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The Future of the Bamiyan Buddha Statues UNESCO Publishing The Future of the Bamiyan Buddha Statues UNESCO Publishing United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization The Future of the Bamiyan Buddha Statues Heritage Reconstruction in Theory and Practice Editor Masanori Nagaoka Culture Unit UNESCO Phnom Penh, Cambodia Published jointly by the United Nations Educational, Scientifc and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75007 Paris, France, the UNESCO Offce in Kabul, ICON Compound, Supreme Road, Off Jalalabad Road, PD 9, Kabul, Afghanistan, and Springer Nature Switzerland AG, Gewerbestrasse 1, 6330 Cham, Switzerland. ISBN 978-92-3-100419-3 ISBN 978-3-030-51315-3 ISBN 978-3-030-51316-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51316-0 © UNESCO 2020. This book is an open access publication. Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to UNESCO, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence and indicate if changes were made. If you remix, transform, or build upon this book or a part thereof, you must distribute your contributions under the same licence as the original. This publication is also available at the UNESCO Open Access Repository: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The authors are responsible for the choice and the presentation of the facts contained in this book and for the opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland This volume is published with a generous fnancial contribution from the Government of Japan within the framework of the Japanese Funds-in Trust project for the Safeguarding of the Bamiyan World Heritage property, Phase V. Foreword: UNESCO’s Response to the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage The destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan in Afghanistan by the Taliban in March 2001 sent shockwaves around the world. It represented a painful loss not only for the people of Afghanistan, but for all of humanity. It reminded us that we all have a role to play in safeguarding these places for the future. Protecting the world’s cul- tural heritage is at the heart of UNESCO’s mandate. For 75 years, UNESCO has provided support to its Member States in safeguarding their cultural heritage – as a means to promote peace and protect human rights. Afghanistan joined UNESCO in 1948. Since then, it has ratifed a number of UNESCO conventions in the feld of culture, including the 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage.1 In 2003, UNESCO inscribed the “Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley” on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Over the past two decades, UNESCO and the Government of Afghanistan – with the generous support of several countries and international organisations – have worked closely together to help protect this unique property. From the preventive stabilisation of the Buddha niches to mine clearance activities; from archaeological excavations to mural painting conservation; from developing planning tools to capacity-building; and from establishing state-of-the-art infrastructure to the pro- motion of World Heritage as a tool for sustainable development, many projects were jointly implemented and are still ongoing. Over the past few years, in face of great adversity, the Government of Afghanistan has made considerable efforts to protect its cultural heritage and in particular the Bamiyan Valley World Heritage property. In 2018, it approved an Action Plan con- cerning the future treatment of the Buddha niches and the overall management of Bamiyan, where it identifes the detailed actions to be taken to reach a desired state of conservation for the property, with the goal of its future removal from the List of 1 For a complete list of UNESCO Culture Conventions to which Afghanistan adhered, please see https://en.unesco.org/countries/afghanistan. vii viii Foreword: UNESCO’s Response to the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage World Heritage in Danger.2 This Plan recommended further investigation and a detailed assessment of the heritage conservation ethics associated to the reconstruc- tion of cultural heritage. It was prepared by a Working Committee, which was estab- lished following an International Meeting “Authenticity and Outstanding Universal Value of the Bamiyan Property” organized in Tokyo. Over the past 20 years, UNESCO and the World Heritage Committee have been reviewing established paradigms regarding the possible reconstruction of cultural heritage, especially in face of acts of deliberate destruction. Post-confict recon- struction is currently undergoing an important transition. The destruction of cultural property does not just represent a loss for humanity; it also deprives local popula- tions of their identity and dignity. The criteria for the reconstruction of cultural heri- tage sites, affected as a result of iconoclasm and deliberate acts of vandalism or conficts, should be discussed within the context of more holistic strategies for the protection of human rights and the promotion of peace, and result in direct impacts on policy. The Warsaw Recommendation on recovery and reconstruction of cultural heritage notably constitutes a comprehensive frst set of principles concerning reconstruction processes undertaken as a result of armed conficts or natural disasters. In this context, the relevance of this publication and its choice of subject become self-evident. As Afghanistan faces multiple and pressing development challenges, the need to hear different views on heritage conservation and the technical and ethi- cal issues surrounding the proposed reconstruction of one or part of the Bamiyan Buddha statues, is paramount. Its potential benefts in terms of attracting tourism and development should be weighed with the possible impact on the property’s integrity, authenticity and Outstanding Universal Value, while also recognizing the fnancial realities of such an undertaking. As a laboratory of ideas, UNESCO welcomes this debate. We believe that cul- tural heritage can play a positive role in fostering a community’s understanding of its history and identity. The Bamiyan Valley World Heritage property, in particular, is a particularly relevant example of the importance of having such discussions on the importance of human rights, mutual respect among peoples, and the diversity and equal dignity of the world’s cultures. UNESCO hopes that this publication represents a compelling contribution to our understanding of the role of culture for peace-building and sustainable develop- ment, in confict or post-confict regions and particularly in Afghanistan. We remain committed to continue providing support and working closely with government authorities and communities in the protection of the country’s rich and unique cul- tural heritage. Assistant Director-General for Culture Ernesto Ottone Ramírez UNESCO 2 Decision 31 COM 7A.21, by the World Heritage Committee, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2006 https:// whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/1287. Preface: The Position of the Afghan Government on the Potential Reconstruction of the Eastern Buddha Statue The destruction of the giant Bamiyan Buddha statues has been condemned around the world. In the years that followed, it was viewed primarily as an example of extreme intolerance. And it accomplished nothing except to bring blame on the destroyers. The world community expressed horror at the statues’ annihilation, and humanity mourns the loss of one of its most precious treasures. The history of Afghanistan has been tumultuous, but the cultural disasters, particularly the destruc- tion of the giant Buddha Statues of Bamiyan, represent some of its most tragic episodes. The giant Buddha statues of the Bamiyan Valley were not only priceless cultural heritage of Afghanistan, they were also amongst some of the largest examples of representations of the Buddha in the world. Unfortunately, Afghanistan and the world were to be deprived of the statues, which represented a moment of sadness. Since 2002, the Government of Afghanistan and UNESCO, with the generous support of Japan and other donor agencies, have been working together to protect the values of the Bamiyan World Heritage properrty, by addressing security risks, ensuring the structural stability of the remains of the two giant Buddha niches, con- serving the archaeological remains and mural paintings, and implementing a Cultural Master Plan. Despite such efforts, the possible reconstruction of one or the two Buddha stat- ues has been the target of multiple discussions, both within Afghan society and world experts. The Bamiyan Buddha statues represented ancient historical heritage, and their possible reconstruction is perceived as the right thing to do but at the same time it also poses signifcant questions and challenges. By reconstructing one or both of the Buddha statues, there is an expectation
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