our vision for a resilient urban 2

Contents Strategic Page planning and green A message from Rory Stewart OBE MP...... 3 infrastructure Foreword...... 4 Introduction...... 5 Natural environment Members of the Urban FWAC Network...... 6 Our vision...... 7 Strategic planning and green infrastructure...... 8 Climate Economy change and growth Climate change...... 10 Natural environment...... 12 Planning and Human health and quality of life...... 14 development Planning and development ...... 16 Economy and growth...... 18 Human health Risks and Value and resources...... 20 and quality of life resilience Risks and resilience...... 22 In future...... 24 Value and References...... 26 resources 3

A message from Rory Stewart OBE MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Environment and Rural Affairs

I am delighted to support this people to play a part in managing rewarding. Already people are vision for the . Britain their environment and creating creating and managing -filled has long been defined by its great towns and cities. Pocket Parks; schoolchildren are parks and its cities by . But planting a million trees in their we are at the beginning of a new This Vision for the urban forest grounds or nearby and Forest era – where we are beginning to draws on a wealth of existing Schools are providing unique fully appreciate and quantify the research, evidence and good learning opportunities. benefits of these trees. What we practice from the UK and beyond once admired for its aesthetic that explains urban trees’ many My sincere thanks to all those beauty, we now admire for its benefits and how to secure them. involved in the Urban FWAC deeper beauty – encapsulating Network for taking the initiative. Many towns and cities are its contribution to air quality, For inspiring and challenging us already working to their own to carbon capture and to the all to help realise their vision in visions, from Manchester’s health and wellbeing of animals, our own ways. I look forward to ‘City of Trees’ movement to insects and humans. Trees are playing my part by endorsing this Birmingham’s biophilic city. Our unique in their ability to reach vision, championing the wide- challenge is to empower more across generations and cultures. ranging benefits it describes and people and business to play They inspire our imaginations working with colleagues across their part. To help unleash their and remind us of our place in Government to make Britain a drive and energy to create the the natural world. Planting and place famous throughout the great places they want. Doing so caring for trees helps connect world for its urban trees. can be challenging but hugely people with nature; empowering 4

Foreword Sir Harry Studholme, Chairman of the Commission

The majority of England’s population In reflecting on the vision I would like All of us want to see a cleaner, live, and have lived for a long time to challenge you all to think about healthier environment. This vision now, in our towns and cities. It is here three questions: outlines what a resilient urban forest that most people experience trees. can contribute and how to make it 1 Do you know the scale and value happen. Trees have a special resonance in an of your urban forest? Are you urban setting. In gardens, alongside harnessing the power of new One of the joys of our urban streets and in parks, the urban tools, big data and volunteer environment is the diversity of our forest is a functioning element of commitment to measure the true cities and towns and each place the ecosystem of our cities. Trees value of your trees? will approach these opportunities provide shade and shelter, beauty, in different ways. To be resilient and pollution control as well as a 2 How well do you support the our urban forest needs to celebrate natural counterpoint to the built care of our existing urban forest? this diversity not only in planting a environment and a backdrop for Are you engaging with the wide range of tree species, but also recreation. enthusiasm of local communities in fostering a wide range of locally and businesses for the protection, inspired solutions. There is a huge The information that the Urban FWAC improvement and expansion of opportunity in this vision, which is Network have brought together in their urban forest? not simply about trees but about this key document will help those making our cities more liveable. I 3 Do you have a target to increase involved in planning and managing hope it inspires not only those of us tree and canopy cover in your urban areas in cities and towns to who have long been working to build town or city? Will you be planting create the opportunities that will the urban forest but encourages more trees? deliver the vision (see page 6). more people and communities to make the vision a reality. Sir Harry Studholme Chairman 5

