COTTON REPORT

SEMA BASBAG

Remzi EKINCI

UNİVERSİTY OF DİCLE AGRİCULTURAL FACULTY, DİYARBAKİR-TURKEY TOTAL WORLD COTTON PRODUCTİON : 25.7 MMT 2017/18 TOTAL WORLD COTTON CONSUMPTION: 25.2 MMT 2017/18 TOTAL WORLD COTTON IMPORT: 8.15 MMT 2017/18 TOTAL WORLD COTTON EXPORT : 8.15 MMT ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CROPS COTTON IN TURKEY

Cotton is one of the most important raw materials for textile industry in Turkey.

Cotton is source of income directly 3 million and indirectly 12 million citizens of Turkey.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT ONE OF THE IMPORTANT CROPS COTTON

ü Cultivation, ü Ginning, ü spinning, ü weaving, ü textile, ü oil and feed industry employ people of country.

Cotton has become important to the industrial sector as well as to the internal and external trade of Turkey.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT COTTON AREA DECLINED IN TURKEY!!!

However, recently cotton area and production declined significantly because of some resons such as üthe high costs, üweak cotton prices, üharvesting problem, üclimate change ünot enough supporting etc...

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT HIGH COST FACTORS ON COTTON PRODUCTION

The most important cost factors in cotton production in Turkey

ü land rents, ü fuel, ü fertilizer, ü herbicides, ü seeds, ü and labor costs.

The production and use of cotton is influenced heavily by cotton politics, agricultural, industrial and trade policies and international developments.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT COTTON PRODUCTION IN TURKEY BY YEAR Crop Year Harv. Area Production (1000 Yield (kg/ha) (1000 ha) ton) 2005/06 600 800 1.333 2006/07 630 750 1.190 2007/08 500 625 1.250 2008/09 330 440 1.333 2009/10 280 380 1.357 2010/11 480 816 1.700 2011/12 542 954 1.760 2012/13 488 858 1.760 2013/14 450 803 1.727 2014/15 440 751 1.706

2015/16 460 807 1746 2016/17* 434 758 1664 2017/18** 484 871 1742 Source: ICAC 2017 *Estimation **Projection TURKEY COTTON PLANTİNG AREA (MHA), PRODUCTION (MMT) AND YIELD (KG/HA)

Area Product. Yield

2000 1746 1800 1700 1742

1600 1730 1419 1675 1674 1333 1400 1333 1475 1357 1200 1322 1250 1190 954 1000 922 877 871 800 750 737 800 816 858 846 625 697 600 440 488 697 600 630 400 477 400 500 480 542 450 434 431 434 330 200 300

0 2001/02 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2011/12

Source: ICAC, 2017 REASONS OF THE NCREASE PER UNIT YIELD

ü Developed high potential new varieties, ü Agro-climatic conditions ü The investment of modern equipment, ü Availability water (irrigation) during the growing season, ü Improvement in plant protection and agronomical, applications, and fertilizers, ü Increased use of certificated seeds.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT 2017

23 % 61% 16 % The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP) is a multi-sector and integrated regional development effort approached in the context of sustainable development.

GAP extending over wide plains in the basins of the lower Euphrates and the Tigris covers 9 Provinces

9.7 % of the total surface area of the country. SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIAN PROJECT

ATATURK DAM

The project is one of the world's largest river basin development projects. It includes 13 irrigation and hydropower schemes, which involve the construction of 19 hydroelectric power plants and 22 dams on the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the irrigation of 1.82 million hectares of land. SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIAN PROJECT

ATATURK DAM

ATATURK DAM Cotton Production by Regions in Turkey

South East Anotolia Aegean Cukurova Antalya

Source:TURKSTAT, 2017

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT TURKEY COTTON FIBER PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION (1000 MT)

1600 1486 1500 1481 Production Consumption 1450 1400 1360 1400 1300

1200

1000 954 877 858 846 871 800 737 756

600

400

200

0 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 COVERAGE OF COTTON PRODUCTİON TO CONSUMPTION IN TURKEY % Table 6. Exports and Imports of Cotton Fiber Turkey

Export Import Year (1000 MT) (Milyon $) (1000 MT) (Milyon $) 2012 52 107 614 1.275

