DOCSLIB.ORG

Zambia National Health Strategic Plan 2017 – 2021

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Zambia National Health Strategic Plan 2017 – 2021 ZAMBIA NATIONAL HEALTH STRATEGIC PLAN 2017 – 2021 .Contents Acronyms ................................................................................................. vii 1. Executive Summary ........................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Health Sector Performance ........................................................................ 1 1.2.1 Health Service Delivery ................................................................. 1 1.2.2 Human Resources for Heath ....................................................... 1 1.2.3 Infrastructure Development ......................................................... 2 1.2.4 Drugs and Medical Supplies .......................................................... 2 1.2.5 Health Care Financing ................................................................... 2 1.2.6 Health Information ......................................................................... 2 1.3 Strategic Direction ....................................................................................... 2 1.4 Strategic Framework .................................................................................... 3 1.5 Implementation Framework ....................................................................... 3 1.6 Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) .............................................................. 3 1.7 Required Financial Resources .................................................................... 4 2. Introduction ........................................................................................ 5 2.1 Country Background .................................................................................... 5 2.2 Achievements and Challenges of the Health Sector Strategic Plan .................................................................................................................. 5 2.3 Disease Burden ............................................................................................. 7 2.4 Health Sector Strategic Programmed Approach .................................... 8 2.5 Socio-economic Determinants of Health ................................................ 9 2.6 The National Health System .................................................................... 10 3. Vision, Mission, Overall Goal, Principles and Priorities ............... 13 4. Health Service Delivery System ..................................................... 15 4.1 Primary Health Care and Community Health ...................................... 15 4.2 Reproductive, Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Health and Nutrition ....................................................................................................... 19 4.2.1 Reproductive and Maternal Health ........................................... 19 4.2.2 Child Health ................................................................................... 22 4.2.3 Nutrition ........................................................................................ 24 4.2.4 Adolescent Health ........................................................................ 27 4.3 Communicable Diseases ........................................................................... 28 4.3.1 General Introduction ................................................................... 28 4.3.2 Malaria ............................................................................................. 28 4.3.3 HIV/AIDS ........................................................................................ 31 4.3.4 Sexually Transmitted Infections ................................................. 33 4.3.5 TB..................................................................................................... 34 4.3.6 Viral Hepatitis ................................................................................ 36 4.3.7 Neglected Tropical Diseases ...................................................... 36 4.4 Public Health Surveillance and Disease Intelligence ............................ 38 4.5 Epidemic Preparedness and Response, and Emerging Issues ............. 40 4.6 Non-Communicable Diseases .................................................................. 42 4.7 Hospital Services ......................................................................................... 44 i 4.7.1 Surgical, Obstetric, and Anesthesia Services .......................... 46 4.7.2 Eye Health Services ...................................................................... 47 4.7.3 Paediatric Services ........................................................................ 48 4.7.4 Renal Health Services .................................................................. 49 4.8 Emergency and Mobile Health Services ................................................. 50 4.9 Diagnostic Services ..................................................................................... 51 4.10 Imaging Services .......................................................................................... 54 4.11 Blood Transfusion Services ....................................................................... 56 4.12 Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Services .................................................. 58 4.13 Nursing and Midwifery Services .............................................................. 59 4.14 Pharmaceuticals and Medical Supplies .................................................... 61 5. Integrated Health Service Support Systems................................. 65 5.1 Leadership and Governance ..................................................................... 65 5.2 HRH ............................................................................................................... 