:18) @ 2% at 30 and 45 DAS, T :T + Seed treatment ha-1respectively) and were higher gross return (` 1, 20, 750 ha-1). 8 7 -1 with ammonium molybdate @ 6 g kg seed, T9: RNMP + Foliar However, due to higher unit cost of WSF higher ICBR (2.87) was application of Multi-K@ 2% at 30 and 45 DAS, T :T + Seed recorded in RNMP + Seed treatment with @ 6 g ammonium molybdate 10 9 -1 -1 treatment with ammonium molybdate @ 6 g kg seed, T11: RNMP + kg seed + Foliar application of NPK (18:18:18) @ 1% at 30 DAS + Foliar application of NPK (18:18:18) @ 1% at 30 DAS + Foliar Foliar application of Multi-K @ 1% at 45 DASover control. It is also application of Multi-K @ 1% at 45 DAS,T :T + Seed treatment concluded that RNMP + Seed treatment with ammonium molybdate@ 12 11 -1 -1 with ammonium molybdate @ 6 g kg seed, T13: RNMP + NPK 6 g kg seed + Foliar application of NPK (18:18:18) @ 2% at 30 DAS (18:18:18) @ 2% at 30 DAS + Foliar application of Multi-K@ 2% + Foliar application of Multi-K @ 2% at 45 DASfound superiorwith at 45 DAS and T :T + Seed treatment with ammonium molybdate respect to yield and returns. 14 13 Efficacy of herbicide molecule for weed management in transplanted Paddy for Kodagu region H. P. RAJATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. JADEYEGOWDA A field experiment entitled ‘Efficacy of herbicide molecule for weed Among herbicides, sequential application of oxadiargyl followed by management in transplanted paddy for Kodaguregion’ was conducted penoxsulum recorded significantly lower weed population (10.60 during Kharif 2016 at AHRS, Ponnampet to screen suitable to 34.28 /0.25 m2) and dry weight (0.94to 3.46 g / 0.25m2) as which herbicidesfor weed management in paddy. The herbicides tried were resulted in significantly higher grain yield (4068kg ha-1). It was butachlor @ 30kg ha-1 at 3 DAT, oxadiargyl @ 100 g a.i.ha-1 at 3 DAT, closely followed by combined application of oxadiargyl@ 100 g a.i. bensulfuron methyl@ 60 g a.i. ha-1 + pretilachlor @ 600 g a.i. ha-1 at ha-1 at 3 DAT followed by bispyribac-Na @ 20 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAT 3 DAT, ethoxysulfuron @ 18.75 ga.i.ha-1 at 20 DAT, bispyribac-Na yielded 3907 kg ha-1 with moderate control of weeds. Weedy check @ 20 g a.i.ha-1 at 20 DAT, penoxsulum @ 22.5 g a.i. ha-1 at 20 DAT recorded 55.23 per cent reduction in grain yieldcompared to the and 2,4 D at 2.5 kg ha-1 at 3 weeks after transplanting.Hand weeding above treatment. Major nutrients uptake by paddy crop was twice at 20 and 40 DATand weedy check treatments were also included significantly higher while it was lower in weeds by all weed control for comparison.The predominant weed flora observed in the treatments compared to weedy check. The maximum net returns of experimental field includes Fimbristylismiliacea, Echinochloaspp., ` 29,962 ha-1 and profit of 1.63 per every rupee spent was achieved Monochoriavaginalis, Ammanniabaccifera and Ludwigiaparviflora. with the same treatment. 221 Management of nutrients through organic manures in SRI method of rice cultivation for coastal Karnataka M. ASHWINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. HANUMANTHAPPA

A field experiment was conducted during kharif, 2016 at Zonal respectively), followed by 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavara, UAHS, (60:30:60 kg ha-1) recording higher grain and straw yield (5515 and Shivamogga to study the effect of different organic manures on growth 7632 kg ha-1, respectively). This was mainly due to growth attributing and yield of rice under SRI method of cultivation. The experiment was parameters like plant height (114.03 cm), number of leaves per plant laid out in Randomised Complete Block Design with seven treatments (82.85), number of tillers per plant (29.30), leaf area per plant (2273.46 cm2), replicated four times. The treatment consisted of vermicompost, poultry total dry matter production per plant (115 g) and yield contributing manure, fish meal to substitute 75 and 50 per cent recommended dose characters like panicle length (24.33 cm), panicle weight (3.80 g), of nitrogen. Top dressing was done thrice with cow urine to substitute 1000 grain weight (24.83 g), number of filled grains per panicle (124.23) 25 and 50 per cent of nitrogen. Among the treatments, application of and harvest index (0.420). The above treatment also recorded higher 75 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen through vermicompost + nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (107.98, 22.99 25 per cent recommended dose of nitrogen through cow urine produced and 81.07 kg ha-1, respectively) and gave higher benefit cost ratio (1.46) significantly higher grain and straw yield (5,710 and 7,845 kg ha-1, and net returns (` 39,238).

Study on bio-efficacy of new post-emergent herbicide molecules with pre-emergent herbicides in transplanted rice under hill zone of Karnataka BHIMASHANKAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. SHIVAPRASAD

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of new returns (` 35720 ha-1) and profit per rupee invested (1:1.91) were also post emergent herbicides along with pre-emergent herbicides in recorded maximum in the same treatment. Hence, it finds suitability for transplanted rice under hill zone of Karnataka at ZAHRS Mudigere, application in transplanted rice. The above treatment was on far with having ten treatments replicated thrice in RCBD during Kharif season weed free up to 45 DAT (hand weeding) and application of Butachlor 2016. Among the herbicidal applications, sequential application of 50 EC @ 1.25 kg a.i ha-1 at 3 DAT fb hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAT. Butachlor 50 EC @ 1.25 kg a.i ha-1 at 3 DAT followed by (fb) Bispyribac Weedy check plots were recorded significantly lower growth and yield sodium 10 SC @ 20 g a.i ha-1 at 21 DAT recorded significantly lower attributes which resulted in maximum major nutrients removal by weed count (22.99 /0.25 m2), weed dry weight (1.94 g/0.25 m2) at 60 different weeds. However, application of Butachlor 50 EC @ 1.25 kg DAT and weed index (8.36%). This treatment also recorded significantly a.i ha-1 at 3 DAT fb Bispyribac sodium 10 SC @ 20 g a.i ha-1 at 21 DAT higher growth and yield attributes at harvest viz. plant height (83.10 cm), was found on par with application of Bensulfuron methyl+Pretilachlor number of tillers (17.60 hill-1), number of green leaves (11.60 hill-1), leaf 6.6 GR @ 12.5 kg a.i ha-1 fb Fenoxyprop p ethyl 9.3 EC @ 1250 ml ha-1 at area (169.65 cm2 hill-1), panicle length (18.33 cm), panicle weight 21 DAT and Butachlor 50 EC @ 1.25 kg a.i ha-1 at 3 DAT fb (2.89 g panicle-1), filled grains (95.60 panicle-1), higher grain (5165 kg ha-1) Chlorimuron ethyl+Metsulfuron methyl 20 WP @ 8 g a.i ha-1 at 21 and straw yields (6258 kg ha-1). Further, major nutrients uptake, net DAT for controlling weeds.

Effect of different fertilizer levels on productivity and profitability of Little millet (Panicum sumatrense Roth ex Roem. & Schult) U. DIVYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. DINESH KUMAR

A field experiment was conducted during 2016-17 at Agronomy field (10.87 plant-1), leaf area (514.59 cm2 plant-1), total dry matter unit, UAHS, Shivamoggga. The experiment was laid out in Randomized accumulation (24.25 g plant-1), number of productive tillers plant-1 Complete Block Design with twelve treatments replicated thrice. (9.4), panicle length (13.43 cm), number of grains panicle-1 (592), test The soil of the experimental site was acidic in reaction, low in available weight (3.39 g), grain yield (1580 kg ha-1) and straw yield (1603 kg ha-1). nitrogen, high in available phosphorus and medium in available Higher total uptake of Nitrogen (35.48 kg ha-1), Phosphorus potassium status. The test variety was Hiriyur local. The treatments (13.23 kg ha-1), Potassium (25.01 kg ha-1) was also recorded in the comprised of combinations of three levels of nitrogen (10, 20 and same treatment. The agronomic nutrient use efficiency of N, P and K 30 kg N ha-1), two levels of phosphorus (10 and 20 kg P ha-1), and two was found higher in the treatment supplied with 30:20:10 kg NPK ha-1 levels of potassium (0 and 10 kg K ha-1). Among the different (4.37, 7.31 and 8.09 kg grain kg-1 nutrient applied respectively) and combinations of NPK fertilizers tested, application of 30 kg nitrogen recovery efficiencies were also found higher. Higher gross returns and 20 kg phosphorus with or without 10 kg K ha-1 performed better. (` 87,015), cost of cultivation (` 47,118), net returns (` 39,897), However, 30:20:10 kg NPK ha-1 recorded significantly taller plants B:C (1.85) was recorded in the treatment supplied with 30:20:10 kg (71.27 cm), higher number of leaves (40.87 plant-1), number of tillers NPK ha-1 and found better for light soils.

222 Effect of different potassium levels and time of application on growth and yield of Finger millet under drill sown and transplanted conditions N. KAVYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. SUNIL

-1 A field experiment was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Application of K2O @ 37.5 kg ha recorded significantly taller plants Research Station, Bavikere, UAHS, Shivamoggato study the effect of (107.80 cm), total dry matter accumulation (45.09 g), number of ear different potassium levels and time of application on growth and yield heads (4.43 hill-1), test weight (3.21 g), grain yield (3,467 kg ha-1) and of finger millet under drill sown and transplanted conditions during straw yield (6,445 kg ha-1) as compared to other levels of potassium. Kharif 2016.The experiment was laid out in RCBD factorial concept Basal application of potassium recorded significantly higher plant height with three replications. There were 12 treatments comprising of two (104.44 cm), total dry matter accumulation (41.99 g plant-1), number of methods of establishment (drill and transplanted), three levels of ear heads (4.21 hill-1), test weight (3.11 g), grain (3,203 kg ha-1) and potassium application (25, 37.5 and 50 kg ha-1) and two different times straw yield (6,179 kg ha-1) compared to split application. Among the -1 of application of potassium (basal and split). Among the methods of combinations, basal application of 37.5 kg K2O ha at the time of establishment, transplanting method recorded significantly taller plants transplanting was recorded maximum grain yield (3,589 kg ha-1), straw (105.87 cm), total dry matter accumulation (43.58 g plant-1), number of yield (6,559 kg ha-1), nutrient uptake (94.15, 34.39 and 71.95 NPK kg ha-1, ear heads (4.28 hill-1), test weight (3.19 g), grain yield (3,300 kg ha-1) respectively),gross returns (` 10,7051 ha-1), net returns (` 76,238 ha-1) and straw yield (6,270 kg ha-1) compared to drill sown method. and benefit cost ratio (3.47) and hence found feasible.

Response of different genotypes and fertilizer levels on growth and yield of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) in Bhadra command area K. MANMOHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. O. KUMARA

A field experiment was conducted during 2016 at Agricultural and (113.56 cm), number of finger earhead-1 (6.84), total dry matter Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere, University of Agricultural production (36.55 g plant-1) and grain yield (35.90q ha-1) followed by and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga to study the response of 125 per cent of RDF. Among the interaction, KMR-301 with 150 per different genotype’s and fertilizer levels on growth and yield of finger cent RDF recorded significantly higher grain yield (40.23 q ha-1) and it millet in Bhadra command area. The experiment was laid out in RCBD was on-par with genotype KMR-301 with 125 per cent RDF. Similarly, (Factorial concept) with three genotypes (KMR-340, KMR-630 and higher nutrient uptake was observed in KMR- 301 genotype (nitrogen KMR-301) and three fertilizer levels (100 per cent RDF- 100:50:50 of 91.2, phosphorous of 32.06 and potassium of 71.11 kg ha-1, kg NPK ha-1, 125 per cent RDF- 125:62.5:62.5 kg NPK ha-1 and respectively). Similar trend was observed in 150 per cent RDF (nitrogen 150 per cent RDF- 150:75:75 kg NPK ha-1) replicated three times. of 89.94, phosphorous of 31.62 and potassium of 70.00 kg ha-1 The results revealed that genotypes, KMR-301 recorded significantly respectively). Growing KMR-301 with 150 per cent RDF was recorded higher plant height (115.44 cm), number of finger earhead-1 (7.06), higher net returns (` 76529 ha-1) and higher BC ratio (2.67) it was on- total dry matter production (37.57 g plant-1) and grain yield (37.03 q par with 125 per cent RDF. In the farmers point of view growing new ha-1) as compared to other genotypes (KMR-340 and KMR-630). genotype KMR-301 with 125 per cent of RDF was found better Similarly, 150 per cent RDF recorded significantly higher plant height treatment combination for getting higher yield and net return.

Effect of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of Castor (Ricinus communis L.) hybrids under Central dry zone of Karnataka MUNESHKUMAR V. KUGATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVALINGAIAH

A field experiment was conducted during 2016 at Zonal Agricultural sources. Among the hybrids DCH-177 recorded significantly higher and Horticultural Research station, Hiriyur, UAHS, Shivamogga to plant height (108.43 cm), total biomass (5603.5 kg ha-1) and seed yield study theeffect of sulphur on growth, yield and quality of castor hybrid (1226.84 kg ha-1) as compared to HCH-6 and YRCH-1. Among the under central dry zone of Karnataka. The experiment was laid out in interactions application of sulphur at 20 kg per hectare through gypsum RCBD (Factorial concept) with three sources of sulphur on three castor with DCH -177 resulted in higher total biomass (5851.68 kg ha-1) and hybrids replicated three times. The sources of sulphur used were seedyield (1388.88 kg ha-1) than other interactions. Similarly higher gypsum, single super phosphate and elemental sulphur while different uptake of nitrogen (78.70 kg ha-1), phosphorous (17.20 kg ha-1), hybrids include DCH-177,HCH-6 and YRCH-1. Among the sources potassium (70.60 kg ha-1) and sulphur (5.70 kg ha-1) was recorded with of sulphur application of sulphur at 20 kg per hectare through gypsum the same treatment. Higher cost of cultivation (` 16131 ha-1), net returns recorded significantly higher plant height (113.96 cm), total biomass (` 32480 ha-1) and higher BC ratio (2.50) was observed in application (5652.67kg ha-1) and seed yield (1308.32 kg ha-1) as compared to other of sulphur at 20 kg per hectare through gypsum with DCH-177 hybrid.

223 Nitrogen and potassium management for mechanized rice cultivation in coastal zone of Karnataka state S. VANIJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. V. SUDHIR KAMATH

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2016 at Zonal 7567 kg ha-1, respectively) as compared to recommended dose of Agricultural and Horticultural Research station, Brahmavar, Udupi, fertilizer (60: 30: 60 kg NPK ha-1). The same treatment combination Karnataka to study the nitrogen and potassium management for recorded significantly higher plant height (99.53 cm), number of mechanized rice cultivation in coastal zone of Karnataka. The tillers (32.17), number of leaves per hill (103.51), leaf area per hill experiment was laid out in RCBD with 10 treatments and replicated (2380.65 cm2), total dry matter production (63.10 g hill-1) and yield thrice. The treatments consisted of combination of 3 levels (60, 75 attributing characters like number of productive tillers per hill and 95 kg ha-1) each of nitrogen and potassium with recommended (30.73), panicle length (29.00), panicle weight (5.46 g per panicle), level of phosphorus (30 kg ha-1) and an absolute control. Nitrogen number of filled grains per panicle (142.10) and harvest index was applied in 3 splits (50 % as basal, 25 % each at 30 and 55 DAT) (0.439). the total nutrient uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and whereas potassium was applied in 2 splits (50% as basal and 50% potassium (136.83, 36.94 and 128.44 kg ha-1, respectively) with at 55 DAT) and entire phosphorous was applied in a single basal higher benefit cost ratio (2.16) and net returns (` 73,517) were dose. Results revealed that the application of 90: 30: 60 kg NPK ha-1 found in the same treatment (90: 30: 60 kg NPK ha-1) followed by produced significantly higher grain and straw yield (5900 and the application of 90: 30: 75 kg NPK ha-1.

