International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

Unsteadiness of Diatoms Diversity in lake and lake of District, ,

S.P. Purushotham 1 and N. Anupama 2*

P.G. Department of Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women,

Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India

S. P. Purushotham 1 - Associate Professor, P.G. Department of Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India

N. Anupama 2* - Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India

Dr. N. ANUPAMA.

Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Botany,

Maharani’s Science College for Women,

Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India.

*Corresponding author - [email protected]

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6061 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

Abstract:

Water is essential to life on Earth. It need not be spelt out exactly how important it is. Yet water pollution is one of the most serious ecological threats we face today. The natural resources being exploited may one day lead to a point of no return. The study on hand has focused on the present status of diatom diversity and to determine pollution level in Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake of . Diatoms were used as bio indicators for pollution and also as bio-monitors to comprehend the interaction between organism's responses to environmental alteration and their legal effect. Our mission was to evaluate the water quality in Mandya District lakes using diatoms as indicators together with physico-chemical parameters. Overall, the identified diatoms in two lakes were water quality indicators. In all the three sites of Malavalli lake N. cryptocephala and N. acicularis were responsible for organic pollution with a total overall average percentage of 19.15 and S. ulna was evident for anthropogenic eutrophication of 40.05%. Further the three sites of Kalkuni lake was also contaminated by organic pollution indicator N. cryptocephala and N. palea with an average of 10.68%. S. ulna, F. ulna, N. rhynchocephala and A. copulata were liable for anthropogenic indicator with 35.82%. Our investigation of all the values obtained in both the lakes revealed that Malavalli lake was highly polluted by organic as well as anthropogenic eutrophication than Kalkuni lake.

Key words

N. rhynchocephala, F. ulna, A. copulata , N. cryptocephala, N. acicularis, S. ulna, Malavalli lake, Kalkuni lake, Mandya District.

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6062 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

1. Introduction

“Save Water Today, Save Our Tomorrow”. Diatoms in fresh water play an influential role as Haemoglobin in blood, referring our Heart to a Lake cup. Water pollution is an inescapable result of human activity and people argue that if we want to have factories, cities, ships, cars, oil and coastal resorts, some degree of pollution is almost certain. Fortunately not everyone agrees with this view. One reason people have woken up to the problem of pollution is that it brings costs of its own that undermine any economic benefits that come about by polluting. Currently ecological indicators are primarily used to evaluate the state of the environment, as early caution sign of ecological problems and as guide for drift in ecological resources [1]. Microclimate and seasonal change in a particular area also play an important role in the presence and absence of some species [2] which may function as indicators of pollution [3]. The values of physico-chemical parameters in lakes are always below the drinking water quality standards [4]. Diatoms are latent indicators of water quality owed to their sensitivity and strong reaction to physico-chemical and biological changes [5] and are the ideal means by which progress towards integrated water resource management can be monitored [6].

Water pollution has been a research focus for government and scientists. Therefore protecting lake water quality is extremely urgent because of serious water pollution and global scarcity of water resources. Heavily polluted water is reducing economic growth by upto a third in some countries, a World Bank report says calling for action to address human and environmental harm. Human disturbance has severely affected the health of lake ecosystems, which leads to the significant degradation of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity [7]. As a result, Lake Ecosystem health assessment is attracting more and more attention from scholars globally, and a large number of aquatic ecosystem health assessment methods have been reported [8]. There are now many approaches for assessing the health of freshwater systems that use biological communities, such as fish, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and algae [9-11]. Algae is considered to be more efficient than other biological communities as it has a shorter generation time than fish and macro invertebrates and responds rapidly to environmental changes [12] and [13].

Water quality assessment based on the use of diatoms is now well developed and their value is predicted in international level. Diatom assemblages support paleo ecological investigations, historical reconstruction of water quality [14] and the determination of prevailing water quality conditions. Diatoms provide a fine level of problem-solving resolution of the causes underline the change in water quality and environmental condition [15], diatoms were considered as bio-monitoring tool; analysis of the lake sample predicts diatoms are useful in providing an indication of the ecological condition [16]. Diatoms are widely used in stream bio assessment due to their broad distribution, extraordinary variability and the ability to integrate changes in water quality, here also it confirms that diatoms are sensitive to organic and nutrient contamination and revealed the importance of suspended solids [17]. Increasing anthropogenic influence on lotic environments as a result of civilization as captured public interest because of the consequent problems associated with deterioration of water quality. Diatoms are extensively used for monitoring of water quality

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6063 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

[18], seasonal variation of diatoms density and species richness was studied, they are not only for fishery management but also are the biological indicators of pollution [19].

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study area

Karnataka is located in 11º 30’ North latitude and 74º East and 78º 30’ longitude. Mandya is an Administrative District of Karnataka, India and is bordered on the South by Mysore District. It is famous for being one of the biggest sugarcane producing regions in India and popularly called as land of sugar “Sakkare Naadu”. The total land area in the district is put to agriculture uses; 94,779 hectares of land is used for irrigation, where sugarcane is the major crop. Malavalli Taluk is located in Mandya District, 27 km distance from Mandya. Malavalli is famous for temples and nearby has Shivanasamudra. It is located in 12º38’ N and 77º08’ E. It has an average elevation of 610 metres and is bounded by Mysore District to the West and South West, Tumkur to North East, Chamaraja Nagar District to the South East, Ramanagar District to the West. Malavalli is the headquarters of Malavalli Taluk which contains 5 Hobalis and 168 villages.

