Unsteadiness of Diatoms Diversity in Malavalli Lake and Kalkuni Lake of Mandya District, Karnataka, India
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International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 Unsteadiness of Diatoms Diversity in Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake of Mandya District, Karnataka, India S.P. Purushotham 1 and N. Anupama 2* P.G. Department of Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India S. P. Purushotham 1 - Associate Professor, P.G. Department of Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India N. Anupama 2* - Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India Dr. N. ANUPAMA. Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Botany, Maharani’s Science College for Women, Mysuru-570005, Karnataka, India. *Corresponding author - [email protected] Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6061 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 Abstract: Water is essential to life on Earth. It need not be spelt out exactly how important it is. Yet water pollution is one of the most serious ecological threats we face today. The natural resources being exploited may one day lead to a point of no return. The study on hand has focused on the present status of diatom diversity and to determine pollution level in Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake of Mandya District. Diatoms were used as bio indicators for pollution and also as bio-monitors to comprehend the interaction between organism's responses to environmental alteration and their legal effect. Our mission was to evaluate the water quality in Mandya District lakes using diatoms as indicators together with physico-chemical parameters. Overall, the identified diatoms in two lakes were water quality indicators. In all the three sites of Malavalli lake N. cryptocephala and N. acicularis were responsible for organic pollution with a total overall average percentage of 19.15 and S. ulna was evident for anthropogenic eutrophication of 40.05%. Further the three sites of Kalkuni lake was also contaminated by organic pollution indicator N. cryptocephala and N. palea with an average of 10.68%. S. ulna, F. ulna, N. rhynchocephala and A. copulata were liable for anthropogenic indicator with 35.82%. Our investigation of all the values obtained in both the lakes revealed that Malavalli lake was highly polluted by organic as well as anthropogenic eutrophication than Kalkuni lake. Key words N. rhynchocephala, F. ulna, A. copulata , N. cryptocephala, N. acicularis, S. ulna, Malavalli lake, Kalkuni lake, Mandya District. Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6062 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 1. Introduction “Save Water Today, Save Our Tomorrow”. Diatoms in fresh water play an influential role as Haemoglobin in blood, referring our Heart to a Lake cup. Water pollution is an inescapable result of human activity and people argue that if we want to have factories, cities, ships, cars, oil and coastal resorts, some degree of pollution is almost certain. Fortunately not everyone agrees with this view. One reason people have woken up to the problem of pollution is that it brings costs of its own that undermine any economic benefits that come about by polluting. Currently ecological indicators are primarily used to evaluate the state of the environment, as early caution sign of ecological problems and as guide for drift in ecological resources [1]. Microclimate and seasonal change in a particular area also play an important role in the presence and absence of some species [2] which may function as indicators of pollution [3]. The values of physico-chemical parameters in lakes are always below the drinking water quality standards [4]. Diatoms are latent indicators of water quality owed to their sensitivity and strong reaction to physico-chemical and biological changes [5] and are the ideal means by which progress towards integrated water resource management can be monitored [6]. Water pollution has been a research focus for government and scientists. Therefore protecting lake water quality is extremely urgent because of serious water pollution and global scarcity of water resources. Heavily polluted water is reducing economic growth by upto a third in some countries, a World Bank report says calling for action to address human and environmental harm. Human disturbance has severely affected the health of lake ecosystems, which leads to the significant degradation of biodiversity and ecosystem integrity [7]. As a result, Lake Ecosystem health assessment is attracting more and more attention from scholars globally, and a large number of aquatic ecosystem health assessment methods have been reported [8]. There are now many approaches for assessing the health of freshwater systems that use biological communities, such as fish, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and algae [9-11]. Algae is considered to be more efficient than other biological communities as it has a shorter generation time than fish and macro invertebrates and responds rapidly to environmental