The Lepidopterists' News

THE MONTHLY NEWSLETTER OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY P. O. Box 104, Cambridge 38, Massachusetts, U. S. A. Editor - C. L. REMINGTON • Assoc. Editor - J. E. REMINGTON Volume II April 1948 Number 4

LEPIDOPTERA BIOLOGY -- OPEN FOR STUDY Biology is 11 terally the "science of life ". courtship, duration of coitus, time of day or In the present discussion it will be used in night of coitus,etc.), oviposition habits,and the strictest sense, to mean the study of larval feeding habits (whether diurnal orno~ LIVING Lepidoptera, as contrasted to the stu­ turnal, what part of plant eaten, defensive dy of dead collection specimens. A large pr0- actions, gregariousness, etc.). portion 0 f our Society members are not pro­ fessional entomologists, and it is these en­ (3) HABITAT. The precise location 0 f the thusiastic avocationists whose attention the ova, the larva (day and night), the pupa, and NEWS editors have endeavored continually to especially the adults. In all species we need direct toward the study of Lepidoptera IN THE to know just where the adults live. For ex­ FIELD. What are the aspects that a lepidop­ ample, Erebia theano ethela is restricted to terist can study methodically in whatever re­ small sphagnum bogs; ~. magdalena is in the gion he may live? There are seven primary same area, but frequents only the dry rock­ ones: (1) phenology; (2) habits; (3) habi tat; slides; ~. tyndarus callias, flying nearby,is (4) host plants in each region; (5) enemies; only on vegetated, less rocky spots; and~. (6) population composition; (7)over-wintering. ~odea is somewhat lower, usually in tall lush grass. The precise altitudinal distri­ (1) PHENOLOGY. The season-to-season trend bution is not well-known, and in mountainous in Lepidoptera occurrence can be expected to regions would make a profitable study. give valuable information for all biologists. Lepidoptera are especially useful as a tool (4) HOST PLANTS. Here is one of the most in the study of yearly patterns because they important and, surprisingly, least accurately are so well-known taxonomically and their ap­ known aspects of Lepidoptera biology. Many peal to non-professionals has resulted in a species feed on quite different plants in dif­ large number of widely-distributed active ferent regions. Euphydryas phaeton eats Che­ field workers. The only region well-known lone glabra in New England, but in Missouri phenologically is Great Britain and, to a the host is Aureolaria flava. The Lep. Soc. much lesser degree, western Europe. The an­ expects eventually to publish a list of known nual Season Summary of the Lep. Soc. is an host plants of North American butterflies(and effort to gather such information for North of other groups) as information is assembled. America, and we hope to expand it to include There is a ~lant identification service avai­ other parts of the world as organized cooper­ lable (see NEWS, vol.I: p.25). ation develops. Each collector can keep his own records and will find it interesting to (5) ENEMIES. It is especially important compare them year by year. Several Lep. Soc. that all parasites obtained in rearing Lepi­ members keep field notebooks and record the doptera be saved and complete data, including species taken or seen, their abundance, and the name of the host, kept with them. Insects, their condition after each collecting trip. birds, lizards, and other animals which prey Some of these lepidopterists try to get out on larvae or adults should be noted. at least once each week throughout the col­ lecting season, in order to have a continuous (6) POPULATION COMPOSITION. The mathema­ record. Unfortunately, most collectors fail tically inclined lepidopterist can assemble to keep a record of species which are not scientifically valuable data on the percent­ collected because of commonness. Phenologi­ ages of various forms in local populations of cal records need to be correlated with wea­ each species. In Catocala lacrymosa, what ther data. part of the population are the striking forms?; in Lycaena hypophleas, how frequent (2) HABITS. Very little is known of the are the aberrations?; in Papillo glaucus, special habits of different species, especi­ what percentage of the females are black? and ally as they differ from related species. Ac­ so on. curate observations are needed on the manner of flight, sociology (which species "chase" (7) OVER-WINTERING. In too few cases we others, which are gregarious, etcr), prefer­ know the life history stage -- ovum, larva, ences of food of adults (which flowers are pupa, or adult -- in which a species passes chosen, which species are attracted to damp­ the winter. But we especially need to know ness, to carrion, to dung, to sap flows,etc.), whether Hemiargus isola, Eurema mexicana, color preferences, the normal resting posi­ Agraulis vanillae, and others survive the tion (wings open or closed, head upward or winter in any stage in Colorado, Kansas, and downward), location of night resting for di­ Missouri. ~ urnal species and of day resting for noctur­ nal species, aspects of copulation (type of ~ C.L.R. Vol.II, no.4 PRINCIPLES OF TAXONOMY - II. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Taxonomy was produced, perhaps partheno­ Several NEWS readers have requested that genetically, by Carl von Linne. For a long we give definitions of technical words com­ time it expanded as a rather shapeless mass, monly encountered in writings on Lepidoptera. or as a mass varying in shape from classifier The following apply to Lepidoptera and not to classifier. Each early worker acknowledged necessarily to any other group. the biblical premise that Diety had created all the species at once as outlined in Gene­ (1) Ovum. Usually used to refer to a fully­ sis, and each worker believed himself the au­ formed fertilized egg after oviposition. thor of a new filing system o£ species ar­ May also mean the unfertilized germ cell rangement, which was admittedly arbitrary. In in the ovary of the female. (Plural- ~.) the beginning of the 19th Century there began (2) Larva. The caterpillar, or grub, stage to appear in biological writings a hint that during which most growth and feeding oc­ species had undergone many changes, probably cur. Strictly used, this is the stage in response to the environment, and were not following emergence from the egg and pre­ placed on earth in complete and final form. ceding pupation in insects with complete This idea developed slowly until it took a metamorphosis. (Plural- larvae.) sudden leap to rational reality in the 1850's (3) Pupa. The "restingltstage between the through the brilliant work of Charles Darwin. larval and adult stages, during which the adult is formed. May be enclosed in a co­ Without himself being a taxonomist, Dar­ coon in some Lepidoptera, or naked. (Plu­ win took the varying mass of the body of tax­ ral- ~.) onomy and miraculously gave it a clear, true (4) Chrysalis. Usually the pupa of butter­ form by presenting it with a skeleton -- phy­ flies, only. (Plural- chrysalides.) logeny. The principle of organic evolution (5) lm£gQ. The adult, sexually mature stage, made possible what we call a Itnatural classi­ having functional wings in all but a few fication lt • The term Itphylogenylt is from the Lepidoptera. (Plural- imagines[preferred], Greek (phylon- a tribe, and genos- descent) or imag~; adjective- imaginal.) and refers to the ancestry, or family tree, (6) Ecdysis. Moulting (shedding) the skin. of organisms. The basic assumption is that (Plural- ecdyses; adjective- ecdysial.) all living entities, whether plant or animal, (7) Exuviae. The moulted skin of the larva. descended from one ancestor. Presumably this Never used in the singular. ancestor was very simple in structure and (8) Eclosion. Emergence of the imago from the gave rise to two main lines, the plants and pupal skin or of the larva from the ovum. animals, and these lines in turn subdivided (9) Instar. The period between two ecdyses. many times, giving us the multitude of differ­ The first instar is the stage following ent groups of plants and animals