2.2. Sampling Sampling was made in the months of January, February and March 2018. The water was sampled from two (or) three different sites of two lakes i.e., Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake with an interval of 15 days. The sampling was made in the early morning from different locations of both the lakes by scrubbing the upper surface of water collected from 1-2 feet depth (Figure 2 and 3).

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6064 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

2.3. Photographs showing geographical location of Taluks of Mandya District

Figure 1: Map showing geographical location of A) India - Karnataka - Mandya Dist ; B) Taluks of Mandya District; C) Map showing Malavalli Lake; D) Map showing Kalkuni lake

3. Sampling sites

3.1. Malavalli lake

Malavalli lake is situated in Malavalli Taluk, Malavalli, Mandya District, Karnataka State in India. Malavalli lake is geographically located at 12º23’ latitude and 12º23’ longitude. This covers an area about 105.30 hectares and 15-16 mcft of water levels. The town has number of temples namely Sajgepani temple, Pattalammana temple. Famous Sri Lakshminarasimha temple is present near Marehalli. The surrounding places are Halguru, Sathnur, Mandya, Mysore, Kanakapura, and Talakadu. Nearby villages are Marehalli, Kalkuni, Sujjaluru, Markalu, Kiragavalu, K.M.Doddi, Manigere, Nelamakanahalli, Kagepura and Bugathahalli. Some of the tourist places nearby Malavalli are the Muttatti, Gaganachukki and Barachukki falls. Malavalli lake is also called as Dandinamarammana kere or Dodda kere. This lake water is very much essential for the nearest villages for the purpose of drinking and irrigation. The main crops cultivated in the surrounding area are paddy, sugarcane and some grains (Figure 1).

3.2. Kalkuni Lake

Kalkuni village is a village panchayath located in Malavalli Taluk of Mandya District, Karnataka State in India. The village is located at 12º20’18” N, 76º58’39.8580” E. It has an average elevation of 689 meters and 12.8 km from Malavalli. From kalkuni, the State Capital Bengaluru is at a distance of 251.4 km. The surrounding nearby villages are , Bendaravadi, Sujjaluru, Mikkere, Kyatnahalli, Purigali. Kalkuni lake is located at 76º 94’

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6065 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

longitude and 12º 33’ latitude. This is the biggest lake located at the Northern part of Kalkuni village and a small lake is at the Southern side of Kalkuni village. This lakes water is very much essential the purpose of drinking and irrigation. Crops growing in the area are paddy and some vegetables (Figure 1).

3.3. Photographs showing views of lakes and Sampling Sites of Malavalli Lake, Malavalli Tq.

Figure 2: A) Sampling Site -1; B) Sampling Site -2; C) Sampling Site -3

3.4. Photographs showing views of lakes and Sampling Sites of Kalkuni lake, Malavalli Tq.

Figure 3: A) Sampling Site-1; B) Sampling Site-2; C) Sampling Site-3

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6066 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

3.5. Assessment of water sample for indicator organisms The samples were taken to the laboratory and preserved by adding 4% formaldehyde for 100 ml each samples and about 4ml of Lugo’s Iodine solution is added to each sample bottles to sustain the color of organisms for the purpose of identification and it is kept for 1-2 days for segmentation process. After segmentation the supernatant is decanted and the remaining lower portion of the solution is transferred into a clean bottle and observed the samples under microscope (10X and 40X) magnification. A drop of segmented sample was taken on a clean slide with a drop of Safranin stain and observed with preferred magnification using microscope. The identified diatoms were converted into diatoms per liter (1 ml equals to 28 drops). The recorded data was tabulated by using Van Dam software for monitoring diatoms as ecological indicators [20]. 3.6. Analysis of ecological values for Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake Based on the assessment of diatoms as indicator organisms, the data obtained was tabulated by using Van Dam software for monitoring analysis of ecological values for different sites sampled for different variables in both the lakes. 3.7. Taxonomic guidance For analyzing the data to identify the organisms taxonomic guides consulted includes, Avinash, Associate Professor, Department of Biotechnology, SBBR Mahajana First Grade College, Jayalakshmipuram, Mysore. The two lakes selected for the present study are Malavalli and Kalkuni lakes. Here the diatoms were identified and subjected to [20] software for obtaining the ecological conditions of the each lake. 3.8. Statistical analysis The data of the present study were analyzed in the months of January, February and March 2018. The ecological condition of the lakes with respect to the present environmental conditions based on the data given by Van Dam et al. (1994) the diatoms were identified. Identification of diatoms was done with respect to their valves and through the data given by [21]. 3.9. Van Dam software Van Dam software for monitoring diatoms as ecological indicators is used. This software has an inbuilt ecological data for about more than 10000-15000 diatom species along with complete name, reference, family type, sensibility, pH, salinity, oxygen requirement, saprobity, trophic state, moisture retention, indicators & percentage of organic pollution, indicators & percentage of anthropogenic eutrophication.

