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The Journal of Mississippi History Volume LXXVII Fall/Winter 2015 No. 3 and No. 4 CONTENTS Vaught-Hemingway Stadium at Hollingsworth Field 115 and Ole Miss: 100 Years in the Making By Chad S. Seifried and Milorad M. Novicevic A Celebration 100 Years in the Making: The Modernization 147 of Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field from 1914 to 2014 By Adam G. Pfleegor and Chad S. Seifried The Gulf South Tung Industry: A Commodity History 177 By Whitney Adrienne Snow 2015 Mississippi Historical Society Award Winners 217 Program of the 2015 Mississippi Historical Society 221 Annual Meeting By Timothy B. Smith COVER IMAGE — Tung nut pickers, February 28, 1940. Courtesy of the Dixie Press Collection, Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College Archives. Minutes of the 2015 Mississippi Historical Society 225 Business Meeting By Elbert R. Hilliard Recent Manuscript Accessions at Mississippi Colleges 249 and University Libraries, 2012-2013 Compiled by Jennifer Ford Book Reviews Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 259 Telling Our Stories: Museum of Mississippi History and Mississippi Civil Rights Museum By Aaron McArthur Sanders, A Chance for Change: Head Start and 260 Mississippi’s Black Freedom Struggle By Chad Danielson Keppel, Brown v. Board and the Transformation of 262 American Culture: Education and the South in the Age of Desegregation By William P. Hustwit Luckett, Joe T. Patterson and the White South’s 263 Dilemma: Evolving Resistance to Black Advancement By Kevin Boland Johnson Manganiello, Southern Water, Southern Power: How 265 the Politics of Cheap Energy and Water Scarcity Shaped a R e g i o n By Leslie K. Poole Ruminski, The Limits of Loyalty: Ordinary People in 267 Civil War Mississippi By Keith S. Hébert The Journal of Mississippi History (ISSN 0022-2771) is published quarterly by the Mississippi Department of Archives and History, 200 North St., Jackson, MS 39201, in cooperation with the Mississippi Historical Society as a benefit of Mississippi Historical Society membership. Annual memberships begin at $25. Back issues of the Journal sell for $7.50 and up through the Mississippi Museum Store; call 601-576-6921 to check availability. The Journal of Missis- sippi History is a juried journal. Each article is reviewed by a specialist scholar before publication. Periodicals paid at Jackson, Mississippi. Postmaster: Send address changes to the Mississippi Historical Society, P.O. Box 571, Jackson, MS 39205-0571. Email [email protected]. © 2015 Mississippi Historical Society, Jackson, Miss. The Mississippi Department of Archives and History and the Mississippi Historical Society disclaim any responsibility for statements made by contributors. VAUGHT-HEMINGWAY STADIUM 1 Vaught-Hemingway Stadium at Hollingsworth Field and Ole Miss: 100 Years in the Making by Chad S. Seifried and Milorad M. Novicevic “Whenever there is mentioned ‘Hemingway Stadium’ at Oxford, there instantly flashes within the minds of thousands of Mississippians the Ole Miss Rebels, the voices of the excited spectators cheering, the sounds of the band playing, the waving of flags, a large enthusiastic, noisy crowd of spectators; they are watching their team on the field because no game or sport offers greater glory, or greater pain than football.” - W. Eugene Morse, 1974 In August of 2011, the University of Mississippi (Ole Miss) announced the creation of a new $150 million capital campaign named “Forward Together.” Ole Miss created the campaign to help build a new basketball arena and to renovate Vaught-Hemingway Stadium at Hollingsworth Field, home to the Rebels football team since 1915. Organizers of the campaign promoted Phase 1 including the addition of thirty luxury suites and 770 club seats to the south end zone of Vaught- Hemingway Stadium. They further promised that new lighting, sound systems, and video boards would help enhance the facility for spectators while redesigned locker rooms would provide more room and safer access to the field for participants and event personnel. The completion of Phase 2 enclosed the north end zone and increased the capacity of Vaught-Hemingway to 64,038 in August 2016. The newly developed end zone plaza created “an impressive north entry point to MILORAD M. NOVICEVIC is an associate professor of management at the University of Mississippi. CHAD S. SEIFRIED is a professor and graduate coordinator for the School of Kinesiology at the Louisiana State University. 