Simon Baynham, 'Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes? the Case of Nkrumah's National Security Service'
The Journal of Modern African Studies, 23, 1 (1985), pp. 87-103 Quis Custodiet Ipsos CustodesP: the Case of Nkrumah's National Security Service by SIMON BAYNHAM* FROM the ancient Greek city-states of Athens and Sparta to twentieth- century Bolivia and Zaire, from theories of development and under- development to models of civil-military relations, one is struck by the enormous literature on armed intervention in the domestic political arena. In recent years, a veritable rash of material on the subject of military politics has appeared - as much from newspaper correspondents reporting pre-dawn coups from third-world capitals as from the more rarefied towers of academe. Yet looking at the subject from the perspective of how regimes mobilise resources and mechanisms to protect themselves from their own security forces, one is struck by the paucity of empirically-based evidence on the subject.1 Since 1945, more than three-quarters of Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East have experienced varying levels of intervention from their military forces. Some states such as Thailand, Syria, and Argentina have been repeatedly prone to such action. And in Africa approximately half of the continent's 50 states are presently ruled, in one form or another, by the military. Most of the coups d'etat from the men in uniform are against civilian regimes, but an increasing proportion are staged from within the military, by one set of khaki-clad soldiers against another.2 The maintenance of internal law and order, and the necessary provision for protection against external threats, are the primary tasks of any political grouping, be it a primitive people surrounded by hostile * Lecturer in Political Studies, University of Cape Town, and formerly Senior Lecturer in the Department of Political and Social Studies, Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst.
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