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Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, Lberta Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta

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Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, Lberta Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta Agriculture Agriculture Environment Environnement Canada Canada ® Canada Canada Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, lberta Soils of Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta Gerald M . Coen Agriculture Canada Research Branch Soil Research Institute Soil Survey, Edmonton W.D . Holland Environment Canada Northern Forest Research Centre Canadian Forestry Service Edmonton Alberta Institute of Pedology S-73-33 Information Report NOR-X-65 Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1976 Cat . No. : A52-48 1976 ISBN 0-662-00223-7 O KT6-1815 Johanns-Gough Ltd . Waterloo, Ontario ftla Mount Vimy : a scenic view in Waterton Lakes National Park. CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .. .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... 9 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10 INTRODUCTION .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ..., . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... 11 PART I GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA . ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ... 13 Location and extent ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ... 13 History, development, and present cultural features . ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... ... .. .. ... ... 13 Physiography and topography .. ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. 13 Geology .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. 18 Drainage . ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .. .. ... .. 18 Climate . ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. .. ... ... 21 Vegetation .. .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21 Land use patterns ... ... .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .... .... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 24 Soil formation .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 24 PART II METHODOLOGY ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .... ... .... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 26 Mapping . ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 26 Landforms . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... 26 Soil profile morphology .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... .. .. ... ... .. 32 Chemical and physical analyses . ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. .. ... ... .. 32 Field tests .. .. ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. .. ... ... .. 32 PART III SOIL MAP UNIT DESCRIPTIONS . .. ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. 35 Key to major characteristics of the soil map units . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. 37 Soils developed on very coarse textured gravelly and sandy outwash: Soil map units 1, 4, and 8 ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... .. 35 Soils developed on alluvium (alluvial terraces, floodplains) : Soil map units 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... 39 Soils developed on alluvial fans: Soil map units 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36, 37, 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 48, and 49 . ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 45 Soils developed on glacial till: Soil map units 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61, 66, and 67 . ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 58 Soils developed on weathered shale bedrock: Soil map units 100, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, and 107 .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. 66 Soils developed on coarse textured colluvium: Soil map units 141, 142, 150, 156, and 160 . .. ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .. 71 Soils developed on aeolian sand : Soil map units 170 and 171 ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. 73 Soils developed on organic material: Soil map unit 190 ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... .. 75 Soils developed on rock outcrop and broken rock: Soil map units 90R and 91R 77 Miscellaneous map units: Rock, Bp, RD, Pit, Talus, and Chute . ... .. ... .. .. ... ... .. 77 PART IV INTERPRETATION OF SOIL MAPPING UNITS FOR SELECTED PARK USES . .. .. ... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... 80 REFERENCES . .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. 103 Page APPENDIXES A. Physical and chemical analyses of soils typifying the major map units in Waterton ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 105 B. Engineering test data for soils of Waterton Lakes National Park .. .. ... ... 110 C. Plants commonly found in Waterton Lakes National Park ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... 116 FIGURES Frontispiece Mount Vimy: a scenic beauty in Waterton Lakes National Park .. ... ... .. 3 1 . Location of surveyed area .. ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 12 2 . Cultural features of Waterton Lakes National Park ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... 14 3 . Waterton Park townsite ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... 15 4. Where prairie plains meet the Rocky Mountains . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... 15 5. Rugged topography typical of the Rocky Mountains region . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15 6. East-west topographic cross section of Waterton Lakes National Park from the northeast corner to Lone Lake . ... ... ... .... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... .... 16 7. Location of major stratigraphic units in Waterton Lakes National Park . .. ... ... 17 8. Brownish-colored glacial till overlying Wapiabi shales; very prone to slumping 15 9. A cirque lake ... ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. ... ... 19 10. U-shaped hanging valley; Lineham wall ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 19 11 . Waterfall; middle falls, Hell-Roaring Creek; note increased erosion below the falls .. ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... ... ... 19 12 . Moraine features resulting from glacial till; near Kesler Lake. This area is in the general contact zone between the Continental and Cordilleran glaciations .. .. ... 19 13 . Drainage systems of Waterton Lakes National Park .. ... .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 20 14. Cold, clean, and attractive water near the Boundary Bay, Waterton Lake .. .. ... 22 15 . Creek flowing through an area of coarse textured soils ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. ... ... ... 22 16a. Fescue - oat grass (Festuca-Danthonia) association on dry site. Note roadway reclamation. See map unit 21 for soil description . ... ... ... .. ... ... .. ... .. .. .. .. ... ... 22 16b. Engelmann spruce - lodgepole pine association on a subhumid site .. .. .. ... ... ... 22 17 . Park utilization areas ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... 23 18 . General soil map of Waterton Lakes National Park . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... ... ... ... 23 19. Soil profile diagram .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... .. 24 20 . Interpretation of air photographs .. ... ... .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. 26 21 . Stereo-triplet (Landforms) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... .. 27 22 . Stereo-triplet (Soils) .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. .. ... 28 23 . Sampling locations of type pedons chosen to represent soil mapping units . .. ... 29 24. Landform regions .. ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. ... 30 25 . Blakiston fan, showing current aggrading features of Blakiston Brook . .. .. .. ... 31 26 . Long colluvial slopes characteristic of upper mountainsides . ... ... ... ... ... .. .. .. ... 31 27 . Rock outcrop also occurs at low elevations, in this instance resulting in a reduction of usable shoreline . ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... .. .. .. ... 31 28 . Talus; note some stabilization and sparse vegetative cover .. ... ... ... ... ... .. .. ... 31 29 . Field testing of water infiltration rates . ... .... .... ... ... ... ... ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. ... 34 30 . Landscape of map unit 4, indicating shallow depth of soil over bedrock . ... ... .. 34 31. Soil profile of map unit 8 ; note surface organic matter, lack of coarse fragments, and abundance of roots ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
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