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The Trento Law and Technology Research Group Student Paper N 4 The Trento Law and Technology Research Group Student Paper n. 23 LA GESTIONE DELLA PROPRIETÀ INTELLETTUALE NELLE UNIVERSITÀ AUSTRALIANE. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITIES. MARIA OTTAVIA CHIARUTTINI ISBN: 978-88-8443-626-9 COPYRIGHT © 2015 MARIA OTTAVIA CHIARUTTINI This paper can be downloaded without charge at: The Trento Law and Technology Research Group Student Papers Series Index http://www.lawtech.jus.unitn.it Eprints: http://eprints.biblio.unitn.it/archive/4453 Questo paper © Copyright 2015 by Maria Ottavia Chiaruttini è pubblicato con Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non commerciale-Non opere derivate 2.5 Italia License. Maggiori informazioni circa la licenza all’URL: <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.5/it/> 2 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT IN AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITIES. ABSTRACT Despite the majority of academic research results are available regarding conferences, seminars and publications in order to promote the community’s economic and cultural growth, it is not possible to ignore the phenomenon of research commercialisation. Traditionally universities have always had two principle missions: teaching and research. Lately, a third mission has begun to evolve, involving universities and the transfer of knowledge from the academic reality to the industrial and entrepreneurial one. Theoretically the aim is to shorten the distance between basic research and applied research. Yet, in practice, the result is often to the contrary because of public funding cuts. Universities are, therefore, encouraged to profit from research commercialisation instead of considering the innovative potential of research results. The focus of this thesis is on the management of intellectual property rights in connection with this new universities’ third mission. The topic has been developed investigating the Australian university system. The first chapter is about the history of the commercialisation of research results. In particular, after a brief examination of the three universities’ missions and the surfacing of a new academic model with strong entrepreneurial features, are discussed the origins of the third stream activities in Australia. This phenomenon has been analysed and taken from the US university system. The second chapter is about the relationship between intellectual property and knowledge transfer. The first paragraph identifies the intellectual property rights involved in knowledge transfer processes; then the analysis shifts to the ownership of these rights; finally the most common tools used to make the most out of research results have been identified. The first part of the third chapter contains a review of the Australian landmark cases regarding the ownership of intellectual property rights on 3 materials and inventions made by university employees. Effectively this is the most critical issue in the Australian system. In the second part are sited some practical cases which demonstrate the importance of the commercialisation of research made by Australian universities and research centres. To conclude, I have discussed how a legislator could outline the borders of Australian universities’ statutory regulation without limiting the universities’ independence and, at the same time, giving them the necessary conditions to strengthen their contractual power on the ownership of intellectual property rights on inventions and materials protected by copyright. Without a clear legislative act, the allocation of intellectual property rights inside Australian universities today is left to university policies while the most powerful tools to regulate technology transfer processes are stipulated in contracts. KEYWORDS Knowledge Transfer, Research Commercialisation, Intellectual Property, Patents, Spin-off. About the Author Maria Ottavia Chiaruttini (e-mail [email protected]) graduated in Law at the University of Trento under the supervision of prof. Roberto Caso (March 2015). The opinions stated in this paper and all possible errors are the Author’s only. 4 LA GESTIONE DELLA PROPRIETÀ INTELLETTUALE NELLE UNIVERSITÀ AUSTRALIANE. ABSTRACT Per quanto ancora oggi la maggioranza dei risultati della ricerca accademica venga divulgata attraverso convegni, seminari e pubblicazioni, al fine di promuovere la crescita economica e culturale della comunità, non si può ignorare l’ormai sempre più diffuso fenomeno della commercializzazione della ricerca. Tradizionalmente le università hanno sempre avuto due missioni principali: l’insegnamento e la ricerca. Successivamente si è affermata una terza missione che ha visto le università maggiormente coinvolte nel trasferimento delle conoscenze dalla realtà accademica alla quella industriale ed