71 5.3 Health Care Financing ................................................................................ 75 5.4 Health Information Technology and Research ..................................... 79 5.5 Infrastructure, Equipment and Transport .............................................. 80 5.6 Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation.......................................... 82 5.6.1 Legal, Policy and Regulatory Framework ................................. 82 5.6.2 Institutional Framework .............................................................. 83 5.6.3 Key Sector Partners ..................................................................... 84 5.6.4 Planning, budgeting, and capacity building ............................... 85 6. Costing of the NHSP ........................................................................ 87 6.1 Overview ...................................................................................................... 87 6.2 Total NHPS Costs by Major Health Systems Input Components ................................................................................................ 90 7. Key Performance Indicators ........................................................... 93 7.1 Reproductive, Maternal, Neo-natal, Child Health, Nutrition, and Adolescent Health .............................................................................. 93 7.2 Malaria ........................................................................................................... 97 7.3 HIV/AIDS ...................................................................................................... 98 7.4 Tuberculosis ............................................................................................... 100 7.5 Neglected Tropical Diseases .................................................................. 101 7.6 Public Health Surveillance ....................................................................... 102 7.7 Epidemic Preparedness and Response and Emerging Issues ............ 103 7.8 Non-Communicable Diseases ................................................................ 104 7.9 Hospital Services ....................................................................................... 106 7.10 Eye Health .................................................................................................. 107 7.11 Emergency and Mobile Health Services ............................................... 107 7.12 Imaging Services ........................................................................................ 108 7.13 Blood Transfusion Services ..................................................................... 108 7.14 Laboratory Services .................................................................................. 109 7.15 Environmental Health, Food Safety, and Occupational Health ....... 111 7.16 Human Resources..................................................................................... 112 7.17 Health Care Financing Strategy .............................................................. 112 7.18 Health Information Technology and Research ................................... 113 7.19 Health Infrastructure ............................................................................... 113 ii Foreword Despite progress made in reducing maternal and child mortality rates, Zambia remains a country with a high disease burden which is under significant pressure to improve the health status of the people. This plan identifies strategies to significantly reduce the disease burden and accelerate the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals. The plan is a major departure from the past strategic plans. While the plan recognizes that all health care interventions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mapping Maternal Health Advocacy a CASE STUDY of ZAMBIA TABLE of CONTENTS
    2012 Basil Safi, Courtesy of Photoshare Mapping Maternal Health Advocacy A CASE STUDY OF ZAMBIA TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 3 II. MATERNAL HEALTH IN ZAMBIA 4 III. THE MATERNAL HEALTH POLICY ENVIRONMENT 5 IV. MATERNAL HEALTH ADVOCACY STAKEHOLDERS 6 V. ADVOCACY GOALS, MESSAGES, AND DISSEMINATION STRATEGIES 9 VI. OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND PRIORITIES 11 VII. THE PRIVATE SECTOR AND MATERNAL HEALTH 12 VIII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY 15 List of Boxes BOX 1: FAMILY CARE INTERNATIONAL’S (FCI’s) MATERNAL HEALTH ADVOCACY MAPPING 3 BOX 2: KEY GUIDELINES, CURRICULA, AND FRAMEWORKS FOR MATERNAL HEALTH 5 BOX 3: A MISSED OPPORTUNITY 12 List of Tables TABLE 1: KEY MATERNAL HEALTH INDICATORS FOR ZAMBIA 4 TABLE 2: ZAMBIA’s NATIONAL, REGIONAL, AND INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS 7 TABLE 3: MAP OF MATERNAL HEALTH ADVOCACY STAKEHOLDERS 8 TABLE 4: MESSAGES AND TARGETS FOR MATERNAL HEALTH ADVOCACY 10 TABLE 5: KEY PRIVATE-SECTOR STAKEHOLDERS 13 © Family Care International, 2013. Edited by Beth Anne Pratt, Global Health Insights. This briefing paper is a summary of a full report Mapping Maternal Health Advocacy: A Case Study of Zambia, based on research by Beth Anne Pratt. This initiative was supported by a grant from Merck, through its Merck for Mothers Program. I. INTRODUCTION © 2006 Jarrett Cassaniti, Courtesy of Photoshare In 2000, the adoption of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) marked the beginning of a renewed global commitment to improving the social and economic well-being of the world’s population [1]. Of the eight goals, MDG 5 (Improve Maternal Health) is directly relevant to maternal health; a number of other MDGs, including those focusing on education (Goal 2), gender equality (Goal 3), child mortality (Goal 4), and HIV/ AIDS (Goal 6), also have an impact on maternal health and well-being.