Performance of Sweet corn (Zea mays L. Saccharata Strut.) under graded levels of fertilizers in Southern transitional zone of Karnataka M. R. VIDYASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NARAYANA S MAVARKAR

A field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, + 75 % of RDK(9.4 t ha-1). Further, there were improvement in other Shivamogga, during Kharif 2016. The texture of soil was red sandy yield characters due to manifestation of improved growth characters loam having acidic pH, poor in nitrogen, rich in phosphorus and as a result of higher uptake of nutrients caused by application of medium with respect to potassium status. The experiment was laid higher NPK fertilizers. The application of 125% of RDN + 100 % of out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Three levels RDP + 125 % of RDK also increased the reducing sugars, non reducing of N (75%, 100% and 125% of RDN), two levels of P (75% and sugars and crude protein content (3.83%, 23.59% and 10.87%, 100% of RDP) and three levels of K (75 %, 100% and 125% of RDK) respectively) as compared 75% of RDN + 75% of RDP + 75% of formed 18 different treatment combinations. Application of 125% of RDK (2.09%, 18.0%, and 8.27%, respectively). Application of 125% RDN + 100 % of RDP + 125% of RDK produced fresh cob yield of of RDN + 100% of RDP + 125% of RDK is more cost effective 13.7 t ha-1which was 23.42% higher over 100% of RDN + 100% of (4.78 B:C) and remunerative with higher net return to the tune of RDP + 100 % of RDK and 45.74% over 75% of RDN + 75% of RDP ` 3,45,043 ha-1 as compared to other treatments.

Performance of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) a super food crop under different spacings and fertilizer levels in Southern transition zone of Karnataka JEENA MARY MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. K. VEERANNA

A field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2016 at the research used was CHIAmpion B-1. Result of study shown significant increase field, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga to determine the ‘Performance in yield level with spacing, 60 x 45cm (597.59 kg ha-1) and fertilizer of Chia (Salvia hispanica L.)a super food crop under different spacings level, 90:60:75 kg NPK ha-1 (623.60 kg ha-1). Significant yield and fertilizer levels in Southern Transition Zone of Karnataka’. The (676.58 kg ha-1) obtained in treatment combination, 60cm x 45 cm with -1 experiment consisted of three levels of spacings (S1: 60cm x 22.5cm, S2: 90: 60: 75 kg NPK ha compared to other treatment combinations. Oil

60cm x 30cm and S3: 60cm x 45cm) and three levels of fertilizers (F1: per cent showed significantly different result with fertilizer dosage and -1 -1 30:20:25 kg NPK ha , F2: 60:40:50 kg NPK ha and F3: 90:60:75 kg gave significantly superior oil (30.64%) at lower fertilizer dosage. NPK ha-1). Experimental design adopted was two factor symmetrical Protein content in seeds increased significantly with increase in fertilizer experiment with RCBD having three replications. Crop was first levels and recorded significantly higher per cent in F3 (23.85%) and established innursery and then transplanted in main field at 18 days was superior to F2 (21.50%) and F1 (20.17%). Oil and protein per cent after sowing. Full dose of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were were not significantly influenced by the interaction of spacing and applied as basal while, half of nitrogen was applied as basal and remaining fertilizer levels. Further, the treatment combination, S3 F3resulted higher half was applied 20 days after transplanting as top dressing. Variety net returns (` 162138.60 ha-1) and B:C (4.97).

224 SOIL SCIENCE AND AGRIL. CHEMISTRY Studies on status and distribution of potassium in soils under Arecanut gardens of Bhadra command area of Davanagere district P. AMRUTHESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. PARASHURAM CHANDRAVAMSHI

An investigation was carried out at College of Agriculture, Shivamogga Davanagere taluk (10.22 mg kg-1), while the mean exchangeable during the year 2016-17 in order to know the status of potassium in potassium was highest in Channagiri taluk (127.89 mg kg-1) and lowest soils under arecanut gardens of Davanagere district, Karnataka. For in Davanagere taluk (64.39 mg kg-1) and the mean non-exchangeable the study, 200 surface and subsurface samples were collected from potassium was highest in Channagiri taluk (289.11 mg kg-1) and lowest soils under arecanut garden of four taluk (Channagiri, Honnalli, Harihara in Davanagere taluk (137.93 mg kg-1). Similarly, the mean lattice and and Davanagere) of Davanagere district. After processing, samples total potassium was highest in Channagiri taluk (3103.17 and were analyzed for physical and chemical properties and potassium 3539.10 mg kg-1) and lowest in Davanagere taluk (2077.11 and fractions. Results of the study indicated that, the soils had pH in the 2289.65 mg kg-1). Depth wise distribution of different potassium range of slightly acidic to neutral with organic carbon status ranged fractions in the profiles noticed that the available, water soluble and from medium to high status (5.47 to 10.02 g kg-1). In surface and exchangeable potassium content found highest in surface layer and decreased subsurface soils of different taluks, the mean water soluble potassium with depth, whereas non-exchangeable, lattice and total potassium increased was highest in Channagiri taluk (18.93 mg kg-1) and lowest in with depth under arecanut garden soils of Davanagere district, Karnataka.

Status and behaviour of copper in soils under Arecanut cover in malnad region of Shivamogga district H. R. ANUSHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. M. CHIDANANDAPPA

An investigation was carried out at College of Agriculture, bound, organic bound, Fe and Al oxide bound and residual copper Shivamogga during 2015-17 to know the status and behaviour of were found in the range of 0.04 to 0.89, 0.23 to 17.80, 0.39 to 5.93, copper in soils under arecanut cover in malnad region of Shivamogga 0 to 2.26, 0.20 to 2.80, 0.68 to 5.78 and 25.85 to 365.05 mg kg-1 in district. Surface and subsurface samples were collected from soils surface and 0.02 to 1.33, 1.22 to 8.22, 0.02 to 5.26, 1.08 to 3.12, under arecanutcoverin four taluks of Shivamoggadistrict and were 0.20 to 2.24, 0.68 to 6.20 and 14.40 to 229.29 mg kg-1 in subsurface analysed for available Cu, Cu- fractions and adsorption, desorption layers respectively. Total Cuin the range of 27.50 to 397.50 and behaviour of Copper in soils. Results of the study indicated that 18.50 to 250.00 mg kg-1 in surface and subsurface layer, respectively. pH, organic carbon and available copper was in the range of Adsorption of copper in soils followed both Freundlich and 3.49-6.53, and 3.89-6.99, 3.00- 28.40 g kg-1 and 1.50-28.40 g kg-1 Langmuir’s adsorption isotherms. Quantity of adsorption ranged and 0.50 to 62.00 mg kg-1and 0.52 to 25.10 mg kg-1 in surface and from 39.90 to 322.00 µg g-1. Desorption of copper in soils was subsurface layers, respectively. Forms of copper such as water followed the Langmuir isotherm model with a % desorption ranged soluble, sorbed, easily reducible manganese bound, calcium carbonate from 5.97 to 22.93.

Phosphorus transformation and productivity of rainfed Maize under phosphorus rich acid soils T. LAVANYA BAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. C. DHANANJAYA

-1 A field experiment was carried out at Zonal Agricultural and Treatment receiving 75 kg P2O5 ha without PSB seed treatment Horticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Navile, Shivamogga during recorded higher values of Al-P, Fe-P, reductant-P, occluded-P, organic- kharif 2016 to study the response of maize to different phosphorus P and total-P. The occurrence of P fractions were in the order of (P) levels with and without seed treatment. Different levels of P @ total P > organic P > reductant soluble P > Fe-P > Al- P > occluded -1 0, 30, 45, 60 and 75 kg P2O5 ha with or without PSB (Bacillus P > saloid P > Ca-P. Positive response for soil microbial biomass P, megatherium. L) seed treatment were tried in a randomized complete acid phosphatase and dehydrogenase enzyme activity has noticed block design with three replications and eleven treatments. The with application of higher P levels and PSB seed treatment wherein -1 results of the experiment indicated that seed treatment with PSB highest values were recorded in the treatment 75 kg P2O5 ha with and higher levels of P application significantly increased the growth, PSB seed treatment at different crop growth stages. All the P yield and yield attributes of maize. The nutrient content and uptake fractions except organic P significantly and positively were correlated -1 of N, P and K by maize is also increased with 75 kg P2O5 ha with with yield attributes, soil properties and P uptake by grain, stover PSB seed treatment compared to other treatments. The same and total uptake at harvest of maize. The highest B:C of 2.43 was treatment at different growth stages recorded higher values of saloid- found with application of recommended NPK + PSB seed treatment. P, Ca-P and available P status. Higher values of Al-P, Fe-P, reductant- Hence, application of recommended dose of NPK along with PSB P, occluded-P, organic-P and total-P fractions were recorded in can be used for profitable maize cultivation under high phosphorous treatments involving P levels without PSB seed treatments. rich acid soils.

225 A study of carbon sequestration potential of Arecanut based cropping systems of coastal and hilly zones of Karnataka V. APURVA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. GANAPATHI

An investigation was undertaken at, Department of Soil Science and arecanut+mixed recorded higher mean potassium permanganate Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, UAHS, Shivamogga to oxidizable organic carbon (1387.33mg kg-1), cold water extractable carbon know Carbon Sequestration potential of areca nut based cropping (409.06mg kg-1), total carbon (29.39g kg-1), total organic carbon systems of coastal and hilly zones of Karnataka.The study area (18.70g kg-1),total inorganic carbon (0.2136g kg-1) andsoil microbial coveredthe soils of Mangaloreand Udupidistrict of coastal (zone-10) biomass carbon (370.33mg kg-1) fractionsas compared to other cropping andChikkamagalur, Kodugu and Shivamogga district of hilly (zone-9 ). systems and decreases with lower depth. Among different areca nut

Representative soil samples were collected from 0-30 cm, 30-90 cm based cropping system E4/E6 values were higher in areca nut +mixed and 60-90 cm depth from areca nut Sole, arecanut + banana, (1.166).Carbon fractions were higher in 0-30cm soil depth and decreases arecanut+cocoa, arecanut+pepper, arecanut+mixed, arecanut+coffee and in lower depth of areca nut based cropping systems. Humic acid was areca nut +orangefrom 2 location.The results revealed that soil pH higher in areca nut +mixed (5.35) and fulvic acid was higher in arecanut+ were acidic to neutral with normal EC and Sandy loam to sandy clay coffee (5.01).Correlation study showed that the various carbon fractions loamin texture. TheSOC contents were medium to high ranged and were positively and significantly correlated amongst themselves and decreases with depth. Among the cropping systems studied, with pH, clay and CaCO3 (%) content of the soils.

Effect of foliar application of different sources of calcium on growth, yield quality and nutrient content and uptake by Tomato under polyhouse condition A. TEJASHVINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. N. THIPPESHAPPA

Poly house experiment was carried out at Zonal Agricultural and fruit diameter (4.72 cm), number of fruits per plant (58.67) fruit Horticultural Research Station (ZAHRS), Navile, Shivamogga during yield (91.98 t ha-1) and higher fruit weight (111.89 g) and quality kharif 2016 to study the response of tomato fruit to different sources parameters like lycopene content (79.66 mg kg-1 of tissue), fruit -2 -1 and levels of calcium. Three sources of calcium (CaCl2, CaNO3 firmness(0.33 kg cm ), Ascorbic acid (132.32 mg 100g ), total &CAN) with three levels each (0.2, 0.5 and 0.8%) were applied as soluble solids (5.00oBrix) and titrable acidity (0.23%) compared to foliar spray in CRD with three replications and ten treatments. The CaCl2 and CaNO3. The Highest Ca content and uptake by tomato results of experiment indicated that foliar spray of calcium through leaves was recorded at flowering (1.55% and 424.94 kg ha-1) and different sources increased the growth, yield, and quality of tomato fruiting (1.57% &430.81kg ha-1) stages respectively. Similarly the significantly over the control (water spray). Among the different Ca content and uptake (0.84%, 77.26 kg ha-1) by tomato fruits was sources studied, the treatment receiving 0.5 per cent CAN as foliar recorded highest due to foliar spray of 0.5 per cent CAN compared spray was recorded highest plant height (149.21 cm), number of to control and the next best source for foliar spray found to be branches (24.47), stem diameter (5.47 cm) and yield parameter like CaCl2 @ 0.8 per cent.

Effect of long term integrated nutrient management on soil properties and distribution of NPK fractions of soil under Rice (Oryza sativa L.) -Maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system K. M. SACHIN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. PARASHURAM CHANDRA VANSHI

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2014 on a sandy clay DTPA extractable micronutrients were recorded in the integrated loam soil belongs to the soil Taxonomy of TypicHaplustalf, located treatments as compared to only fertilizer treated plots andabsolute at AHRS, Kathalagere,Davanagere district, to study the effect of long control. Further, the contents of inorganic and organic fractions of term integrated nutrient management on soil properties and distribution nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium were recorded high in of NPK fractions of soil under rice-maize cropping system. The integrated treatments as compared to fertilizer treated plots and different sources and levels of nutrients are applied through organics absolute control.The higher grain (6873.59 kg ha-1) and straw (FYM, paddy straw and glyricidia) and inorganics involving twelve (10775.59 kg ha-1) yield and total uptake of N, P and K by rice were treatment combinations were tried in a Randomized Complete Block recorded by the treatment which received 75 per cent recommended Design with four replications using rice as test crop. The results of N along with 25 per cent N through paddy straw. The lowest the experiment indicated that combined application of fertilizers and grain(3556.54 kg ha-1) and straw (5025.59 kg ha-1) yield were organic materials viz., FYM, paddy straw and glyricidia reduced the recorded in absolute control. It can be concluded that combined bulk density and significantly increased the maximum water holding application of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients was better capacity, soil pH, electrical conductivity and organic carbon of soil. than the application of inorganic fertilizers alone and absolute control. Significantly, higher concentration of available nitrogen, phosphorous, Among the plots treated with different organics paddy straw was potassium, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, available sulphur and superior over FYM and glyricidia.

226 Characterisation of salt affected soils of Vani Vilas command area Hiriyur taluk, Chitradurga district S. SHIVA KUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SARVAJNA B. SALIMATH

The present investigation was carried out on “Characterisation of magnesium were above critical limit with high cation exchange salt affected soils of Vani Vilas command area Hiriyur taluk, capacity (16.12to 26.15 cmol (p+) kg-1) and Exchangeable sodium Chitradurga district”. Hundred soil samples from 0-15 cm depth percentage and sodium adsorption ratio ranged between 9.13 to were collected from ten identified villages of Vani Vilas command 25.79 per cent and 6.66 to 12.83 me L-1.The DTPA extractable area.Samples were analysed for various physical,chemical properties. micronutrient cations manganese, copper and iron were found above The mean values of the properties were used to study the variability critical limit, soils were deficit in zinc (76%). Soil pH had a significant and understand the relations. Most of samples were texturally and positive correlation with exchangeable Na, ESP and SAR values classified under sandy clay loam and sandy loam. Bulk density, per and gypsum requirement. Gypsum requirement depends on chemical cent pore space values ranged between 1.38 to 1.60 Mg m-3 and properties, ESP found to be correlated with gypsum requirement 39.85 to 48.51 respectively. The soils were found to be moderate to thus regression equation developed from the relation is useful for strongly alkaline in reaction (pHs8.31 to 8.88), salt content was the farmers, scientists and agriculture agencies for calculating the (ECe 1.76 to 3.38 d Sm-1) and low to medium in organic carbon quantity of gypsum required to reclaim the salt affected lands of content, available nitrogen and available phosphorus and high in these regions on large scale basis and to take up measures for available potassium and available sulphur. Exchangeable calcium and improving in the soil health.

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Seasonal incidence and management of major lepidopteran pests of Cabbage S. RAKESH NAYAKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. PRADEEP

Seasonal incidence of major lepidopteran pests of cabbage was carried revealed no significant difference in morphometrics of different stages out in the College of Agriculture, Shivamogga during 2016-17. of P. xylostella on Indian mustard compared to cabbage. Evaluation of Lepidopteran pests like diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella insecticide molecules indicated that chlorantraniliprole, emamectin (Linnaeus)), tobacco caterpillar (Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)), cabbage benzoate and flubendiamide were significantly effective against leaf webber (Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius)), cabbage head borer diamondback moth and cabbage leaf webber whereas, NSKE was (Hellula undalis (Fabricius)) and semilooper Thysanoplusia orichalcea least effective compared to other treatments. Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) was recorded during Kharif and Rabi. The biology of population was effectively reduced by chlorantraniliprole, P. xylostella on cabbage under laboratory conditions revealed that, flubendiamide and emamectin benzoate. NSKE was least effective in female moth laid eggs either in single or in small groups of two to six reducing larval population compared to other treatments. along the midribs and veins of leaves. The mean incubation, larval, Chlorantraniliprole recorded highest C:B ratio of 3.98 compared to pre-pupal, pupal and male and female adult period was 2.70 ± 0.70, rest of the treatments. Untreated check recorded the lowest C:B ratio 12.50 ± 1.09, 1.05 ± 0.15, 3.92 ± 0.47 and 8.20 ± 0.60 and 10.15 ± of 1.10. All treatments recorded higher C:B ratio and superior over 0.70 days, respectively. The biology of P. xylostella on Indian mustard untreated check.

