JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY

Volume 83 November 2009 No. 21

SPOTLIGHT

Articles of Significant Interest Selected from This Issue by 10845 the Editors

MINIREVIEW Regulation of Gene Expression in Primate Polyomaviruses Martyn K. White, Mahmut Safak, 10846–10856 and Kamel Khalili

STRUCTURE AND ASSEMBLY Crystal Structure of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Yuna Sun, Fei Xue, Yu Guo, Ming 10931–10940 Syndrome Virus Leader Protease Nsp1␣ Ma, Ning Hao, Xuejun C. Zhang, Zhiyong Lou, Xuemei Li, and Zihe Rao Extension of Flavivirus Protein C Differentially Affects Early Sabrina Schrauf, Christian W. 11201–11210 RNA Synthesis and Growth in Mammalian and Arthropod Mandl, Lesley Bell-Sakyi, and Tim Host Cells Skern Virus Type 1 Production Requires a Tobias Pawliczek and Colin M. 11254–11264 Functional ESCRT-III Complex but Is Independent of Crump TSG101 and ALIX Expression Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Assembly: Processing of Stewart Goodwin, Tobias J. Tuthill, 11275–11282 Recombinant Precursor by Exogenous Protease Armando Arias, Richard A. Induces Self-Assembly of Pentamers In Vitro in a Killington, and David J. Rowlands Myristoylation-Dependent Manner VP5* Rearranges when Uncoats Joshua D. Yoder, Shane D. Trask, 11372–11377 Phuoc T. Vo, Mawuena Binka, Ningguo Feng, Stephen C. Harrison, Harry B. Greenberg, and Philip R. Dormitzer Characterization of a Virus Nucleocapsidlike Robert Cox, Todd J. Green, 11402–11406 Particle Shihong Qiu, Jungsoon Kang, Jun Tsao, Peter E. Prevelige, Biao He, and Ming Luo

GENOME REPLICATION AND REGULATION OF VIRAL GENE EXPRESSION Mutational Analysis Reveals a Noncontractile but Mary Harpen, Tiasha Barik, Alla 10869–10876 Interactive Role of Actin and Profilin in Viral RNA- Musiyenko, and Sailen Barik Dependent RNA Synthesis The Epstein-Barr Virus Protein Kinase BGLF4 and the Regina Feederle, Anja M. Mehl- 10877–10891 Exonuclease BGLF5 Have Opposite Effects on the Lautscham, Helmut Bannert, and Regulation of Production Henri-Jacques Delecluse Ribose 2؅-O Methylation of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Amal A. Rahmeh, Jianrong Li, 11043–11050 mRNA Cap Precedes and Facilitates Subsequent Guanine- Philip J. Kranzusch, and Sean P. J. N-7 Methylation by the Large Polymerase Protein Whelan Involvement of SSRP1 in Latent Replication of Kaposi’s Jianhong Hu, Eugene Liu, and Rolf 11051–11063 Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Renne Functional Interaction between Epstein-Barr Virus Sarah G. Bailey, Elizabeth Verrall, 11116–11122 Replication Protein Zta and Host DNA Damage Response Celine Schelcher, Alex Rhie, Aidan Protein 53BP1 J. Doherty, and Alison J. Sinclair

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Drastic Reduction in the Production of Subviral Particles Tamako Garcia, Jisu Li, Camille 11152–11165 Does Not Impair Virion Secretion Sureau, Kiyoaki Ito, Yanli Qin, Jack Wands, and Shuping Tong Mutational Analysis of the Bunyamwera Orthobunyavirus Saleh A. Eifan and Richard M. 11307–11317 Nucleocapsid Protein Gene Elliott An Amphipathic ␣-Helix at the C Terminus of Je´roˆme Gouttenoire, Roland 11378–11384 Virus Nonstructural Protein 4B Mediates Membrane Montserret, Audrey Kennel, Association Franc¸ois Penin, and Darius Moradpour