Introduction Jane Carlsen, and Woodlands Advisory Committee (FWAC) Network Chair

The Urban FWAC Network has The Urban FWAC Network was The Urban FWAC Network will now developed this vision for a resilient established by the Forestry develop a strategic action plan to urban forest and the many Commission in 2014 to take take the vision forward. opportunities that will follow from its forward the case for urban forestry implementation. in England’s towns and cities and Everybody who is affected by trees spread good practice. Every FWAC and woodland in our towns and cities The vision builds on the immense nominated a representative to the will need to sign up to this vision benefits of the trees in our cities and network and from the beginning our and develop a local action plan. is an important guide for all of us members felt that it was key for there This includes the owners of land who care for the urban forest. to be one vision of urban forestry with trees – local authorities, utility that everyone could sign up to and companies, community groups and could be delivered at a local level. individual residents – professionals who work with trees, and all of us This document sets out that vision. who live, work in and will benefit It has been agreed by the chairs from the resilient urban forest. of the FWACs and I am delighted that Sir Harry, Forestry Commission The network of FWACs will work Chairman, is supporting the vision. to enable and encourage England’s He has set us all a number of urban areas to make the commitment challenges. Towns and cities across to deliver and spread the benefits of England have already begun to the urban forest. address these challenges and there Jane Carlsen is inspiration to be had from further Chair, Urban FWAC Network afield in North America, Australia and France.

6

Members of the Urban FWAC Network

• Jane Carlsen • Nick Grayson Urban FWAC Network Chair and Climate Change and Sustainability This document has been published Chair of London Forestry and Woodlands Manager with kind support from: Advisory Committee (FWAC) Birmingham City Council Representing West Midlands FWAC • John Meehan Environment Team Manager • Paul Nolan Essex County Council Director Representing East of England FWAC The Mersey Forest • Bruce Collinson • Iain Taylor Whitehill & Bordon Regeneration Project Director of Business Development East Hampshire District Council The Land Trust Representing the South East FWAC Representing the North West FWAC • David Houghton • Ross Weddle, Specialist in Continuous Officer Cover and Urban Forestry London Borough of Camden Representing North East FWAC Representing London FWAC • Tom Wild, Business Development • Peter Wilkinson Manager, Urban Institute, University of Director, The Next Field Ltd Sheffield Green Space Business Advisors Representing Yorkshire and Humber FWAC Representing South West FWAC 7 Our vision for the urban1 forest in England is...

Where the many benefits of trees are recognised and invested in. In more detail… The urban forest is integral to the form and function of all our urban areas. The urban forest is complex and multi-functional, resisting It helps create healthy and economically successful communities and easy classification. The vision has been split into eight main liveable places for people and wildlife. themes: 1 Strategic planning and It will... infrastructure 2 Climate change Be considered as critical Be viewed and managed Inspire collaboration and infrastructure for urban as a whole and not creativity to ensure that 3 Natural environment areas, on a par with utility, considered as separate the urban forest thrives 4 Human health and quality transport and the built trees. Trees in parks, streets, and expands in a world of life environment. Infrastructure private gardens, public of increasingly complex does not appear by chance; land, highways and urban institutional, ownership, 5 Planning and development it is planned for, designed, woodlands will all contribute stakeholder and financial 6 Economy and growth created, managed and to the urban forest. arrangements. maintained. The urban forest 7 Value and resources is no different. 8 Risks and resilience 8 Strategic planning and 1 green infrastructure The urban forest vision will be What we know shared by developers, planning • The urban forest is recognised as a critically important element of authorities and communities as a GI which is agreed internationally2, nationally3 and locally4 as a part critically important element of plans of urban development that must be planned for and integrated into for new investment, infrastructure existing and growing communities. and retrofit. • Many urban areas have developed GI plans/ strategies as part of Our towns and cities will have their spatial, sustainability, economic development or wellbeing robust strategies for planning and thinking5,6. Local planning authorities in England are required7 management of the urban forest. to set out a strategic approach to planning networks of green It will be a key part of green infrastructure. infrastructure (GI), helping to deliver • Nature is a key driver. This embraces the direction of government economically successful, healthy, policy8 that acknowledges the essential value of the natural vibrant and safe places. environment and its role in underpinning our economic prosperity, health and wellbeing9. 9