Survey and eco-friendly management of Radish flea beetle (Phyllotreta chotanica Duv.) G. S. UMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. MANJUNATHA

Studies onsurvey and eco-friendly management of radish flea beetle less effective by harbouring significantly higher number of beetles were conducted during 2016-17at College of Agriculture, UAHS, (7.42). Radish grown as sole crop recorded maximum number of Shivamogga. Roving survey was conducted in farmers’ field in 17 beetles per plant (8.70) and proved inferior to rest of the treatments. villagesaround Shivamoggaat fortnightly interval from August first Maximum root yield (118.00 q ha-1) registered in radish grown with fortnight of 2016 to first fortnight of January 2017.The beetle coriander which was proved to be the best treatment compared to all population was high during first fortnight of December (9.10 adults/ other treatments. Different botanical insecticides were evaluated against plant) and was least during first fortnight of November (1.20 adults/ radish flea beetle.The mean population of flea beetle was least in plant). However the mean population of flea beetle was lower on malathion 50 EC (3.30) and NSKE (5%) (4.17) treated plots.Untreated cabbage and cauliflower crops when compared to radish crop. Radish check harboured highest number of beetles (8.93/ plant) andnumber was intercropped in 3:1 ratio with six selected crops. Inboth kharif of holes per leaf and per cent leaf damage also followed same trend.The and rabi seasons, radish intercropped with coriander proved to be highestroot yield of 160.78 q ha-1 was recorded with treatment Malathion superior when compared to all other treatments by recording least 50EC which was on par with NSKE 5 per cent (157.33 q ha-1). number of beetles per plant (3.17).Radish+ green amaranthus was The untreated check recorded lowest root yield of 143.00 q ha-1 .

227 Monitoring and management of Melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coq.) (Tephritidae: Diptera) in Ridge gourd J. ABHILASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. U. PATIL

The presentinvestigation on monitoring, evaluation of traps and together. Among the five different types of traps evaluated, PCI trap management melon fruit fly (Bactrocera cucurbitae) using different recorded significantly higher number of fruit flies and followed by botanicals was conducted atfarmers field at Bommanakatte, Barrix trap in both the locations. Among the various botanicals, Basavanagangur and Abbalagere villages of Shivamogga district during Azadiractin 1 percent EC recorded significantly lowest fruit damage Rabi 2016-17. Monitoring of melon fruit fly revealed that initial incidence (26.53%) which was followed by NSKE 5 per cent (29.06%). Highest of melon fruit fly population begins from the flowering stage of ridge fruit fly damage was noticed from untreated check i.e. 69.65 per cent. gourd and peak incidence coincides with the peak fruiting period of the Azadiractin 1 percent EC recorded maximum marketable yield crop.The incidence of melon fruit fly from three locations showed (45.99 q/ha) followed by NSKE 5 per cent (42.48 q/ha). Azadirachtin significant positive correlation with maximum and minimum temperature. 1 per cent EC treated fruits recorded higher oviposition deterrence with Whereas, afternoon relative humidity and rainfall had significantnegative 74.26 over control followed by NSKE 5 per cent with 68.26 per cent correlation with melon fruit fly incidence from all three locations. The ovipositional deterrence over control. Highest per cent reduction of incidence of melon fruit fly were influenced to an extent of 83.60, 67.50 larval survivability over control was observed in Azadiractin 1 per cent and 85.90 per cent in respective locations by all the weather parameters EC (79.88%) followed by NSKE 5 per cent (72.08%).

Studies on species composition, population dynamics and management of Mango leafhoppers B. R. GIRISH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANABASAPPA

Investigation on species composition, population dynamics, screening (1.60leafhoppers / 5 sweeps in each direction). Mango leafhoppers of different genotypes and the effect of different bio pesticides against incidence in both the locations showed a positive and significant mango leafhoppers were carried out during 2016-17 in farmer’s orchard correlation with maximum, minimum temperature. Totapuri and Mallika at Doddabbigere, Channagiri, College orchard, Shivamogga. A total of harboured lowest mean number of leafhoppers (8.00 and 9.53) followed five species of mango leafhoppers were recorded across the four different by Baneshan (10.69). Whereas, highest mean number of leafhoppers Agro climatic zones of South Karnatakathose were Idioscopusnitidulus, was documented in Alphonso (17.99) followed by Sindhura (14.14), I. nagpurensis,I. clypealis, Amritodusatkinsoni and Amrascasplendens. Mulgoa(13.90) and Neelum(13.56). Lower crude proteins, reducing Leafhopper population at College of Agriculture Shivamogga during sugars, amino acids and higher phenol content were noticed in Mallika second fortnight of February 2017 was highest (33.54 leafhoppers/ and Totapuri followed by Baneshan whereas, significantly higher in inflorescence) and lowest leafhoppers was found during first fortnight varieties like Alphonso, Sindhura, Mulgoa and Neelum. Phenol content of September 2016 (1.15 leafhoppers/ 5 sweeps in each direction).At was inversely related to the incidence of leafhoppers.Among the bio Doddabbigere, peak incidence of leafhoppers was found during first pesticides Azadirachtin 5 EC recorded significantly lower number of fortnight of February 2017 (35.47 leafhoppers/ inflorescence) and lowest leafhoppers (12.71 leafhoppers)followed by Azadirachtin 1EC (14.41 leafhopper was found during second fortnight of August 2016 leafhoppers).

Biology and management of bud borer, Elasmopalpus jasminophagus (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Jasmine C. M. KIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYALAXMI NARAYAN HEGDE

Investigation on Biology and management of bud borer, Elasmopalpus while maximum temperature was non-significant and positively jasminophagus (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Jasmine was correlated. Biological studies of E. jasminophagus on Jasminum carried out at College of Agriculture, Navile, UAHS, Shivamogga during multiflorum revealed that female moth laid eggs singly or in groups on 2016-17. During the study, thirteen species of insect and mite pests calyx of buds, near the base of green bud stalk and also on white buds. were found damaging the jasmine crop. Among them, bud borers, Freshly laid eggs were creamish white coloured and round in shape, Elasmopalpus jasminophagus (Hampson) and Hendecasis duplifascialis incubation period of which ranged from 3.00 to 5.00 days with a mean (Hampson), leaf web worm, Nausinoe geometrialis (Guenee) was found of 3.30±1.41 days. There were five larval instars, duration of which to feed on leaves. Red spider mite, Tetanychus sp. and thrips were ranged from 16.00 to 21.60 days with a mean duration of 18.11±1.94 found to suck the sap from jasmine leaves. Out of these insect and mite days. Total life cycle of pest lasted for 38.26±3.36 to 40.06±3.24 days pests, banana flower thrips, Thrips florum is the first report infesting in laboratory. Chlorantraniliprole 18 SC @ 0.1 ml/lt was found jasmine from India. Bud borer, E. jasminophagus was predominant significantly superior (mean per cent affected buds of 6.80) over all pest with a maximum incidence of 38.85 per cent affected buds during other insecticides in managing bud borer, E. jasminophagus. first fortnight of January. Incidence of bud borer, E. jasminophagus Chlorantraniliprole recorded highest B: C ratio of 1: 3.47 by recording was significant and negatively correlated with minimum temperature, highest flower yield (1975.11 kg/ha).

228 Seasonal incidence and management of pod borers in Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L. A. S. NAVEEN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. JAYALAXMI NARAYAN HEGDE

An investigation on “Seasonal incidence and management of pod temperature and morning relative humidity, while evening relative borers in cowpea, Vigna unguiculata L.” was carried out at the humidity and rainfall showed significant and negative correlation. College of Agriculture, Navile, UAHS, Shivamogga during kharif Studies on screening of six genotypes of cowpea against pod borer and rabi of 2016-17. During the study, four species of pod borers complex revealed that the genotypes C-152, KBC-2 and IT 38596 viz., spotted pod borer, Maruca vitrata Geyer, gram pod borer, were found highly resistant to cowpea pod borer complex with Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, African pea moth, Cydia ptychora mean per cent pod damage of 14.80, 17.38 and 18.77, respectively. Meyrick and Lycaenid Blue butterfly, Lampides boeticus Linnaeus While, DC-47-1, South pearl and North border were found were found damaging the crop. Among them, spotted pod borer, moderately resistant to pod borer complex with mean per cent pod M. vitrata was predominant pest with peak incidence during third damage of 20.32, 21.97 and 24.25, respectively. Flubendiamide 480 week of October (2.3 larvae/ten plants), H.armigera reached its SC (0.2 ml/lt) proved the best of all the insecticides to control the peak during the second week of October (1.30 larvae/ten plants), pod borer complex in cowpea with highest pod yield of 22.15 q/ha C. ptychora and L. boeticus reached its peak during the third week and B:C ratio of 1:3.22, followed by chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC of October with mean larval population of 0.6 and 0.5 larvae per ten (0.1 ml/lt) with pod yield of 20.05 q/ha and B:C ratio of 1:2.49 and plants. Incidence of spotted pod borer, M. vitrata was non significant organic molecule, NSKE 5 per cent recorded the pod yield of and positively correlated with maximum temperature, minimum 11.95 q/ha and BC ratio of 1:1.97.

Sucking pest complex of Bt cotton and their management J. B. NAVEENA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. SHARANABASAPPA

Investigation on Survey, population dynamics, screening of different biseratense Distant) was noticed in second fortnight of September Bt and non Bt cotton hybrids and effect of different insecticides (19.25/ 25squares).While, the red cotton bug (Dysdercus similis against sucking pests of cotton were carried out during 2016-17 in a Freeman) population peaked during October first fortnight farmer field at Kommanalu Village, Shivamogga and Agricultural and (0.35/ plant). Sucking pest incidence showed positive and significant Horticultural Research Station (AHRS), Honnavile farm, Shivamogga. correlation with maximum temperature and negative significant During survey, highest population of sucking pests was noticed in correlation with rainfall. The most commonly recorded natural Shivamogga district followed by Davanagere and Chitradurga. The enemies on sucking pest were coccinellids, spider and Chrysopa. peak incidence of thrips (Thrips tabaci Lind) was noticed during Among the different Bt and non Bt cotton hybrids screened against first fortnight of September (43.70/ 3 leaves). While, the leafhopper sucking pests are MRC-7351, double Bt, chamundi BG-II and Ankur (Amrasca biguttula biguttula Ishida) population reached peak during HB-2110 shown moderate resistant against sucking pests while, September second fortnight (19.80/ 3 leaves) .The aphid (Aphis DCH-32 highly resistant against sucking pest. Among different gossypii Glover) population reached peak during December second insecticides evaluated, thiamethoxam 25 WG found very effective fortnight (25.22/ 3 leaves). The Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci in bringing down all the sucking pests. The highest per cent (71.81) Gennadius) population reached peak during November first fortnight reduction in population and highest cotton yield (17.20q/ ha) was (0.75/ 3 leaves). The peak incidence of mirid bug (Poppiocapsidea recorded in thiamethoxam treated plot.

Screening of genotypes and evaluation of selected insecticides and acaricides against Chilli murda complex G. S.SUMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. K SHIVANNA

Performance of fourteen different chilli genotypes against sucking compared to other genotypes and registered as moderately resistant pests viz., thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis (Hood), mite, genotype. The genotypes Byadagi Dabbi and Byadagi Kaddi had Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), aphids, Aphis gossypii (Glover) highest leaf curl index and were graded as susceptible genotypes. and whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), comparative toxicity of Comparitive toxicity of insecticides and oils on whitefly, Bemisia insecticides on chilli whitefly and field evaluation of insecticides and tabaci under laboratory condition showed that thiamethoxam and acaricides against chilli sucking pests were carried out during Kharif imidacloprid were registered with least LC50 values when compared

2016-17. Arka Lohit found to be superior over the other genotypes to triazophos. Among oils, neem oil recorded with least LC50 value. by recording lowest number of thrips and mites. Arka Suphal and Acephate was the best chemical against chilli thrips followed by Arka Harita were next in the line. Highest number of thrips and mite chlorfenapyr and thiamethoxam. However, for mites propargite stood population noticed from Byadagi Kaddi and Byadagi Dabbi. Arka best followed by chlorfenapyr. Thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were Lohit, Arka Suphal and Arka Harita had least ahipds infestation and the best chemicals in controlling both aphids and whitefly population the highest number of aphids recorded on Sarpan Hybrid Chilli-153 and also had least leaf curl index. Thiamethoxam recorded the highest and Byadagi Dabbi. Least number of whiteflies were recorded on yield of 95.55 q/ha when compared to the rest of the treatments. It Arka Harita. However, Sarpan Hybrid Chilli-153 had significantly was followed by imidacloprid (89.63 q/ha) and the lowest yield was highest whitefly population. Arka Lohit had least leaf curl index registered from fenazaquin (65.92 q/ha).

229 Taxonomy of thrips Associated with horticultural crops with special reference to ecology and management of Pepper Leaf Gall Thrips, LiothripsKarnyi (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) TANUJA NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. M. KALLESHWARASWAMY

Thrips are economically important pests on several horticultural black pepper having export potential. Population dynamicsof crops and the damage caused by them has aggravated in recent past L. karnyion black pepperwas studied at Ikkeri, Sagar from April owing to their virus transmission abilities. Their diversity has been 2016 to March 2017. The population fluctuated under the influence poorly described and their accurate identification is a challenging of presence of young leaves on the vines, which was further task. Studies were conducted to assess the diversity of thrips in and influenced by rainfall. Selected insecticides were evaluated against around Shivamogga from different horticultural crops. A total of 13 L.karnyi at Mugaralli, Mudigere taluk from December 2016 to thrips species were recorded from 10 genera and three subfamilies February 2017.All the nine insecticides tested were superior in under two families viz., Thripidae and Phlaeothripidae. Among the suppressing the population of L.karnyi at 15, 30 and 45 days after total collections, Thripidae was the most dominant family (84.61%) spray. One spray of systemic insecticide was sufficient in reducing with 11 species in eight genera under two subfamilies viz., Thripinae the population and maintaining it at a lower level. It appears from (81.81%) and Panchaetothripinae (18.18%) followed by the mean population that, biorational insecticides viz., NSKE, Phlaeothripidae (15.38%) with two genera under one subfamily azadirachtin and fish oil rosin soap (FORS) were equally effective Phlaeothripinae. Illustrated identification keys were prepared in suppressing thrips population as those of chemical insecticides. systematically based on the morphological variations of collected So, such of the treatments may be recommended to avoid residue thrips. Pepper leaf gall thrips, Liothripskarnyi causes damage to problem in black pepper.

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Studies on wilt complex in Cucumber incited by Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. Cucumerinum (OWEN) and Meloidogyne incognita (KOFOILD and white) chitwood KOLI GANAPATI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA

Cucumber is one of the important vegetable crops,affected by many of fungicides against FoC, recordedhundred per cent inhibition of soil borne pathogens. Among them, Root- knot nematode and mycelial growthin carbendazim at alltested concentrations (0.05, 0.10 Fusariumoxysporum f. sp.cucumerinum (FoC)are major pathogens. and 0.15%). Among bio-agents, T. viride-II showed maximum per The present study was undertaken with various aspect of cultural cent inhibition of FoC(72.00 %),whereas,P. Lilacinus showed higher and morphological studies, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of juvenile mortality of M. Incognita (61.33%). Among seven plant chemicals,bio-agents and botanicals revealed that, maximum radial extracts,turmeric (68.35%)and garlic clove extract (65.19%) at 15 per growth and dry mycelial weight of FoC was recorded in Potato dextrose cent showed maximum inhibition of mycelia growth of FoC. The field agar (90 mm) and Potato dextrose broth (326 mg), respectively. Among evaluation of fungicides, bio-agents and soil amendments against wilt the nine cucumber varieties screened against wilt complex under complex indicated that, combined application of neem cake at polyhouse condition, none of the varieties showed resistant 200 g/m2+ P. lilacinus at 50g/m2 during sowing showed higher plant reaction.SambarSouthe and Uttamshowed moderately susceptible growthparameters and less nematode population with least RKI. reaction to wilt complex and Green long showed susceptible and Whereas,Carbendazim (0.1%) and Carbofuran (3G @ 0.3g a.i/m2) highly susceptible reaction to root knot nematode. In vitro evaluation showed less per cent wilt incidence.