existing to­ emergence from the egg and preceding the day, as well as many now extinct. first ecdysis. The second instar is the The reason we call our system a Itnatural" stage between the first and second ecdy­ classification is that we believe it express­ ses. The last instar is between pupation es true ancestral relationships. For example, and the preceding ecdysiS. Parnassius is included in the same family (IO)Stadium. Essentially synonymous with in­ with Papilio because there is reason to be­ ~. (Plural- stadia.) lieve they both descended from the same an­ (ll)Oviposition. The process of laying eggs. cestor, an ancestor which Pieris, Melitaea,~­ (12)Hibernation. The dormant state during ~, and others did not share. Similarly, which the insects live through seasonal all these 5 genera are included in one super­ low temperatures (winter) at a very low family because it is believed that they all de­ metabolic rate. scended from one progenitor which was not the (13)Aestivation. The dormant state during ancestor of Hesperia, Pyrgus, and Megathymus. which the insects live through seasonal high temperatures or excessive dryness (summer) at a very low metabolic rate. (14)Primaries. The fore (mesothoracic)wings. (15)Secondaries. The hind(metathoracic)wings. (lb)Genitalia. All the special structures at the posterior end of the abdomen directly concernl~d wi th copulation. (17)Sympatrlc. Species which are sympatric occur together, at least in the same 10- cali ty, if not in the same stage of life history,. (18 )Allopatric. Species which are allopatric occupy separate ranges. (19)Dichromatism (sexual, seasonal, etc.). The OCC1~rence of different coloration in a specios. For example, Papilio glaucus, with d aJ'k females in the South, has sexu­ ~ dicIu'gmatism; Zerene caesonia. wi~ pink on the underside in autumn, has ~­ This is a simple example of a "phylogene­ sonal dichromatism; all species with rac­ tic tree", or chart of ancestry, illustrating es have geographical (or ecological) £1- the preceding discussion. chromatism in varying degrees. C.L.R. Apr. 1948 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 39 E~OLOGICAL RACES IN LEPIDOPTERA by Sergius G. Kiriakoff Zoological Laboratories University of Ghent, Belgium There has been some discussion these last years about biological races in animals, and their existence has been sometimes questioned. But even Dr. Ernst Mayr, the leading champion of geographical speciation and subspeciation, has admitted that at least certain forms in cer­ tain groups were unquestionable biological races. I think that most animal groups possess such races. However, as we have to consider here only the Lepidoptera, I must restrict the discussion to the latter, but would point out that the question is a general one and must be ac.cepted as such, at least as far as the nomenclature is concerned. Another remark is that I consider the term "ecological races" as much more appropriate because the existence of such races is conditioned by local envir.onmental factors (eco-factors). The very nature of these factors is the reason for the relatively low frequency of ecological races as compared with that of geographical races. As, on the other hand, very little is known of the genetical side of the problem and still less of the effectiveness of any reproductive isolation which could eXist, I am quite prepared to admit that some of the considered forms are "already" good species and some others are possibly temporary and precarious. From the taxonomical point of view, however, we must consider all of them as ecological races and treat them as such. Three examples chosen among the European Lepidoptera will illustrate the point: 1. COleophora inulae Wocke and linosyridella Fuchs (Scythrididae). The two forms are almost indistinguishable, but their larvae have dIfferent foodplants. 2. Leioptilus carphodactylus Rubner and buphthalmi Hofmann (Pterophoridae). The imagines are identical, but the larvae are somewhat dIfferent and live on different plants. 3. Argyroploca andereggana Guenee and rebe1iana Mittelberger (Tortricidae). There are some slight color differences; both are alpine, but live at different altitudes. There is, however, another point of great importance. An ecological race, called to existence by strictly local environmental factors, is very naturally apt to thrive wherever the same factors are to be found. To take one of the above examples, Leioptilus carphodacty­ Ius OE. buphthalmi is expected to breed wherever its foodplant Buphthalmum grows, at least when other condItions are favorable. In other wordS, one may reasonably expect to observe it in several or many separated areas. I am inclined to consider this point as one of the most important, as it gives the ecological race its distinctiveness as a taxonomic unit. For, in my opinion, a geographical race is distinguished by its attachment to a single given geograph­ ical or even micro geographical region. If a form is recognized as a geographical race char­ acteristic of a given region, ~d if an iden~ical form is (l~ter) found in another region, unconnected with the former, perhaps, even remote, this last form has no right to be consid_ ered as belonging to the previously recognized race. It is another, a "new" race, and must accordingly receive a name of its own. I know at least one instance of this kind in birds, which cannot be discussed here. A very similar case has been described by Hovanitz 1940 ("Ecological Color Variation in a Butterfly and the Problem of 'Protective Coloration'", ECOLOGY £1: 371-380), although he has not discussed the taxonomic aspect of the question. Two races of Ceneis chryxus Double­ day & Hewitson, viz. ivallda Mead and stanislaus Hovanitz, have been described. the first very pale, the other dark, with an identical habitat in the Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada, but localized in several micro-regions, the light form being found in the northernmost and in the southernmost parts of the range of distribution, the dark one occupy­ ing the intermediate region. Intergrading areas seem also to be present. After a very in­ teresting discussion of the origin of these races, Hovanitz shows that the color differences between them are due to the color of the soil, or rather that of the rocks covering it. White granite forms most of the landscape in the regions inhabited by ivallda, and dark vol­ canic rocks or andesite are predominant in the area occupied by stanislaus. This fact alone would be sufficient, in my opinion, to grant the discussed forms the status of ecological races, but the "one geographical region, one geographical race" criterion mentioned above makes it impOSSible, in my eyes, to consider ivallda even as a micro-race. This form occu­ pies, in the region delimited above, two distinct areas about fifty miles apart, the inter­ vening area being inhabited by stanislaUS, and the general ecological conditions being prac­ tically identical throughout the common range of distribution of the two forms. Those who would deem it necessary to consider these as microgeographical races should at any rate re­ cognize three of the latter. I have no doubt whatever that they quite obviously are ecologi­ cal races produced exclusively by an unquestionably ecological factor, and would designate them Oeneis chryxus OE. ivallda and OE. stanislaus, according to the scheme proposed in this review (LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS £: 15, 1948; see also page 16). r~ 40 Vol.II, no.4 In 1878 French obtained a position on the faculty of the Southern Illinois State Normal University at Carbondale, Illinois, where he taught naturs.l history for the next 39 years. During t his time he contributed taxonomic ar­ ticles on insects, chiefly the Lepidoptera, to the leading entomological journals. In these articles he described and named some 37 species of butterflies and moths. Some of the better known among these were as fol19WS: Neonympha mitchellii, Apantesis oithona rec­ tilinea, g. robinsoni curvata, g. lacrymosa evelina and zelica, Tolype distincta, and Gamptylochile, forbesi.