1 Strategic planning and green infrastructure What’s already happening • The Mersey Forest Plan sets out a visionary concept for urban forestry and GI that has • Atlantic Gateway’s Parklands – the Landscape wide community, business, public and civil for Prosperity10 builds on the analysis and society support – and has resulted in more scenarios of Adapting the Landscape, than nine million trees being planted to date. integrating the requirements of European directives as well as national, city regional • The London Infrastructure Plan to 2050 and local authority green infrastructure (GI) recognizes green infrastructure as a key ambitions. It will help make the Gateway enabler of housing growth as well as ‘investment ready’ and liveable. supporting the economy13. London’s Green Infrastructure Task Force is advising the Mayor • The Trees and Design Action Group (TDAG) on how GI can be described and understood in provides inspirational and practical advice11,12 order to accelerate delivery by demonstrating to professionals and communities to further the case for investment. the role of trees within the built environment. 10

2Climate change The urban forest will help create What we know: resilience. • Trees remove four million tonnes It will help cool the air, reducing of carbon from the UK atmosphere 14 energy use. each year . It will help reduce storm water run- • Trees in cities can cool the air by 2°C 15 off as part of sustainable drainage to 8°C , reducing air conditioning 16 systems and store carbon. costs . The urban forest will be widely • Trees help reduce flood risk by recognised as being much simpler intercepting rainfall and using and cheaper than heavy engineering water through transpiration. Their in adapting urban areas for the root systems increase soil porosity, future. allowing water to move into the subsurface17. Pic: © Mark Durk 11

2 Climate change What’s already happening • The RE:LEAF programme is contributing to a target of increasing London’s tree cover by 5% • In Wrexham, some 1,339 tonnes of carbon are in 2025 as part of Mayor of London’s Climate removed from the atmosphere each year and Change Adaptation Strategy21. over 65,000 tonnes are currently stored18. • In Milwaukee USA the urban forest reduces run off flow by 22% and provides more than $15 million in benefits19. • Portland, Oregon reduced the costs of a sustainable drainage scheme from $144m to $86m by including trees20. Pic: © McCoy-Wynne 12

3 Natural environment The urban forest will enhance What we know biodiversity and our contact with • A mature tree may host up to 423 different species of nature. invertebrates22 that support birds and mammals. Trees and shrubs will provide more • Street trees provide wildlife corridors though the most urbanised nesting sites and food for birds and areas, linking habitats together while providing benefits to people. other animals. • The urban forest can make an important contribution to the More people will be able to conservation of particular species or groups, such as bumblebees. appreciate experiencing – watching, feeding, photographing and • Biophilia23 describes how humans are hard-wired to need painting – urban wildlife. connection with nature and other forms of life. It is the emotional affiliation of human beings to other living organisms, developed The urban forest will help more over thousands of years of evolution and human-environment people maintain their connection interaction. with nature; contact that brings a range of benefits for public health and wellbeing. 13