Studies on leaf spot and flower blight of Marigold caused by Alternaria tagetica (Shome and Mustafee) MAHADEV SHINDHE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. NARAYANASWAMY

Marigold (Tagetes spp. L.) is one of the most commonly grown and condition, none of the genotype showed the resistant reaction and commercially exploited flower crops in India, belongs to the family threegenotypes viz., Arka Agni, Arka Bangara and French Dwarf were Asteraceae.This crop is affected by several diseases, among them leaf found moderately susceptible andremaining sevengenotypes showed spot and flower blight caused by Alternaria tagetica (Shome and the highly susceptible reaction to the disease. In vitro evaluation of Mustafee) is one of the most destructive disease causes severe damage fungicides revealed that,Propiconazole and Hexaconazoleshowed cent to crop and quality and quantity of the flowers.Cultural and per cent inhibition of mycelial growth at all the tested concentrations. morphological studies revealed that,radial growth of A. tagetica was Among the bioagents, Trichodermaharzianum UAHS-1 (82.30%) and maximum on Potato dextrose agar (88.53 mm) andmaximumdry mycelial UAHS-2 (79.22%) were found effective against A. tagetica. Among the weight (343.32 mg)wasobserved in Potato dextrose broth. seven plant extracts evaluated, Garlic clove extract at 15 per cent Morphological characters of A. tagetica viz., colour of the mycelium concentration showed maximum inhibition of pathogen (75.32%). The varied from whitish to dark grey.The growth varied from flat, raised field evaluation of fungicides, bioagents and botanicals indicated that,at fluffy to sparse and margins varied from smooth to irregular. Among 0.1 per cent of Hexaconazoleand 0.2 per cent of Mancozebfound most the ten genotypes screened against A. tagetica under polyhouse effective in reducing the disease severity and increased the flower yield.

230 Investigation on wilt complex of Betelvine incited by Sclerotium rolfsii and Meloidogyne incognita C. V. NANDEESHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. RAVINDRA

Betelvine (Piper betle Linn.) is a perennial creeper, commercially chlorothalonil, carboxin + thiram, tricyclazole + mancozeb, cultivated for its economic leaves in the tropical and sub-tropical carbendazim + mancozeb and tebuconazole + trifloxystobin were countries. Wilt disease complex incited by Sclerotium rolfsii and found to be highly effective at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 per cent concentrations Meloidogyne incognita is a major constraint for the cultivation of withcent per cent inhibition of mycelia growth. Among bio-agents betelvine as they cause up to 100 per cent yield losses.The disease tested in vitro,Trichodermaharzianum was found to be most was noticed in all the surveyed locations of Shivamogga and effective in inhibiting the mycelia growth. Among the eight plant Davanagere districts during 2016-17.The disease incidence was more extracts tulsi recorded a maximum inhibition of mycelia growth at severe in Harihara taluk of Davanagere district. Individually, S. rolfsii both 10 and 15 per cent concentrations.Four bioagents were was the most aggressive pathogen, while concomitant inoculation evaluated against juveniles of M. incognita under in vitro condition of fungi with nematode was causing more damage to the crop because and Paecilomyceslilacinus recorded the maximum juvenile mortality. of the action of nematode as predisposition factor. Among the Integrated management of wilt complex of betelvinewith soil fungicides evaluated in vitro against S. rolfsii, propiconazole, application of carboxin + thiram (vitavax power) at 0.2 per cent thiophanate methyl, triadimefon, difenconazole, captan, with neem cake 1 kg/plant was significantly effective.

Management of bacterial wilt of Brinjal (mattigulla) incited by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuchi R. M. REVATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. NARAYANASWAMY

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Yabuchi)is most white with light-pinkish centre and highly fluidal producing copious destructive disease of brinjal in tropical, subtropical and warm slime. In vitro evaluation revealed that patchouli leaf extract at temperate regions of the world, causing heavy economic loss. In 20 per cent (13.00 mm), Psuedomonas fluorescens(20.30 mm) and present investigations, isolation of the pathogen, biochemical copper hydroxide at 500 ppm (15.00 mm) showed maximum characterization and pathogenicity of bacterial wilt along with inhibition zone among the tested botanicals, bioagents and evaluation of different botanicals, bioagents and antibacterial antibacterial chemicals. Screening of nine brinjal varieties against chemicals against R. solanacearum were conducted under laboratory wilt disease under field condition showed that the varieties Arka condition. Screening of brinjal varieties for disease resistance and Nidhi, Arka Anand and Arka Ashish were found resistant to reaction. integrated disease management was carried out under field condition In the integrated management of bacterial wilt of brinjal revealed during Kharif -2016. The pathogen was isolated by serial dilution that the highest disease reduction of 29.24 per cent was recorded in technique and characterized through cultural, morphological and the combination of neem cake+ P. fluorescens + T. harzianum + biochemical characteristics. The isolated bacterium was found as streptocycline + copper oxychloridewith higher yield of 19.27 kg/ Gram negative, rod shaped and the colonies on TZC medium were plot compared to other treatments and control.

Investigation on bacterial leaf blight of rice (Oryza sativa L.) incited by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae BALANAGOUDA PATIL MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. KAREGOWDA

Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) is an important production, methyl red test, nitrate reduction, Vogues-Proskaure and one of the oldest known disease occurs in many parts of the test and production of fluorescent on King’s B medium. Nutrient world in epiphytic proportions and causing huge crop losses. With agar medium was significantly supported for the good growth of this economic importance survey was carried out in three districts, five isolates of pathogen followed by GYCA. Efficacy of botanicals, among them the highest per cent disease severity of 34.64 was bioagents and chemicals were tested under in vitro condition against observed in Shivamogga followed by Davanagere (30.23 PDI) and X. oryzae pv. oryzae, the results revealed that, Marigold, lowest disease per cent severity of 21.04 was documented in Trichoderma harzianum and Kasugamycin were superior in inhibiting Chickamagaluru district. Five isolates were subjected to growth of the pathogen. Under field condition management of morphological and biochemical tests, all the isolates were found disease by spraying of streptocycline (0.5 g) in combination with negative for Gram staining and spore staining, positive for capsule copper oxychloride (2.5 g) was effective over all other treatments staining with monotrichous flagellation. Bacterial cells were small with the lowest per cent disease severity of 22.33 with highest rods, cells measured with an average size of 0.25 -0.40 x 1.25- 3.00 ìm. yield (56.49 q/ha) over control. Among 41 genotypes screened under All isolates showed positive reaction for gelatine liquefaction, protein field condition, none of them were found immune, where as digestion, ammonia production, KOH test, catalase test, starch 10 genotypes showed resistant, seven were moderately resistant, hydrolysis and H2S production and negative reaction for indole whereas remaining were susceptible to disease.

231 Studies on bacterial leaf stripe of Arecanut caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. arecae SEEMA M. NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. GANGADHARA NAIK

Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) is a palm belongs to the family Chickamagaluru districts revealed that, Honnali taluk of Davanagere Arecaceae, which is grown in most parts of the tropical Asia and district was found to be a hotspot for bacterial leaf stripe disease of East African countries. Arecanut is popularly known as betel nut, Arecanut with 36.66 per cent incidence. During biochemical tests, due to its usage for mastigatory purpose along with betel leaves. It ammonia production, starch hydrolysis, fluorescent test and gram is cultivated as an important commercial crop across many states of staining showed negative reaction whereas, positive reaction were India. Arecanut suffers from many biotic and abiotic stresses. Among observed in catalase test, gelatin liquefaction, KOH test, methyl red them bacterial leaf stripe disease is one of the new emerging disease test and hydrogen sulphide production. Neem, Trichoderma caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. arecae that attacks the crop harzianum and Kasugamycin were found effective in inhibiting the at an age of 3-6 years or in seedling stage itself. Survey conducted growth of the pathogen under in vitro conditions. However, in field for the incidence of bacterial leaf stripe disease incidence in major conditions Kasugamycin@ 3 mlL-1treated plants showed higher arecanut growing areas of Shivamogga, Davanagere and disease reduction over the control.

AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION Knowledge impact and coping mechanism to climate change by farming community of Chitradurga district C. VASANTHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. SAHANA

The study on knowledge impact and coping mechanism to climate and medium irrigation potential. Majority of the adopter farmers change by farming community was conducted in Chitradurga district were educated upto PUC, had medium sized land holding and medium of Karnataka during 2016-17. By simple random sampling 120 adopter family size. Majority of the non adopters belonged to read only and 30 non adopter farmers were selected, constituting sample size category having marginal land holding and small sized family. Majority of 150. The data was collected using pretested interview schedule. of the adopters had medium level of mass media participation, The result showed that majority of the adopters (74.16%) non innovativeproness, extension agency contact, risk orientation, adopters (86.67%) had medium level of knowledge on climate change.It management orientation, information seeking behaviour, preparedness was observed that social participation (40.38%) was most impacted for adaptation and change resistance, whereas majority of the non followed by extension participation, family type and cosmopoliteness adopters had low level of innovativeproness, extension agency contact, in case of adopter farmers. None of them were significant in case of risk orientation, information seeking behaviour, preparedness for non adopter farmers.It was found that farmers without adopting any adaptation, medium level of mass media participation and management coping mechanism get net returns of `11727.65/hectare. The additional orientation and high level of change resistance. Major constraints return due to adoption of coping mechanism was maximum in case of faced by adopter and non-adopter farmers were ‘borewell failures’ drip irrigation + mulching + protected cultivation model (` 182384.51). and ‘high cost of irrigation facility’, respectively. The suggestion Majority of the adopter and non adopter farmers were male and included ‘providing subsidies to climate proof technology’ and belonged to middle age category having medium farming experience ‘promoting climate smart agriculture.’

Study on information management behaviour of Arecanut growers in Shivamogga district of Karnataka J. ABHILASH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. A. T. KRISHNAMURTHY

Information management behaviour of farmers play a vital role in medium level scientific orientation, 49.16 per cent belonged to adoption of the improved cultivation practices in their farming medium mass media utilization category, 47.50 per cent belonged to system. The concept of information management behaviour of medium innovative proneness category, 100 per cent of the arecanut growers is gaining significance as they are emerging as a respondents possessed Television and Mobile/Telephone, strong force in increasing the arecanut production in the country.The 59.16 per cent of the respondents belonged to medium research study was conducted during 2016-17, in Shivamogga district cosmopoliteness category. Out of 12 independent variables, five of Karnataka and found that majority(69.17%) of respondents variables viz., education, extension contact, mass media participation, belonged to medium category of information acquisition behaviour, social participation and cosmopoliteness showed positive and in case of storage of information 61.66 per cent of respondents significant relationship at 1 per cent level of probabilitywith grouped under medium category. Whereas, interpersonal sources acquisition of information. Further,variables like age, education, were the major sources of information for the major chunk of the extension contact, material possession, social participation, respondents, 46.67 per cent of the respondents belonged to middle extension participation and cosmopoliteness showed positive and age group, 30.00 per cent of the respondents educated up to high significant relationship at 1 per cent level of probability with storage school, 32.50 per cent of the respondents possessed small land of information. Majority of the respondents had expressed constraint holding,42.50 per cent had very high income, 47.50 per cent had on lack of sufficient training programmes (72.50%).

232 Readability and readers analysis of selected agricultural publications in Kannada G. CHAITRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. K. AMARESH KUMAR

The study was conducted in the year 2016-17 in Dakshina Kannada be read by the farmers who had an education level up to middle and Dharwaddistrict of Karnataka state with a sample size of 120 school, high school and above high school level, respectively. With farmers. Simple random sampling procedure was used to select the respect to overall reading habit 37.50 per cent of the reader farmers sample. The data was collected with the help of structured interview had low level of reading habit, while 33.33 per cent and 29.16 per cent schedule. The socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed had medium and high level of reading habit respectively. The variables that, majority of the respondents belong to middle age group (58.30%), like age, education, land holding, farming experience, annual income, middle school education (35.00%), small land holding category cosmopoliteness, extension agency contact and extension participation (33.30%), 10-20 years of farming experience (65.00%) and high income had significant association with reading habit at 0.01 levels. Whereas, level (55.00%). Whereas, majority of the respondents had medium innovative proneness, mass media participation and political cosmopoliteness (51.67%), medium innovative proneness (39.17%), participation had non-significant association with reading habit. The mediumlevel of extension agency contact (45.00%), low mass media major constraints faced by the reader farmers were “Sometimes participation (35.00%), medium extension participation category information published was neither timely nor practical”, “No detailed (51.67%) and low political participation category (58.34%). The information about author for future reference” and “Less articles in articles published in newspaper, farm magazine and leaflet/folder could the form of success stories”.

Impact of vocational training programme ‘Friends of coconut tree and plant protection’ conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Shivamogga M. LEELAVATHI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. BASAVARAJ BEERANNAVAR

The present study was conducted to ascertain the impact of undergoing training and it was enhanced to 20 per cent after vocational training programme ‘Friends of Coconut Tree and Plant training.None of the respondents were using climbing equipment Protection’ conducted by KVK, Shivamogga. A total of 120 trainees before undergoing training and majority (89.17%) of the were considered as sample for the study. The study revealed that respondents were using it as means of climbing after training.There majority of the respondents possessed low (55.00%) and high is an average additional gain of earnings by ` 55,812 /- per annum (41.67%) knowledge level before and after training.The respondents by the professional coconut tree climbers after training.There is had low(60.83%) and high (40.84%) overall adoption level before an average yield of 120 coconuts per year per tree after training and after intervention of training. Majority (89.17%) of the when compared to the yield of 100 nuts per tree per year before respondents had adopted use of coconut palm climbing equipment, training. Majority of the respondents expressed the constraints 97.50 per cent of the respondents practicing right time of harvesting such as problems related to insurance renewal and claims (81.67%) coconuts and 81.67 per cent are identifying major pest and and difficulty in using the equipment for the trees with bigger diseases. Nearly 33.33 per cent of the respondents possessed trunk size (55.83%). Suggestions such as organizing awareness 21 to 50 number of coconut trees after training. Only seven programmes related to insurance (75.00%) and provision for safety respondents (5.83%) were professional coconut tree climbers before belt (65.00%) were expressed.

Impact of mobile agro-advisory services on the farmers of Udupi district NAVINKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. DHANANJAYA

The sector of agriculture benefits more from mobile phones in the 67.50 per cent of the farmers belonged to medium Achievement developing countries as it saves money, time and offers accurate motivation category, 62.50 per cent of the farmers had high level risk advantage for farmers. The research study was conducted during 2016-17. orientation, 55.48 per cent had high level Knowledge and 48.33 percent Majority (48.33%) of the respondents’ belonged to young age, had high level of Adoption of Mobile agro-advisory services.Total 13 35.00 per cent of the farmers were educated upto P.U.C. level, independent variables selected for the study, three variables 75.83 per cent had nuclear type of family, 48.33 per cent were engaged viz.,Education, Achievement motivation and Risk orientation showed in agriculture and animal husbandry occupation, 42.50 per cent farmers positive and significant relationship at one per cent level of probability possessed small land holding, 40.83 per cent of the respondents with Knowledge level, among the 13 independent variables, five belonged to high Annual income category, 65.83 per cent of the farmers variables viz., Achievement motivation, Risk orientation, Scientific had high level scientific orientation, 54.17 per cent of the farmers had orientation,Innovativeness andExtension participation showed high extension contact, 48.33 per cent of the farmers belonged to positive and significant relationship at one per cent level of probability medium extension participation category, 67.50 per cent of the farmers with Adoption level.Major constraint expressed was lack of Practical belonged to high mass media utilization category, 64.17 per cent exposure (76.67%). Major suggestion expressed was regular weather of the farmers belonged to medium Innovative proneness, forecasting (93.33%).