115 116 THE JOURNAL OF MISSISSIPPI HISTORY Hollingsworth Field” and a “true connection to the historic Grove as part of our ‘front door’ vision.” Other projects associated with the new construction involved “improvements to the concourses, concession areas, and restrooms of the stadium … to improve the aesthetics of Vaught-Hemingway Stadium and enhance the game-day experience for our [Ole Miss] fans.”1 The initial promotion of the renovation was a huge success as Ole Miss sold all thirty luxury suites and over 60% of the available club level seats by December 2014. Enthusiasm for the project also increased the Forward Together campaign goal to $222 million, shortly after a generous $25 million donation from Dr. Gerald M. “Jerry” Hollingsworth.2 New additions to the revised Forward Together project primarily involved improvements to the west side luxury suites. Estimated at $3.9 million, the west side luxury spaces received their first updates since 1988. Specifically, the west side luxury suite renovations involved carpet replacement and new appliances for each room, new window installation, and the creation of new lounge space for catering and hospitality activities. With respect to the north end zone, the University altered its initial plans by increasing the size of the student section from 8,200 to 10,000 seats and adding a new 104’ x 49’ high definition video board. The aforementioned entry plaza received additional upgrading through the construction of the Jake Gibbs Varsity Letter Walk, which recognizes all past letter winners from all sports at Ole Miss.3 This effort to enhance the game-day experience, to connect with 1 Ole Miss Athletics Foundation, “Forward Together Capital Campaign,” Oxford, MS, accessed August 3, 2016, http://givetoathletics.com/forward-together/. To accommo- date for the expansion the main concourse in the south end zone was expanded by 2,500 square feet, as well as forty-three new restroom facilities and thirty-two more points of sale for concessions. The two corner south end zone video boards were 30’ by 50.’ See also Austin Miller, “Upgrades Continue To Vaught-Hemingway, IPF,” Ole Miss Sports, July 16, 2013, accessed August 5, 2016, http://www.olemisssports.com/sports/m-footbl/ spec-rel/071613aad.html. 2 Lasherica Thornton, “Vaught Construction Nears Conclusion,” The Daily Mis- sissippian, March 7, 2016, accessed August 5, 2016, http://thedmonline.com/vaught-con- struction-nears-conclusion/. 3 Cooke Douglass Farr Lemons. “The University of Mississippi Vaught-Hemingway West Sky Box Renovation,” 2013, accessed August 5, 2016, http://www.cdfl.com/what-we- do/the-university-of-mississippi-vaught-hemingway-west-sky-box-renovation/. Jake Gibbs is a former quarterback, baseball player, and coach at Ole Miss. He led Ole Miss to the 1960 National Championship in football and 1959 SEC baseball title. VAUGHT-HEMINGWAY STADIUM 117 alumni, and to promote the school’s athletic history is nothing new as the stadium experienced many renovations with similar goals since its erection as a small 600-seat facility.4 With the facility’s 100th anniversary now passed, it appears fitting to investigate what specific individuals were responsible for the development of Vaught- Hemingway Stadium into the largest stadium in state of Mississippi. Moreover, a descriptive history of changes made to Vaught-Hemingway Stadium seems necessary to better understand how it evolved into an important social anchor for Ole Miss during Saturdays each fall.5 The physical structure of Vaught-Hemingway Stadium supports the cultural activity of football, which creates, promotes, and maintains group and individual identity for Ole Miss fans.6 Social historian Brian Ingrassia stated “well intentioned progressives … made sport permanent by creating athletic departments, constructing concrete stadiums, and hiring a corps of professional experts.”7 Sport historian Ronald A. Smith emphasized many colleges began to build their own large stadiums by 1905 to capitalize on the mass popularity/appeal of college football in particular.8 The popularity of college football was “consummated through commercial facilities (i.e., stadia) built on campus made mostly of concrete” to demonstrate 4 “Many Improvements on Campus Buildings,” The Mississippian, September 30, 1914, p. 8, folder 15, box 1, Dr. Gerald Walton Collection, University of Mississippi Ar- chives, Oxford, MS. See also: “Football Stadium,” The Mississippian, March 24, 1915, folder 15, box 1, Dr. Gerald Walton Collection, University of Mississippi Archives, Oxford, MS. 5 William Foster and Craig Hyatt, “Inventing Team Tradition: A Conceptual Model for the Strategic Development of Fan Nations,” European Sport Management Quarterly, 8 (2008): 266, 269. Foster and Hyatt defined fan nation as ‘‘comprised mostly of fans who are not [actual] citizens of cities” and who come together through utilizing ‘‘an imagined cohesiveness they share” with others through the use of myths, symbols, tangible objects, and rituals. 6 Chad Seifried and Aaron Clopton, “An Alternative View of Public Subsidy and Sport Facilities Through Social