Later in life Prof. French became inter­ ested in pathology and histology and in 1898 he published a "Manual of Dissection and His­ tology". In 1922 he resigned his position on the f acul ty of the Southern Illinois State Normal School to accept a position as consul­ tant in pathology and endocrinology in a hos­ pital at Herrin, Illinois, where he had a better opportunity for continuing his research­ es in this field. In 1926 Prof. French was struck by an au­ Photo LIS. B"r.Ent,I-Pl.QIJQr: tomobile on the streets of Herrin and sustain­ BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES ed a fracture of his left leg. Although be­ ing past 85 years of age at that time, he 12. George Hazen French (1841-1935) made a remarkable recovery. A few years la­ ter he was occupied with writing a treatise George Hazen French was born in Tully,New on endocrinology, but failing eyesight and York, 19 March 1841. There he attended the the infirmities of age prevented him from com­ Courtlandville Academy, and, at the age of pleting this task. He died at Garbondale~ twenty years, was teaching in the grade Illinois, 1 J·anuary 1935, at the age of 91.1- schools of New York. At the end of the Civil years. War he decided to go west. Through some re­ latives in Illinois he learned of an opening Prof. French was the author of at least as principal of the schools at Belvidere,Ill. 236 articles pertaining to many branches of Accepting this position he found, upon his science. A large number of them are of popu­ arrival, that he had drawn about the toughest lar interest and of an educational value to school in the state, seven previous princi­ the farmer and- truck gardener. His book, pals having resigned within three years on "Butterflies of the Eastern United States", account of the terrifying behavior of some of passed through four editions, the last appear­ the students. French, however, coped wi th ing in 1914. the situation by making friends with the boys Edwin P. Meiners, M.D. and succeeded in holding the position for se­ veral years. He was married in 1872 but had no children. NOTICE TO COLEOPTERISTS A few years later he removed to Grand Rap­ ids, MiChigan, but after a brief stay return­ All NEWS readers interested also in beetles ed to Illinois to teach school at Roscoe. He are urged to subscribe to the Goleopterists' then decided to try for a degree from the Il­ Bulletin. The price for the 10 issues for linois State Agricultural College at Irving­ 1948 is only $1.25. Remittance should be ad­ ton. Upon passing the examinations he was of­ dressed to the editor: Ross H. Arnett, Jr., fered a position as teacher of chemistry in The Sherwood Press, Dryden, N.Y. The ~JS the college, a position which he held for nine editors are pleased to congratulate Mr. Arnett years. In 1877 he was app01nted aSSistant to on his fine publication. Cyrus Thomas, who was at that time State En­ tomologist of Illinois. In this same year Prof. French published his first paper,on the Recent word from veteran California Lepid­ Hessian fly, in the Prairie Farmer. Thereaf­ opterist R.F. Sternitzky: "We have just bought ter he was a frequent contributor to the lea~ an Auto Court on the Redwood Empire Highway ing agricultural magazines and papers. In #101 in Northern California where we will be 1878 he contributed an article to the 7th Re­ in the future. If any of the Entomologists port of the State Entomologist of Illinois happen along this way, we shall be glad to see and in 1881 he wrote articles on the wheat­ that they have proper attention by dropping us straw worm and the cotton worm for the Elev­ a line in advance. This territory is practi­ enth Report. Thomas was the first state en­ cally virgin to collectors. Both my wife and tomologist to publish articles under the name I will give them a cheery welcome." Note his of his assistants. new address on page 48. Apr. 1948 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS CRITICS AND CRITICISMS by Cyril F. dos Passos Mendham, New Jersey THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS is now well a­ fect that this or that is incorrect or not so, long in its second year. One section of the without giving any facts in support of such NEWS consists of a review of current entomo­ assertions. The trained entomologist is not logical literature. To many readers this is fooled by the latter class of criticisms. He the most important section of the N~~S. That understands that the critic either does not is especially so to those who are obliged to know his subject thoroughly, or has not taken keep abreast of everything published in their the necessary time and pains to investigate respective fields. Only one other American the matter he undertakes to criticize. On entomological publication gives references to the other hand, such criticisms when made by the current literature, and that only by au­ one who is well known are usually of great thors, titles, and citations. The NEWS goes danger to the neophyte. He is dazzled by the much further, furnishing not only the forego­ name and reputation of the critic, and lacks ing information but also a condensed state­ the necessary knowledge and training to look ment of the substance of each paper cited, behind his words. and usually a short critical review of its contents. The next point to consider is the proper subjects of criticisms. Naturally a critic No one, and least of all no one with a cannot devote much space to compliments. The scientific frame of mind, can dispute the va­ bood parts of a paper are self-evident. The lue and importance of fair and impartial cri­ mistakes and errors must be detected and ticism. The progress of scientific investi­ pointed out, so that they may not be repeated, gation is involved in the study 0 f facts and and in order to warn the unsuspecting readers the drawing of proper conclusions thereform. against them. The reviewer of taxonomic pa­ Unfortunately, not all conclusions are cor­ pers, after giving the substance of a paper, rectly drawn, due sometimes to insufficient should criticize in a friendly manner such facts or to an imperfect understanding of matters as: (a) obvious misdeterminations and them. That is just where the critic comes i~ suggest how they could have been avoided; (b) He points out the errors, if any, and if he proposing names of doubtful validity, either is correct the subject matter is studied fur­ because of the paucity of the material upon ther and different conclusions reached, fre­ which they were based or the fact that they quently from a larger number of facts. Or were proposed for aberrations, seasonal forms, perhaps the critic destroys the soundness of etc.; (c) retention of types in private col­ the premises upon which the conclusions have lections which is undoubtedly a serious mat­ been based and the whole matter is abandoned. ter, not only because a type is much safer in It is not believed that the value of criti­ a museum but because a type is actually pub­ cisms need be stressed any further. Its im­ lic property and should be placed where it is portance to the student and to the author cri­ accessible to students; (d) lack of informa­ ticized is so immense that it must be appar­ tion concerning the whereabouts of a type in ent to everyone. violation of the Appendix to the .Ru1es; (e) briefness or other insufficiency in original Thus ~ar we have been assuming capable cescriptions; and (f) improper fixation of a criticisms without considering the critic. type locality, constructively suggesting one Obviously we cannot enjoy the former without believed to be better. All of these matters an able, conscientious critic. This brings are perfectly proper subjects of criticisms us to the consideration of a critic's quali­ concerning which no author has the slightest fications. In the field in which the readers right to complain, and with which the majori­ of the NEVIS are interested, it is important ty of the readers will readily agree. in the first place that the reviewer be a good entomologist-- not necessarily an expert On the other hand, the reviewer should lepidopterist. Naturally he must be a lepi­ avoid all trivialities. What a saving of dopterist