4. RESULTS In order to assess the water quality of Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake of Mandya District [20] software were used, that software includes all the ecological values. In the present study diatoms were identified in both the lakes and their ecological values are determined by using the data of Van

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6067 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

[20] Classification of ecological values [20] are shown (Table 1). Diatoms identified in Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake along with the acronyms are represented (Table 2 and 4). The ecological values of diatoms of Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake are represented in (Table 3 and 5).

Table 1: Classification of ecological indicator values (Van Dam, Martens and Sinkeldam, 1994) Table 1.1 : pH values pH Classes pH Range 1 Acidobiontic Optimal occurrence at pH<5.5 2 Acidophilous Mainly occurring at pH<7 3 Circumnuetral Mainly occurring at pH values about 7 4 Alkaliphilous Mainly occurring pH >7 5 Alkalibiontic Exclusively occurring at pH >7 6 Indifferent No apparent optimum Table 1.2: Salinity values No: Salinity Chloride Salinity 1 Fresh <100 <0.2 2 Fresh brackish <500 <0.9 3 Brackish fresh 500-1000 0.9-1.8 4 Brackish 1000-5000 1.8-1.9 Table 1.3 : Nitrogen uptake metabolism values 1 Nitrogen autotrophic taxa tolerating very small concentrations of originally bound nitrogen

2 Nitrogen autotrophic taxa tolerating elevated concentrations levels of organically bound nitrogen 3 Facultative bound nitrogen heterotrophic taxa needing periodically elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen

4 Obligate nitrogen heterotrophic taxa needing continuously elevated concentrations of organically bound nitrogen

Nitrogen uptake metabolism values are one of the ecological data. Here, the taxa was given to autotrophic, heterotrophic nitrogen tolerance. It was facultative or obligative nitrogen metabolism. Table 1.4: Moisture retention values 1 Never or only very rarely occurring outside water bodies

2 Mainly occurring in water bodies , sometimes on wet places

3 Mainly occurring in water bodies also rather regularly on wet and moist places

4 Mainly occurring on wet and moist or temporarily dry places

5 Nearly exclusively occurring outside water bodies

The above table shows the ecological values of moisture tolerance. It is mainly occurring in water bodies, sometimes on wet places, wet and moist temporarily dry places and also nearly exclusively occurring outside water bodies. These are the moisture retention values.

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6068 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

Table 1.5: Trophic State

1 Oligotrophic

2 Oligo-mesotrophic

3 Mesotrophic

4 Meso-eutrophic

5 Eutrophic

6 Hypereutrophic

7 Oligo to eutrophic (Hypoeutraphentic)

This type of ecological values, comes under software Van Dam software which includes about 7 types of trophic states on the basis of nature of diatoms. They are Oligotrophic, Oligo-mesotrophic, Mesotrophic, Meso- eutrophic, Eutrophic, Hypereutrophic, and Oligo-eutrophic (Hypoeutraphentic). Table 1.6: Oxygen requirements values

1 Continuously high (about 100% saturation )

2 Fairly high (above 75% saturation )

3 Moderate (about 50% saturation )

4 Low (above 30% saturation )

5 Very low (about 10% saturation )

The above table shows the oxygen requirement values, it represents the % saturation of oxygen required for the organisms that lived in aquatic body.

Table 1.7: Saprobity values

No: Saprobity Water Oxygen BOD 20 Quality class Saturation (%) (mg/l)

1 Oligosaprobous I/II-III >85 <2

2 B-mesosaprobous II 70-85 2-4

3 Alpha mesosaprobous III 25-70 4-13

4 Alpha/meso/polysaprobous III-IV 10-25 13-22

5 Polysaprobous IV <10 >22

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6069 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

The above tables give the ecological data regarding the diatoms, data was given by [20]. It includes the values of pH from 1-6, it indicates acidobiontic, alkaliphilous, circumneutral, alkaliphilous, alkalibiontic etc. Salinity is another ecological value it includes chloride content of the water sample or it may be fresh/ fresh brackish/ brackish fresh, brakish. Nitrogen uptake metabolism includes the identified Taxa, whether autotrophic (or) facultative (or) obligate. Moisture retention value depends upon the water bodies such as wet (or) dry. Trophic state is also one of the ecological values included under this software. Here the organisms come under oligo, meso and eutrophic state were identified. Oxygen requirement is another ecological value, it explains about the percentage of saturation. Saprobity explains water quality class, oxygen saturation and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD). These ecological values are adapted to assess water quality of lakes of Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake of Mandya District.

5. Diatoms of Malavalli Lake The above table 2 gives the data of identified species in three different sites of Malavalli lake of Malavalli taluk. In these lakes 5 genera and 6 species were identified. The identified species were Navicula indicum (NIND), Mastogloia recta (MREC), Synedra ulna (SULN), Melosira varians (MVAR), Navicula cryptocephala (NCRT) and Nitzschia acicularis (NACI). Here Synedra ulna was most common and abundantly found species in all 3 different sites of this lake and was showing 14,724 population and N. acicularis was the least species found in this lake with an average of 1972 population. The other species were moderately found in all the sites (Figure 4).