3 Natural environment What’s already happening • Urban habitats have often been thought of as the poor relation, in terms of biodiversity, • Birmingham is the UK’s firstBiophilic City24 to habitats in more rural and natural areas. and is a leader in making connections between In reality, however, urban habitats can be health and nature. Despite the city’s reputation extremely rich in birds and other wildlife. as a grey industrial area, it ranks high in London’s Richmond Park25 is a National biodiversity, especially when the 1,000 hectare Nature Reserve, SSSI (Site of Specific Scientific Sutton Park National Nature Reserve, is taken Interest) and Special Area of Conservation. into account. Birmingham has declared its intent to be the United Kingdom’s first “natural capital city”, and is working on a “natural capital metric” that will place a value on the city’s urban forest and be used to evaluate future development projects. Pic: © McCoy-Wynne 14 Human health 4and quality of life What we know • can help build a collective The urban forest will help community spirit and pride31. It may also address the health and • Heat-related stress accounts for around generate cost savings and long term wellbeing of our increasingly 1,100 premature deaths per year in the stewardship beyond planting. urbanized society (82% of UK. An estimated 8–11 extra deaths people in England live in urban occur each day for each degree increase • Appropriately placed trees in cities areas). in air temperature during UK summer can reduce air pollutants including heatwaves. The occurrence and intensity particulates and gases such as nitrogen Both physical and mental dioxide and ozone32. Trees, shrubs and health will be improved, of extreme heat events is set to increase as climate change progresses. Canopy plants also create pollution and noise through: cleaner air (by barriers33 between roads and places removing and intercepting shading from the urban forest can cool 26 where people gather. pollutants); reduced summer the air by between 2°C and 8°C . heating, harmful effects of UV • Shade from trees can protect against • In Glasgow, 283 tonnes of atmospheric light and noise levels; access harmful UV radiation from the sun27. pollutants are removed each year by to green spaces for physical trees34. exercise that reduces stress, • Natural settings can have a positive impact 35 anxiety and mental fatigue. on mental and physical health28. • Attention Restoration Theory asserts that contact with nature within the The urban forest will provide • Peri-urban woodlands (on the edge of urban forest will improve cognitive extensive opportunities for town and countryside) contribute to health function. Research has demonstrated communities to work and and wellbeing by providing opportunities that educational and business outcomes grow together, particularly for stress relief and physical activity29. improve as people concentrate better people from disadvantaged after spending time in nature, or even groups. • Green space offers possibilities of: looking at scenes of nature. increased social activity; improved community cohesion and local attachment; and reduced crime levels, particularly in deprived communities30. 15

4 Human health and quality of life What’s already happening • In Birmingham, green space is mapped alongside the potential years of life lost (against national life expectancy). In areas with the most green space, total potential years of life lost was nearly four times lower than in the area with least green space36. • In England between 2010 and 2014 over 800,000 trees on 3,300 sites, over 70% of which were in urban areas, were planted by local community groups as part of The Big Tree Plant37. • Mayor of London’s Breathe Better Together campaign38 is raising awareness of the effect Pic: © Mersey Forest of air pollution on health and quality of life. 16 Planning and 5 development Creating and reinforcing the urban What we know forest will go hand in hand with the • Undeveloped land or sites ‘land-banked’ by their owners can be delivery of new homes, commercial used for forestry purposes before development commences. The areas and infrastructure, from the concept of ‘meanwhile’ and temporary uses39 is also important as street scene to major urban parks the development process can allow and support meanwhile uses and woodlands. to provide benefit to the local community and wildlife. Developers, financiers and • Local planning authorities use local plan policies supplementary communities will ensure that the planning guidance, tree planting obligations40 and mitigation urban forest is a key component of formulae to guide and calculate the requirements for tree planting each new development, linking in to in relation to new development to support the strategic green the strategic green infrastructure of infrastructure objectives of the local area. urban areas. • At the local level, town design statements41 and arboricultural Developers and planning authorities impact assessments are used to determine the existing value will work together from the outset of trees within and adjacent to site boundaries to ensure that of the planning process to ensure development is enhancing the existing provision. that the urban forest forms an essential part of the site’s proposed infrastructure. 17

5 Planning and development What’s already happening • The Whitehill & Bordon Regeneration Project43 in Hampshire is one of the • Atlantic Gateway Parklands is pioneering government’s Housing Zones and a ‘Step Up a number of new funding instruments to Town’ for the Enterprise M3 Local Enterprise accelerate and encourage environmental Partnership (LEP). The LEP has supported investment to stimulate economic growth. the delivery of the town’s ‘Green Vision’ to One approach is a voluntary contribution ensure the natural environment is at the heart of 1% of project costs to a community of the redevelopment proposals for a new environment fund. The fund has successfully town centre, secondary school, leisure centre helped to deliver over £1m investment in and 3,350 new homes by 2035. Public sector green infrastructure projects over the last partners and developers are leading the way couple of years42. to ensure that urban trees and woodlands are used to support the regeneration and economic development of the existing town. • In London, the Mayor has a number of programmes for greening London. The All London Green Grid SPG44 provides the framework. Pic: © Bruce Collinson 18