also, since that is the special space and time would result if such a prac­ field in which we are particularly intereste~ tice were uniVersally followedl Also, the but if the choice of a critic were to be be­ reviewer should omit all conclusions that tween a general entomologist knowing but lit­ are unsupported by any evidence. Matters re­ tle about Lepidoptera, and a good lepidopter­ quiring a discussion of facts and the conclu­ ist knowing but little about general entomo­ sions to be drawn therefrom are best left to logy, the former would be the better choice. a later taxonomic paper where they may be ex­ A wide knowledge of an entire subject is bet­ amined in greater detail, the evidence weigh­ ter than a thorough acquaintance with one of ed on both sides of the question, and the or­ its component parts. iginal author's work shown to be correct or erroneous. The reviewer cannot be expected to Criticisms are of two kinds-- construc­ please every author in every particular every tive and destructive. The former call atten­ time he writes a review, but if his criti­ tion to errors and offer facts supporting the cisms are read as they should be written, allegations. Constructive criticisms also with an open mind and a sincere desire for suggest ways in which a paper could have been improvement, they will prove of real value. written better. Destructive criticisms con­ sist usua11v of mere conclusions to the ef- 42 GENERAL NOTES Vol.II, no.4 WINTER BUTTERFLIES IN CALIFORNIA.- Because of FINE LITERATURE AVAILABLE the warm weather during January, l,.ycaenopsis pseudargiolus echo flew every daY,except one, The Entomological Society of Washington the only cloudy day during that month. An un­ has prepared for sale several sets of the Le­ usually cold February, with only one light pidoptera papers of which they have a stock rain, was not favorable for collecting; how­ of separates. This provides a rare opportun­ ever, occasionally the sun shone warm enough ity for Lepidopterists who are not in scien­ for Incisalia iroides, Papilio rutulus,and ~. tific institutions to obtain a valuable set eurymedon to fly. Evidently the dry weather of important reference material. affected the emergence of Anthocharis ~ reakirtii, for they were later than ever be­ The set contains about 80 papers, with a fore. All these observations were made in La total of approximately 500 pages and 34 plates. Tuna Canyon at an elevation of 1200 feet in About 50 papers are by Harrison G. Dyar, 15 by the Verdugo Mountains of Los Angeles County. August Busck, and a few by De Gryse, Ely, Here is a tabulation of the earliest dates Grossbeck, Heinrich, Hooker, Hubbard, Pearsall, on which four of our common spring species John B. Smith and F.M. Webster. Some of the were observed in flight in La Tuna Canyon ov­ more important papers are: the 1903 paper on er a period of nine years: Clemens' types of Tineina and the 1914 paper on the classIfication of the Microlepidoptera by Busck; descriptions of the larvae of 50 Incisalia iroides 1/19 2/2 North American Noctuidae (1899) and notes on Papilio eurymedon 2/1;) 2/28 Notodontidae in the U.S. National Museum Papilio rutulus 2/8 2/28 (1908) by Dyar; Ely's venational revision of Anthocharis ~ 2/1 2/7 the North American Gracilariidae (1917); and Smith's revision of the Boreal American spp. '47 of Nonaf~ia (1903). Dr. A.B. Gurney, secre­ iroides 2/11 2/26 tary of the Society, writes: "For the serious eurymedon 2/10 3/2 1*1/.31 student who wishes to assemble Dyar I s numerous rutulus 1/28 2/23 1/.3 1 short papers, the set should be particularly ~ 1/28 1/27 2/24- helpful. " - William H. Evans, Roscoe, Calif. The set is for sale ror $12.75. After an exchanEe of correspondence with Dr. Gurney an agreement was reached whereby e. Soc. mem­ Donald J. Lennox of Whitefield,• New Hamp­ bers may purchase the set at a 20 reduction, shire, reports the opening of the collecting making the total cost $10.20, postpaid in the season there (Mar.30) with several good cat­ U.S.A. and Canada. This is a very substantial ches of Eupsilias and Graptolithas on sap reduction from the original quotation, and we lines. "li. devia was especially common on hope all members specializing in North Ameri­ Mar. 26th and in wonderful condition." can moths will avail themselves of this offer. = = ~ MORE NOTES ON CALIFORNIA WINTER LEPIDOPTERA.­ Orders should be addressed to: Our now famous Southern California drought has not been conducive to exceptional collec­ Entomological Society of Washington ting this season although we've had success c/o Bureau of Entomology & Plant Quarantine with a few of the rare species. Mr. Smith, Washington 25, D.C. Mr. Sala, and myself took a Trichocerapoda that we are unable to place - also Pleroma Be sure to mention your membership in cinerea. We have been attempting to relocate the Lep. Soc .• if you wish the discount. Lathosea dammersi, as the type locality is C.L.R. now pretty well under cultivation. Adults * * * * * * * * were taken south of Temecula about a month Professor Kenneth J. Hayward. noted speci- ago, so this last weekend we headed for that alist in Neotropical Hesperiidae, is now chief locality to look for larvae. En route we of the Instit ute of Entomology at the National discovered a nice colony or larvae on the University o£ Tucuman, Argentina. He is enga­ east slope of the Cavarin Hills ~eeding on ged in writing a complete seven volume mono­ Ericameria palmeri Gray. The Annaphilas in graph of the Argentine Rhopalocera. It is this area are just beginning to emerge -- a large folio and is being illustratea fully in group that still eludes life history observa­ color. The first two volumes are being print­ tions. We continued to San Felipe with poor ed now, and are enthusiastically awaited here. results. Returning through Coachella Valley %==X%%z:x:X%%::Z%Zx==== we found a narrow strip of desert that had Jose Rollin de la Torre Bueno, editor ot: received rainfall --the annuals here being in the Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological So­ full bloom-- and we had good success collect­ ctetl and Entomologica Americana, passed away ing by light. The species taken included Pro­ a h s home in Tucson, Arizona, on 3 May 194e, togygia polingi, Schinia niveicosta and many at the age of 76 years. Mr. Bueno was not a others. _ 9 March 1948. C. Henne. lepidopterist, but he contributed significant­ ly to the entire field of entomology through his editorships and the revised editIon of "A Glossary of Entomology", of which he was the Dr. Wm. Hovanitz will be working in Alberta, author. We valued him highly as a personal the Yukon, and Alaska during the coming sum­ friend and feel deep regret at his passing. mer, continuing his stUdies of the biology of Colias. Charles & Jeanne Remington Apr. 1948 THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS 4; BOOK REVIEWS 8. "THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RARER LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS OF GEORGIA, including their Systematic Characters, the Particulars of their Several Metamorphoses, and the Plants on which they feed. Collected from the Observations of Mr. John Abbot, many years resident in that Country." by James Edward Smith. Insect collecting as a recreation increa­ with color by hand, faithfully copying the or­ sed in popUlarity during the 18th century. A iginal, a method which was both slow and ted­ number of large collections were formed and ious and involved a great deal of expense. A illustrated books on the subject began to make comparable method today would make the cost of their appearance. Exotic insects sent to Lon­ a similar work prohibitive to all but the very don from England's far reaching maritime pos­ wealthy. In a copy before the writer the col­ sessions helped to maintain this interest and ors of the plates, 150 years after its publi­ soon a market for such objects was created. cation, remain as bright and vivid as at the Several collectors found it profitable to time of its issuance. deal in insects supplying their fellow coll­ The text ~s written in both English and ectors with their duplicates. French. The scientific and English names of