    [Show full text]
  • HIV and AIDS Programs
    Draft Working Paper HIV and AIDS programs How they support health system strengthening Carlos Avila, UNAIDS Geneva Natalie Menser, Department of International Health, Georgetown University William McGreevey, Department of International Health, Georgetown University, and aids2031 Costs and Financing Project Draft Working Paper Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 7 A General Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 7 HIV/AIDS in 8 Initial Compact Countries ......................................................................................................... 11 Donors and HSS ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 Evidence of HSS in the Eight Initial Compact Countries ........................................................................... 19 A Worldwide Response ........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Situation Assessment of the HIV Response Among Young People in Zambia
    Situation Assessment of the HIV Response among Young People in Zambia Situation Assessment of the HIV Response among Young People in Zambia Samuel Kalibala and Drosin Mulenga Population Council UNAIDS, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, is an innovative United Nations partnership that leads and inspires the world in achieving universal access to HIV prevention treatment care and support. UNAIDS brings together the resources of the UNAIDS Secretariat and 10 UN system organizations for coordinated and accountable efforts to unite the world against AIDS. Learn more at www.unaids.org The Population Council conducts research worldwide to improve policies, programmes, and products in three areas: HIV and AIDS; poverty, gender, and youth; and reproductive health. www.popcouncil.org Suggested citation: Kalibala, Samuel and Drosin Mulenga. 2011. “Situation assessment of the HIV response among young people in Zambia.” Geneva: UNAIDS. Published in June 2011. Copyright ©2011 UNAIDS. Photo credit on cover: Julie Denison. ©Population Council. TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii EXECUTIVE SUmmary 1 INTRODUCTION 9 Problem Statement and Rationale 9 Purpose 9 OBJECTIVES 10 General Objective 10 Specific Objectives 10 METHODOLOGY 11 Literature Review 11 Inception Meeting 11 Key Informant Interviews 12 Focus Group Discussions 12 Content of Interviews 13 Data Analysis 13 Data Interpretation Meeting 13 Limitations 13 Working Definition of Young People 14 RESULTS 15 Current Situation of HIV among Young People 15 Policy Environment
    [Show full text]
  • Young Males' Perceptions and Use of Reproductive Health Services In
    Young Males’ Perceptions and Use of Reproductive Health Services in Lusaka, Zambia Chilobe Muloba Kambikambi Student number: 2522442 A mini-thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Public Health in the School of Public Health, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape Supervisor: Dr Brian Van Wyk 27 October 2014 ii Abstract Background Male adolescent‘s needs, behaviours and expectation s are unique due to the influence of social constructions of masculinity. These behaviours and expectations have an effect on their health seeking behavior. The routine health services are generally not organized to provide the services that can meet the needs of male adolescents. The aim of this study was to describe the health seeking behaviours, knowledge about the available services, as well as experiences, and barriers to access and utilization of the reproductive health services among male adolescents in Lusaka. Study design A descriptive, qualitative study was conducted among male adolescents in a peri-urban setting in Lusaka. Four focus group discussions were conducted with 46 adolescents aged between 13 and 24 years of age, and six key informant interviews. Data was audio-tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was done. Results Health concerns were related to the social, psychological, societal and puberty needs of participants. Concerns, questions and queries about masturbation were common, especially among the younger adolescents. Most problems related to puberty and body changes rather than sexual and reproductive health matters per se. Knowledge about the available sexual and reproductive health services was generally low, with some young men being completely unaware of the existence of youth friendly services at the local clinic.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovation in Health Service Delivery: Integrating Community Health Assistants Into the Health System at District Level in Zambia