2013 48 100 869 1.681

2014 46 88 913 1.750

2015 48 76 803 1.233

2016 76 124 821 1.238

2017 72 130 801 1.408

Source: Izmir Commodity Exchange 2017 2016/17 TEXTİLE EXPORTS OF TURKEY (MILLION $) TOTAL: 10,1 BILLION $ 2016/17 TEXTİLE EXPORTS OF TURKEY BY COUNTRY

Source: ITKIB, 2017

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY OF TURKEY

The textile and clothing Industry of Turkey is core of economic development process due to

the size of production, the employment created, GDP (Gross Domestic Product) contribution, share in manufacturing, the value added created in the production process, and the export potential. TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY OF TURKEY

Turkey Fiber Export

Turkey fiber exports have increased by 12.2% in January- October 2017, approximately $ 491 million.

Turkey fiber exports increased by 6.1% in October in 2017 and reached 57 million dollars. TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY OF TURKEY

Turkey Yarn Export

In 2017, the most important country of Turkey yarn exports is Italy, with 190 million dollars.

Export of yarn to Italy increased by 27.6% in October of 2017.

Other important countries in our yarn export are UK, Belgium and Iran. TEXTILE AND CLOTHING INDUSTRY OF TURKEY

Turkey Yarn Export

Among the top ten export markets for yarn exports in 2017, Belgium had most decrease with 3.2% in exports while USA had the most increase with 54.4%.

When we look at the EU (28) countries which have a share of 62.1%, with 921 million dolar in yarn exports in 2017. TURKEY COTTON IMPORT BY COUNTRY Almost all of the cotton seeds are renewed every year in Turkey.

Research Institutes of Ministry, universities and private sectors are carrying out various improvement and growing techniques studies for new cotton cultivars.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT REGISRETED COTTON VARETES BY SECTORS N 19 6 4 -2017 .

nA Total of 16 8 cotton varieties are developed between 1964 and 2017 in Turkey.

nThese cotton varieties have been registered by research institutes, private companies and universities using various breeding methods.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT Regisreted cotton varieties by sectors in 1964- 2017.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT Registered Cotton Varieties by Years

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT Cotton Lint Yield in Turkey and World by Years

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT GENE BANK İN NAZİLLİ

The «Cotton Gene Bank" established by Nazilli Cotton Research Institute in 2004, are kept new cotton varieties developed both at in country and abroad and these materials are used for domestic and overseas studies of varieties development.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT Some of Tasks Nazilli Cotton Research Institute

üStudied cotton breeding üCollaboration with other institutes. üCoordinate cotton researches nationally üConserving of genetic stock üDeveloping source material üTraining and publication activities on cotton. üExchange material with other institutes

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT THE COTTON CULTIVARS PRODUCED IN TURKEY BY BREEDİNG STUDIES HAVE DEVELOPED AS FOLLOWİNG; FROM 1980 TO 2017

Characters 1980s 2017 Cotton Lint yield 750-800 kg.ha-1 1500-1740 kg.ha-1

Ginning percentages 33-35% 40-45%

Fiber Length 22-26 mm 29-32 mm

Fiber strength 18-20 g/tex 28-30 g/tex

Fiber fineness 5-5.5 mic. 3.5-4.5 mic. Priority objectives of the cotton breeding program in Turkey

yielding ability

resistance to insects fiber quality cotton breeding resistance to Drought and high Verticillium wilt program temperature (V.dahliae) tolerance

adaptation for Early maturity specific regional conditions Percentage of the cotton breeding researches

1. Adaptation (30%) 2.Fiber quality (25%) 3.Earlines and second crop cotton (10%) 4.Resistance to drought and high temperature (10%) 5.Mutation (8%) 6.Storage (5%) 7.Resistance diseases and pest (5%) 8.Tisue culture and molecular genetic (7%)

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT Cotton Breeding Objectives

Approximately 20 varieties are commercially produced at present.

There is no transgenic cotton variety in oficial records.

ü Transgenic cotton varieties are not allowed to be grown in Turkey due to the current biosafety law.