One such dealer in insect specimens who the insects depicted are given together with flourished in London some time after 1790, both scientific and common names of the food was John Francillon, a silversmith in the plant. Following this is a brief observation Strand. Francillon, himself, had formed a by Abbot concerning the habits of the cater­ remarkable collection of insects, chiefly pillar, time of appearance, etc. To this Smith butterflies and moths. Among the unusual has added further observations, usually of • things which he offered for sale were many taxonomic nature. The original Linnean gener­ fine specimens from the "Province of Georgia'~ ic names are used. The specific names are in North America, which he offered at very frequently archaic ones now considered syno­ reasonable prices. Besides specimens of in­ nyms. Occasionally specific names used illus­ sect life he also sold some wonderful water trate the difficulty entomologists had even color drawings of insects in all of their at that time in interpreting the Linnean des­ stages of metamorphoses with their principal criptions. Thus, Plate 1 depicts the butter­ food plants. Francillon was somewhat secret­ fly, Papilio ajax (~. asterias of older lists) ive concerning the origin of these specimens under the name Papilio troilus. and drawings, but a few of his customers knew All in all it is a sumptuous work charac­ that the name of the correspondent from whom teristic of fine book printing of its day. It they were obtained was John Abbot. is printed on an excellent grade of heavy, Among those who purchased drawings from hand made paper, but t he large type used, the Francillon was Sir James Edward Smith, who wide spacing, the liberal margins, as well as was primarily a botanist and the author of the sparcity of figures on the plates would several works on plants. He was the possessor be considered a needless expense today. Aside of the library and collections of the great from its historical interest its chief value Linnaeus. Besides this he was also one of the lies in the numerous original descriptions founders of the Linnean Society of London. contained therein. It is one of the great Smith not only appreciated the beauty of the rarities in the literature of North American drawings but recognized that these were the entomology. first illustrations to depict the early sta~s Edwin P. Meiners of the insects o~ North America and, therefore, were a real contribution to science. He con­ sequently set about to have certain of these drawings, shOWing the butterflies and moths, This is an appropriate point to emphasize their caterpillars and food plants,published. the fact, noted above by Dr. Meiners, that Ab­ The engraving of the plates, and presum­ bot knew nothing of the publication of this ably the coloring, was done by one, John Har­ book for some years after its appearance and ris (not Moses Harris as stated by some auth­ obviously was not an author of it. Smith gives ors). The authorship of the work is credited him proper credit in the title. Smith, alone, by recent workers to Abbot and Smith jointly, is responsible for all taxonomic material although it is known that Abbot knew nothing therein contained, and there is no valid rea­ about the pUblication until years after its son for crediting new names to "Abbot &: Smith". appearance. Smith made the determinations W.H. Edwards' great book on butterflies con­ and supplied the scientific names. tained many pages of field notes quoted di­ The work consists of two large folio vol­ rectly from David Bruce. The plates were umes containing 104 colored plates illustrat­ drawn by Mary Peart. However, no references ing as many species of butterflies and moths, list the authorship as Edwards, Bruce, and together with their food plants, larvae and Peart. The same reasoning applies to "Abbot chrysalids or pupae. In many instances both &: Smith". In future referenc;es the following sexes of the adult insect are depicted and species should be listed as:Achalarus lycidas sometimes the larvae are shown in several in­ (J.E.Smith), Thorybes bathyllu.s (J.E.Smith), stars. These plates are reproductions of the Sphinx kalmiae J.E.Smith, AT~ntesis placentia original water color drawings made by John Ab­ (J.E.Smith), Isia isabellaJ.E.Smith), Acro­ bot from specimens which he reared and studied. nicta hastulifera (J.E.Smith), Catocala neo­ The method of reproducing these illustrations gama (J.E.Smith), and others. John B. Smith was first to engrave the outlines of the in­ has named many allied species, so it is neces­ sects and plants on copper plates. Impressions sary to give both in~tials. made from these plates were then filled in C.L.R. 44 Vol.II. no.4 RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA Under this heading are listed each month 135. Comstock, John Adams, "Notes on the Early recent papers from all the scientific jour­ Stages of Adelocephala heili~brodti f. hub­ nals, from any part of the world, which are bardi Dyar." Bull. So. Call • Acad. SeT:"";" accessible to us through the library of the ~6: pp.72-77, pls.16,17. 8 Feb. 1948. Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Uni­ Detailed description and beautiful figures versity. Members in countries outside North of 1st and last instar larvae and pupa rear­ America are urged to send us references of ed on Mesquite (Prosopis) from eggs from Lepidoptera papers from journals unavailable Santa Rita Mts., Arizona. to us. Reprints from all members are solici­ 136. Couchman, L.E., "Note on Heaperilla ~­ ted. Papers devoted entirely to economic as­ sotricha plebeia Waterhouse (Lepidoptera­ pects, such as insecticides or accounts of Hesperiidae)." .E.!!E..!f Proc. Roy. Soc. T1§S­ damage to human property, will be omitted. mania, 1946: pp.29-30, 1 pI. 15 Oct. 191-7. Very rare Tasmanian skipper found breeding 129. Beatty, Harry A., "The Insects of st. on Gahnia trifida. Seve taken in very lo­ Croix,l. V.I." Journ.Agric.Univ.puerto Ria-0' cal spot. Neallotype ~ described. Fine vo1.2t): pp.1l4-172. "July-Oct:l9'4fj:Tt(l9 5 photos of both sexes. or later). Lepidoptera list on pp.156-lb3, 137. dos Passos, Cyril F., liThe Eye Colors of with dates for 42 butterflies, 45 macro-, Some Coli as Collected in New Jersey. II Proc. 37 micro-moths. Most determinations by Ent.Soc.Wash. 50: pp.35-38. 27 Feb. 19~ Capps, Clarke, Field, Forbes, Heinrich. Of 9~01ias eurytheme-philodice, 51 had 130. Bryk, Felix, "Neue ostasiatische Aegeri­ black eyes and the other 45 the usual yel­ iden (Lep.). II (In German). Opuscula~­ low-green eyes. Such a condition never be­ mologica (Sweden)~ vol.12: pp.96-109, figs. fore having been reported, it will be desir­ 1-11. 30 June 1947. Describes as new the able for collectors to note the eye color genera: Kemneriella, Leptocimbicina, Entri­ on all living Colias collected and prepare chella, Rectala, Caudicornia, Paranthrenina, statistics on this character in other pla­ and the species: ~. malaiseorum(Burma), ~. ces to compare with the New Jersey record. aurivena(China), ~. pogonias(China), li.~­ The question is whether this black eye col­ liformis(China), Caud. xanthopimpla(Burma), or is hereditary. Paranthrenina iridina(China) and myrmeko­ 138. Downes, W., "The Hibernation of Nympha­ morpha(Burma), Paranthrene pompilus(China), lis californica (Bdv.), the California Tor­ Chimaerosphecia colochelyna, Conopia~­ toIse-shell Butterfly; a Q.uery." Proc.Ent. gera and subtillima(Rurma). Poor photo of Soc.Brit.Columbia, vol.J+4: p.34. 'ib'Fe~ type of each n.sp. except~. pogonias. De­ 1948:-0bserved very large northeasterly scriptions seem very difficult to use, com­ flight on Vancouver Is. May 11, 1946. Sug­ parisons being almost completely lacking. gests californica breeds on mainland, flies Genitalia not studied. Manuscript apparent­ to Vancouver Is. to hibernate, returns to ly hastily assembled, since iridina is lis­ mainland to breed in spring. ted as Paranthrenina on figure and obvious­ 139. Eriksson, Gunnar. "Gotliindska fynd av ly mistakenly as Paranthrene in text. Also, Calymnia diffinis under fu-en 1942-1945." myrmekomorpha is so spelled in text twice (In Swedish). Opuscula Entomologica (Swed­ and as myrmecomorpha on figure (correct en), ·vol.ll: pp.17l-l72, fig. 21 Dec.1946. translation from Greek should be"c",not"k"). 