    http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in BMC Health Services Research. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Zulu, J., Hurtig, A., Kinsman, J., Michelo, C. (2015) Innovation in health service delivery: integrating community health assistants into the health system at district level in Zambia. BMC Health Services Research, 15: 38 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-015-0696-4 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100290 Zulu et al. BMC Health Services Research (2015) 15:38 DOI 10.1186/s12913-015-0696-4 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Innovation in health service delivery: integrating community health assistants into the health system at district level in Zambia Joseph Mumba Zulu1,2*, Anna-Karin Hurtig2, John Kinsman2 and Charles Michelo1 Abstract Background: To address the huge human resources for health gap in Zambia, the Ministry of Health launched the National Community Health Assistant Strategy in 2010. The strategy aims to integrate community-based health workers into the health system by creating a new group of workers, called community health assistants (CHAs). However, literature suggests that the integration process of national community-based health worker programmes into health systems has not been optimal. Conceptually informed by the diffusion of innovations theory, this paper qualitatively aimed to explore the factors that shaped the acceptability and adoption of CHAs into the health system at district level in Zambia during the pilot phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2018 Contents Message from Leadership
    annual report 2018 Contents message from leadership . 2 how we work . 4 our values . 6 where we work . 8 hiv/AIDS . 10 universal health coverage . 18 malaria . 26 maternal, newborn, and reproductive health . 32 diarrhea and pneumonia . 40 vaccines . 46 tuberculosis . 50 hepatitis . 54 nutrition . 60 cancer . 66 financials . 72 acknowledgements . 75 our leadership team . 76 board of directors . 76 image, front cover: boys laugh and pose outside a village madhya pradesh, india image, opposite: workers collect samples of malaria-carrying anopheles mosquitos guna yala comarca, panama message from leadership Every human life is sacred. Every child, regardless an eye toward universal health coverage. And, we of their place of birth or their family’s financial are supporting them to tackle non-communicable circumstances, deserves to have the opportunity diseases including cancer, a growing issue in many to fulfill his or her potential free from premature low-income countries. death or debilitating disease. Good-quality national CHAI’s strategy is defined by our approach to health systems that can accomplish these goals are accomplishing our mission. We take on large, essential to lift people from poverty. These are the ambitious projects that will have a major impact beliefs that motivate CHAI and our people. in saving lives. We do not deliver health services In 2018, CHAI grew almost 20 percent. We are ourselves. We believe the best way to create on track to do the same in 2019; increasing the large scale sustainable programs is to improve contribution to our mission of saving lives, reducing government and local private health delivery the burden of disease, and strengthening health systems so that the programs can continue long systems in low- and middle-income countries.
    [Show full text]
  • Tilburg University Psychosocial Functioning in Individuals Living with Diabetes Mellitus in Zambia Hapunda, G
    Tilburg University Psychosocial functioning in individuals living with Diabetes Mellitus in Zambia Hapunda, G. Publication date: 2015 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication in Tilburg University Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Hapunda, G. (2015). Psychosocial functioning in individuals living with Diabetes Mellitus in Zambia. Ridderprint. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 02. okt. 2021 Psychosocial Functioning in Individuals Living with Diabetes Mellitus in Zambia Given Hapunda Psychosocial Functioning in Individuals Living with Diabetes Mellitus in Zambia ©2015, G. Hapunda, The Netherlands All rights reserved: No part of this thesis may be reprodcued, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the written permission from the author, or when appropriate, from the publishers of the publications. Cover: Remco Wetzel,The Netherlands (www.remcowetzels.nl) Lay-out: Ridderprint BV, Ridderkerk, The Netherlands Printed by: Riderprint BV, Ridderkerk, The Netherlands Financial support by the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development/Jacobs Foundation Mentored Fellowship and the University of Zambia is gratefully acknowledged.
