WORSHIP AS PARTICIPATION BY THE SPIRIT IN THE SON’S COMMUNION WITH THE FATHER: A DOXOLOGICAL THEOLOGY OF T.F. AND J.B. TORRANCE A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2018 KEVIN J. NAVARRO This research was carried out at Nazarene Theological College, Manchester TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 2 Abstract 5 Declaration/Copyright Statement 6 Acknowledgments 7 Dedication 8 INTRODUCTION: THE DOXOLOGICAL THEOLOGY OF T.F. TORRANCE AND J.B. TORRANCE 0.1 A Case for a “Theological” Approach to Worship and Liturgy 9 0.2 Anthropocentric Approaches to Worship and the Liturgy 12 0.3 Approaches that Attempted to be Theological 15 CHAPTER ONE: THE BIOGRAPHICAL BACKGROUND OF T.F. TORRANCE AND J.B. TORRANCE 1.1 Introduction 19 1.2 Biography of Thomas F. Torrance 19 1.3 Theological Education 21 1.4 The Doxological Influence of T.F. Torrance’s Parish and Chaplaincy Ministry (1940-1950) 27 1.5 Biography of James B. Torrance 30 1.6 Theological Method and Scientific Thinking 33 1.7 The Sacramental Emphasis of T.F. and J.B. Torrance 39 1.8 Conclusion 40 CHAPTER TWO: UNITARIAN OR TRINITARIAN WORSHIP? 2.1 Introduction 41 2.2 Unitarian and Existential Tendencies & Practices in Corporate Worship 41 2.3 Unitarian Tendencies (The Harnack/Hick Model) 45 2.4 Existential Tendencies (The Present Day Experience Model) 47 2.5 A Trinitarian-Incarnational Orientation 51 2.6 Conclusion 63 CHAPTER THREE: THE TRINITARIAN FAITH AND WORSHIP 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Trinitarian Worship 64 3.3 The Trinitarian Faith & The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed 69 3.4 The Place of Eusebia with Theologia in Worship 71 3.5 Faith and Godliness 72 3.6 Access to God the Father Almighty, Maker of Heaven and Earth 76 3.7 God of God, Light of Light, Incarnate Saviour 78 3.8 The Eternal Spirit 80 3.9 The One Church, A Worshipping Community 85 3.10 Conclusion 87 2 CHAPTER FOUR: THE MEDIATION OF CHRIST 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Thrown Back Upon Ourselves 91 4.3 The Mediation of Christ 92 4.4 First Movement of Mediation: God-Humanward 94 4.5 Second Movement of Mediation: Human-Godward 96 4.6 Mediation of Reconciliation 106 4.7 The Person of the Mediator 113 4.8 The Mediation of Christ in our Human Response 116 4.9 Conclusion 116 CHAPTER FIVE: THE PLACE OF JESUS CHRIST IN LITURGICAL PRAYER AND WORSHIP 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Anthropocentrism, Christocentrism and the Liturgy 117 5.3 Joseph Jungmann and The Place of Jesus Christ in Liturgical Prayer 120 5.4 The Shift from the Mediated Doxology to the Co-Ordinated Doxology 126 5.5 Lack of Mediated Doxology Produced a Spirit of Fear 130 5.6 Apollinarianism in the Liturgy 132 5.7 Mediation: From Christ to Clergy 136 5.7.1 From Christ to Veneration of the Saints and Mariology 137 5.8 Criticisms 138 5.9 Implications of Jungmann’s Influence on Torrance 139 5.10 Conclusion 143 CHAPTER SIX: THOMAS F. TORRANCE AND PREACHING 6.1 Introduction 145 6.2 The Heart of the Gospel and the Preacher 146 6.3 Preaching: An Evangelical and Theological Activity 148 6.4 Preaching and the Hypostatic Union 150 6.5 Preaching: Encountering the Word of God 153 6.6 Preaching the Cross of Christ 156 6.7 Preaching and the Lord’s Supper 159 6.8 Preaching Unconditional Grace 162 6.9 Epistemology and Preaching 164 6.10 Preaching, Theological Inquiry and the Early Church 169 6.11 Conclusion 174 CHAPTER SEVEN: THE SACRAMENTS OF INCORPORATION AND RENEWAL 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 The Influence of Robert Bruce 176 7.3 Robert Bruce of Kinnaird (1554 - 1631) 177 7.4 A Sample of the Sermons on the Sacraments by Robert Bruce 179 7.4.1 The Sacraments in General 179 7.4.2 The Lord’s Supper in Particular 1 182 7.5 Significant Implications of Robert Bruce’s Sermons on the Sacraments 183 3 7.6 Jesus Christ as the Primary Sacrament 186 7.7 Torrance’s Pastoral Call for Word and Sacrament 187 7.8 Torrance on the Sacraments 189 7.9 Torrance on Baptism 190 7.10 Torrance on the Lord’s Supper 198 7.11 The Manducatio Impiorum 203 7.12 Criticisms 207 7.13 Conclusion 208 CONCLUSION 8.1 Review 209 8.2 Criticisms 219 8.3 Implications 225 BIBLIOGRAPHY 229 WORD COUNT: 78,865 4 ABSTRACT University of Manchester Kevin J. Navarro Doctor of Philosophy “Worship as Participation by the Spirit in the Son’s Communion with the Father: A Doxological Theology of T.F. and J.B. Torrance.” 