233 B. HORTICULTURE

FRUIT SCIENCE Effect of growth regulators on rooting of stem cuttings in Italian Lemon (Citrus limon L.) AMBRESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. THIPPESHA

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of growth regulators of sprouting (65.00 %), number of leaves per shoot (12.00), length on rooting of stem cuttings in Italian lemon (Citrus limon L.) under of sprout and shoot (10.56 cm and 15.22 cm, respectively), diameter low cost polyhouse of the department of Horticulture, College of of shoot (3.02 mm) and number of shoots (2.67) were recorded in Agriculture, Shivamogga, during the year 2016-2017. The experiment cuttings treated with IBA 2500 ppm. The maximum values of was laid out by following Complete Randomized Design with sixteen biochemical parameters like total chlorophyll content (1.44 mg/g of treatments replicated thrice. The stem cuttings of Italian lemon fresh weight) of leaves and C:N ratio (6.98) was observed in cuttings result reveals that, the least number of days (16.33) taken for root treated with IBA 2500 ppm. Maximum survival percentage of rooted initiation, the maximum values were recorded with respect to cuttings (97.78%) was observed in cuttings treated with IBA percentage of rooting (56.17%), length of the longest root (22.17cm), 2500 ppm. The application of IBA 2500 ppm resulted in maximum average length of roots per cuttings (6.94 cm), average number of Cost: benefit ratio (2.46). Among the different growth regulators roots per cuttings (22.56), fresh weight and dry weight of root with different combination, application of IBA 2500 ppm was found (1.96 g and 0.26 g, respectively), volume of root (1.38 cc), least to improve rooting and survivability of stem cuttings in Italian number of days taken for sprout initiation (8.67), more percentage lemon under low cost polyhouse condition.

Standardization of fertigation schedule for Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) under naturally ventilated polyhouse S. MOUNASHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. MADAIAH

An experiment was conducted to standardize the fertigation schedule (17.97 g), fruit volume (18.50 cc), fruit length (4.14 cm)fruit diameter for strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa Duch.) at Department of Fruit (4.14 cm), with respect to yield it recorded 390.42 g/plant, among fruit Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2016-17. The quality parameters maximum ascorbic acid content (69.27 mg/100 g), experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with eight titratable acidity (0.93%) and sugars to acid ratio (10.55),total sugar treatments in four replications. The study indicated that application of content (7.87%)and higher benefit cost ratio (2.67) was recorded in 100 per cent RDF through fertigation (150:100:120 kg NPK/ha) and 100 per cent RDF through fertigation which was on par with 75 per cent 75 per cent RDF through fertigation (112.5:75:90 kg/ha) performed RDF through fertigation (28.10 cm, 28.65, 70.95 days, 2.35 mg/g of better among the treatments tested. The maximum plant height fresh weight, 25.90 days, 21.49, 17.96 g, 18.38 cc, 4.10 cm, 4.12 cm, (28.56 cm), number of leaves (29.95), flower duration (71.95 days), 385.96 g/plant, 68. 86 mg/100gm, 0.92 per cent, 10.14 and total leaf chlorophyll content (2.40 mg/g of fresh weight), among the 7.62 per cent and 2.64, respectively.) and it also given highest fertilizer fruit parameters, minimum number of days taken for berry maturity use efficiency (90.10%). Based on the above results, plants supplied (25.45 days), highest number of berries per plant (21.73), berry weight with 75 per cent RDF through fertigation was performed well.

Effect of growth regulators and sucrose on rooting of stem cuttings in Karonda (Carissa carandas L.) SHWETA MARUTI SUTAGATTI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. SHIVAKUMAR

Karonda is indigenous fruit of India having tremendous Nutraceutical FYM, fine sand, soil and coir pith in the ratio of 1:3:6:1 proportion. values and found wild throughout the country. It is usually The observations were recorded on root and shoot parameters at propagated by seeds however it has got prolonged juvenility. different intervals along with assessing the survivability under Therefore, it is crucial to produce planting material through vegetative nursery condition. The results revealed that hardwood cuttings propagation like cuttings with different growth regulator treatment treated with IBA 6000 ppm + 2000 ppm NAA performed better to reduce juvenile period by increasing multiplication rate. An and took minimum number of days for root initiation (19.00 days), investigation was conducted on “Effect of growth regulators and maximum percentage of rooted cuttings (58.8%), number of roots sucrose on rooting of stem cuttings in Karonda (Carissa carandas per rooted cuttings (5.26), root volume (2.65 cc), fresh weight of L.)” variety Konkan Bold at Central Horticultural Experiment root (1.120 g) and dry weight of root (0.812g), highest percentage Station, Chettalli, Karnataka during 2016-17. The experiment was of cuttings sprouted (65.6 %), number of leaves per sprouted cuttings laid out in a factorial complete randomized design in poly tunnel (7.06), leaf area (19.04 cm2), fresh weight of shoot (3.76 g) and with two factors of stem cuttings viz. semi hardwood and hardwood shoot dry matter (2.96 g) after 90 days of planting. Also maximum cuttings and nine treatments including growth regulators and sucrose per cent survivability (87.26) was recorded in hardwood cuttings treatment. The cuttings were planted in polybags with mixture of treated with IBA 6000 ppm + 2000 ppm NAA 180 DAP.

234 Effect of growth regulators on rooting of stem cuttings in Barbados cherry (Malphighia glabra L.) NIRUPADI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPAR

An investigation was conducted to study the effect of growth higher shoot parameters viz., least number of days taken for sprout regulators on rooting of stem cuttings in Barbados cherry (Malphighia initiation (11.00), higher sprouting (55.00%), number of leaves per glabra L.) under low cost polyhouse at Zonal Agricultural and shoot (20.31), shoot length (16.60 cm), diameter of shoot (2.55 mm), Horticultural Research Station, Shivamogga, during the year number of shoots (7.49), fresh and dry weight of shoots (16.37 g and 2016-2017. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized 5.24 g), leaf area per cutting (486.67cm2) were recorded in cuttings Design with 12 treatments and three replications. The stem cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm. Significantly higher total chlorophyll of Barbados cherry treated with IBA 2000 ppm recorded significantly content (1.33 mg/g of fresh weight) of leaves, C: N (5.82), maximum higher values of root parameters viz., least number of days (16.67) survivability of rooted cuttings (47.89%) and Benefit: Cost (2.28) recorded for root initiation, higher rooting (50.67%), length of the was observed in cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm. Among the longest root (25.00 cm), average length of roots (13.78 cm), higher different growth regulators and their combinations, application of number of primary and secondary roots (11.00 and 23.67), average IBA 2000 ppm was found superior to improve rooting and number of roots (29.00), fresh weight and dry weight of roots (1.10 g survivability of stem cuttings in Barbados cherry under low cost and 0.68 g), root: shoot (0.62) and root volume (1.34 cm3). Significantly polyhouse condition.

Studies on the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality in Sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) cv. Mosambi under central dry zone of Karnataka N. U. POOJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. SHIVAKUMAR

A field experiment entitled “Studies on the effect of Integrated Nutrient parameters viz., TSS (10.330 B), lower titratable acidity (0.48%), Management on growth, yield and quality in sweet orange (Citrus higher TSS/Acid ratio (21.28), Ascorbic acid (62.54 mg/100g), total sinensis Osbeck) cv. Mosambi under central dry zone of Karnataka” sugar (8.33%), juice recovery (50.71%), fruit firmness (58.61 was conducted in the farmer’s field of Gudihalli village, Chitradurga newton), shelf life (22.62 days) and lower physiological loss in district during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized weight (8.42%) at 20 days of fruit storage. The sweet orange block design with eight treatments comprising of inorganic, organic plants receivingT8 recorded higher residual soil nutrients status of manures (‘N’ equivalent) and bio-fertilizers replicated thrice. The 365.18, 52.10, and 338.10 kg/ha N, P2O5 and K2O respectively treatment comprising 75 per cent RDF + poultry manure (12.5% N after the harvest. Besides, recorded higher microbial population of equivalent) + vermicompost (12.5 % N equivalent) and Arka Microbial Azotobacter (23.14, 20.19cfug-1 soil) and PSB (25.27, 22.12 cfug-1 2 -4 -5 Consortia (T8) recorded the highest leaf area (34.20 cm ),current season soil) at 10 and 10 dilution respectively. The present study shoot length (69.33cm), shoot girth (2.54 cm), canopy spread (3.38 m reavealed that commercial sweet orange production under central

N-S, 3.43 m E-W) and yield attributes such asfruit weight dry zone of Karnataka by integrated application of nutrients (T8) (179.51 g), number of fruits per plant (347.32), yield per plant is more economical with increased net returns and BC ratio (61.98 kg), yield per hectare (17.23 t/ha) and better quality (` 5, 82,103 ha-1& 3.09, respectively).

Agro-technique intervention for Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) on vertical growing system under natural ventilated polyhouse RAGHAVENDRA PRASAD MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. MADAIAH

An experiment was conducted to study the Agro-technique (25.12 cm and 27.97 cm respectively), number of crowns (2.57/plant), intervention for strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) on vertical leaf area (108.12cm2), leaf area index (1.37), total dry weight (29.94 g) growing systemunder low cost polyhouse of the Department of Fruit and total chlorophyll content (2.57mg/g of fresh weight). M7D1 Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2016-17. The work treatment with vermiculite+coir pith+vermicompost took minimum was initiated to standardize plant density and soilless substrates number of days for flowering (48.32) whereas, M1D2 with (viz., perlite, vermiculite, coir pith, sphagnum moss and vermicompost) perlite+vermicompost and two plants per spot took longest duration on growth, yield and quality. The experiment was laid out in split for flowering (72.59 days). Highest number of flowers per plant plot design with eight main treatments (M-media combinations) and (24.90), number of fruits per plant (24.50), fruit diameter (3.98cm) two sub treatment (D-plant density) with sixteen treatment and yield per plant (365.90g) were recorded in perlite+vermicompost combination (M x D) replicated twice. The results revealed that among treatment with one plant per spot. The fruit quality parameters different plant density D1 recorded highest per cent survivability liketotal soluble solids (12.68°Brix), ascorbic acid content (90.00) and lowest per cent mortality (10.00) whereas, media (39.62 mg/100 g), reducing sugar (5.94 %), non-reducing sugar (1.92%), combination M1 with perlite+vermicompost was significantly superior total sugars(7.50%), sugars to acid ratio(25.12) and titratable acidity with respect to all traits. In interaction, M1D1-perlite+vermicompost (0.97%) were highest in M1D1 and resulted in highest benefit cost with one plant per spot recorded highest plant height (18.25 cm), ratio (2.49). Treatment M1 under D1 plant density produced superior number of leaves (17.17), plant spread North-South and East-West vegetative, reproductive and quality traits.

235 Effect of different plant growth regulators on rooting of softwood cuttings of Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) B. R. RESHMA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. S. SHIVAKUMAR

An investigation on “Effect of growth regulators on rooting of softwood initiation (7.33), percent sprouting (84.44%), number of leaves per cuttings of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims)” was carried in poly sprout (10.2), leaf area (107.14 cm2), shoot fresh weight (27.00 g) and house during 2016-17 at Central Horticultural Experiment Station, shoot dry matter (9.27 g) were recorded in cuttings treated with IBA Chettalli. The soft wood cuttings of passion fruit were treated in different 750 ppm. Further total sugar in cuttings was 2.55 per cent with C:N of concentrations of IBA, NAA and their combinations. The experiment 7.51when treated with IBA 750 ppm. The N content in the said was laid out in Completely Randomized Design with nine treatments treatment declined at a faster rate (2.03 to 0.59%) from initial upto replicated thrice. The result revealed that, number of days taken for 90 days after planting. Maximum survival percentage of rooted cuttings root initiation (14.67), percentage of rooting (67.77%), number of roots (96.67%) was also observed in the same treatment. Hence application per rooted cutting (167.67), root volume (2.16 ml), root fresh weight of IBA 750 ppm was found effective in improving both rooting and as (2.26 g), root dry matter (0.64 g), number of days taken for sprout well survivability of softwood cuttings of passion fruit.

VEGETABLE SCIENCE

Evaluation of Onion genotypes for late kharif under central dry zone of Karnataka R. ARCHANA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. UMAMAHESWARAPPA

The present investigation entitled Evaluation of onion genotypes for Genotype Prema-178 recorded highest TSS (13.62%) and Pyruvic late kharif under central dry zone of Karnataka was carried out during acid (5.65 µmoles g-1 FW). Results on screening for thrips incidence late kharif 2016-17 at ZAHRS, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur. The experiment revealed that, genotypes Bhima Super, Bhima Red, Bhima Raj and was laid out in Randomized complete block design with three Arka Kalyan were found to be resistant and for purple blotch Bhima replications. The experimental material consisting of fifteen genotypes Raj and Bhima Red were found to be moderately resistant with per of onion procured from DOGR, Rajgurnagar, Pune and IIHR, cent leaf infection ranged from 11-20 per cent in these genotypes, Hesargatta, Bangalore. Among genotypes evaluated Bhima Red Genotype Bhima Shakti and Arka Kirthiman were performed best performed better for most of the characters like plant height under storage conditions. Considering the growth, yield and quality (34.69 cm), number of bulbs per plot (352.67), average bulb weight performances the genotype, each varieties viz., Bhima Red, Bhima (88.51 g), bulb yield per plot (23.57 kg plot-1), average per cent Shakti, Bhima Super and Arka Kalyan were suitable for late kharif marketable bulb yield (95.56 t ha-1), total bulb yield (39.12 t ha-1). season under Hiriyur conditions.

Evaluation of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) genotypes for their growth, yield and quality parameters under central dry zone of Karnataka K. S. NANDINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. UMAMAHESWARAPPA

The present investigation on evaluation of garlic (Allium sativum L.) Yamuna Safed-3 produced the maximum number of cloves per bulb genotypes for their growth, yield and quality parameters under central (12.67) and highest yield was recorded in Bhima Purple (8.65 t/ha) dry zone of Karnataka was carried out at Zonal Agricultural and which was on par with Yamuna Safed-3 (8.59 t/ha). Maximum TSS Horticultural Research Station, Babbur Farm, Hiriyur, during Rabi of (40.38 %) and pyruvic acid content (27.19 µ moles) was recorded in the year 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized block Agrifound White and Yamuna Safed respectively. Storage study design with three replications. Nine genotypes such as Yamuna Safed- revealed that Yamuna Safed-3 showed no sprouting and minimum 3, Yamuna Safed, Yamuna Safed-2, Yamuna Safed-8, Agrifound Parvati, total loss in weight (14.78%) and rotting of bulbs (1.75%) at four Agrifound White, Bhima Purple, Bhima White and Rajalle Gadde months after storage. Agrifound Parvati and Bhima Purple which had were used for the study. Among the tested genotypes, Bhima Purple thrips population more than 19.63 but less than 20.79 per plant were performed better for most of the characters like plant height (48.95 cm), grouped into resistant category. At 90 days after sowing, Agrifound number of leaves per plant (10), leaf length (38.64 cm), leaf width Parvati and Bhima Purple showed moderately resistant reaction against (1.82 cm), polar diameter (4.42 cm), equatorial diameter (3.96 cm), stemphylium blight with the grade scale two and per cent disease average bulb weight (16.43 g) and average weight of ten cloves (16.10 g). index of 13.87 and 14.13, respectively.

236 Integrated nutrient management studies in Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) M. YOGARAJU MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. SRINIVASA

A field experiment was conducted to know the effect of integrated total dry matter (118.48 g/plant), absolute growth rate (2.38 g/plant), nutrient management in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) at Department crop growth rate (8.99 g/m2/day), relative growth rate (0.07 g/g/day), of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2016-17. net assimilation rate (0.200 × 10-2 g/dm2/day), minimum days taken The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design for 50 per cent flower initiation (38.67 ), maximum fruit length with fourteen treatments replicated thrice. Plants treated with (11.60 cm), fruit girth (4.80 cm), fruit yield (658.67 g/plant), fruit Azospirillum + PSB + VAM + KSB + 75 per cent RDF + MgSO4 + yield per hectare (22.92 t/ha) and its quality parameters like chloropyll Micronutrient mixture recorded significantly maximum plant height content (79.74 SPAD Units), ascorbic acid content (141.27 mg/100g), (88.61 cm), plant spread North-South and East-West (63.67 and capsaicin content (0.39%). Similarly Azospirillum + PSB + VAM + 59.43 cm, respectively), number of primary branches (11.22), KSB + 75 per cent RDF + MgSO4 + Micronutrient mixture recorded secondary branches (18.44), number of leaves (298.87), leaf area significantly the highest available N (440.00 kg/ha), P2O5 (129.67 kg/ha) 2 (10578.06 cm ), leaf area index (3.92), fresh weight of leaves and K2O (241.33 kg/ha) in soil. The economic analysis clearly (107.33 g/plant), fresh weight of stems (145.11 g/planta), fresh weight indicated that application of Azospirillum + PSB + VAM + KSB + of fruits (268.89 g/plant), dry weight of leaves (35.01 g/plant), dry 75 per cent RDF + MgSO4 + Micronutrient mixture realized maximum weight of stem (47.69 g/plant), dry weight of fruits (14.40 g/plant), net returns (` 558791.2 /ha) and BC ratio (1:4.33).