    [Show full text]
  • UNAIDS Background Paper the ROLE of MICROFINANCE
    UNAIDS Background Paper THE ROLE OF MICROFINANCE IN THE FIGHT AGAINST HIV/AIDS A report to The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) Submitted by Joan Parker (Team Leader) Ira Singh Kelly Hattel Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) Bethesda, Maryland, USA 15 September 2000 Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to the 35 microfinance institutions who participated in discussions about microfinance and HIV/AIDS during the summer of 2000. These institutions have opened the door to frank and open discussions about the meaning of HIV/AIDS for microfinance institutions and their clients, and pointed the way for initial action. Thanks go to Anita Alban of UNAIDS, for her insights and candour on this issue. The report also benefited from the excellent advice from USAID’s Paurvi Bhatt and UNDP’s Benjamin Quinones, Jr., who reviewed drafts of this document. Finally, the authors appreciated the constant support of John Jepsen, who smoothed the way throughout. i Table of contents Introduction 1 Microfinance in the AIDS context 1 An expanded role for microfinance? 2 Leaders in innovation 3 Examples of innovation 3 FINCA/Uganda 4 Opportunity International 5 The limits of microfinance actions 6 Who can assume leadership? 6 A note on the appendices 7 Appendix A: A description of the UNAIDS survey 9 Appendix B: Initiatives in HIV/AIDS education and prevention 11 Appendix C: Financ ial product innovations 17 Appendix D: Preliminary findings from USAID survey 22 Appendix E: List of references 24 MAP 1: Location of UNAIDS survey participants 10 MAP 2: Current and/or planned HIV/AIDS education activities 12 MAP 3: Current and/or planned insurance products/services 18 Abbreviations and translations ACOMB Association pour Auto-promotion Communautés Base (Association for Community-Based Self-Empowerment) AIG American International Group BSF Belgian Survival Fund CETZAM Christian Enterprise Trust of Zambia CRO Child Restoration Outreach CRS Catholic Relief Services DAI Develoment Alternatives, Inc.
    [Show full text]
  • Maternal Health in Rural Zambia
    MATERNAL HEALTH IN RURAL ZAMBIA: CHALLENGES IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION by Callie H. Kanim A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the University of Delaware in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Public Administration Summer 2018 © 2018 Callie H. Kanim All Rights Reserved MATERNAL HEALTH IN RURAL ZAMBIA: CHALLENGES IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION by Callie H. Kanim Approved: __________________________________________________________ Wunyabari Maloba, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Minion Morrison, Ph.D. Professor in charge of thesis on behalf of the Advisory Committee Approved: __________________________________________________________ Maria P. Aristigueta, D.P.A Director of the School of Public Policy and Administration Approved: __________________________________________________________ George H. Watson, Ph.D. Dean of the College of Arts & Sciences Approved: __________________________________________________________ Ann L. Ardis, Ph.D. Senior Vice Provost for Graduate and Professional Education ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor and mentor, Dr. Wunyabari Maloba, for his endless encouragement and his confidence in me throughout this thesis process. I would also like to thank the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. KC Morrison, co-advisor, and Dr. Kathleen Turkel, for their patience and support for this rather daunting project. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF
    [Show full text]
  • Case Study: Lusaka District Health Office, Zambia
    Learning from international experience on approaches to community power, participation and decision-making in health. Case Study: Lusaka district health office, Zambia Key features: This case study of work by the Lusaka District Health Office tells the story of sustained participatory approaches used since 2005 in urban Lusaka on participatory priority setting, planning, budgeting and health action by communities and frontline health workers on local health committees and on community health literacy that is now scaling up to national level. Features of the work that could potentially be adapted elsewhere, include The use of participatory reflection and action (PRA) approaches to organise community