140. Foxlee, Harold R., "Second Supplement to 131. Bryk, Felix, "Catopta brandti m., eine a List of the Heterocera of the Nelson-Rob­ neue Cosside aus Persien. (Lep. Cossidae)." son-Trail District of British Columbia (Le­ (In German). Opuscula Entomologica(Sweden), pidop~er!i)." Proc.Ent.Soc.Brit.Columbia, vol.12:pp.173-l74. 31 Dec.1947. Describes vol.44: p.39. ~Feb. 1948. Adds 6 new re­ ~. brandti(Iran) as new, from 2 ~~. Lists cords. Newelskoia Gr.-Gr. as synonym of Catopta 141. Fukushima, Ichio, "Noctuidae of Microne­ Staud., the latter having slight priority. sia (Lepidoptera)." Mushi (Japan), vol.18: 132. Chermock, F.H. and D.P. Frechin, itA New pp.1-22. pls.1-3. 25-sept. 1947. Lists the Speyeria from Washington." Pan-Pacific Ent., 35 previously recorded spp. Then gives new vol.23: pp.111-112. July 1947. s. cybele notes and records of 63 spp., 37 new ror pugetensis (Belfair, Wash.) described as a Micronesia. none new to science. Hypeninae new race: A melano-suffused population west and some Noctuinae omitted until later pa­ of the Cascade range in Oregon and Washing­ per. Photos of 12 spp. Detailed biblio­ ton. This new name has added prestige in graphy. Collection at Kyushu University. the apparent support of L.P. Grey. A para­ 142. Guppy, Richard. "Some Notes on the Hab­ type series of 400 specimens is the most its of Arzama obliqua on Vancouver Island. extreme point of the flourishing paratype (Lepidoptera:Phalaenidae." Proc.Ent.Soc. trade we have seen recently and reminds us, Brit.Columbia, vol.44: pp.17~ -r6 Feb. by contrast, of a widely-held professional 194TI. Detailed account of life history. view that the only paratypes having any Found B.C. larvae burrowing in stems of significance are topotypes. skunk cabbage (Lysichiton), and pupating 133. Christoffersson, Harry, "Limenitis cam­ under bark of dead trees. illa L. funnen i Sk&ne." (In Swedish)-.-O­ 143. Herbulot. C., "Captures de Geometridae pu8Cula Entomologica (Sweden), vol. 11: P.- dans la region parisienne." (In French). 172, fig. 21 Dec.1946. Rev. frens. Lepid., vol.ll: pp.15-l8. 23 134. Coles, H.J., "Spring Flight of Nymphalis June 19 7. Notes on 7 spp. californica near Nelson, B.C. (Lepidoptera: 144. Judd, W.W., "AcentroIJus niveus Olivier Nymphalidae)." Proc.Ent.Soc.Brit.Columbia, (Lepidoptera: pyralldae at Hamilton, Onta­ vol.h4:p.34. 16""""F';;b.1948-.-More on spring rio." Canadian Ent., vol.79: p.119. "June, migration in B.C. (see Downes, below). 1947" (1948). Over75 taken June l4-July 19. Apr. 1948 THE LEPIDOPl'ERISTS' NEViS 45 RECENT LITEEATURE (cont.) Italian). ElY.Biol.Colon. (Rome), vol. 3: pp.139-144, 2 figs.~O. Larva,pupa, ad­ 145. Kiriakoff, S.G., "Le Cline, une nouvelle ults described - pest of Dominican Republic categorie systematique intraspecifique." sugar cane, mining stalks,bud,eating leaves. Elill. ~ Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vol.S3: pp. Said to be named by Schaus but this needs 130-140. 1947. Develops Huxley's "c11ne" verification. If not true, the embarrass­ concept in relation to Lepidoptera,with P~ ing situation of a describer naming a spe­ nassius phoebus as the example. cies after himself results. 146. Lalanne, - , "Deux nouvelles formes de 155. Sevastopulo. D.G •• "The Early Stages of' Heodes gordius Sulz." (tn French). Rev. Indian Lepidoptera." Journ. Bombay Nat. fr{t9' Lepid., vol.ll: pp.2h-27. 23 June Hist. Soc., vol.47: PP~3. Aug. 1947. 19 7. New race occidentalis from S. France Continuation of long series. Gives notes on and an aberration phlaeoides of the new race. 2 Rhopalocera, 1 Grypocera, 35 Heterocera. 147. Legrand, H., "Symmoca cryptogamorum Mill. 156. Travassos F<:, Lauro, "Notas de Nomencla­ (Gelechiidae) Description de deux formes tura. I. Estado Atual dos Generos Methysia inedites." (In French). Rev.~. LePie., Butler, 1876, e Metamya, Novo Nome para Pa­ vol.ll: pp.l-10, fig.l, pl.l. 23 June 19 7. ramya Druce, 1898 ( Lep.: Ctenuchidae)." TIn Careful discussion of taxonomic aspects of Portuguese). Papeis Avulsos Dent.Zool.Sec. the species, but names 2 new forms which Agr.Brasil. vol.7: pp.257-265. 12 Dec.l94b. are not races as treated, and thus seem Paramya Druce (= Paramya Hampson), a homonym properly unnameable. Fine photos. of a mollusc name,replaced by Metamya Tra­ 148. McGuffin, W.C., "New Descriptions of vassos (type:- Paramya picta Druce). Gives Larvae of Forest Insects: Semiothisa, Dys­ synonymy of Methysia and Metamya and of the migia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae}." Canadi­ 4 spp. in each. Detailed references. an Ent., vol. 79: pp.113-116. "June, 1947" 157. Travassos F9, Lauro, "Redesdriyao de Pe­ TI94BJ. Describes carefully larvae of S. ricopis PiCja (Guerin, 1944)(Lepidoptera sexmaculata (host - Larix) and D. loricaria Pericopidae , Estudo de Suas Fases Cromati­ {host - Populus & Salix}. noting green and cas e Dados Bion6micos." (In Portu/Suese). brown phases of each. Arguiv. Zool. Sao ' Paulo, vo1.5: pp.483-537. 149. Mukerji.Durgadas & Basanta Kumar Behura. 17 pls.(2 col.). ~v. 1947. Redescrip­ "On the Biology of Danaus chrysippus (Lin­ tion of E. picta with account of color pha­ naeus) and its Parasites." ~. Bombay ses and biology. Species highly sexually Nat. Hist. Soc •• vol.47: pp.lll-l14. Aug. dichromatic, the ~ pr.oving to be ~. lucifer. 1947. Detailed notes. Host- Calotropis ~. indecisa also falls as synonym-- one of' gigantea. 2 spp. of flies and 1 of chalcid many ~ forms. ~~ nocturnal, ~~ probe diur­ wasps reared as parasites. nal. Hosts are Compositae. Color plates 150. Munroe. Eugene G., "Further North Ameri­ of ~ and 5 ~ forms. ·A superb paper! can Records of AcentroDus niveus (Lepidop­ 158. Warren, B.C.S., "Some Principles of Clas­ t .era. pyralidae}." Canadian Ent., vol.79: sification in Lepidoptera, with Special Re­ p.120. "June, 1947" {1948}. Gives records f'erence to the Butterflies." The Entomolo­ from New York and 2 counties in ~uebec. g§st. vol.SO: pp.208-211. 235-24I, 262-268, Believes this European species is also na­ 2 0-282. Sept.-Dec. 1947. For summary of tive to N.Am., not an introduction. first two parts, see LEP.NEWS I: 74. The 151. Nordstrom'. Fri thiof. "For svenska faunan final two parts continue the persuasive ar­ nya f j.iiI'ilar j iimte ne.gra andra." (In Swed­ gument for brief. absolute characterizations ish). Opuscula Entomologica (Sweden). vol. of categories above species. Also heavily 12: pp.159-172. 21 figs •• map. 31 Dec.1947. stressed is the value of genitalic defini­ Notes on seve spp. of butterflies and moths tion, with the dos Passos & Grey work on in Sweden. with special emphasis on host Speyeria used as a fine example. Warren plants. Rather good photos of lS app. of states: "In spite of much prejudice against moths. Extensive reference list. this use of' the genitalia. t here is no de­ 152. Palm. Nils-Bertil. "Microlepidoptera.Neu­ nying the advantages. One clearly is that roptera. and Trichoptera from Medelpad and the characters are almost always of a defi­ Norrbotten, Sweden. With descriptions of nite nature. and leave no uncertainty as to some new Tineid species." Opuscula Entomo- what species do, or do not, come under the 10gica(Sweden), vol.12: pp.35-49, figs.1-3. resulting definition. Ambiguity is ruled 30 June 1947. Describes as new: Phthorimaea out. • •• From the work I have done I have atralbella, Kemnerella, Coleophora digite1- no doubt that unmistakable generiC charac­ la{Norrbotten) and Lithocolletis irmella, ters exist in all families, and only require Bryotropha fusconlgratella(Medelpad), all to be looked for." It is unfortunate that from uniques. Figures genitalia of above Warren ignores or discounts the possible and f. marmorea, Blabophanes spilotella and contribution of larval characters to support wing of n.spp. (except~. fusconigratella) classification, perhaps because they are so and f. kiningerella, ~. spilotella. Records little studied for systematic purposes. numerous pyralids, Tortricids, Tineids from The door also seems closed to contributions the two counties. f'rom cytology, genetics, and physiology. 153. Palm. Nils-Bertil. "Cucullla praecana Ev. 159. Wind. Robert G •• "A New Subspecies of Me­ funnen i Norrbotten (Lap. Noctuidae)." (In litea." Pan-Pacific IDli., vol.23: p. 171. Swedish). ~. Ent., vol.12: p.84. 30 Oct.1947. Describes as new M. leanira~­ June 1947. viesi (Calif.). Types in Calif. Acad. Sci. 154. Russo. G., "Un nuovo Plralide:Mabra ~­ No new names in American Melitea or Euphy­ soi Schaus dannesa a11a canna da zucchero dryas can be very significant until long­ ne11a Repubbllca Domlnlcana (Antille)." (In needed generic revisions are published. 46 Vol.II, no.4 NOMENCLATURE NOTES