Line × tester analysis in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) under hill zone of Karnataka M. C. ASHOKA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. P. UMAMAHESWARAPPA

The present investigation on line × tester analysis in brinjal (Solanum for yield per hectare followed by Pusa Kranti × Arka Shirish (66.02%), melongena L.) under hill zone of Karnataka was carried out at the Arka Neelkanth × Arka Shirish (61.43%), IC332508 × PPL (47.76%), Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, IC332508 × Shyamala (41.79%), Arka Nidhi × Shyamala (41.07%), during Kharif and Rabi season of the year 2015-16. Twenty seven F1 IC332508 × Arka Shirish (24.94%), L-3266 × PPL (22.12%) and L- hybrids were produced by crossing 9 lines with 3 testers by using 3266 × Shyamala (20.38%). The cross IC354140 × Shyamala exhibited line × tester design and they were evaluated along with parents in the maximum significant desirable positive sca effect for most of the RCBD with two replications. The mean sum of squares due to various characters studied along with yield per hectare. Among the 12 parents, sources of variation showed significant differences for almost all the Pusa Kranti, IC397557, IC332508, IC281112, Arka Shirish and characters studied. The magnitude of heterosis over the standard check Shyamala were identified as good general combiners for over all (Arka Anand) was high in the desirable direction for days to 50 per cent characters studied. The predominance of sca variance over gca flowering (-31.40%), fruit length (37.99%), fruit diameter (64.78%), variance for most of the studied traits indicated the predominance of number of fruits per plant (57.63%), average fruit weight (212.28%) non additive gene action. The present study revealed that heterosis and yield per plant (87.37%). The cross IC354140 × Shyamala breeding is useful for the improvement of brinjal crop through exhibited maximum significant positive standard heterosis (87.40%) exploitation of additive or non additive gene action.

Assessment of combining ability of Cucumber (Ccucumis sativus L.) germplasm for exploiting heterosis PRASHANT R. NAIK MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPAR

The present investigation on heterosis and combining ability studies in for important traits viz., days to first female flower appearance ranged cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) was undertaken at ZAHRS, Navile, from -7.80 to 13.65 and -1.49 to 21.43 per cent, for node at which first Shivamogga, Karnataka during kharif and rabi seasons of year 2016-17. female flower appearance -28.83 to 46.34 and -31.82 to 36.36 per cent, The diversed group of 12 genotypes (nine lines and three testers) of for number of fruits per vine -33.64 to 48.85 and -36.52 to 40.43, for cucumber and two check cultivars (Poinsette and Malini) were used to yield per vine -18.36 to 20.47 and -28.76 to 5.12 per cent. The parents fulfil the objective such as to estimate the general combining ability Himangi, US-640, DWD and Haveri Local are the good general combiners (gca) and specific combining ability (sca) magnitude and direction of while, DWD × Haveri Local, US-640 × Haveri Local and Sabra × heterosis for yield and yield attributing traits, to identify the highly Bagalkot Local exhibited the significant positive sca effect for yield heterotic combinations. A total of 27 crosses were developed by crossing attributing traits. The predominance of sca effect over gca effect for with nine lines three testers. All the crosses were evaluated along with yield indicate the predominance of non-additive gene action. The present the parents in randomized block design with two replications. The study revealed that heterosis breeding is useful for the improvement of magnitude of heterosis over the standard checks (Poinsette and Malini) cucumber for exploitation of additive or non-additive gene action.

237 Genetic variability studies in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes under hill zone of Karnataka M. K. RAMACHANDRA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. V. SRINIVASA

An investigation on genetic variability studies in potato was carried (>60%) estimates coupled with high genetic advance (>20%) was out in the experimental block, Department of Vegetable Science, recorded for the characters viz., leaf area, fresh weight of tuber, College of Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2016-17. The tuber volume, non-reducing sugars, marketable and total tuber yield. experiment was laid by adopting Randomized Complete Block Design Therefore, additive component is predominant here. Thus, there is (RBD) with three replications. The experimental material consisting ample scope for improving these characters through direct selection. of sixteen genotypes of potato obtained from CPRI, Shimla and Studies on correlation coefficient showed highly significant and CIP, Peru. Data collected on growth, tuber yield and its components positive association of total tuber yield per plot with plant height, and genetic estimation was made for variance, correlation coefficient number of leaves, number of stems, total fresh weight of plant, total and path analysis. Analysis of variance revealed that mean sum of dry weight of plant, number of tubers per plant, fresh weight of squares was significant for the all parameters which indicated the tuber per plant, dry weight of tuber per plant, marketable yield per presence of sufficient variability among the genotypes. The plant and marketable yield per plot. Path analysis indicated that phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for all the parameters out of thirteen characters studied, the direct effects via fresh weight was found higher magnitude than genotypic coefficient of variation of tuber per plant, followed by starch and dry weight of tuber per (GCV). Among different yield attributing characters fresh and dry plant positively contributed towards total tuber yield per plot, weight of tuber, tuber volume, marketable and total tuber yield had indicating the possibility of simultaneous selection for these traits the highest magnitude of GCV and PCV (>20%). The high heritability to improve the tuber yield.

Optimization of plant population for higher productivity in Yardlong bean under varied environmental conditions M. MANJESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. NAGARAJAPPA ADIVAPPAR

The present investigation entitled “Optimization of plant population (31.13 g), yield per plant (458.21 g) and higher pod yield per 1000 m2 for higher productivity in Yardlong bean under varied environmental (1605.99 kg) were recorded in polyhouse. Among spacing treatments conditions” was carried out during Kharif 2016 at ZAHRS, Navile, significantly highernumber of primary branches (12.91), pods per Shivamogga. The experiment was laid out in splitplot design with plant (22.30), pod length (71.73 cm), pod girth (3.94 cm), pod three replications. There were 24 treatment combinations comprised weight per plant (33.11g) andpod yield per plant (547.86 g) were of three different environments (polyhouse, shadenet and open field) recorded with wider spacing of 60 x75 cm. Highest plant height and eight spacing treatments(45 x30 cm, 45 x45 cm, 45 x60 cm, (294.29 cm) and yield per 1000 m2 (1791.68 kg) were recorded with 45 x75 cm, 60 x30 cm, 60 x 45 cm, 60 x 60 cm, 60 x75 cm).The the closer spacing of 45 cm x30 cm.The interaction of different obtained results showed that all the characters were markedly environments and spacing were found to be statistically non- affected by different environments and spacing.Among different significant for all the traits. The evaluation of production economics environments significantly higher plant height (325.17cm), number revealed that growing of Yardlong bean in open condition with of primary branches (12.46), number of pods per plant (21.66), 45 x 30 cm spacing was most remunerative option with a highest pod length (70.67 cm), pod girth (3.73 cm), pod weight per plant benefit: cost of 3.14.

FLORICULTURE AND LAND SCAPE ARCHITECTURE Effect of biostimulants on flowering and seed yield of China aster cv. Kamini D. B. VINUTHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLA NAIK

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of to first flowering (59.00), days taken for 50 per cent flowering biostimulants on flowering and seed yield of China aster cv. Kamini (73.00) and stalk length (27.50cm). With respect to duration of at Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shivamogga, flowering (70.33 days) and number of petals per flower (136.33) it University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga was found maximum in Humicil @ 1 per cent and Humicil @ 0.5 per during 2016-17. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete cent, respectively. Bigger sized flowers with a diameter (7.39cm), block design (RCBD) with six biostimulants viz., GA3, NAA, Boron, individual flower weight (2.40g) and shelf life (41.00 hrs) was Biovita, Humicil and Azospirillum at two different concentrations recorded in Azospirillum @ 8 per cent spray. However, the longest all together as treatments and was replicated thrice. The plants vase life was observed in Biovita @ 1 per cent (8.17 days). Among sprayed with GA3 @ 200ppm recorded maximum plant height the biostimulants, GA3 @ 200ppm recorded maximum number of (65.07cm), number of leaves (115.67), leaf area (4259.30cm2), stem flowers per plant (67.67), flower yield/ha (30.23t), seed yield/plant girth (12.71mm), number of primary branches (9.73) and secondary (4.45g), seed yield/ha (4.57q) and test weight (2.27g). The economic branches per plant (13.00), plant spread East-West and North-South analysis indicated that, foliar application of GA3 @ 200ppm realized (22.17cm and 19.23cm, respectively), total dry weight per plant maximum B: C ratio (6.10 and 12.08) for flower and seed production, (45.03g), total chlorophyll content (21.60 mg/g fresh weight), days respectively.

238 Influence of plant growth regulators on Anthurium andreanum Lind. var. Tropical under protected condition N. S. SEEMANTHINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR

An investigation was carried out on influence of plant growth index (1.80), chlorophyll-a (1.32 mg/g fresh weight), chlorophyll-b regulators viz., Benzyl Adenine (250, 500 and 750 ppm), Gibberellic (0.74 mg/g fresh weight), total chlorophyll (2.25mg/g fresh weight), acid (100, 150 and 200 ppm), Maleic Hydrazide (100, 150 and 200 early to sucker emergence (88.67 days), number of suckers/plant ppm) and Cycocel (l000, 1500 and 2000ppm) on Anthurium (3.33), early to 1st flowering (97.33 days), early to 100 per cent andreanum Lind. var. Tropical under protected condition. The flowering (157.00 days) and the flower qualityparameters like experiment was laid out in randomized completely block design maximum stalk length (35.87cm), spathe length (12.63cm), spathe with three replications in the experimental block of department of width (9.80 cm), spadix length (6.10 cm), flower weight (15.33 g) Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture, and number of flowers/plant (6.47) at 240 days after spray. Similarly

Mudigere, Karnataka during 2016-17.Theresults of the experiment GA3 @ 150 ppm depicted early to 50 per cent flowering (128.00 days) indicated that among different treatments, spraying of BA @ and GA3 @ 200 ppm exhibited maximum vase life (14.33 days). The 750 ppm recorded maximum plant height (42.70 cm), stem girth economic analysis of the experiment distinctly shows that spraying of (21.30 mm), number of leaves per plant (6.56), leaf length BA @ 750 ppm displayed the maximum net returns (` 8,07,473.61/ (25.90 cm), leaf width (16.80 cm), leaf area(2435.10 cm2), leaf area 500m2/year) and BC ratio (1:2.89) for flower and sucker production. Field response of Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) to phosphorus solubilizing and mobilizing bioinoculants with graded levels of phosphorus HARISH S. DODDUJJAPPALAVAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. HEMLANAIK

A field experiment was conducted to know the ‘Field response of plant), crop growth rate (4.37 g/m2/day at 90-120 DAP), relative growth chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) to phosphorus rate (0.0066 g/g/day at 90-120 DAP), net assimilation rate (0.00034 g/ solubilizing and mobilizing bioinoculants with graded levels of dm2/day at 90-120 DAP), total chlorophyll (3.08 mg/g), days to first phosphorus’ was carried out at Department of Floriculture and landscape flower bud initiation (61.60), days to first flower opening (90.90), architecture, College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during 2016-17. The maximum flowering duration (125.47 days), maximum flower weight experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with (6.10 g), diameter (6.23 cm), number of petals per flower (118.37), twelve treatments replicated thrice. Plants treated with 75 per cent flowers per plant (70.83), flower yield (18.08 t/ha), sucker yield recommended dose of phosphorus + phosphorus solubilizing fungus (2,31,667 Nos. per hectare) and its quality parameters like shelf life (Aspergillusawamori)+ phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (Pseudomonas (7.00 days) and vase life (13.87 days). Similarly 75 per cent striata) (T11) recorded significantly maximum plant height (61.00 cm), recommended dose of phosphorus + phosphorus solubilizing fungus stem girth (7.10 mm), plant spread North-South and East-West (30.67 (Aspergillusawamori) + phosphorus solubilizing bacteria cm and 31.53 cm, respectively), number of primary branches (24.31), (Pseudomonas striata) (T11) recorded significantly highest available N secondary branches (48.62), tertiary branches (63.33), number of leaves (225.77 kg/ha), P2O5 (128.53 kg/ha) and K2O (221.88 kg/ha) in soil, (101.40), leaf area (5175.30 cm2), leaf area index (2.51), fresh weight of respectively. The economic analysis clearly indicated that, application leaves (72.90 g/plant), fresh weight of shoots (64.80 g/plant), fresh of 75 per cent recommended dose of phosphorus + phosphorus weight of flowers (44.64 g/plant), fresh weight of roots (40.30 g/plant), solubilizing fungus (Aspergillusawamori)+ phosphorus solubilizing total fresh weight (222.64 g/plant), dry matter of leaves (24.30 g/plant), bacteria (Pseudomonas striata) (T11) realized maximum net returns dry matter of shoots (21.60 g/plant), dry matter of flowers (14.40 g/ (` 13,26,994 /ha) and BC ratio (1:5.30) for flower production and plant), dry matter of roots (13.00 g/plant), total dry matter (73.30 g/ sucker yield.

Influence of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering and corm yield of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridusL.) cv. Summer Sunshine M. D. MANASA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR

An investigation on “Influence of plant growth regulatorson growth, (2544.12cm2) and LAI (4.24), same treatment had shown early spike flowering andcorm yield of Gladiolus (Gladiolus hybridus L.) initiation (62.33 days), maximumspike length (63.31 cm), rachis length cv.SummerSunshine”was carriedoutatDepartmentof Floriculture (52.50 cm), girth of the spike (11.56 mm), spike weight (89.97 g), andLandscape Architecture,College of Horticulture, Mudigere, during number of florets per spike (15.98), floret diameter (10.71 cm), length 2016-17.The experiment was laid out in Randomized Completely of floret (12.34 cm) and vase life (15.00 days). The maximum Block Design (RCBD) and was planted by using the corms dippedfor chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll was noticed from

24 hrs with different growth regulators viz., GA3 (50, 100 and 150 treatment BA @ 150 ppm (1.31, 0.74 and 2.25 mg/g fresh wt., ppm), NAA (50, 100 and 150 ppm), BA (50, 100 and 150 ppm) respectively), whereas, minimum chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b and andThiourea (10000, 15000 and 20000 ppm) along with control as total chlorophyll was noticed from control (0.40, 0.10 and 0.77 mg/g treatments and was replicated thrice. The results revealed that BA at fresh. wt., respectively). The maximum yield of spike, corms and 100 ppm was recorded maximum per cent sprouting (77.84), more cormels (261333.33 /ha, 11.04 t/ha, and 3.63 t/ha, respectively)were number of suckers per plant (4.03) and leaves per plant (12.43).Corms noticed from the treatment BA @ 100 ppm. The economic analysis treated with GA3 at 150 ppm were taken minimum number of days to clearly indicated that the corms treatment with BA @ 100 ppm sprouting (9.07) also recorded significantly maximum plants recorded maximum cost benefit ratio (1:4.04) and net profit of ` 36, height(73.52cm),leaf length (63.30 cm), leaf width(5.11 cm), leaf area 30,532.98 per ha.

239 Variability studies in Heliconia genotypes under shade house condition N. SANTHOSH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. S. Y. CHANDRASHEKAR

An investigation was carried out to evaluate genotypes of heliconia genotype Sassy (83.53 cm). The maximum stalk girth (15.01 mm) for growth, flowering, yield, quality and genetic traits at experimental and vase life (12.00 days) was observed in the genotype Lobster block of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Claw II. The maximum spike length (46.00 cm) and number of bracts College of Horticulture, Mudigere, Karnataka during the 2016-2017. per spike (16.23) was observed in the genotype Rostrata. The spike The genotypes viz., Super Cheri, Lobster Claw II, Rostrata, Guyana, width (17.53 cm) and number of flowers per bract (14.20) was Lady Di, Daintree Red, Golden Yellow, African Dawn, Sassy, Distans, maximum in the genotype Distans and Guyana, respectively. The Tropics, Strawberry Cream, Golden Torch and Lobster Claw I were maximum number of stalks per plant (16.27), number of stalks per m2 taken for study. Among fourteen genotypes studied, Distans recorded (65.07), number of stalks per hectare (6.57 lakhs) and sucker yield maximum plant height (205.67 cm) and leaf length (55.00 cm). The per m2 (15.00) was produced in the genotype Tropics. The estimates genotype Tropics recorded the maximum number of shoots per plant on phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were more than (19.73), number of leaves per plant (37.87) and leaf area (23235.30 cm2). genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all characters. High The genotype Lobster Claw II recorded the maximum leaf width heritability estimates associated with high genetic advance (over mean) (20.53 cm).The days to emergence of spike (141.73 days) and days was noticed for most of the traits studied. The maximum BC ratio to opening of spike (147.00 days) were minimum in the genotype was recorded in the genotype Tropics (1:5.47),while the minimum Strawberry Cream. The maximum stalk length was recorded in the was recorded in the genotype Super Cheri Red (1:0.90).

AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

Diversity and abundance of hemipterans attracted to light trap in Coffee and Cardamom ecosystem SHWETA B. BELAGAVI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. SUCHITHRA KUMARI

A study conducted on diversity and abundance of hemipterans attracted that temperature suppressed the abundance of hemipterans in both the to light trap in coffee and cardamom ecosystem, revealed that a total of ecosystems. Similarly, species richness exhibited a non-significant 1,424 individuals were trapped from both the ecosystems, of which, positive relationship with all the climatic variables except for maximum 685 individuals were from coffee that yielded 76 species and 739 from temperature (r = -0.041) in coffee. While, in cardamom, species richness cardamom that contributed to 65 species. In total, 94 hemipteran species was positively and significantly correlated with minimum relative were trapped from both the ecosystems, of which, 47 species were humidity (r = 0.262) and negatively correlated with rainfall (r = -0.020) common to both the ecosystems, 29 species unique to coffee and and maximum temperature (r = -0.028) which indicated that increasing 18 species unique to cardamom. The diversity of hemipteran species rainfall and temperatures had a negative impact. Of the 1424 individuals was high in coffee compared to cardamom as the values of diversity recovered through light traps, 1330 were phytophagous and 94 were indices; Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson reciprocal’s index was high non-phytophagous hemipterans. Further, out of 1330 phytophagous (1.063 and 2.79, respectively) which indicated that coffee supported individuals trapped, 648 were from coffee and 682 from cardamom. for greater species compared to cardamom. In coffee, maximum Similarly, of the 94 non-phytophagous individuals trapped, 37 were (r = -0.432) and minimum temperature (r = -0.04) were negatively from coffee and 57 from cardamom, which indicated that cardamom correlated with abundance. While, in cardamom, only maximum supported higher number of phytophagous and non-phytophagous temperature (r = -0.056) was negatively correlated which indicated hemipteran individuals than coffee.

Population dynamics and molecular characterization of shot-hole borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Robust Coffee V. S. KIRAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. REVANNA REVANNAVAR

Studies on population dynamics and molecular characterization of smaller in size than female beetle and flightless. The sex ratio of X. shot-hole borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: compactus across months of the year was 1:8.62 that ranged from Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in robust coffee was carried out at 1:06 to 1: 12. The infestation of shot-hole borer, X. compactus was Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture, Mudigere and 56.25, 35.38 and 49.25 per cent and the density of X. compactus Division of Biotechnology, ICAR- IIHR, Bengaluru during 2016- infested twigs per plant was 3.54, 0.89 and 1.71, respectively across 17. Averege shot-holes per robusta twig was 1.32 from April, 2016 robusta coffee plantations located at 960, 1025 and 1125m MSL. to 14th March, 2017 and the range was 1.0 to 2.54. Number of eggs, The infestation was significantly more under shade than under grubs, pupae and adults of X. compactus per twig across months of without shade. The infestation was positively correlated with the year was 1.0, 1.7, 0.8 and 1.3, respectively. Xylosandrus temperature and negative with relative humidity and rainfall. The compactus incidence was present throughout the year in robusta infestation of X. compactus was more in younger plantations than coffee. The ratio of adult to immature across the year was 1: 2.79 old plantation. The molecular studies confirmed that there is no per twig and range was 1: 0.38 to 1: 4.74. Male adult beetle was species complex within X. compactus.

240 Species complex of aphids on horticultural crops in selected taluks of Chikkamagaluru district B. S. ROHINI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. M. H. SUCHITHRA KUMARI

A study on species complex of aphids on horticultural crops in selected (Cerataphidini and Cerataphis, respectively) and Lachninae (Cinarini taluks of Chikkamagaluru districtwas conducted during 2016-17 and and Cinara, respectively). One species of the tribe Macrosiphini, aphid collections were made in Mudigere, Chikkamagaluru, Kadur, and Uroleucon (Uromelan)pseudambrosiae(Olive) was reported for the Tarikeretaluksof the district. A total of 26 aphid species across 14 first time in Asian continent on the host plant Sonchusarvensis (L.) genera, five tribes and four subfamilies of the superfamily Aphidoidea (Asteraceae).The severity of aphid infestation was also assessed. The were recorded. Most of the aphid species studied belonged to the per cent infestation by Aphiscraccivora, Macrosiphoniellasanborni, subfamily Aphidinae followed by subfamily Greenideinae, Myzuspersicae and A. gossypiiwas higherand per cent infestation by Hormaphidinae and Lachninae. However, Hormaphidinae and Lachninae A. (Toxoptera) citricida, Macrosiphumrosae, Greenidea (Trichosiphum) represented least number of aphid species. The subfamily Aphidinae heeri, G. ficicola, Rhopalosiphumpadi and U. (Uromelan) was represented by two tribes, Aphidini and Macrosiphini constituting compositaewaslesser.Out of the 26 aphid species, ten aphid species three (Aphis,HysteroneuraandRhopalosiphum) and eight genera belonging to the subfamily Aphidinae were associated with 12 species (Macrosiphoniella, Macrosiphum, Myzus, Hyperomyzus, Pentalonia, of natural enemies especially predators and 12 species of aphids on 21 Sitobion, Uroleucon and Lipaphis), respectively. Only one tribe and species of host plants were attended by seven species of ants. The one genus each were reported under the subfamily Greenideinae most common ant genera attending the aphid colonies were Componotus (Greenidini and Greenidea, respectively), Hormaphidinae and Monomorium.

Studies on symptoms of damage, efficacy of insecticides and pheromone traps against coffee white stem borer, Xylotrechus quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Arabica Coffee TEJASWI G. GOWDA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. REVANNA REVANNAVAR

Studies on symptoms of damage, efficacy of insecticides and neonate grub mortality under laboratory condition. Though Bt strain pheromone traps against coffee white stem borer, Xylotrechus BT_IIHR_AND (Cry1I) caused the highest neonate grub mortality quadripes Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in arabica coffee (92.86%), BT_IIHR_AU (Cry au) and BT_IIHR_JK (Cry3a) were was carried out at Department of Entomology, College of Horticulture, also on par. The first adult beetle emergence was first noticed in the Mudigere and Division of Biotechnology, ICAR- IIHR, Bengaluru third week of October in live plant under field condition and emergence during 2016-17. The morphological and molecular characterization was from 17th October to 4th December 2016. Adult emergence from confirmed that yellow banded beetles are X. quadripes. Number of uprooted coffee stumps in mesh house was from 11th October to 19th rings per stem was significantly more at bottom (2.6) portion of the November 2016. Six male and eight female beetles were trapped on 25 main stem. Yellowing of leaves gradually increased from August to pheromone traps installed in 66.21 per cent infested arabica coffee March, number of berries per branch was significantly higher in plantation. The adult beetle trap catches in trap with and without uninfested plants (42.33) than infested plant (9.68). The adult lure in field did not differ significantly. The pheromone trap did not emergence holes were significantly more on bottom portion of main attract adult beetles in a mesh house under field conditions. The pre- stem (3.17). Profenofos (50% EC @ 2.0 ml/l) and combination product exposed glue panels of pheromone trap were sticky to trap 100 per (Chlorpyrifos 50%+cypermethrin 5% EC @ 1.20 ml/l) caused cent up to 3 months and later per cent adult beetles trap gradually 100 per cent egg mortality. Five insecticides caused 100 per cent decreased.

Studies on varietal evaluation and integrated management of insect and mite pets of chilli under hill zone of Karnataka S. LATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. L. HUNUMANTHARAYA

The investigations were carried out on varietal evaluation of chilli and shade net with single sprays of imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/l, integrated management of major insect and mite pest of chilli during clorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.25 ml/l, flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.2 ml/l, 2015 at Karkipete, Chikmagalur district, Karnataka. Among the spiromesifen 30 SC @ 2ml/l and spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l at 2, 5, 7, genotypes screened against chilli thrips and mites, genotypes viz., 9 and 11 weeks after transplanting respectively were found to be better DCC-3, 185, 109 and 89 recorded lowest populations of chilli thrips, in the management of insect and mite pest and found to be on par with mites and LCI. Further, high trichome density, high chlorophyll and seed treatment with imidachloprid 70 WS @ 7g/kg, neem cake @ total phenol content with higher fruit yield was also recorded in the 250 kg/ha. seedling dip with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/l at the time above genotypes. However, DCC-177, 103, 39, 15, 184, 239, 44, 48, of transplanting, one spray of azadirachtin 10000 ppm @ 2ml/l, 167, 230 and 43 were categorized as susceptible genotypes which cyantraniliprole 10% OD @ 1.2 ml/l, Lecanicillium leacanii @ 2g/l + showed highest populations of thrips and mites. DCC-66 and Byadgi spinosad 45 SC @ 0.25 ml/l, M. anisoplea @ 2g/l + spiromesifen 2 ml/l Kaddi were categorized as highly susceptible to thrips and mites with and flubendiamide 48 SC @ 0.2 ml/l, at 2, 5, 7, 9 and 11 WAT, less fruit yield. Among the treatments evaluated for the management of respectively recorded significantly higher chilli fruit yield with highest major insect and mite pests, chilli crop, bordered by double layered gross return, net returns and CB ratio.

241 CROP IMPROVEMENT AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

Genetic variability studies in F2 populations of selected crosses in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) M. SUKEERTI KUMBAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. D. LAKSHMANA

Astudy was conducted on genetic variability, correlation and path significant correlation was exhibited by days to first flowering (-0.242). analysis in F2 populations of two Brinjal crosses viz.,PusaKranti x F2 populationof cross IC354140 x Shyamala showed that fruit yield ArkaShirish and IC354140 x Shyamalaat COH, Mudigereduring 2016- had positive significant correlation with number of fruits/plant and

17. High PCV and GCV was observed for days to first flowering (26.67 fruit weight. Path analysis in F2 population of cross PusaKranti x and 25.17, respectively) and fruit volume (37.42 and 25.75, respectively) ArkaShirish revealed that plant height, number of primary branches, in F2 population of the cross PusaKranti x ArkaShirish. While, F2 days to first flowering, number of fruits/plant, fruit weight, fruit girth population of the cross IC354140 x Shyamalaexhibited high PCV and and fruit volume had positive direct effect on fruit yield whereas, GCV for fruit volume (28.34 and 20.09respectively). High heritability number of secondary branches, fruit length and fruit stalk length had coupled with highGAM was recorded for plant height, days to flowering negative direct effect. InF2 population ofthe cross IC354140 x Shyamala, and number of fruits/plant inPusaKranti x ArkaShirish and number of the number of secondary branches, days to first flowering, number of secondary branches, days to flowering and fruit girth in IC354140 x fruits/plant, fruit weight, fruit girth and fruit stalk length exhibited

Shyamala. Correlation studies in F2 population of the cross PusaKranti positive direct effect on fruit yield while, plant height, number of primary x ArkaShirish showed that the fruit yield had high positive significant branches, fruit diameter, fruit length and fruit volume showed negative correlation number of fruits/plant, fruit weight and fruit volume.Negative direct effect.

PLANATION, SPICES, MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC CROPS Influence of nurse crop and foliar nutrition on growth of young Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) plants under hill zone of Karnataka S. KHADEEJA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. S. RAVI

An experiment was carried out to assess the influence of nurse crop and micronutrients. The higher available nitrogen(241.67 kgha-1) and foliar nutrition on growth of young arecanut (Areca catechu L.)plants phosphorus (47.70 kgha-1) content in soil was observed in Grand Naine under hill zone of Karnataka at ZAHRS, Mudigere, during the year shade without foliar nutrition while, higher available potassium (168.67 2016-17in FRCBD. The factor A consists of shade (Grand Naine and kgha1) was recorded in Grand Naine shade treated with macro and Puttabale) and factor B consists of foliar nutrition (19:19:19, MgSO4 micronutrients. The higher total nitrogen (2.56%) and phosphorus and micronutrients mixture @ 0.3% each). One year nine month old (0.24%) in plants were found maximum in puttabale shade with MgSO4 arecanut and banana plants were selected for the study and treated with and micronutrients mixture whereas, higher potassium (1.89%) was four foliar sprays at 45 days interval. The results revealed that at 45 recorded in Grand Naine shade withMgSO4 and micronutrients mixture. days after 4th spray during 3rd year of growth, the plants grown under The lowest spindle bug (16.02%) infestation was noticed in puttabale puttabale banana with combined application of macro and shade with MgSO4 and micronutrients mixture while, Grand Naine micronutrientsrecorded maximum plant height (2.40 m) and chlorophyll shade with 19:19:19 and MgSO4 recorded minimum leaf spot infestation content (2.06 mg/g)whereas, collar girth (31.06 cm), frond length (123.46 (10.33%) at 45 days after 1stspray. Arecanut plants grown under cm), number of leaves (6.70) and leaf area (375.31 m2) was recorded in puttabale banana shade with combined application of nutrients through plants grown under Grand Naine with conjunctive use of macro and foliar spray would provide better performance in early stages of growth.

Morphological characterization and tissue culture studies in Salacia chinensis L.: A threatened medicinal plant LAXMI MASTIHOLI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. RAVIRAJA SHETTY

An investigation was undertaken to study the morphological plant height and seed width had high positive direct effects on fruit characters, in vitro propagation, in vitro conservation and genetic yield per plant while, seed weight, fruit length and leaf length had fidelity assessment of in vitro raised plants of Salacia chinensis L. negative direct effects on fruit yield per plant. Nodal segments were at Division of Plant Genetic Resources, Indian Institute of cultured on MS media supplemented with different growth regulators Horticultural Research, Hesaraghatta, Bangalore during 2016-17. like BAP, NAA, IAA, KIN among various combinations used in Among the thirteen accessions of S. chinensis the genotypic and tissue culture, BAP (2.0 mg/l) +NAA (0.8 mg/l) treatment phenotypic coefficients of variations were high for characters viz., significantly influenced for increase in shoot length (3.40±0.06), fruit yield per plant, plant spread, fruit weight and seed weight.High number of shoots (3.00±0.17), number of leaves (7.20±0.10) and heritability coupled with genetic advance over mean was observed survival percent (85). Genetic fidelity assessment of in vitro raised forfruit weight, fruit yield per plant, seed weight and plant width. plants of S. chinensis revealed that micropropagated plants were Correlation study revealed that plant height had positive correlation similar to mother plants indicating no genetic variations in in vitro with fruit yield per plant. According to path analysis the seed length, raised plants.

242 Effect of liquid plant growth promoting rhizomicroorganisms (PGPR) on quality seedling production in Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) H. K. LATHA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. S. RAVI

An experiment was carried out to assess the performance of liquid DAT under polyhouse compared to uninoculated seedlings. The PGPR on quality seedling production in arecanutat ZAHRS, similar trend was observed under shade net condition with Mudigere, with nine treatments and three replications in CRD during conjunctive use of Azotobacterchroococum, Bacillus megaterium, the year 2016-17 under polyhouse and shade net. Among the Bacillus mucilaginosus and VAM where higher plant height different treatments studied, the seedlings inoculated with (53.57 cm), collar girth (4.83 cm), petiole length (12.40 cm), frond Azotobacterchroococum, Bacillus megaterium,Bacillus length (28.93 cm), number of leaves (4.40), leaf area (1020.32 cm2/ mucilaginosus and VAM recorded maximum plant height (61.73 cm), plant), total chlorophyll content (2.14 mg/g), total dry matter collar girth (5.20 cm), petiole length (15.43 cm), frond length production (14.63 g), number of primary (7.63) and secondary (31.20 cm), number of leaves (5.40), leaf area (1296.00 cm2/plant), roots (32.60); root length (32.20 cm), thickness (3.80 mm) and total chlorophyll content (2.48 mg/g), total dry matter production volume (19.90 ml), seedling index (125.11) and splitting of leaves (18.00 g), number of primary (8.80) and secondary roots (40.83); (35.53%) were recorded at 270 DAT.The combined inoculation of root length (35.00 cm), thickness (4.33 mm) and volume (23.93 ml), liquid PGPR proved to be the best consortium than single inoculation seedling index (156.69) and splitting of leaves (39.97%) at 270 under polyhouse for quality seedling production.