ü However, some transgenic varieties were tested in field experiments under controlled conditions in research institutes.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT Cotton Breeding Objectives

Co†on biotechnology including tissue culture and molecular genetics have been conducted for nearly the past 15 years in Turkey.

13th Meeting of the Inter-Regional Cooperative Research Network on Cotton for the Mediterranean and Middle East, February 2-6 2018, Luxor-EGYPT AGRICULTURAL SALES COOPERATIVES UNIONS (ASCUS) İN TURKEY

Total number of members of ASCUs (namely Tariş, Çukobirlik, Antbirlik) is around 120.000. üThey supply the production inputs üThey can also give cash credit to their partners according to their financial situation. üASCUs used to be very powerful in the past, üASCUs purchased approximately 20% of the total cotton production between 1998-2002 in Turkey.

Then the ratio declined to 3% in 2017 due to the their recently weakened financial positions. ORGANIC COTTON IN TURKEY

Organic cotton production, in 2015-16 in the world.

ü 219.947 organic farmers,

ü 107.980 MT fiber grown on

ü 302,562 ha organic certified land.

There were 18 organic cotton producing countries in 2015-2016. ORGANIC COTTON IN TURKEY

The top seven countries account for 97 % of total production - India, - China, - Turkey, - Kyrgyzstan, - Tajikistan, - US - and Tanzania

Overall, production decreased by 4 percent. ORGANİC COTTON PRODUCTION ORGANİC COTTON PRODUCTION

Turkey used to be a world leader in organic cotton production, but increasing global production has reduced margins, and domestic production has declined in recent years.

2016/17 organic production is estimated at 12,000 MT compared to 30,000 MT in 2006. 2017/18 organic production is expected to be about 15,000 MT. BETTER COTTON PRACTICES IN TURKEY

IPUD (Better Cotton Practices Association) was founded in September 2013.

IPUD’s mission is: “to Improve cotton production in Turkey for the benefit of cotton producers and the regions where cotton is grown and for the future of the sector. BETTER COTTON PRACTICES IN TURKEY

”Better Cotton" is the basic subjects of the minimum production criteria: ü soil and crop health, ü integrated methods of cotton combat, ü use of legal pesticides, ü correct, conscious and necessary use of pesticides, ü optimization of water use, ü correct collection methods for clean and high quality fiber, ü and organization of children and the prevention of child labor in order to raise awareness and direct the producers. BETTER COTTON PRACTICES IN TURKEY

Finally, in 2016, in Aydın, Adana, Diyarbakir, Hatay, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş and Şanlıurfa provinces, 15,690 decares of land were produced with 342 producers and 85 thousand tons of better cotton massive cotton.

Turkey final production is estimated to have produced about 32,500 MT of BCI cotton in MY 2016/17.

BCI cotton production is expected to increase in the coming season, reaching 40,000 MT since higher profitability generated interest among the farmers in all regions . COTTON LICENSED WAREHOUSING PRACTISES IN TURKEY

Agricultural Products Licensed Warehousing Act was legislated in 2005 in Turkey in order to develop crop market and to constitute an infrastructure.

In the licensed warehousing system, the class and qualities of the cotton product are determined by the laboratories which are called authorized classifiers.

Aim of the System is to prevent fall in cotton prices Although the law was legislated twelve years ago, the system still has not been established due to heavy regulation. COTTON LICENSED WAREHOUSING PRACTISES IN TURKEY

The first licensed warehousing company in the cotton in Turkey, Ege Agricultural Products Licensed Warehousing Inc. was established on 13/01/2011,

with the permission of the Ministry of Trade, by a total of 19 partners, including

ü trade commodity exchanges, ü banks and financial institutions, ü and other leading institutions in the field of cotton,

However, Ministry of Custom and Trade makes payment as rent support (7 TL/ton per month) for cotton kept in licensed warehouses. Sema BAŞBAĞ University of Dicle Agricultural Faculty, Diyarbakır [email protected] TURKEY COTTON WORLD SUPPLY, USE, AND TRADE (1000 MT)

2017/18 MT Mil/Bales

Production 0.871 4.000

Consumption 1.524 7.000

Import 0.762 3.500

Export 0.065 0.030

Ending Stock 0.387 1.778

ICAC 2018