Since the publication of the comprehen­ L.P. Grey has kindly provided us with sive check-list of the Lepidoptera of America the following inf'ormation on the "Arsynnls"­ north of Mexico in 1938-39, by Dr. J. McDun­ "Brenthis II group, much of it published by dos naugh. there have been numerous chanBes in Passos & Grey, 1945, Am.~.Nov. No.1296:l-28. nomenclature accompanying advancing knowledge. The most recent have been presented in the Subfamily ARGYNNINAE. Distinguished from all Recent Literature section of the NEWS. From other subfamilies of Nymphalidae by the u­ time to time other important changes will be nique "open" (membranous) area of the tegu­ brought to the attention of NEWS readers. men of the ~ genitalia. While the present list almost entirely con­ cerns North AmAri ca. we hope to extend the Tribe ARGYNNIDI. All species have a basally scope in the future. A number of these chan­ (proximally) open aedeagus(of the ~ geni­ ges are presented below. talia). Contains the following genera:

Dryas iUaia, not Colaenis julia. See Michen­ 1. Brenthis Hubner. Entirely Palearctic. e:;., 19 2, Am.~ • .lli2.Y.No.1l97: p.L~. Dryas Note that this genus is not even in Hubn. has 12 years priority and becomes the same tribe as the American Bog Fritil­ necessary name as a result of Hemming's laries (Boloria, etc.) (1934) designation of julia as the genotype. Xramea Reuss. Andes of South America. Michener removes euchroia Dbldy., telesiphe Issoria Hubner. Pale arctic & African. Hew., and phaetusa L. to new genera. Speyeria Scudder. North American. Agraulis vanillae, not Dione vanillae. See Fabriciana Reuss. A large strictly Michener, ibid.: p.5. Agraulis Bdv.& Lec. Palearctic genus. separated from Dione as mono typic genus on 6. Mesoacidalia Reuss. Entirely Palearc­ basis of venation, antennae, claws, and ~ tic (Europe & Asia). genitalia. 7 •• Damora Nordmann. Entirely Palearctic. Agraulis vanillae incarnata (Riley) for spe­ 8 Argynnis Fabricius. (Type - paphia L.) cimens from Mexico, Calif., AriZ., N.Mex., Scopoli's Argyreus has 30 years' prio­ Texas. A. vanillae nigrior Mich. for spe­ rity over Argynnis, but was set aside cimens from Bermuda, I<'lorida, Ga., Ala., by the International Commission in o- Miss., La., Carolinas, etc. See Michener, pinion 11. Entirely European & AsiaticS 1942, Am.~.~. No.1215: pp.6-7. Speci­ 9. Pandoriana Warren. Entirely Pale arctic. mens from Mo., N.Y., Wash., etc. should be 10. Childrena He~ing. Himalayan. checked as to subspecies, since they or 11. Argyreus Scopoli. Himalayan & Indo­ their parents are migrants and do not over­ Australian. winter in these more northern states. Typi­ 12. Argyronome Hubner. palearctic. cal vanillae is from northern South Americn and adjacent localities on the north. The Tribe BOLORIIDI. All species have a basal­ n~ae comstocki Gund., as Michener shows, is ly closed aedeagus. Uncus uniformly bi­ applicable only to the dark aberration and fid. Contains the following genera: does not enter into priority status in no­ menclature. 1. Boloria Moore. (Type - pales Schiff.) Libytheana bachmanii & carinenta, not Lib~thea Holarctic (Europe, Asia, N.America). bacbmanii & carinenta. See Michener, 11+3, This is the name now applied to all the Am.Mus.Nov. No.1232: p.l. Libytheana Mich. North American "Brenthis". Actually erected for all American Libytheidae. As most of its species will probably be Scudder showed long ago, the New World and placed in the following two genera, and Old World species are very different. Liby­ perhaps more. New revisional studies thea is now applicable only to Old World are badly needed. Snout Butterflies. Speyeria, not Argynnis, for all New World 2. Proclossiana Reuss. (Type - eunomia species. See LEP.NEVIS, vol.2: p.5. Esp.) Holarctic. The species general­ Limenitis bredowii, not Heterochroa bredowii. ly called "aphirape" belongs here; the See Carpenter & Hobby, 19J:iOh, Trans .Roy.~. correct name is eunomia. Lond., vol.94: pp.315-322. Heterochroa is a preoccupied name and can never be used 3. Clossiana Reuss. (Type - selene Schif~) here. The species bredowii is considered Holarctic. All American "Brenthis" ex­ as a Limenitis (= Basilarohia), but Lepid­ cept pales and eunomia (= aphirape) be­ opterists who know this species and its lar­ long here, but Grey is certain that it va in the field must question such lumping. is an unnatural assemblage and must be Specimens from Tex., N.Mex., AriZ., Colo., broken up. The "myrina" group is the Kans., are race eulalia; material from Cal­ same species as selene of Europe and if., Ore., Nev., Utah is race californica. must be so listed. The name "bellona" Typical bredowii is in southern Mexico. is a homonym and cannot be used for the CTENUCHIDAE Kirby, not EUCHROMIIDAE, SYNTOMI­ North American species,which thus takes DAE or AMATIDP£. See Travassos, 1935, Mem. the next name- toddi. The American ra­ Inst.Oswaldo Cruz, vol.30: pp.l.j.37-451, and ces formerly referred to chariclea are later papers. Syntomis is a synonym of A­ actually rossicus. Thus we must write mata, as is Glaucopis Hubn., since the lat­ them as: Clossiana rossicus montinus, Q. ter name is a homonym of a bird genus. The rossicus helena, Q.rossicus rainieri,etc. name Ctenuchidae has long priority over Eu­ chromiide.e or Amatidae. C.L.R. • THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS Apr. 1948 47 NOTICES BY MEMBERS BUTTERFLIES & r,lOTHS OF THE HIGH ALPS - All Lepidoptera of the Austrian Tyrol offered. Members are invited to contribute any notices Special rarities are s pecies such as Colias to t his column. There is no cost for this palaeno, Argynnis thore, Erebia glacialIs & service. Unless withdrawn sooner by the mem­ epiphron, Orodemnias quenselii, piusia spp. ber, notices will appear 3 consecutive times. Prices according to Staudinger & Bang-Haas List. Send list now of species desired. Some BELGIAN COtlGO BUTTERFLIES. About 40 named spp. available. Desire in exchange North American material on hand. Extensive collecting plan­ Pap ilionidae (incl. Parnassius) and Pieridae, ned for the coming season. in papers. S.G. Kirlakoff, 14 Universiteits­ Dr. H. Wilcke, KOssen/Tyrol, Nr.199, AUSTRIA. etraat, Ghent, BELGIUM. Mr. Heinz Jensen, 54 Hyltebjerg Alle,Vanlose, Copenhagen, DENMARK, wishes correspondence EXOTIC AND LOCAL LEPIDOPTERA & I N SEC~A- Buy with U.S.A. Lepidopterists, especially in the and sell. Exchange in some genera. I have Southeast. He is willing to collect any contacts in remote regions in various coun­ Scandinavian Lepidoptera and is interested in tries. Will supply material for specialists exchanging books and journals on Lepidoptera. or artwork or for general collections and mu­ eeums by arrangement. R.F. Sternitzky, Star Can offer Callosamia angulifera, Citheronia Route, Laytonville, Mendocino Co •.' Calif. re~alis, etc. for uncommon Sphlng1dae and ea ocala needed for my collection. A very Will exchange up to 300 Ward's insect pins large set of duplicates of commoner Lepidop­ size No.1, for equal quantity of N0.3, Ward's tera available in exchange for commoner spe­ or European pins of comp arable quality. Rich­ cies from elsewhere. C.W. Baker, P.O. Box ard Guppy, R.R.l,Marine Drive,Wellington,B.C. 455, Waynesburg, Ohio. M.E.Janmoulle, 2 rue Ernotto, Watermael, BEL­ RHO?ALOCERA AND ZYGAENIDAE OF SOUTHERN FRANCE Glm.1, will be pleased to help Lep.Soc. mem­ offered in exchange for North American Rhopa­ bers obtain Belgian Microlepidop tera on an locera, Zygaenidae (including Procris : Ino), exchange basis. etc. Write in English. F. Dujardln, 25-rtie WANTED: Tingidae ("Lace Bugs") of V;lorld in Guiglia, Nice (A.M.), FRANCE. alcohol. Give name of plant host and as much other ecological detail as possible. Will FOR SALE- One of largest remaining private collect in exchange any local Lepidoptera (or collections of Palearctic Macrolepidoptera, other insects) you specify. N.S. Bailey, 16 containing more than 66,000 specimens in Neponset Ave., Hyde Park 36, Mass. about 10,000 determined species and forms, including 1,374 holo-, allo- and co-types. WANTED: Papilionidae from any part of the From all parts of Europe & Asia. Material world. Best prices paid for rare species. mounted in 122 drawers & some other boxes. Robert G. Wind,Rt.l, Box 145, Livermore, Cal. "No shipping difficulties will be encounter­ ed." Also for sale is a reprint libraryon PHALAENIDAE (Noctuidae), NOTODONTIDAE, SPIIING­ Lepidoptera containing 1400 papers. For I~AE of U.S. & Canada wanted in exchange for detailed lists of the collection and li­ these families of New Jersey Pine Barrens ~. Will collect in limited numbers in these and brary, write: Dr. H. Bytinski-Salz, 16 tas­ other families of Lepidoptera for exchange or salle Street, Tel Aviv, PALESTINE. sale. Correspondence invited. J.W. Cadbury 3rd, Spung Hollow, R.D.