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Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees

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Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees Wood decay Fungi in Landscape Trees Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Several fungal diseases, sometimes winter. Some fruiting bodies such as called heart or sap rots, cause the wood Armillaria mushrooms are annual (i.e., in the center of trunks and limbs to de- they appear soon after the beginning cay (Fig. 1). Under conditions favoring of seasonal rains), but many are peren- growth of certain rot fungi, extensive nial and grow by adding a new layer portions of the wood of living trees each year. can decay in a relatively short time (i.e., months to years). This significantly Decay fungi often are divided into reduces wood strength and kills sap- white rots, brown rots, and soft rots. wood storage and conductive tissues. White rots break down lignin and cellu- Figure 1. Heart rot in a conifer trunk. Almost all species of woody plants lose and commonly cause rotted wood are subject to trunk and limb decay, to feel moist, soft, spongy, or stringy although older, weaker trees are most and appear white or yellow. susceptible. Table 1, which starts on Page 3, lists several wood decay fungi Brown rots primarily decay the cellu- on California trees and some of their lose and hemicellulose (carbohydrates) common hosts and symptoms. in wood, leaving behind the brownish wood lignin. Wood affected by brown DAMAGE rot usually is dry and fragile, readily Decay fungi destroy the tree’s inter- crumbles into cubes because of lon- nal supportive or structural compo- gitudinal and transverse cracks, and nents—its cellulose and hemicellulose commonly forms a solid column of rot and sometimes its lignin. Decay isn’t in wood. Brown rot generally is more visible on the outside of the tree, ex- serious than white rot. cept where the bark has been cut or injured, when a cavity is present, or Soft rots are caused by both bacteria when the rot fungi produce reproduc- and fungi. They decay cellulose, hemi- tive structures. Wood decay makes cellulose, and lignin but only in areas trees hazardous, because trunks and directly adjacent to their growth. Soft limbs become unable to support their rots grow more slowly than brown own weight and can fall, especially and white rots and usually don’t cause when stressed by wind, heavy rain, or extensive structural damage to wood of other conditions. living trees. Figure 2. Wounds where large avocado limbs were pruned have been colonized by a heart rot decay fungus. IDENTIFICATION AND Fungi that decay limbs and trunks are BIOLOGY spread by airborne spores that infect Many wood rot fungi can be identi- trees through injuries and wounds. MANAGEMENT fied by the distinctive shape, color, Injuries include natural branch thin- Wood decay usually is a disease of old, and texture of the fruiting bodies that ning due to shading, pruning wounds form on trees. These structures, called (Fig. 2), vandalism, and damage from large trees. It is very difficult to man- conks or brackets, often are located machinery or construction. Other age, but a number of factors can reduce around wounds in bark, at branch causes of wounds include sunburn, fire, the risk of serious damage. First, trees scars, or around the root crown. Some ice, lightning, snow, or insects that bore should receive proper cultural care to decay fungi such as Armillaria mellea into the trunk or branches. Some decay keep them vigorous. Minimize wood produce typical, fleshy, mushroom- fungi such as A. mellea infect principal- decay by protecting trees from injuries. shaped fruiting bodies at the base of ly the roots and can spread to nearby Properly prune young trees to promote infected trees after a rain in fall or plants from the roots of infected hosts. good structure and avoid the need to EST OTES Publication 74109 PUniversity of California N Statewide Integrated Pest Management Program Agriculture and Natural Resources June 2011 June 2011 Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees remove large limbs from older trees, which creates large wounds. Cut out dead or diseased limbs. Make pruning cuts properly (Fig. 3). Prune just outside the branch bark ridge, leaving a collar of cambial tissue around cuts on the trunk to facilitate wound closure, but avoid leaving stubs. Make cuts so that rainwater will drain. Wound dressings are not recommended, as they have not been found to hasten wound closure or prevent decay. Trees that can cause personal injury or property damage if they fall should be regularly inspected by a qualified ex- AUTHORS: G. W. Hickman, UC Coopera- University of California scientists and other pert for signs of wood decay and other tive Extension (emeritus), Mariposa Co., qualified professionals have anonymously peer reviewed this publication for technical accuracy. The structural weakness. Hazardous trees E. J. Perry, UC Cooperative Extension ANR Associate Editor for Urban Pest Management should be trimmed, cabled, braced, or (emeritus), Stanislaus Co; and R. M. Davis, managed this review process. Plant Pathology, UC Davis. To simplify information, trade names of products removed. have been used. No endorsement of named products TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work EDITOR: M. L. Fayard supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 1, J. K. Clark; Fig. 2, Integrated Pest Management. D. Rosen; Fig. 3, from Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs; and Table 1, J. K. Clark, Produced by UC Statewide R. M. Davis, G. W. Hickman, and E. J. Perry. Integrated Pest Management Program University of California, Davis, CA 95616 This and other Pest Notes are available at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu. For more information, contact the University of California Cooperative Extension office in your county. See your telephone directory for addresses University of California and phone numbers, or visit http://ucanr.org/ce.cfm. Agriculture and Natural Resources Figure 3. Remove a branch by making WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations the pruning cut just outside the branch given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original, labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, bark ridge and branch collar, as indi- away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. cated by No. 3. When removing a limb Pesticides applied in your home and landscape can move and contaminate creeks, rivers, and oceans. larger than about 2 inches in diameter, Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens make three cuts in the order indicated. containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash or pour pesticides down the sink or toilet. Either use Make the first cut from below, about the pesticide according to the label, or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection one-fourth of the way through the limb site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and and 1 or 2 feet from the trunk. Make the for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers second cut about 2 inches beyond the by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that first cut, cutting from above until the they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. limb drops. Make the final cut at No. 3. NONDISCRIMINATION STATEMENT The University of California prohibits discrimination or harassment of any person on the basis of race, REFERENCES color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, pregnancy (including childbirth and medical conditions related to pregnancy or childbirth), physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or Dreistadt, S. H., J. K. Clark, and M. L. genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or service in the Flint. 2004. Pests of Landscape Trees and uniformed services (as defined by the Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994: service in the uniformed services includes membership, application for membership, performance of Shrubs. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. service, application for service, or obligation for service in the uniformed services) in any of its programs Res. Publ. 3359. or activities. University policy also prohibits reprisal or retaliation against any person in any of its programs or activities for making a complaint of discrimination or sexual harassment or for using or participating in the investigation Hickman, G. W., and E. J. Perry. 1997. or resolution process of any such complaint. Ten Common Wood Decay Fungi on Land- University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University’s nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/ scape Trees—Identification Handbook. Sac- Equal Opportunity Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin Street, ramento: Western Chapter, ISA. v 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607, (510) 987-0096. ◆ 2 of 4 ◆ June 2011 Wood Decay Fungi in Landscape Trees Table 1. Wood Decay Fungi on California Landscape Trees. Fungus Common hosts Symptoms Armillaria mellea Most coniferous and broadleaved One of the most widespread plant pathogens oak root fungus woody species. in California. Causes a white rot. When bark is removed, white or cream-colored mycelia—the vegetative part of fungi—are present between the bark and wood of roots and trunk below soil line. Mushrooms can form at the base of affected trees following fall and winter rains. Fungi enter susceptible plants by means of dark, rootlike structures called rhizomorphs found on the surface of affected roots.
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