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ÉTICA & ANIMAIS (Um Guia De Argumentação Filosófica)

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ÉTICA & ANIMAIS (Um Guia De Argumentação Filosófica) ÉTICA & ANIMAIS UM GUIA DE ARGUMENTAÇÃO FILOSÓFICA Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul Chanceler Dom Dadeus Grings Reitor Joaquim Clotet Vice-Reitor Evilázio Teixeira Conselho Editorial Ana Maria Tramunt Ibaños Beatriz Franciosi Dalcídio Cláudio Draiton Gonzaga de Souza Elvo Clemente Ivan Izquierdo Jacques Wainberg Jerônimo Carlos Santos Branga Jorge Campos da Costa Jorge Luis Nicolas Audy (Presidente) Juremir Machado Lauro Kopper Filho Luiz Antonio de Assis Brasil Magda Lahorgue Nunes Maria Helena Abrahão Marília Gerhardt de Oliveira Mirian Oliveira Urbano Zilles Vera Lúcia Strube de Lima Edipucrs: Jerônimo Carlos Santos Braga (Diretor) Jorge Campos da Costa (Editor-chefe) Carlos Michelon Naconecy ÉTICA & ANIMAIS UM GUIA DE ARGUMENTAÇÃO FILOSÓFICA Porto Alegre, 2006 EDIPUCRS 1a. Edição: 2006 Capa: Marcos Medeiros Saporit Preparação de originais: Eurico Saldanha de Lemos Revisão: do autor Revisão Técnica: Liziane Zanotto Staevie Editoração e composição:Print Line Impressão e acabamento: Gráfica EPECÊ Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) N125e Naconecy, Carlos Michelon Ética & animais : um guia de argumentação filosófica / Carlos Michelon Naconecy. – Porto Alegre : EDIPUCRS, 2006. 235 p. ISBN 85-7430-587-1 1. Ética. 2. Filosofia. 3. Animais – Ética. I. Título. CDD 179.3 Ficha Catalográfica elaborada pelo Setor de Processamento Técnico da BC-PUCRS Proibida a reprodução total ou parcial desta obra sem autorização expressa da Editora. EDIPUCRS Av. Ipiranga, 6681 - Prédio 33 Caixa Postal 1429 90619-900 - PORTO ALEGRE - RS BRASIL FONE/FAX: (51) 3320-3523 E-mail: [email protected] www.pucrs.br/edipucrs À minha mãe SUMÁRIO 1 Introdução ......xx 2. Noções de Filosofia para Não-Filósofos .................................................... xx 2.1 Erros Comuns de Argumentação..................................................... xx 2.2 Regras da Argumentação Moral....................................................... xx 2.3 Requisitos da Ética .......................................................................... xx 2.4 Tipos de Teorias Éticas.................................................................... xx 2.5 Glossário de Ética Aplicada ............................................................. xx 3 Como Responder aos Argumentos Contrários aos Animais ...................... xx 3.1 Introdução .................................................................................. xx 3.2 O Argumento (Preliminar) Relativista ......................................... xx 3.3 O Argumento Conceitual............................................................. xx 3.4 O Argumento Ecológico ............................................................. xx 3.5 O Argumento da Subjetividade ................................................... xx 3.6 O Argumento do Sofrimento ....................................................... xx 3.7 O Argumento da Expansão ........................................................ xx 3.8 O Argumento da Excepcionalidade............................................. xx 3.9 O Argumento da Importância...................................................... xx 3.10 O Argumento da Relação.......................................................... xx 3.11 O Argumento da Reciprocidade ............................................... xx 3.12 O Argumento da Racionalidade ............................................... xx 3.13 O Argumento da Prudência ....................................................... xx 3.14 O Argumento da Biodiversidade................................................ xx 3.15 O Argumento do Favor .............................................................. xx 3.16 O Argumento Pragmático .......................................................... xx 4 Como Defender Diretamente os Animais .................................................... xx 4.1 Utilitarismo (de Peter Singer) ........................................................ xx 4.2 Direitos (de Tom Regan) ............................................................... xx 4.3 Dorismo (de Richard Ryder) .......................................................... xx 4.4 Ética do Cuidado............................................................................ xx 4.5 Outros ........................................................................................... xx 5 Considerações Finais ................................................................................... xx 6 Apêndices ....................................................................................................... xx 6.1 A Criação Intensiva de Animais para o Consumo Humano ........... xx 6.2 Citações ......................................................................................... xx 7 Leituras Recomendadas ................................................................................ xx 8 Referências ..................................................................................................... xx 1 Introdução Sobre o Livro Este não é um livro de filosofia comum. Ele não irá tratar do trans- cendente. Tampouco é um livro de filosofia moral comum. Ele também não irá se deter na natureza do bem, nem na linguagem nos juízos de valor. Este é um livro de alfabetização ética . Seu objetivo é desenvolver a inteligência moral , perturbando as consciências adormecidas, através de um bombardeio argumentativo, e tirando o leitor do lugar confortável onde ele eventualmente possa se encontrar. A despeito de muitas pessoas nunca sequer terem pensado no as- sunto, esta obra trata de um dos temas mais candentes da atualidade. Seu intuito principal é a divulgação de argumentos éticos pró-animais. Este livro também pode fornecer um equipamento argumentativo aos que já intuem que os animais merecem nossa consideração e respeito, mas que, por não disporem de razões organizadas filosoficamente, não con- seguem articular respostas à altura dos mais freqüentes e poderosos ataques contra essa posição. Usando o livro como um manual, o leitor poderá treinar-se na “arte marcial” da argumentação. O pressuposto aqui é que o leitor queira mais argumentos e menos teorias. Como outros trabalhos nesta área, este também apresenta algu- mas marcas registradas. Em primeiro lugar, ele quer contribuir para um mundo melhor. Em segundo, ele se dirige tanto para uma audiência leiga quanto acadêmica. Em face disso, a busca de rigor analítico, justificação e coerência corre o risco de tornar este livro difícil para os não-iniciados em Filosofia. Por outro lado, ele poderá parecer um tanto primário e ele- mentar para os leitores com interesses estritamente filosóficos. Livros deste tipo exigem, assim, uma compreensão paciente e tolerante, de ambos os grupos de leitores, quanto a idéias já bem conhecidas ou, ao contrário, demasiadamente inéditas. As teses parecerão radicais para uns e moderadas para outros; as notas e referências filosóficas serão exces- sivas para uns e escassas para outros. ÉTICAS & ANIMAIS: Um guia de argumentação filosófica 9 Os filósofos geralmente escrevem para outros filósofos. Todavia, minha pretensão inicial não é tentar persuadir apenas meus colegas aca- dêmicos de que os animais importam eticamente. Este livro visa audiên- cias maiores, e isso exigiu dois cuidados. O primeiro deles foi oferecer uma “taxonomia filosófica para iniciantes” a todos aqueles que pudessem estar perdidos no labirinto das idéias. Esses, nas palavras de R. M. Hare, “estão perdidos porque, como muitos daqueles que discutem longamente questões morais na mídia, não têm nenhum mapa do labirinto” 1. O se- gundo cuidado foi empregar uma linguagem relativamente simples, pois o próprio conteúdo do livro já nos grita sua necessidade e importância. Tentei tornar essa obra acessível para quem nunca leu filosofia, explican- do argumentos filosóficos de modo não-técnico, evitando a parafernália terminológica típica da área. Como autor desta obra, senti-me impelido a escrevê-la por uma razão ética e outra intelectual. A primeira delas: em face da minha forma- ção acadêmica e sensibilidades pessoais, vi-me estimulado a fornecer um equipamento filosófico em auxílio daqueles que dele carecem para argu- mentar em defesa dos animais. Ademais, como fator decisivo, a quase totalidade da literatura filosófica e ativista nesta matéria se encontra em idioma estrangeiro. Isso praticamente me obrigou a publicar o texto que o leitor tem em mãos. O impulso suplementar proveio da completa ausência de um trabalho em língua portuguesa com uma visão sistemática e pano- râmica do tema. Devido a tal necessidade concreta, abri mão de uma perspectiva única ou inédita da questão animal. Isso significa dizer que, enquanto que as palavras usadas neste livro são minhas, a maioria dos insights e idéias pertencem a outros pensadores, que há três décadas têm escrito sobre a ética no trato dos animais. Como filósofo, de outro lado, o que me motivou a escritura deste livro foi um único incômodo intelectual. Todos sabem que os filósofos se vêem como perseguidores de bons argumentos. A grande maioria deles, todavia, adota argumentos antropocêntricos para justificar uma ética do tratamento dos animais. Mas tais argumentos, no meu ponto de vista, são maus argumentos morais. Este trabalho quer derrubar, ou pelo menos debilitar, esses raciocínios, do modo mais econômico possível, para o bem da eficácia persuasiva. Ele pretende prioritariamente denunciar inco- ____________ 1 HARE, R. M. Ética: problemas e propostas . São Paulo: Editora UNESP, 2003. p.16. 10 NACONECY, Carlos Michelon erências, em vez de
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