Table 2. Distribution of diatoms in Malavalli lake, Malavalli Taluk No: Species Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 1 Mastogloia recta (MREC) 608 714 588 2 Synedra ulna (SULN) 4868 4200 5656 3 Melosira varians (MVAR) 2635 2100 4200 4 Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY) 1140 2006 2910 5 Nitzschia acicularis (NACI) 560 432 980 6 Navicula indicum (NIND) 840 1456 1400

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6070 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

5.1 Microscopic views of identified Diatoms of Malavalli Lake

Figure 4: Microscopic view of identified diatoms

A) Mastogloia recta (MREC); B) Synedra ulna (SULN); C) Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY); D) Melosira varians (MVAR); E) Navicula indicum (NIND); F) Nitzschia acicularis (NACI).

Table 2.2. Ecological values for Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3 of Malavalli Lake of Malavalli Taluk (Van Dam et al., 1994)

No: Variables Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 1 No of species 6 6 6 2 Population 10651 10908 15734 3 Diversity % 2.11 2.27 2.23 4 Evenness % 0. 82 0 .88 0 .86 5 No of genera 5 5 5 6 pH (R) 4 4 4 7 Salinity (H) 2 2 2

8 N2 uptake metabolism (N) 2 2 2 9 Oxygen requirement (O) 3 3 3 10 Saprobity (S) 4 4 4 11 Trophic state (T) 7 7 7 12 Moisture retention (M) 2 2 2 13 IDSE/% (Louis-Lecreoq index) 2.85 high 2.85 high 3.08high 14 % of organic pollution 15.96 22.35 0.00

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6071 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

15 Indicators of organic pollution NCRY, NACI NCRY, Not existed NACI 16 % of Anthropogenic eutrophication 45.70 38.50 35.95 17 Indicators of Anthropogenic pollution SULN SULN SULN

5.1. Ecological values for Site 1 of Malavalli Lake

In the above table, the ecological values for the identified diatoms in site 1 are represented. About 17 ecological values are predicted in this table. The pH range of this site was highly alkaliphilous because of its range is >7 and it is a fresh water body, salinity was less (<0.09), the chloride content was also less (500). Nitrogen tolerating taxa was found at the elevated levels of organic bound nitrogen. Trophic state was oligo eutrophic, oxygen saturation was at 50% and species were mainly occurring in water bodies, sometime on wet places. It was an Alpha /meso /polysaprobous, and biological oxygen demand was 10-25 mg/l. It has 2.85 (high) of index of diatom saprobic eutrophication (IDSE). Here the organic pollution percentage was 15.96 and indicator was Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY), Navicula acicularis (NACI). The anthropogenic eutrophication indicator % was 45.70 (high) and the indicator was Synedra ulna (SULN). The total population found in this site was about 10, 651, diversity among these was 2.11% with total number of 6 species and 5 genera (Table 2.2 ; site 1).

5.2. Ecological values for Site 2 of Malavalli Lake

In site 2, pH range, salinity, saprobity, moisture tolerance and oxygenation values were similar to site 1. About 17 ecological values are predicted in the above table. It consists of fresh water, nitrogen tolerating autotrophic taxa, about 50% moderate saturation of oxygenation and saprobity include Alpha /meso /polysaprobous. Oligo-eutrophic status and moisture tolerance species are found in water bodies, sometimes on wet and moist place. In this site both organic pollution and anthropogenic eutrophication indicators were present. It has 2.85 (high) of index of diatom saprobic eutrophication (IDES). Here, the organic pollution percentage was 22.35, and the indicators were Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY), Navicula acicularis (NACI). Anthropogenic eutrophication indicator % was 38.50 (high) and its indicator was Synedra ulna (SULN). The total population found in this site was about 10,908 diversity among these was 2.27% with total number of 6 species and 5 genera. (Table 2.2; site 2).

5.3. Ecological values for site 3 of Malavalli Lake

In site 3, pH range, salinity, saprobity, moisture tolerance and oxygenation values were similar to site 1 and 2. About 17 ecological values are predicted in the above table. It consists of fresh water, nitrogen tolerating autotrophic taxa, about 50% moderate saturation of oxygenation and saprobity include Alpha /meso /polysaprobous. Oligo-eutrophic status and moisture tolerance species are found in water bodies, sometimes on wet and moist place. In this site both organic pollution and anthropogenic eutrophication indicators are present. It has 3.08 (high) of index of diatom saprobic eutrophication (IDES).

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6072 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

Here the organic pollution percentage was zero because the indicators were absent. Anthropogenic eutrophication percentage was 35.95 and the indicator was Synedra ulna (SULN) which is one of the important indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication. The total population found in these sites was about 15,734, diversity is 2.23% with total number of 6 species and 5 genera (Table 2.2; site 3).