2018 Most approaches to liturgical theology are anthropocentric: the study of liturgy is primarily focused on what we, the worshipers, do. While some have attempted to offer a more theological approach to the subject of worship, they still have not gone far enough. Thomas F. Torrance and James B. Torrance offer a Trinitarian and Christocentric approach. This informs not only the why of worship and not simply the what or how of worship, but centres on the One whom we worship. Most significantly, it fully recognises the key role of the humanity of Christ as the ascended High Priest who alone offers the perfect worship and through whom alone we are enabled by the Spirit to worship God. In order to arrive at a theology of worship informed by T.F. and J.B. Torrance, doxological themes in their writings were collated and are examined in this thesis. With the exception of two theses (one focused exclusively on the Eucharistic theology of T.F. Torrance and another on the Ascended Christ as the leader of our worship), most secondary sources focus on the Torrances’ approach to science, epistemology, soteriology and Trinitarian theology. All of these themes are critical to understanding their theology. But this thesis attempts to offer unique scholarship highlighting the doxological themes that emerge from their writings. This is the first comprehensive theology of worship of the Torrances. This thesis also provides a lens for a deeper understanding of their theology. The findings of this research are that the Torrances’ own background provides insight into their concern about the worship of the Living God (Chapter One). Regarding the anthropocentric approaches, the Torrances explicitly confront Unitarian and existential theologies of worship and present their Incarnational- Trinitarian alternative (Chapter Two). They emphasise that the Trinitarian faith of the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed is the way back to a Trinitarian doxology (Chapter Three). They focus on the mediation of Christ (Chapter Four) and the place of Jesus Christ in liturgical prayer and worship (Chapter Five). They also have a theological understanding of the role of preaching (Chapter Six) and the sacraments (Chapter Seven) with a vibrant Christology that once again, articulates and informs Christian worship. This thesis presents this unique and needed theological perspective on Christian worship. It is all too common when discussing the subject of worship to discuss praxis exclusively. But for a subject as central to the Christian faith as worship, a vibrant Trinitarian theology of worship is imperative. This thesis, aims to make a significant contribution to that. 5 DECLARATION No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. COPYRIGHT STATEMENT 1. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and he has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. 2. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may be made only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the University has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. 3. The ownership of certain Copyright, patents, designs, trademarks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. 4. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (see http://documents.manchester.ac.uk/DocuInfo.aspx?DocID=24420), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (see http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/about/regulations/) and in The University’s policy on Presentation of Theses. 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank my father, Ruben D. Navarro, who went home to be with the Lord on the 26th of January 2013. I was fortunate to have a dad who exemplified the love of God by how he treated others. He was full of kindness, gentleness and grace. He was my greatest advocate. When he discovered I wanted to pursue a PhD in theology, he offered to fund my research.