Evaluation of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Genotypes for growth, yield and quality under central dry zone of Karnataka K. NANDAKUMAR MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. H. CHANDRAPPA

An experiment was conducted to evaluate 20 coriander genotypes in and maximum essential oil content was recordedin Acr-1and Rcr-728 Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications to study (0.8%). A high heritability coupled with genetic advance over mean their performance with respect to growth, yield and quality at Zonal were observed for most of the growth, yield as well as quality Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Babbur farm, Hiriyur charactersthat indicated predominance of additive gene action for these during of 2016-17 inwinter season.Significant differences were observed traits. Correlation studies showed positive association of seed yield among genotypes for all the characters under study.The results revealed per plant withnumber of primary branches per plant, plant height, that, Rcr-475 recorded maximum plant height (70.27 cm),number of plant spread and test weight.Path analysis revealed that, number of primary branches per plant (7.33),number of umbels per plant (28.13), primary branches per planthad highest direct positive effect on seed number of umbellets per umbel (5.50), number of seeds per umbellet yield followed by plant height suggesting that these parameters may be (5.70),seed yield per plant (6.37g), seed yield per hectare (16.83 q), considered as prime traits during selection to fetch higher seed highest test weight (14.53 g) and plant spread (645 cm2). The genotype yield.Genotypesuch asRcr-475, Rcr-446, Rcr-41, Co-4, Rcr-20 and DCC-4 took minimum number of days for first flowering (39.33 days) Acr-1were identified as best performing genotypes from the study.

Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, yield and quality of Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) under hillzone of Karnataka H. V. ROHAN MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. S. RAVI

An experiment was carried outto assess the effect of Integrated herbage yield (19.35 g) per plant and per hectare (4.3 t), Nutrient Management on growth, yield and quality of kalmegh andrographolide yield (21.91 kg ha-1), gross returns (` 1,98,540ha-1), (Andrographis paniculata Nees.) at ZAHRS, Mudigere with thirteen net returns (` 1,26,570 ha-1), BC ratio (1.76), available nitrogen treatments and three replications in RCBD design during the year (315 kg ha-1) and phosphorous (27.1 kg ha-1) at 120 days after 2015-16 rabi season. Amongthe different treatments studied, the transplanting.The chlorophyll content (62.63 SPAD) was recorded treatment withFYM @ 5 t ha-1 + 75 per cent of N,P + Azotobacter+ significantly maximum in vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + 75 per cent of PSB+ 3 per cent panchagavya foliar spray recorded significantly NP + Azotobacter + PSB + 3 per cent panchagavya foliar spray maximum plant height (45.27 cm), number of branches (63.20 plant-1), treatment. Whereas, maximum andrographolide content (0.796%) was number of leaves (195.79 plant-1), leaf area (3046.74 cm2 plant-1), recorded in FYM @ 5 t ha-1 + 50 per cent of N,P + PSB+ 3 per cent fresh herbage yield (53.66 g) per plant and per hectare (11.92 t), dry panchagavya foliar spray treated plants at 120 days after transplanting.

243 Morphological characterization and propagation studies in Saraca asoca (Roxb.) de wilde: An endangered medicinal plant S. I. MADHUSHREE MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. RAVIRAJA SHETTY

An experiment was conducted at Department of Plantation, Spices, with seed yield per plant. In path analysis, plant height, leaf length, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, College of Horticulture, Mudigere leaf width, pod length and number of pods per plant had positive and ICAR- Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, direct effects on seed yield per plant. Among the different germination Bengaluru to study the propagation of Saraca asoca (Roxb.) De inducing treatments, the seeds treated with gibberellic acid at Wilde during the year 2016-17. The work was initiated to study the 200 ppm showed higher germination (92.33%), germination rate (2.95) morphological characterization, seed and vegetative propagation and and seedling vigour (6315.10). In vegetative propagation, stem cuttings tissue culture protocol. Among six accessions of S. asoca the genotypic treated with IBA 2000 ppm recorded maximum sprouting (33.70%) and phenotypic coefficients of variation were high for characters viz., and rooting (33.41%) at 120 days after planting. In air layering, number of pods per plant and seed yield. High heritability coupled branches treated with IBA 2500 ppm recorded maximum root length with high genetic advance over mean was observed in characters like (13.03 cm) and rooting (88.07%) at 60 days after layering. For tissue number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod, plant culture, nodal segments were used as explant and among various height, seed yield and pod width. Correlation study revealed that combinations, satisfactory results were obtained in terms of number plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, number of pods per of sprouts (2.00) and total number of explants survived (32.33) by plant and number of seeds per pod had significant positive correlation using a combination of BAP (1.00 mg/l) + NAA (0.50 mg/l).

Morphological characterization and propagation studies in Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.: A threatened medicinal tree M. S. SANDESH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. RAVIRAJA SHETTY

An experiment was carried out to study the morphological characters leaf area, number of pods per plant, leaf width and petiole length. Path and propagation of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent. at the Department of analysis revealed that, number of pods per plant, leaf length, plant Plantation, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic crops, College of height, pod width and number of seeds per podhad high positive direct Horticulture, Mudigere during the year 2016-17. The work was initiated effects on pod yield per plant.Among the different germination inducing to record morphological characters, tostandardize the seed and treatments, theseeds treated with KNO31.0 at per cent showedmaximum vegetative propagation andto develop tissue culture protocol. Among rate of germination (18.89%), germination percentage (96.00) and ten accessions of O. indicum (L.)Vent.maintained at Field Gene Bank, seedling vigour (6995.2 at 120 days after sowing). In vegetative Division of Plant Genetic Resources, ICAR-Indian Institute of propagation, hardwood cuttings treated with NAA (200 ppm) + IBA Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bengaluru, the genotypic and phenotypic (3000 ppm) recorded maximum sprouting (86.67%) and rooting (60.33%) coefficients of variations were high for characters viz., leaf area, number at 120 days after planting. For tissue culture, shoots tips were used as of pods per tree and pod yield per plant. High heritability coupled with explant and cultured with different concentrations of BAP on MS high genetic advance over mean was observed for leaf area, number of media andsatisfactory results were obtained in terms ofshoot length pods per tree and pod yield per plant. Correlation studies revealed that (3.30±0.15 cm), number of shoots (3.88±0.12) and number of leaves highly significant and positive association of podyield per plant with (4.83±0.17) withBAPat 2.5 mg/l.

C. FORESTRY FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES Studies on ethnobotanical knowledge and population structure of wild edible fruit trees of Kodagu VINAYAK V. PAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. B. N. SATISH

Wild edible fruits are one of the important plant resources helps in main plots were enumerated. Species richness and diversity was more providing food supplements in the diet to the rural community. Kodagu in sacred groves compared to natural forest and coffee based district is having many such wild edible fruit trees which fulfil the agroforestry system. There was significant difference in mean density needs of the local people. Therefore, the present study was carried out and mean basal area wild edible fruit species and associated species in to know the ethnobotanical knowledge, diversity, population structure natural forest and coffee based agroforestry system. The regeneration and regeneration status of wild edible fruit tree species in different land of both wild edible and associated species was more in regeneration scapes of moist deciduous forests of Virajpet taluk, Kodagu. Semi class I and class II and followed an inverse ‘J’ shaped pattern indicating structured questionnaire was used for ethnobotanical survey of wild healthy regeneration in deciduous forest. Grewia teliaefolia and edible fruits. A total 41 wild edible plants were documented of which, Terminaliabelerica were dominant wild edible fruit species and 24 species were fruits followed by leaves (11), tubers (4) and bark Terminalia alata and Lagerstroemia microcarpa were found to be the (2).The population structure of wild edible fruits was assessed by dominant associated species. The study gives an understanding of the following simple random sampling technique. Belt transacts of 100 ×5 diversity, pattern of population and regeneration of the tree species of m were laid in natural forest and sacred groves and 50 x 10m plots were deciduous forest of Kodagu which will help in conservation and laid in coffee based agroforestry system. All trees ≥30 cm gbh in the management of the species. 244 FORESTRY PLANTATION TECHNOLOGY

Studies on population status and propagation of bee forage trees of coffee based agroforests H. S. BASAVARAJAPPA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. C. G. KUSHALAPPA

Coffee based agroforest in Kodagu is one of the most diverse forage species shows that the blooming of different floral species agroforestry system in terms of biodiversity and ecosystem services throughout the year and it was highest from January to April. Twenty offered. Shade trees in coffee based agroforests provide additional seven RET tree species were recorded, of which 81 per cent were bee forage and refuge to pollinators, which ensures the presence of bees forage tree species listed in IUCN red data book with high conservation in the landscape throughout the year.To assess the population status value. The average canopy cover within the coffee agroforests was of bee forage tree species in coffee based agroforests, six locations 44 per cent (Range: 29.5 to 57%). Spearman’s correlation analysis were selected in Virajpet Taluk and 36 circular plots of 30 m radius showed that the species richnessof shade and bee forage tree species were laid such that the sampling intensity in each plantation was was significantly and negatively correlated with crown percentage. 10 per cent. Besides, study on feasibility of vegetative propagation Hence, there is a need to advise the farmers to ensure sustainable for two important bee forage tree species viz. Cinnamomum forage resources and increase the availability of suitable nest locations malabatrum and Persea macrantha, was also conducted after treating withincoffee based agro-forests by maintaining diverse native bee- the semi-hard wood branch cuttings with IBA and NAA at different preferred trees without pruning.Vegetative propagation of the two concentration (2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm). In the study areaa total of important bee forage tree species was not successful. Therefore, there 100 tree species (194 trees ha-1) were recorded and richness ranged is a need to undertake detailed studies for multiplication of these from 37 to 50 among study locations. Out of total shade tree species trees to supply quality planting materials.The results indicate that recorded, 74 (177 trees ha-1) were found to be bee forage (Range: 30 to coffee based agroforests still host large density and diversity of bee 40). Most of the dominant tree species (based on IVI value) were forage trees and there is a good opportunity to integrate apiculture in found to be bee forage such as Artocarpus heterophyllus, Dalbergia the production system contributing both for ecological and economic latifolia and Grevillea robusta etc. The flowering calendar of bee sustainability.

Seed germination and seedling growth of Calophyllum inophyllum L. under elevated carbon dioxide condition SUPRIYA K. SALIMATH MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. RAMAKRISHNA HEGDE

Global climate change induced by the anthropogenic activities is the performance was analyzed. Elevated carbon dioxide condition was major challenge faced by the world in this 21st century. The daily created by the decomposition of organic matter in a poly tunnel. The average concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere rose above 400 parts seeds were allowed to germinate under both open as well as elevated per million for the first time on record in 2013, up from 280 ppm. CO2 conditions. The three month old seedlings were subjected to The acclamatory responses of plants to the rapidly changing Nitrogen, Phoshporous and Potassium (NPK) treatment at two levels environment and understanding the potential impacts of multiple (0.5g and 1g per plant) to understand the growth of species under interacting factors have become a subject of debate over the past two elevated CO2 condition in nutrient non deficit condition. Results decades. Hence, it is prudent to understand the response of tree revealed that, the elevated Carbon dioxide negatively affected the species in the initial stages, as seed and seedlings, to the elevated germination of the species to the extent of 40.60 per cent. When carbon dioxide conditions. Calophyllum inphyllum one of the important supplemented with nutrients, the positive response growth of the biodiesel yielding tree species distributed widely in the coastal area, seedlings were observed in terms of collar diameter, seedling height, which are more vulnerable to climate change. Thus, seeds of these biomass, volume index and their relative growth rates. Thus, the species were collected and germinated under the Carbon dioxide elevated CO2 condition has ththe potential to increase the productivity elevated condition and its germinating behavior and growth of the seedlings under nutrient rich conditions.

Spatial distribution of soil organic carbon pool under different land use systems in Kodagu and Chamarajanagar districts N. ANAND MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. G. M. DEVAGIRI

In the present study spatial distribution of soil organic carbon pool satellite images of districts, different land use systems such as natural under different land use systems in Kodagu and Chamarajanagar districts forest, teak plantation, coffee agroforest with native trees, coffee was analysed. This study generated information on the effects of agroforest with silver oak, agriculture land and fallow land were selected. different land use systems on the magnitudes and directions of soil The results revealed that statistically significant difference in soil organic organic carbon and soil parameters within and among land use systems carbon (SOC) content, stock, physical and chemical properties among and soil depths. The current study utilizes the Land Degradation different land use systems and different soil depth at both Madikeri Surveillance Framework (LDSF) protocol, developed by ICARAF, and B.R.Hills sites. The highest SOC content was recorded in natural Nairobi, Kenya, which is spatially balanced, hierarchical field sampling forest (2.80%) followed by coffee agroforest with native trees (2.11%), methodology. Based on the reconnaissance survey, topographical and coffee agroforest with silver oak (1.76%) and lowest SOC content was

245 recorded in agriculture land (0.86%) and fallow land (0.73%). Similarly, at B.R. Hills site. The highest mean values of soil nutrients like N, P, K, SOC stock was found to be highest in natural forest (77.70 t ha-1) Ca, Mg and S were observed under tree based land use systems as followed by coffee agroforest with native trees (61.02 t ha-1), coffee compared to the agriculture and fallow land which may be due to agroforest with silver oak (53.32 t ha-1), agriculture land (29.32 t ha-1) presence of higher amount of litter. Soil organic carbon showed positive and lowest in fallow land ( 25.40 t ha-1). Similar trend was also observed and significant correlation with N, P, K and Ca.

Studies on population structure and nursery studies of Diospyros ebenum J. Koenig C. D. BOPANNA MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. N. A. PRAKASH

Diospyros ebenum is a slow-growing medium-sized tree grows up to curve but in regeneration of D. ebenum showed lack of regenerates in 20-25 meters tall, which belongs to the family Ebenanceae commonly Class I and in higher classes which may be due to various biotic and known as “Kari mara” which is native to India and Srilanka. It is known abiotic pressures in the natural forest. The effect of fertilizer imposed for its black coloured wood since ancient times. Timber of D. ebenum on seedling growth of D.ebenum affected on seedling growth. Maximum is said to produce the best commercial black ebony. It is resistant to seedling height was observed in both seedlings treated with NPK insect attack and fungi and highly durable. Due to high exploitation of (1g/seedling) and VAM (0.9g/seedling) followed by the treatment Cow this species for its timber it is listed as a rare and endangered tree dung slurry. The maximum collar diameter was found in NPK species. Lack of quantitative data on the baseline information on the (2g/seedling) and the maximum leaves showed in NPK (2g/seedling) population status of this tree species in natural forest is a barrier plan which was on par with Cow dung slurry treatment. The Influence of for the future conservation and management hence the present fertilizer on Maximum dry shoot weight, dry root weight and maximum investigation carried on density, population structure and regeneration total dry weight was recorded in VAM (0.9g/seedling) and the minimum of Diospyros ebenum were carried out in the natural forest of Kodagu. was recorded in control (T1). The Comparison of the effect of different The result revealed that the density and basal area was found to be treatment on seedling quality parameters revealed that sturdiness higher in Makutta. The overall regeneration showed a reverse J shape quotient is maximum in Treatment VAM (0.9g/ seedling).

Studies on seed storage technique and germination in Lophopetalum wightianum Arn. RASHMI DESAI MAJOR ADVISOR: Dr. ASHOK B. DIVATAR

The most convenient methods of ex-situ conservation of plant storage chemical treatments on seeds. The study reveals that among germplasm is by storage of seeds under conditions which maintain its the different storage containers, the earthen pot was found to be the viability. In case of orthodox seeds, this can be achieved by storing it best storage container, as it could store the seeds and maintain the in the dry state under ambient temperature and low relative humidity viability up to two months with maximum germination of but desiccation sensitive nature of recalcitrant species act as a hurdle 38.23 per cent. Different chemical treatments applied to the seeds for its storage. Lophopetalum wightianum is an important riparian helped to maintain the seed viability for a longer period (90 Days), in tree with commercial prospects and very little information is available that seeds treated with Chlorpyriphos (0.89%) exhibited maximum regarding the storability of seeds. To overcome this problem (30.31%) germination but there was a gradual decrease in germination investigation on seed storage technique and germination of with an increase in storage period. Among all the combination of L.wightianum was conducted by collecting the seeds from a natural treatments, seeds stored in an earthen pot (M1) treated with population of the species and storing the seeds in three different Carbendazim (0.25%) + Chlorpyriphos (0.89%) (T5) stored for containers for four storage periods after imposing the seven different 60 days (S3) exhibited maximum (64.61%) germination.

246