6. Diatoms of Kalkuni Lake

The above table 4 gives the data of identified species in three different sites of Kalkuni lake of Kalkuni taluk. In this lake 9 genera and 14 species were identified. They are Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY), Nitzschia palea (NPAL), Nitzschia reversa (NREV), Amphora copulata (ACOP), Navicula rhynchocephala (NRHY), Mastogloia recta (MRFC), Synedra ulna (SULN), Melosira varians (MVAR), Pinnularia major (PMAJ), Pinnularia acrosphaeria (PACR), Navicula erifuga (NERI), Frustulia crassinervia (FCRA), Fragillaria crotenensis (FCRO), Fragillaria ulna (FULN). Here Synedra ulna was the most common and abundantly found species in all 3 different sites of the lakes showing 18,200 population. Pinnularia acrosphaeria was the least species found in this lake with average of 784 population. The other species were moderately found in all the sites (Figure. 5).

Table 3: Distribution of diatom in Kalkuni Lake of Malavalli Taluk

No: Species Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 1 Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY) 2006 1465 2916 2 Nitzschia palea (NPAL) 1120 728 840 3 Nitzschia reversa (NREV) 504 700 392 4 Amphora copulata (ACOP) 532 840 588 5 Navicula rhynchocephala (NRHY) 1540 1820 1172 6 Pinnularia major (PMAJ) 1400 2100 5055 7 Synedra ulna (SULN) 4900 5600 7700 8 Mastogloia recta (MREC) 3864 2100 4200 9 Melosira varians (MVAR) 3164 4228 4076 10 Fragillaria ulna (FULN) 1260 `1708 2828 11 Fragillaria crotonensis (FCRO) 560 860 1200 12 Frustulia crassinervia (FCRA) 2400 2856 2604 13 Navicula erifuga (NERI) 893 756 928 14 Pinnularia acrospheria (PACR) 336 0.0 448

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6073 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

6.1. Photographs showing Diatoms of Kalkuni Lake

Figure 5: Microscopic view of identified diatoms A) Nitzschia reversa (NREV); B) Pinnularia major (PMAJ); C) Fragillaria ulna (FULN); D) Navicula indicum (NIND); E) Melosira varians (MVAR); F) Amphora copulata (ACOP); G) Synedra ulna (SULN); H) Frustulia crassinervia (FCRA); I) Nitzschia palea (NPAL); J) Navicula erifuga (NERI); K) Cymbella aspera (CASP); L) Gamphonema acuminatum (GAAC); M) Mastogloia recta (MREC); N) Pinnularia gibba (PGIB); O) Pinnularia acrospheria (PACR).

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6074 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

Table 3.1: Ecological values for Site 1, Site 2 and Site 3 of Kalkuni Lake of Malavalli Taluk (Van Dam et al., 1994)

No: Variables Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 1 No of species 14 13 14 2 Population 24479 25761 34947 3 Diversity % 3.42 3.37 3.34 4 Evenness % 0. 90 0 .91 0. 88 5 No of genera 9 9 9 6 pH (R) 4 4 4 7 Salinity (H) 2 2 2

8 N2 uptake metabolism (N) 2 2 2 9 Oxygen requirement (O) 3 3 3 10 Saprobity (S) 4 4 4 11 Trophic state (T) 7 7 7 12 Moisture retention (M) 2 2 2 13 IDSE/% (Louis-Lecreoq index) 3.06 moderate 3.10 moderate 3.19 14 % of organic pollution 12.77 8.51 10.75 15 Indicators of organic pollution NCRY, NPAL NCRY, NPAL NCRY, NPAL 16 % of Anthropogenic eutrophication 33.63 38.69 35.16 17 Indicators of Anthropogenic pollution ACOP, FULN, ACOP, FULN, ACOP, FULN, NRHY, SULN NRHY, SULN NRHY, SULN

6.2. Ecological values for Site 1 of Kalkuni Lake

In the above table 5, the ecological values were given to the identified diatoms in site 1 of Kalkuni Lake of Malavalli Taluk. About 17 ecological values were predicted. In this site, pH range was highly alkaliphilous because of its range is >7 and it is fresh water. The salinity value was less than 0.9 and the chloride content was also less. Nitrogen autotrophic taxa tolerating elevated level of organically bound nitrogen was found. Mainly occurring in water bodies sometime on wet places. About 50% moderate saturation of oxygen requirement was found and trophic state was oligo eutrophic. It included alpha /meso /polysaprobous water quality. Biological oxygen demand was 13-22. It had 3.06 (moderate) of index of diatom saprobic eutrophication (IDSE). Here, the organic pollution percentage was 12.77 and the indicators were Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY) and Nitzschia palea (NPAL). Anthropogenic eutrophication percentage was 36.63 and indicators were Amphora copulata (ACOP), Fragillaria ulna (FULN), Navicula rhynchocephala (NRHY), and Synedra ulna (SULN). Synedra ulna (SULN) was the most important indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication. The total population found in this site was about 24,479 and diversity among these was 3.42. The total number of species was 14 and 9 genera (Table 3.1; Site 1).