imprenditoriale. In teoria, lo scopo dovrebbe essere quello di accorciare le distanze tra ricerca di base e ricerca applicata. Nei fatti, tuttavia, spesso questa idea viene tradita: in risposta alla sempre più consistente riduzione dei finanziamenti pubblici, le università tendono a considerare la commercializzazione come uno strumento volto a generare un profitto economico anziché innovazione. Il focus della trattazione è rappresentato della gestione dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale in relazione a questa nuova terza missione e tale tema viene approfondito incentrando l’analisi sul sistema universitario australiano. Relativamente all’articolazione del lavoro, il primo capitolo è dedicato alla storia della commercializzazione dei risultati delle ricerche. In particolare, dopo una disamina delle tre missioni delle università e dell’emersione di un nuovo modello accademico con un’impronta imprenditoriale, prima di guardare alle origini delle third stream activities in Australia, si è scelto di porre l’attenzione sulle origini del fenomeno nel sistema universitario statunitense. Proprio questo, infatti, è stato la culla dello sfruttamento delle ricerche a scopo commerciale, per cui non si è potuto fare a meno di prenderlo a modello di riferimento. Il secondo capitolo è dedicato alla relazione tra proprietà intellettuale e trasferimento di conoscenze ed è strutturato immaginando tre macro aree: all’inizio vengono individuati i diritti di proprietà intellettuale coinvolti, si procede poi con l’analisi 5 dell’allocazione della titolarità di questi diritti ed infine si esaminano i principali strumenti per la valorizzazione dei risultati. Il terzo capitolo contiene, invece, una rassegna delle controversie più significative relative alla titolarità dei diritti sulle opere dell’ingegno e sulle invenzioni frutto dell’attività dei dipendenti delle università, in quanto è proprio tale questione a presentare i maggiori profili di criticità nel sistema australiano. Inoltre,viene fatta una disamina di alcuni casi studio di particolare interesse che dimostrano la rilevanza della commercializzazione ad opera delle università e dei centri di ricerca australiani. Al termine di quest’analisi, si argomenta come un intervento del legislatore potrebbe tracciare il recinto della regolamentazione universitaria senza necessariamente privare gli atenei della loro autonomia, ma anzi creare i presupposti per rafforzare la loro posizione contrattuale in relazione alla titolarità dei diritti sulle invenzioni e sulle opere dell’ingegno. Infatti, in assenza di una normativa avente forza di legge, l’allocazione dei diritti all’interno degli atenei australiani è oggi lasciata alla regolamentazione contenuta nelle policies universitarie ma nei fatti, in un contesto di questo tipo, è il contratto lo strumento principe per la disciplina dei regimi di proprietà intellettuale coinvolti nel trasferimento di conoscenze. PAROLE CHIAVE Trasferimento di conoscenze, commercializzazione della ricerca, proprietà intellettuale, brevetti, spin-off. Informazioni sull’autore Maria Ottavia Chiaruttini (e-mail [email protected]), ha conseguito la laurea in giurisprudenza presso la Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento nel marzo 2015 discutendo una tesi elaborata con la supervisione del prof. Roberto Caso. Le opinioni espresse, così come gli errori o imprecisioni contenute nello stesso, sono imputabili esclusivamente all’autore. 6 LA GESTIONE DELLA PROPRIETÀ INTELLETTUALE NELLE UNIVERSITÀ AUSTRALIANE. Maria Ottavia Chiaruttini Pag. Introduzione ....................................................................................................... 19 CAPITOLO I UNIVERSITÀ E COMMERCIALIZZAZIONE DELLA RICERCA 1. Le tre missioni delle università: insegnamento, ricerca, trasferimento di conoscenze ............................................................. 25 1.1. L’evoluzione del modello universitario: le università si fanno imprese ............................................................................................................ 30 1.2. Il concetto di università imprenditoriale ............................................. 33 1.3. Nodi problematici: commercializzazione vs. open science ............. 37 2. Il trasferimento della conoscenza dalle università alle imprese ... 43 2.1. I benefici del trasferimento di conoscenze......................................... 57 2.2. La misurazione dei risultati ................................................................... 60 2.3. Le raccomandazioni della World Intellectual Property Organization.. ................................................................................................. 63 3. La storia della commercializzazione della ricerca pubblica negli Stati Uniti .........................................................................................
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