changes [12] and [13]. Water quality assessment based on the use of diatoms is now well developed and their value is predicted in international level. Diatom assemblages support paleo ecological investigations, historical reconstruction of water quality [14] and the determination of prevailing water quality conditions. Diatoms provide a fine level of problem-solving resolution of the causes underline the change in water quality and environmental condition [15], diatoms were considered as bio-monitoring tool; analysis of the lake sample predicts diatoms are useful in providing an indication of the ecological condition [16]. Diatoms are widely used in stream bio assessment due to their broad distribution, extraordinary variability and the ability to integrate changes in water quality, here also it confirms that diatoms are sensitive to organic and nutrient contamination and revealed the importance of suspended solids [17]. Increasing anthropogenic influence on lotic environments as a result of civilization as captured public interest because of the consequent problems associated with deterioration of water quality. Diatoms are extensively used for monitoring of water quality Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6063 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 [18], seasonal variation of diatoms density and species richness was studied, they are not only for fishery management but also are the biological indicators of pollution [19]. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study area Karnataka is located in 11º 30’ North latitude and 74º East and 78º 30’ longitude. Mandya is an Administrative District of Karnataka, India and is bordered on the South by Mysore District. It is famous for being one of the biggest sugarcane producing regions in India and popularly called as land of sugar “Sakkare Naadu”. The total land area in the district is put to agriculture uses; 94,779 hectares of land is used for irrigation, where sugarcane is the major crop. Malavalli Taluk is located in Mandya District, 27 km distance from Mandya. Malavalli is famous for temples and nearby has Shivanasamudra. It is located in 12º38’ N and 77º08’ E. It has an average elevation of 610 metres and is bounded by Mysore District to the West and South West, Tumkur to North East, Chamaraja Nagar District to the South East, Ramanagar District to the West. Malavalli is the headquarters of Malavalli Taluk which contains 5 Hobalis and 168 villages. 2.2. Sampling Sampling was made in the months of January, February and March 2018. The water was sampled from two (or) three different sites of two lakes i.e., Malavalli lake and Kalkuni lake with an interval of 15 days. The sampling was made in the early morning from different locations of both the lakes by scrubbing the upper surface of water collected from 1-2 feet depth (Figure 2 and 3). Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6064 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 2.3. Photographs showing geographical location of Taluks of Mandya District Figure 1: Map showing geographical location of A) India - Karnataka - Mandya Dist ; B) Taluks of Mandya District; C) Map showing Malavalli Lake; D) Map showing Kalkuni lake 3. Sampling sites 3.1. Malavalli lake Malavalli lake is situated in Malavalli Taluk, Malavalli, Mandya District, Karnataka State in India. Malavalli lake is geographically located at 12º23’ latitude and 12º23’ longitude. This covers an area about 105.30 hectares and 15-16 mcft of water levels. The town has number of temples namely Sajgepani temple, Pattalammana temple. Famous Sri Lakshminarasimha temple is present near Marehalli. The surrounding places are Halguru, Sathnur, Mandya, Mysore, Kanakapura, and Talakadu. Nearby villages are Marehalli, Kalkuni, Sujjaluru, Markalu, Kiragavalu, K.M.Doddi, Manigere, Nelamakanahalli, Kagepura and Bugathahalli. Some of the tourist places nearby Malavalli are the Muttatti, Gaganachukki and Barachukki falls. Malavalli lake is also called as Dandinamarammana kere or Dodda kere. This lake water is very much essential for the nearest villages for the purpose of drinking and irrigation. The main crops cultivated in the surrounding area are paddy, sugarcane and some grains (Figure 1). 3.2. Kalkuni Lake Kalkuni village is a village panchayath located in Malavalli Taluk of Mandya District, Karnataka State in India. The village is located at 12º20’18” N, 76º58’39.8580” E. It has an average elevation of 689 meters and 12.8 km from Malavalli. From kalkuni, the State Capital Bengaluru is at a distance of 251.4 km. The surrounding nearby villages are Kirugavalu, Bendaravadi, Sujjaluru, Mikkere, Kyatnahalli, Purigali. Kalkuni lake is located at 76º 94’ Volume VIII, Issue VI, JUNE/2019 Page No:6065 International Journal of Research ISSN NO:2236-6124 longitude and 12º 33’ latitude. This is the biggest lake located at the Northern part of Kalkuni village and a small lake is at the Southern side of Kalkuni village. This lakes water is very much essential the purpose of drinking and irrigation. Crops growing in the area are paddy and some vegetables (Figure 1). 3.3.