GENETIC DIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION Analysis of Nucleotide Sequences of Human Parvovirus B19 Masashi Suzuki, Yuko Yoto, Aki 10975–10980 Genome Reveals Two Different Modes of Evolution, a Ishikawa, and Hiroyuki Tsutsumi Gradual Alteration and a Sudden Replacement: a Retrospective Study in Sapporo, Japan, from 1980 to 2008 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease-Correlated Madhavi Kolli, Eric Stawiski, 11027–11042 Cleavage Site Mutations Enhance Inhibitor Resistance Colombe Chappey, and Celia A. Schiffer Gene Mapping and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Complete Stephanie D. Friedman, Fred J. 11233–11243 Genome from 30 Single-Stranded RNA Male-Specific Genthner, Jennifer Gentry, Mark D. Coliphages (Family Leviviridae) Sobsey, and Jan Vinje´ Coinfection of Ugandan Red Colobus (Procolobus Tony L. Goldberg, David M. 11318–11329 [Piliocolobus] rufomitratus tephrosceles) with Novel, Divergent Sintasath, Colin A. Chapman, Delta-, Lenti-, and Spumaretroviruses Kenneth M. Cameron, William B. Karesh, Shaohua Tang, Nathan D. Wolfe, Innocent B. Rwego, Nelson Ting, and William M. Switzer Novel Avian Bornavirus in a Nonpsittacine Species (Canary; Herbert Weissenbo¨ck, Karin 11367–11371 Serinus canaria) with Enteric Ganglioneuritis and Sekulin, Tama´s Bakonyi, Sandra Encephalitis Ho¨gler, and Norbert Nowotny Genetic Heterogeneity and Recombination in Canine Vito Martella, Nicola Decaro, 11391–11396 Noroviruses Eleonora Lorusso, Arianna Radogna, Paschalina Moschidou, Francesca Amorisco, Maria Stella Lucente, Costantina Desario, Viviana Mari, Gabriella Elia, Krisztian Banyai, Leland Eugene Carmichael, and Canio Buonavoglia

VIRUS-CELL INTERACTIONS Bimolecular Complementation of Paramyxovirus Fusion and Sarah A. Connolly, George P. Leser, 10857–10868 Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Proteins Enhances Fusion: Theodore S. Jardetzky, and Robert Implications for the Mechanism of Fusion Triggering A. Lamb DC-SIGN Mediates Cell-Free Infection and Transmission of Pooja Jain, Sharro´n L. Manuel, 10908–10921 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 by Dendritic Zafar K. Khan, Jaya Ahuja, Kevin Cells Quann, and Brian Wigdahl Low pH-Triggered Beta-Propeller Switch of the Low-Density Tuende Konecsni, Ursula Berka, 10922–10930 Lipoprotein Receptor Assists Rhinovirus Infection Angela Pickl-Herk, Gerhard Bilek, Abdul Ghafoor Khan, Leszek Gajdzig, Renate Fuchs, and Dieter Blaas Target Cell Type-Dependent Modulation of Human Yuan Li, Alak Kanti Kar, and 10951–10962 Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Capsid Disassembly by Joseph Sodroski Cyclophilin A The Pre-Transmembrane Domain of the Autographa Zhaofei Li and Gary W. Blissard 10993–11004 californica Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 Protein Is Critical for Membrane Fusion and Virus Infectivity