experience, analysis and action in health literacy and in mechanisms for dialogue between communities and health workers. Facilitating PRA in health committees for joint community and service planning and action. Building joint health services and community identification of needs and actions, with support for voluntary community roles and for community champions and voice to sustain the process. The work has sustained and spread due to various factors, including the social power and confidence built within communities from the PRA processes; a horizontal, rather than top down, spread; facilitating participation mechanisms involving elected community members and frontline health workers; providing forums for wider sharing of experience across localities; accessible online reporting of the work; and a committed leadership able to sustain and advance the processes. Introduction to the site and its practices: The Zambia government has had a commitment post 1990 to participation of stakeholders, including local communities, in health service planning and delivery. Sustained participatory approaches have been used in Lusaka urban, institutionalized to national level.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2020
    2020 YEAR IN REVIEW TableofCONTENTS Abbreviations 4 Amref Health Africa at a Glance 9 Message from the Chair, International Board 11 Message from the Group CEO 13 Executive Summary 15 Project Highlights 18 Our Covid-19 Response in Africa 22 Research, Advocacy and Policy Development 23 Capacity Building for Health Workers 24 Supporting Workplaces to ensure Continuity of Economic Activity 24 Supporting flow of Goods and Continuity of Trade between Countries 25 Mobilising and Distributing PPE to Protect Health Workers 25 Water, Sanitation, Hygiene-Infection Prevention and Control (WASH-IPC) 26 Service Delivery 26 Programme Activities 28 Human Resources for Health (HRH) 28 Innovative Health Services and Solutions 35 Investments in Health 48 Crosscutting Themes 53 Policy and Advocacy 53 Research and Innovations 58 Gender and Inclusion 62 Our Subsidiaries 66 Amref Enterprises Limited (AEL) 66 Amref Flying Doctors (AFD) 68 Amref International University (AMIU) 70 Our International Board 72 Our Leadership 72 Our Offices 74 Financial Report 76 ABBREVIATIONS AAC Advocacy Accelerator ACHEST African Centre for Health and Social Transformation AEL Amref Enterprises Limited AHAIC Africa Health Agenda International Conference AMCOA Association of Medical Councils of Africa AMIU Amref International University ANC Antenatal Care ARP Alternative Rite of Passage ASRHR Adolescent, Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights AT Assistive Technology ATM Automated Teller Machine ATSM Automated Tuberculosis Screening Machine AWDF African Women’s Development Fund
    [Show full text]
  • Shock to the System: Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission of HIV and Child Mortality ∗
    Shock to the System: Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV and Child Mortality ∗ Nicholas Wilson First Draft: May 2012 Current Version: July 2013 Abstract This paper examines the effect of introducing a new HIV/AIDS service, prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT), on overall quality of prenatal and postnatal care. My results suggest that local PMTCT introduction in Zambia may have actually in- creased all cause child mortality in the short term. There is some evidence that vaccinations may have declined in the short term in association with local PMTCT introduction, suggesting that the new service may have partly crowded out existing pediatric health services. JEL classification: H40; I10; J13 Keywords: child mortality; HIV/AIDS; HIV prevention; PMTCT; Zambia ∗Nicholas Wilson: Department of Economics, Reed College, [email protected]. I would like to thank Eran Bendavid, Marianne Bitler, Alfredo Burlando, Raluca Buzdugan, Christopher Carpenter, Joseph Cummins, Carlos Dobkin, William Dow, Pascaline Dupas, Frederico Finan, G¨unther Fink, Emmanuela Gakidou, Paul Gertler, Erick Gong, Laura Guay, Gianmarco Le´on,Ethan Ligon, Jeremy Magruder, Zo¨eMcClaren, Sandra McCoy, Edward Miguel, Christopher Murray, Nancy Padian, Bei Qin, Jonathon Robinson, David Sahn, Lucie Schmidt, T. Paul Schultz, Man- isha Shah, Lara Shore-Sheppard, Jeffrey Stringer, Anand Swamy, Harsha Thirumurthy, Waly Wane, Tara Watson, David Weil, and seminar participants at the XIX International AIDS Conference in Washington, DC, the NBER Africa Project
    [Show full text]