6 Economy and growth The urban forest will contribute to What we know the urban economy. • Developers are willing, on average, to pay at least 3% more for land It will help create urban areas in close proximity to open space, with some putting the premium 45 that attract investment, generate as high as 15-20% . products and services that are used • The estimated willingness to pay for a woodland view for houses locally e.g. for energy, and on the urban fringe is £269 per annum per household (2002 develop a culture of woodland skills prices), and a view of woodland while travelling is £227 per annum and employment. per household46. • Green infrastructure supports local economic growth through inward investment, visitor spending, environmental cost savings, health improvement, market spend and employment generation47. • The ‘green space sector’ in 2010 (including public parks departments, nature reserves, botanical/zoological gardens, landscape services and architectural services) employed about 122,000 people in England. This represents around 0.4% of all jobs in the country48. • Research from the University of Sheffield has found that people are willing to pay up to £29.91 per month, or around £360.00 per year, for greener urban spaces with greater tree coverage49. Pic: © Mersey Forest 19

6 Economy and growth What’s already happening • The Northwest Forestry Manifesto50 includes a clear economic case for investment in urban forestry. • The creation of Bold Colliery Community Woodland near St Helens has directly enhanced property values by around £15m, and helped secure a further £75m of new investment51. Pic: © Mike Roberts Pic: © Mike 20

7 Value and resources The urban forest’s value in terms of What we know market and non-market products • Greater London’s trees provide £133M per year of air pollution and services to society will be reduction, stormwater attenuation and recognised and stimulate future benefits52. investment in its protection, improvement and expansion. • In terms of extra deaths due to heat stress averted, London’s green spaces are collectively valued at £26.4m–£36.4m53. • For every £1 invested in the Mersey Forest’s Objective One programme (£7 million) £10.20 was generated in increased GVA, social cost savings and other non-market wellbeing benefits54. • Glasgow’s trees intercept 812,000m3 rainfall per year, equivalent to £1.1m in sewerage charges55. 21

7 Value and resources What’s already happening • Citizen science projects like Treezilla57 and the national tree map are helping to identify, • Birmingham City Council is exploring a ‘tree quantify and value all the trees in England’s bond’, financing urban towns and cities. and reducing energy bills through the use of woodfuel. • Manchester’s ‘City of Trees’56 programme aims to double tree cover within a generation to excite, inspire and transform the city region. It brings together funding from the private sector and political and partner support across Greater Manchester. Pic: © McCoy-Wynne 22

8 Risks and resilience The urban forest will continue to What we know provide a wide range of benefits to • Pests and diseases that affect trees appear to be increasing people and wildlife and help society in number and severity of impact. Chalara die back of ash, become more resilient in the face of oak processionary moth and Phytophthora are now widely climate change. established58. The urban forest itself will become • In Torbay, European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is the most important increasingly resilient to pest, tree, making up 20% of the leaf area59. Chalara dieback of ash diseases and climate pressures. could have serious implications for many urban and trees. The diversity of species, provenance • In London’s Victoria area, London planes provide 67% of the leaf and age will widen; urban forest area60. Plane tree wilt and other diseases could devastate the canopy area will increase with more streetscapes and seriously impact upon the range of benefits we large stature, large canopy, high get from trees. leaf-area trees. The canopy will be more connected. More people will be actively engaged in monitoring, managing and making the urban forest. 23

8 Risk and resilience What’s already happening • The Right Trees for a Changing Climate61 database is helping professionals and tree planters select the most suitable, resilient species to withstand climate change. • The Observatree62 citizen science project is engaging a wide range of people and communities in identifying and reporting tree pests and diseases to maximise the chances of eradicating or controlling outbreaks. Pic: © McCoy-Wynne 24

In future...

The urban forest is part of the financial, professional and community world-view. As a carefully managed and cared for resource it is integral to how we create and improve the places in which we live and work. A healthy urban forest is recognised as a reflection of the special character of a place and of its wellbeing and prosperity. People look back at the early 21st century with incredulity – was it only THEN that they began to realise the full role the urban forest plays in civilisation? A time to plant… Pic: © Mersey Forest

For further enquiries regarding the work of the Urban FWAC Network or this document contact Helen Townsend – [email protected] 25

References

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