# 1, Pemberton, N.J. LIVING MATERIAL AVAILABLE ~

Would like to corresDond with collectors in­ The N~#S will welcome espeCially notices con­ terested in Speyeria· and oSaturniidae. Have cerning the exchange or sale of Lepidoptera good exchange 1'0r these,needed for my collec­ eggs, larvae, and pupae, hoping to revive the tion. E.J.Frederick, 5508 E.Gage, Bell,Calif. old interest in rearing and to re-emphasize the importance of studying the immature stag­ FOR SALE: Boloria, Oeneis, & Erebia from the os. Contributors are urged to include accur­ Far North. R.J. Fitch, Rivercourse P.O. via ate locality data with all material sent. Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, CANADA : "TRANSPAR MOUNTS": The material for starting Eggs of Catocala herodias (food-plants Quer­ a collection in Transpar Mounts is available ~ ~ and some other oaks)- While availa­ in the "Transpar Mount Butterfly Collec·tion ble, will give some to those interested in Kit". This contains 116 mounts of all sizes, rearing. Would fP prec1ate eggs of any Cato­ five display panels and tools; price $32.50. cala which feed on Crataegus or other rare Additional packages of mounts and individual Catocala with food-plants available in N.Y. display panels can be ordered separately. City area. If none now, can ~ou obtain eggs Further information on request. Otto Acker­ of Crataegus (Hawthorn)feeders this coming mann, 639 Walnut street, Irwin, Pa. season? S.A. Hessel, 8 Woodmere Blvd., Wood­ mere, L.I., N.Y. BRAZIL MACROLEPIDOPTERA offered in exchange for North American Papilios and Saturniidae. LIVING PUPAE CATOCALA A}ffiSTRIS & C. ILLECTA Will gladly collect Noctuldae and Geometri­ available, May only. Also undetermined pu­ dae for exchange. H.R. Pearson, Postal Box pae from Crataegus or Suercus. L.H. Brid­ 5151, Rio de Janeiro, D.F., BRAZIL. well, Box 4lh Forestbourg, Texas. 48 • Vol.II, no.4 Supplement to the BOARD OF SPECIALISTS: TABLE OF CONTENTS AFRICA: Lycaenidae •••••••••••••• H. Stempffer Lepidoptera Biology, Open for study Lab. d'Entomologie du Museum (Editorial} ••••••••• 37 45 bis, rue de Burfon Principles of Taxonomy - II •••••••••••••• ~8 Paris (56), FRANCE Definitions of Terms ••••••••••••••••••••••• 38 Ecological Races by S.G. Kiriakoff ••••••••• 39 (See p.10 for the rest of the Board.) Biography of G.H.French by E.P. Meiners •••• 40 Cri tics &. Criticisms by C.F. dos Passos ••••• lt1 General Notes •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 42 Professor F.M. Carpenter.. inform~ us that Evans: Winter Butterflies in Calif. he has recently learned, from an apparently Henne: More Notes on Calif. Winter Moths dependable source, that virtually the entire Fine Literature Available •••••••••••••••••• 42 collection of fossil insects embedded in Bal­ Lepidopterology in Argentina ••••••••••••••• 42 tic Amber, at the museum in Konigsberg, East Review of Smith's Lepidoptera of Georgia Prussia, was destroyed when that city was se­ by E.P. Meiners •••••••••••••• 43. verely bombed during the recent war. Nomenclature Notes ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4b Recent Literature on Lepidoptera •••••••• 44-45 ~ ~ Notices by Members ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 47 We have learned with regret of the pass­ Miscellany and Special Notices •••••••••• 40,1+8 ing, on 29 December 1947, of Dr. A. Jefferis New Members •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 48 Turner. Dr. Turner was the dean 0 f Australi­ an Lepidopterists. He specialized in the lower moths. His conception of the classifi­ NEW MEMBERS BEFORE MARCH 25th cation of the Lepidoptera, based on his life­ long studies, was published near the time of Adler,Julius, 407 Oak St.,Grand Forks, N.D. his passing and will be summarized in an ear­ Bock, Theodore, 70 Ehrman Ave., Cincinnati ly issue of the NEWS. Dr. Turner was pre­ 20, Ohio. sented with a gift membership in the Lep.Soc., Buxbaum, Paul, 360 Central Park West, New but the notification did not reach Australia York 25, N.Y. until after his death. Cadbury, John W.,3rd, Spung Hollow, R.D. 1, Pemberton, New Jerse1. ~ ~ Candidus, Edward s., 1846 New York Ave., Rudolf Ktimmert of Germany has sent an ap­ Brooklyn 10, N.Y. peal for rearing material, especially of Sat­ Cross, Frank C., 9413 Second Ave., Silver urniidae. He states that newly laid eggs sent Spring, Md. by airmail will be received before hatching. French, E.W., Beta Phi Fraternity, Rhode Is­ He requests species whose foodplants are in land State College, Kingston, R.I. Germany: Callosamia angulifera,promethea,Pla­ Jensen, Heinz, Hyltebjerg AIle 54, Vanlose, tysamia euryale,cecropia,Samia walkeri,Eacles Copenhagen, DENMARK. imuerialis, Automeris 12, Actias luna, ~ Kostreva, Samuel, Jr., 317 E. Boulder st., polyphemus, Citheronia regalis. Herr Ktimmert Colorado Springs, Colo. will send German material in exchange if pos­ McCabe, D.T., 58 Thackeray Rd., Wellesley sible. Members who correspond in German should Hills 82, Mass. write him at:(lOb) Wurzen/Sachsen, Dresdner­ Miller. H.C., 222 N. Collingwood Ave., Syra­ strasse 44, Deutschland/Russische Zone. cuse 6. N.Y. Newman, J.E., Woodlawn, Carroll County, Va • Ramos, J.A., BioI. Dept., College of Agric. & Mr. dos Passos has• kindly provided us with Mech.Arts, Mayaguez, PUERTO RICO. several copies of his paper on Colias eye co­ Riesland, LeRoy G., 111 Warner st., Sedro lors (see Recent Lit.). These will be sent, Woolley, Wash. while they last, to Lep.Soc. members who send Schryver, C.D. 1~561 Wolff st., Denver, Colo. a request to the Lep.Soc. office. Members in Torre y Callejas, Dr. S.L. de la, Playa 75 1;2, the U.S.A. please send 5¢ postage. Those who Matanzas, CUBA. investigate this eye color question in their ~~ * * own regions are invited to send results to CHANGES QE ADDRESS: Beebe, Ralph, 4169 Tenth the NEWS. St., Ecorse 29, Mich. Sternitzky, R.F., Monte Vista Cabins, Star Rt., Laytonville, Mendocino Co., Calif. A member of the Lepidopterists' Society who has collected extensively throughout DECEASED: Dr. A.J.* Turner, * AUSTRALIA. * New England, the Southeast, the Sierras, Rockies, Tetons, and Alaska, now wishes to dispose of an entire collection of but­ THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' ~vs is the monthly terflies in order to devote full time and periodical of The Lepidopterists' Society. cabinet space to research on moths. This Membership is open to anyone interested in member wishes to present the collection to the study of butterflies &. moths. The 1948 a Lepidopterist who needs material for se­ dues, including subscription to the NEWS, are rious taxonomic research. All specimens $1.50 for Regular Members and $3.00 or more are mounted and carefully labeled. Persons for Sustaining Members. Please make remit­ interested in obtaining this study collec­ tances payable to: Charles L. Remington. tion should write to the NEWS editor. Address all Society correspondence to: P.O. Box 104, Cambrid~e 38, Mass., U.S.A.