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Adaptive Mutations in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Caroline Agrawal-Gamse, Fang-Hua 11005–11015 Type 1 Envelope Protein with a Truncated V3 Loop Restore Lee, Beth Haggarty, Andrea P. O. Function by Improving Interactions with CD4 Jordan, Yanjie Yi, Benhur Lee, Ronald G. Collman, James A. Hoxie, Robert W. Doms, and Meg M. Laakso A Quantitative Affinity-Profiling System That Reveals Samantha H. Johnston, Michael A. 11016–11026 Distinct CD4/CCR5 Usage Patterns among Human Lobritz, Sandra Nguyen, Kara Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Simian Lassen, Shirley Delair, Filippo Immunodeficiency Virus Strains Posta, Yvonne J. Bryson, Eric J. Arts, Tom Chou, and Benhur Lee Dynamin- and Lipid Raft-Dependent Entry of Decay- Kunal P. Patel, Carolyn B. Coyne, 11064–11077 Accelerating Factor (DAF)-Binding and Non-DAF-Binding and Jeffrey M. Bergelson Coxsackieviruses into Nonpolarized Cells Blocking Hepatitis C Virus Infection with Recombinant Jillian Whidby, Guaniri Mateu, 11078–11089 Form of Envelope Protein 2 Ectodomain Hannah Scarborough, Borries Demeler, Arash Grakoui, and Joseph Marcotrigiano Mammalian Orthoreovirus Particles Induce and Are Qingsong Qin, Craig Hastings, and 11090–11101 Recruited into Stress Granules at Early Times Postinfection Cathy L. Miller Baculovirus DNA Replication-Specific Expression Factors Kimberly L. W. Schultz and Paul D. 11123–11132 Trigger Apoptosis and Shutoff of Host Protein Synthesis Friesen during Infection Two-Step Conformational Changes in a Coronavirus Shutoku Matsuyama and Fumihiro 11133–11141 Envelope Glycoprotein Mediated by Receptor Binding and Taguchi Proteolysis Random Mutagenesis Defines a Domain of Theiler’s Virus Ce´line Ricour, Fabian Borghese, 11223–11232 Leader Protein That Is Essential for Antagonism of Fre´de´ric Sorgeloos, Stanleyson V. Nucleocytoplasmic Trafficking and Cytokine Gene Hato, Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld, Expression and Thomas Michiels Virion-Associated of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Hubert Arokium, Masakazu 11283–11297 Type 1 Triggers Activation of Apoptotic Events and Kamata, and Irvin Chen Enhances Fas-Induced Apoptosis in Human T Cells E1 Mutants Identify a Critical Region in the Trimer Catherine Y. Liu and Margaret 11298–11306 Interface of the Semliki Forest Virus Fusion Protein Kielian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope gp120- Gaia Vasiliver-Shamis, Michael W. 11341–11355 Induced Partial T-Cell Receptor Signaling Creates an F- Cho, Catarina E. Hioe, and Michael Actin-Depleted Zone in the Virological Synapse L. Dustin Identification of RNA Helicase A as a New Host Factor in Paul Lawrence and Elizabeth 11356–11366 the Replication Cycle of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Rieder

CELLULAR RESPONSE TO INFECTION Attenuated Strains of Influenza A Viruses Do Not Induce Ariel Rodriguez, Alicia Pe´rez- 11166–11174 Degradation of RNA Polymerase II Gonza´lez, M. Jaber Hossain, Li-Mei Chen, Thierry Rolling, Pilar Pe´rez- Bren˜a, Ruben Donis, Georg Kochs, and Amelia Nieto Human Uterine Natural Killer Cells but Not Blood Natural Teddy F. Mselle, Alexandra L. 11188–11195 Killer Cells Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Howell, Mimi Ghosh, Charles R. Infection by Secretion of CXCL12 Wira, and Charles L. Sentman Identification of Amino Acid Residues Critical for the Anti- Luis Martínez-Sobrido, Se´bastien 11330–11340 Interferon Activity of the Nucleoprotein of the Prototypic Emonet, Panagiotis Giannakas, Arenavirus Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Beatrice Cubitt, Adolfo García- Sastre, and Juan C. de la Torre

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GENE DELIVERY X4 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Down- Avi-Hai Hovav, Michael 10941–10950 Modulates Expression and Immunogenicity of Codelivered Santosuosso, Maytal Bivas-Benita, Antigens Andre Plair, Alex Cheng, Mazal Elnekave, Elda Righi, Tao Chen, Satoshi Kashiwagi, Michael W. Panas, Shi-Hua Xiang, Karina Furmanov, Norman L. Letvin, and Mark C. Poznansky

VACCINES AND ANTIVIRAL AGENTS Mechanism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Xueling Wu, Tongqing Zhou, Sijy 10892–10907 Resistance to Monoclonal Antibody b12 That Effectively O’Dell, Richard T. Wyatt, Peter D. Targets the Site of CD4 Attachment Kwong, and John R. Mascola Lentiviral Vector-Based Prime/Boost Vaccination against Anne-Sophie Beignon, Karine 10963–10974 AIDS: Pilot Study Shows Protection against Simian Mollier, Christelle Liard, Fre´de´ric Immunodeficiency Virus SIVmac251 Challenge in Macaques Coutant, Sandie Munier, Julie Rivie`re, Philippe Souque, and Pierre Charneau

PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNITY Theiler’s Virus Infection Induces a Predominant Pathogenic Young-Hee Jin, Bongsu Kang, and 10981–10992 CD4؉ T Cell Response to RNA Polymerase in Susceptible Byung S. Kim SJL/J Mice A Single-Amino-Acid Substitution in a Polymerase Protein Jamie L. Fornek, Laura Gillim- 11102–11115 of an H5N1 Influenza Virus Is Associated with Systemic Ross, Celia Santos, Victoria Carter, Infection and Impaired T-Cell Activation in Mice Jerrold M. Ward, Lily I. Cheng, Sean Proll, Michael G. Katze, and Kanta Subbarao Homodimerization of the Meq Viral Oncoprotein Is Andrew C. Brown, Lorraine P. 11142–11151 Necessary for Induction of T-Cell Lymphoma by Marek’s Smith, Lydia Kgosana, Susan J. Disease Virus Baigent, Venugopal Nair, and Martin J. Allday Impaired Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell (PDC)-NK Cell Sara J. Conry, Kimberly A. 11175–11187 Activity in Viremic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Milkovich, Nicole L. Yonkers, Infection Attributable to Impairments in both PDC and NK Benigno Rodriguez, Helene B. Cell Function Bernstein, Robert Asaad, Frederick P. Heinzel, Magdalena Tary- Lehmann, Michael M. Lederman, and Donald D. Anthony Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Trapped by Samuel K. Lai, Kaoru Hida, Shetha 11196–11200 Acidic but Not by Neutralized Human Cervicovaginal Mucus Shukair, Ying-Ying Wang, Anna Figueiredo, Richard Cone, Thomas J. Hope, and Justin Hanes Race between Retroviral Spread and CD4؉ T-Cell Response Rebecca Pike, Andrew Filby, 11211–11222 Determines the Outcome of Acute Friend Virus Infection Mickaël J.-Y. Ploquin, Urszula Eksmond, Rute Marques, Ineˆs Antunes, Kim Hasenkrug, and George Kassiotis Analysis of Protein Levels of 24 Cytokines in Scrapie Agent- De´borah Tribouillard-Tanvier, 11244–11253 Infected Brain and Glial Cell Cultures from Mice Differing James F. Striebel, Karin E. in Prion Protein Expression Levels Peterson, and Bruce Chesebro Broad Neutralization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Elin S. Gray, Maphuti C. Madiga, 11265–11274 Type 1 Mediated by Plasma Antibodies against the Penny L. Moore, Koleka Mlisana, Membrane Proximal External Region Salim S. Abdool Karim, James M. Binley, George M. Shaw, John R. Mascola, and Lynn Morris

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Rhesus Theta-Defensin Prevents Death in a Mouse Model of Christine L. Wohlford-Lenane, 11385–11390 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Pulmonary David K. Meyerholz, Stanley Disease Perlman, Haixia Zhou, Dat Tran, Michael E. Selsted, and Paul B. McCray, Jr. Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Infection of Gamma Katherine S. Lee, Carlyne D. Cool, 11397–11401 Interferon-Deficient Mice on a BALB/c Background Results and Linda F. van Dyk in Acute Lethal Pneumonia That Is Dependent on Specific Viral Genes High Levels of Chronic Immune Activation in the T-Cell Veronica D. Gonzalez, Karolin 11407–11411 Compartments of Patients Coinfected with Hepatitis C Virus Falconer, Kim G. Blom, Olle and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and on Highly Reichard, Birgitte Mørn, Alex Lund Active Antiretroviral Therapy Are Reverted by Alpha Laursen, Nina Weis, Annette Interferon and Ribavirin Treatment Alaeus, and Johan K. Sandberg

LETTER TO THE EDITOR Comments from a Former Journal of Virology Editor Ronald Swanstrom 11412

ERRATUM Subcellular Localization of the Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus Hyoun-Sub Lim, Jennifer N. Bragg, 11413 Triple Gene Block Proteins Uma Ganesan, Steven Ruzin, Denise Schichnes, Mi Yeon Lee, Anna Maria Vaira, Ki Hyun Ryu, John Hammond, and Andrew O. Jackson

Cover photograph (Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.): Quantifying the efficiency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection resembles the color field painting style of Abstract Expressionism (see Fran- kenthaler’s Bilbao). Each “tile” represents a projection graph of HIV entry efficiency at various CD4 (x axis) and CCR5 (y axis) levels. Red, yellow, and green areas represent high, moderate, and low levels of infectivity at a given CD4/CCR5 expression level. The top and bottom panels represent patterns of HIV infectivity using isolates from elite suppressors and chronic progressors, respectively. The large “tile” is the average from each group; elite suppressor envelopes use CD4 and CCR5 less efficiently than chronic progressor envelopes. Design by Keith Adams. (See related article on p. 11016.)