6.3. Ecological values for Site 2 of Kalkuni Lake

In the above table 5, the ecological values were given to the identified diatoms in site 2. In this site pH range was highly alkaliphilous because of its range is >7 and it is fresh water. The salinity value was less than 0.9 and the chloride content was also less. Nitrogen autotrophic taxa tolerating elevated level of organically bound nitrogen was found. Mainly occurring in

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6075 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

water bodies sometime on wet places. About 50% moderate saturation of oxygen requirement was found and trophic state was oligo eutrophic. It included alpha /meso /polysaprobous water quality. Biological oxygen demand was 13-22. It had 3.10 (moderate) of index of diatom saprobic eutrophication (IDSE). Here the organic pollution percentage was 8.51 and the indicators were Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY) and Nitzschia palea (NPAL). Anthropogenic eutrophication percentage was 38.69 (high) and indicators were Amphora copulata (ACOP), Fragillaria ulna (FULN), Navicula rhynchocephala (NRHY), and Synedra ulna (SULN). Synedra ulna (SULN) was the most important indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication. The total population found in this site was about 25,761 and diversity among these was 3.37. The total number of species was 13 and 9 genera (Table 3.1; Site 2).

6.4. Ecological values for Site 3 of Kalkuni Lake In the above table 5 the ecological values were shown to the identified diatoms in site 3 are represented. In this site pH range was highly alkaliphilous because of its range is >7 and it is fresh water. The salinity value was less than 0.9 and the chloride content was also less. Nitrogen autotrophic taxa tolerating elevated level of organically bound nitrogen was found. Mainly occurring in water bodies sometime on wet places. About 50% moderate saturation of oxygen requirement was found and trophic state was oligo eutrophic. It included alpha /meso /polysaprobous water quality. Biological oxygen demand was 13-22. It had 3.19 (moderate) of index of diatom saprobic eutrophication (IDSE). Here, the organic pollution percentage was 10.75 and the indicators were Navicula cryptocephala (NCRY) and Nitzschia palea (NPAL). Anthropogenic eutrophication percentage was 35.16 (high) and its indicators were Amphora copulata (ACOP), Fragillaria ulna (FULN), Navicula rhynchocephala (NRHY), and Synedra ulna (SULN). Synedra ulna (SULN) was the most important indicator of anthropogenic eutrophication. The total population found in this site was about 34,974 and diversity among these was 3.34. The total numbers of species were 14 and 9 genera (Table 3.1; Site 3).

7. Discussion

Diatom indices are mainly used to discover the trophic and saprobic status of river/lakes/stream and also help to know the causes of stress and possible abatement, mitigation and control measures. Diatom collection constituted a valuable resource for the assessment of past conditions of rivers and streams, which provide an accurate reflection of structure of the diatom community [16]. Diatoms reflect short term spatial and temporal changes in water quality. Diatoms could be used to indicate change in trace metal concentration and can be successfully applied as bio indicator of water quality in urban environment [22] and [18] Bio-monitoring has been proven to be necessary and hence the importance of diatoms as ecological indicators of water quality is stressed [23].

Diatom assemblages respond rapidly and sensitively to environmental change and provide highly informative assessment of the biotic integrity of stream and rivers and cause of ecosystem impairment, relative genera and species of diatom are used as the most valuable characteristics of diatom assemblages for bio assessment [24]. Diatoms can be an excellent

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6076 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

source as ecological indicators and can be used in monitoring water quality of fresh water [25]. Diatom structure depends on variety of environmental factors that includes biological parameters as well as various physico-chemical factors [26]. Diatoms are very important group of algae as they are the most common producers of organic matters in water bodies; they are good bio indicators responding quickly to environmental changes.

Our results are in concurrence with diatoms structure which depends on variety of environmental factors that include biological parameters as well as physic-chemical parameters [26] and [27]. The ecological values of two lakes are differed from lake to lake. The pH range in Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake differed with seasons. The pH value depends upon the presence of species in that particular lake, the lakes studied are fresh water, chloride content is less than 500 and salinity is also less. As same to salinity all the lakes includes nitrogen tolerating autotrophic species and also moisture tolerance in species occurring mainly on water bodies but in some cases they are found on wet places and rather regularly on wet and moist places. Index of diatom saprobic eutrophication values differed in both lakes, ie., in Malavalli lake an average of 2.92% and in Kalkuni lake 3.116%. Average anthropogenic eutrophication in three sites of Malavalli lake was 40.05% and 19.15% organic pollution. In Kalkuni lake average anthropogenic eutrophication was 35.82% with 10.68% organic pollution was evident.

Our results are in accordance with the observations of [28] Srinivas et al. (2018) with physico-chemical parameters and results obtained by [29] Karthikeyan et al. (2018) with heighted polluted cavery river due to discharge of untreated sewage disposal and industrial effluents into the lake causing anthropogenic and organic pollution. Species diversity of our lakes correlates with the species obtained with work done by [30]. Zelnik et al. (2018). Other studies are in concurrence with the relationship between diatoms and environment[31], [25], [32], to analyze the water quality [33-35].

8. Conclusion The results acquired from our pilot study of ongoing research endow with and reveals the presence of different diatom communities in the studied lakes. Anthropogenic activity had drastically increased in winter season in at Malavalli lake compared to Kalkuni lake, which strongly influenced the water quality such as pH, color, taste and odour, because of pesticides and fertilizers used by agriculturists and also by domestic wastes in the surrounding area. N. cryptocephala, N. acicularis and N. palea were found as organic pollution indicators and S. ulna, F. ulna, N. rhynchocephala and A. copulata are considered as most common anthropogenic eutrophication indicators. Environmental destruction continues amid existing laws. Despite existence of laws to protect environment the destruction is still going on. The recent natural calamities are due to selfishness and greed of humans. Water pollution is a global issue and world community is facing worst results of polluted water. Major sources of water pollution are discharge of domestic wastes, population growth, excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers and urbanization through which bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic diseases are spreading through polluted water affecting human health. Regime should recommend for apposite waste disposal system

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6077 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

and treatment before entering the lake. Education and wakefulness programs should be structured to manage water pollution.

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful with deepest core of heart to PG Department of Botany and the Principal of Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru, Karnataka, India for providing required facilities.

Conflict of Interest: Declared None 10. References

1. Purushotham, S.P., and Anupama, N., “Multiplicity of diatoms as ecological indicators of Madenahally lake and Honnanayakanahalli lake of Mandya District, Karnataka, India”, Journal of emerging technologies and innovative research, 6, 6, 2019, pp. 353-365. 2. Sharma, R.C., and Kumari, R., “Seasonal variation in zooplankton community and environmental variables of sacred Lake Prashar Himachal Pradesh, India”,International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 6, 2, 2018, pp. 207- 213. 3. Suresh, B., “Multiplicity of phytoplankton diversity in Tungabhadra River near Harihar, Karnataka (India)”, Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 4, 2, 2015, pp. 1077-1085. 4. Sreelakshmi, T., and Shailaja, K., “Physico-chemical Parameters Studies on Shiva Sagar Lake, Vikarabad, Telangana”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 4, 2, 2018, pp.131-133. 5. Suphan, S., Peerapornpisal, Y., and Underwood, G.C., “Benthic diatoms of Mekong River and its tributaries in northern and north- eastern Thailand and their applications to water quality monitoring”. Maejo International Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 2012, pp. 28-46. 6. Purushotham, S.P., and Anupama, N. “Seasonal instability on diatiom diversity in Mahadevarahalli lake, Mangalapura lake, Nagathihalli lake and Yadapura lake of Arsikere Taluk, Hassan district, Karnataka, India”, International Journal of Recent Scientific Research 9, 7(D), 2018e, pp. 27996-28005. 7. Dudgeon, D., Arthington, A.H., Gessner, M.O., Kawabata, Z., Knowler, D.J., Leveque, C., Naiman, R.J., Prieur Richard, A.H., Soto, D., and Stiassny, M.L., “Freshwater biodiversity: Importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biol. Rev. 81, 2010, pp. 163-182. 8. Ruaro, R., and Gubiani, É.A. “A scientometric assessment of 30 years of the Index of Biotic Integrity in aquatic ecosystems: Applications and main flaws”, Ecol. Indicat., 29, 2013, pp. 105-110. 9. Bae, M.J., Li, F., Kwon, Y.S., Chung, N., Choi, H., Hwang, S.J., and Park, Y.S., “Concordance of diatom, macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages in streams at nested spatial scales: Implications for ecological integrity”. Ecol. Indicat, 2014, 47, 89-101. 10. Marzin, A., Archaimbault, V., Belliard, J., Chauvin, C., Delmas, F., and Pont, D., “Ecological assessment of running waters: Do macrophytes, macroinvertebrates,

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6078 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

diatoms and fish show similar responses to human pressures?” Ecol. Indicat, 23, 2012, pp. 56-65. 11. Justus, B.G., Petersen, J.C., Femmer, S.R., Davis, J.V., and Wallace, J.E, “A comparison of algal, macroinvertebrate, and fish assemblage indices for assessing low-level nutrient enrichment in wadeable Ozark streams”. Ecol. Indicat., 10, 2003, pp. 2003, pp. 627-638. 12. Hering, D., Johnson, R.K., Kramm, S., Schmutz, S., Szoszkiewicz, K., Verdonschot, P.F.M.,“Assessment of European streams with diatoms, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish: A comparative metric-based analysis of organism response to stress”., Freshwater Biol., 51, 2010, pp. 1757-1785. 13. Venkatachalapathy, R., and Karthikeyan, P. “Application of Diatom-Based Indices for Monitoring Environmental Quality of Riverine Ecosystems: A Review” Springer International Publishing: Berlin, Germany, 2015, pp. 593-619. 14. Purushotham, S.P., and Anupama, N. “Diatom miscellany by seasonal variations in Meluru lake 1, Meluru lake 2, Karpuravalli lake and Saligrama lake of Krishnaraja nagara Taluk, Mysuru District, Karnataka, India”, International Journal of Current Research in Life Sciences, 7(3), 2018d, pp. 2362-2370. 15. Harding, W.R., Archibald, C.G.M., and Taylor, J.C., “The relevance of diatoms for water quality assessment in South Africa”, A position paper 31, 2005, pp. 41-46. 16. Taylor, J. C., Harding, W. R., C.G.M. Archilbald., and L. van Rensburg, “Diatoms as indicator of water quality in the Jukskei-Crocodile river system in 1956 and 1957, a re-analysis of diatom count data generated by BJ Cholnoky” South African Journal, 31, 2, 2007, pp. 237-246. 17. Maria, J.F., Salome, FP., Almeida, Sandra, C., and Calando, A.J., “A comparison between biotic indices and predictive models in stream water quality assessment based on benthic diatom communities”. Ecological indicators, 9, 2009, pp. 497-507. 18. Bere, T. “Challenges of diatom-based biological monitoring and assessment of streams in developing countries”. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int., 23, 2016, 5477-5486. 19. Kumar, A., “Studies on diversity and abundance of fresh water diatoms as indicators of water quality in Glacial fed Goriganga River, India”. International research journal of environmental sciences, 4, 2015, pp. 80-85. 20. Van Dam, H. Martens, A, and Sinkel Dam, J., “A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of fresh water diatoms from the Netherlands”, Netherland journal of Aquatic ecology, 28, 1, 1994, pp.117-133. 21. Kelly, M. G., “Role of benthic diatoms in the implementation of the urban waste water treatment directive in the river wear, North-East England”. Journal of Applied Phycology, 14, 2003, pp. 9-18. 22. Krier, G. P., “Biological indicators of water quality in an urban water way: can diatoms reflect short term spatial & temporal changes in water quality environmental science”, Journal of Biology, 40, 4, 2008, pp. 1-127. 23. Purushotham, S.P., and Anupama, N., “Impact of seasonal fluctuation on diatom diversity in Natanahalli lake, Kurubahalli lake, Yelemuddanahalli Lake and Katnalu Lake of Krishnarajanagara Taluk, Mysore District, Karnataka, India”, International Journal of Research and Review, 5, 5, 2018c, 5 pp. 2-64.

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6079 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124

24. Stevenson, R.J., Pan, Y., and Van Dam, H. “Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms”, 2010, pp. 365-83. 25. Basavarajappa, S. H., Raju, N. S., Hosmani, S. P., and Niranjana, S. R., “Fresh water diatoms as indicators of water quality of some important lakes of Mysore, Karnataka, India”. Indian hydrobiology, 14, 1, 2016, pp. 42-52. 26. Patil , J. V., Ekhande, A. P. and Panate, G. S., “Water quality monitoring study of seasonal variation of diatoms and their correlation with physico-chemical parameters of Lotus Lake, Torana mal (M. S.). India”, Archives of applied science research, 5, 2013, pp.172-176.

27. Purushotham, S.P., and Anupama, N. “Diatoms as ecological indicators of water quality assessment in Adihalli lake, Gandasi lake and Halegenalli lakes of Arasikere taluk, Hassan district, Karnataka, India”, International Journal of Development Research, 8, 3, 2018b, pp. 19461- 19467. 28. Srinivas, L., Seeta, Y., and Reddy, P.M., “Bacillariophyceae as Ecological Indicators of water quality in Manair Dam, Karimnagar, India”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Science and Technology, 4, 2, 2018, pp. 468-474. 29. Karthikeyan, P., Venkatachalapathy, R., and Vennila, G., 2018. “Using of biological diatom indices (IBD) for ecological status of Cauvery River, India”, Indian Journal of geo marine sciences, 47, 2, 2018, pp. 426-436. 30. Zelnik, I., Balan, T.C., Toman, M.J., “Diversity and Structure of the Tychoplankton Diatom Community in the Limnocrene Spring Zelenci (Slovenia) in Relation to Environmental Factors”, Water, 2018, pp. 2-12. 31. Bellinger, B. J., Cocquyt, C and O’Reilly, C.M., “Benthic diatoms as indicators of eutrophication in tropical streams”., Hydrobiologia, 573, 2006, pp.75-87. 32. Josette, M., La Hee., and Evelyn E. Gaiser. (2011). “Benthic diatom assemblages as indicators of water quality in the Everglades and three tropical Karstic wetlands”. Journal Science. 11(1), 1899. 33. Catherine Desrosiers., Josephine Leflaive., Anne Eulin., and Loic Ten-Hage., “Bioindicators in marine waters, Benthic diatoms as a tool to assess water quality from eutrophic to oligotrophic coastal ecosystems”, Ecological Indicators, 32, 2013. 25-34. 34. Brajesh, K., Dwivedi., and Asutosh. K. Srivastava., “Diatoms as Indicator of Pollution Gradients of the River Ganga, Allhabad, India”. International Journal current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6, 7, 2017, pp. 4323-433 35. Purushotham, S.P. and Anupama, N., “Diatoms as indicators of water quality in Thonnur lake and Sulekere lake of Mandya, Karnataka, India”, International Journal of Current Research, 10(3), 2018a, pp. 66913-66917.

Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6080